(I know what’s made the country this way – we’ve had Jackasses and bimbos running the country, Kasha)
** My note –
I found the intellectual crevasse into which the last thirty years of US administrations had fallen:
“A limiting form of small central government as a system foundation is called, a monarchy.” – my quote
A small central government means to let the sum total of power and access to manipulate resources rest in the hands of a few key people who act as autocratic dictators for all. Their decisions become the final arbitrator of all decisions, policies and choices emanating from them, such that if there is an inherent flaw in their thinking, knowledge, skills or policies, they become enacted throughout the system.
That is a crevasse that moves as an acid into the very heart and foundation of the system to crumble it wherever it touches (goes).
Not only is that not a democracy, it undermines the very tenets of that democracy including the rights, freedoms and security that were to be provided by that system and its foundation.
It also precludes a free market economy because the decisions that maneuver and manipulate all resources rest in the hands of a few. It is isolationist and excluding in that resources and opportunities are restricted and driven by “favor,” rather than open and inclusive in the manner of a free market economy, a democracy and a Republic. It means that opportunities are driven not by supply, demand, necessity, innovation and opportunity, but rather by the decisions and policies of the few who hold power. Therefore, the only opportunities that exist are underwritten and “granted” by those in power and denied to those that they would choose to deny.
This is now the situation results that has ensued from operating in these ways. Attitudes of being untouchable and “entitled”, manipulations of policy choices, poor applications of stated and publicly claimed principles, unintended consequences resulting in deaths, deprivations, impoverishments and macro-economic instability and insecurity – these are all the direct results of this manner of government that has been undulating throughout the US and each of the States.
It was based on a fallacy or two or three or a dozen, which in each case could not be resolved by the checks and balances originally put in place through the founding principles of our nation and secured by its Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Declarations.
– cricketdiane, 03-13-09, USA
***
“Unfortunately, we have a government run by the conceit of the ruling class that believes they are more powerful than we are.” (Lightly paraphrased) Antonin Scalia on FoxBusiness, 03-12-09
***
Homeland Security
A June 28, 2007 Washington Post article related how a U.S. Department of Homeland Security contract with Booz Allen increased from $2 million to more than $70 million through two no-bid contracts, one occurring after the DHS’s legal office had advised DHS not to continue the contract until after a review. A Government Accountability Office (GAO) report on the contract characterized it as not well-planned and lacking any measure for assuring valuable work to be completed.
According to the article,
A review of memos, e-mail and other contracting documents obtained by The Washington Post show that in a rush to meet congressional mandates to establish the information analysis and infrastructure protection offices, agency officials routinely waived rules designed to protect taxpayer money. As the project progressed, the department became so dependent on Booz Allen that it lost the flexibility for a time to seek out other contractors or hire federal employees who might do the job for less.
Elaine C. Duke, the department’s chief procurement officer, acknowledged the problems with the Booz Allen contract. But Duke said those matters have been resolved. She defended a decision to issue a second no-bid contract in 2005 as necessary to keep an essential intelligence operation running until a competition could be held.[64]
SWIFT
In 2006 at the request of the Article 29 Working Group, an advisory group to the European Commission (EC), the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Privacy International (PI) investigated the U.S. government’s SWIFT surveillance program and Booz Allen’s role therein. The ACLU and PI filed a memo at the end of their investigation which called into question the ethics and legality of a government contractor (in this case Booz Allen) acting as auditors of a government program, when that contractor is heavily involved with those same agencies on other contracts. The basic statement was that a conflict of interest may exist. Beyond that, the implication was also made that Booz Allen may be complicit in a program (electronic surveillance of SWIFT) that may be deemed illegal by the EC.[60][61]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton
***
Lacking Progress
A Growing DNI
When the 9/11 Commission first recommended the creation of a Director of National Intelligence, we specified that the organization should consist of a “several hundred.” Since then, I understand that the number of DNI personnel has grown substantially beyond what we envisioned.
There is no exact “magic number” beyond which growth in ODNI becomes too large. Excessive growth in the size of the DNI can indicate activities that threaten to undermine the goals of the position. Part of the reason the Commission recommended a DNI was to eliminate the waste, redundancy and inefficiency associated with redundant activity across agencies. Overlapping activities aren’t simply wasteful, but can reduce the effectiveness of intelligence at levels of the intelligence cycle, from collection to distribution. We envisioned that the DNI would manage and coordinate these activities, involving itself as a coordinator and manager, rather than an executor.
Contracting
According to several recent reports, the number of contract personnel in the intelligence community has grown radically since 9/11. Contracting in and of itself is not necessarily an indicator of problems. When used correctly, it can increase the efficiency of non-inherently governmental functions and save taxpayers money. However, several reports indicate that the scope of its practice, both within the intelligence community and ODNI itself, has outstripped the intended purpose. A Senate investigation into community contracting found those working in contracted positions on average earn significantly larger than their governmental counterparts performing similar work. Moreover, the excessive and ill-managed use of contractors can lead to breakdowns in accountability.
The DNI has indicated that it plans to gain a better handle on the use of contract personnel. Congress must make sure that the Director’s office develops an adequate definition of inherently governmental functions and rigorously adhere to it. It should also make sure that the use of contract personnel, as with other employees, proceeds from well thought out plans to support defined goals.
http://www.cnponline.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/2418
***
Second Glass-Steagall Act
The second Glass-Steagall Act, passed on 16 June 1933, and officially named the Banking Act of 1933, introduced the separation of bank types according to their business (commercial and investment banking), and it founded the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for insuring bank deposits. Literature in economics usually refers to this simply as the Glass-Steagall Act, since it had a stronger impact on US banking regulation.[8]
Impact on other countries
The Glass-Steagall Act has had influence on the financial systems of other areas such as China which maintains a separation between commercial banking and the securities industries.[9][10] Although in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008-9 this influence is waning[11]
Repeal of the Act
The bill that ultimately repealed the Act was introduced in the Senate by Phil Gramm (Republican of Texas) and in the House of Representatives by Jim Leach (R-Iowa) in 1999. The bills were passed by Republican majorities on party lines by a 54-44 vote in the Senate[12] and by a 343-86 vote in the House of Representatives[13]. After passing both the Senate and House the bill was moved to a conference committee to work out the differences between the Senate and House versions. The final bipartisan bill resolving the differences was passed in the Senate 90-8 (1 not voting) and in the House: 362-57 (15 not voting). Having majorities large enough to override any possible Presidential veto, the legislation was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 12, 1999. [14]
The banking industry had been seeking the repeal of Glass-Steagall since at least the 1980s. In 1987 the Congressional Research Service prepared a report which explored the case for preserving Glass-Steagall and the case against preserving the act.[7]
The argument for preserving Glass-Steagall (as written in 1987):
1. Conflicts of interest characterize the granting of credit – lending – and the use of credit – investing – by the same entity, which led to abuses that originally produced the Act
2. Depository institutions possess enormous financial power, by virtue of their control of other people’s money; its extent must be limited to ensure soundness and competition in the market for funds, whether loans or investments.
3. Securities activities can be risky, leading to enormous losses. Such losses could threaten the integrity of deposits. In turn, the Government insures deposits and could be required to pay large sums if depository institutions were to collapse as the result of securities losses.
4. Depository institutions are supposed to be managed to limit risk. Their managers thus may not be conditioned to operate prudently in more speculative securities businesses. An example is the crash of real estate investment trusts sponsored by bank holding companies (in the 1970s and 1980s).
The argument against preserving the Act (as written in 1987):
1. Depository institutions will now operate in “deregulated” financial markets in which distinctions between loans, securities, and deposits are not well drawn. They are losing market shares to securities firms that are not so strictly regulated, and to foreign financial institutions operating without much restriction from the Act.
2. Conflicts of interest can be prevented by enforcing legislation against them, and by separating the lending and credit functions through forming distinctly separate subsidiaries of financial firms.
3. The securities activities that depository institutions are seeking are both low-risk by their very nature, and would reduce the total risk of organizations offering them – by diversification.
4. In much of the rest of the world, depository institutions operate simultaneously and successfully in both banking and securities markets. Lessons learned from their experience can be applied to our national financial structure and regulation.[7]
Financial events following the repeal
The repeal enabled commercial lenders such as Citigroup, which was in 1999 then the largest U.S. bank by assets, to underwrite and trade instruments such as mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations and establish so-called structured investment vehicles, or SIVs, that bought those securities.[15] It is therefore seen by some that the repeal of this act contributed to the Global financial crisis of 2008–2009.[16] However, such SIVs existed before the repeal of Glass-Steagall.[15]
The year before the repeal, sub-prime loans were just 5% of all mortgage lending.[citation needed] By the time the credit crisis peaked in 2008, they were approaching 30%.[citation needed]
See also Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980, the Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982, and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999.
References
1. ^ Frontline: The Wall Street Fix: Mr. Weill Goes to Washington: The Long Demise of Glass-Steagall . http://www.pbs.org. PBS. 2003-05-08. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/wallstreet/weill/demise.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-08.
2. ^ The Repeal of Glass-Steagall and the Advent of Broad Banking (PDF). http://www.occ.treas.gov/ftp://workpaper/wp2000-5.pdf.
3. ^ GRAMM’S STATEMENT AT SIGNING CEREMONY FOR GRAMM-LEACH-BLILEY ACT . http://banking.senate.gov/prel99/1112gbl.htm.
4. ^ http://mises.org/rothbard/agd/chapter11.asp
5. ^ http://mises.org/rothbard/agd/chapter12.asp
6. ^ Gold Confiscation Act, http://www.the-privateer.com/1933-gold-confiscation.html
7. ^ a b c http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-9065:1
8. ^ FDIC: Important Banking Legislation . http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/important/index.html.
9. ^ (PDF)Developing Institutional Investors in the People’s Republic of China, paragraph 24, http://www.worldbank.org.cn/english/content/insinvnote.pdf
10. ^ Langlois, John D. (2001), The WTO and China’s Financial System , China Quarterly 167: 610–629, doi:10.1017/S0009443901000341
11. ^ China to stick with US bonds , The Financial Times (paragraph 9), http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ba857be6-f88f-11dd-aae8-000077b07658.html, retrieved on 2009-02-11
12. ^ On Passage of the Bill (S.900 as amended ), http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=106&session=1&vote=00105, retrieved on 2008-06-19
[ and others – see original wikipedia entry ]
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass-Steagall_Act
Categories: Legal history of the United States | United States federal banking legislation | History of the United States (1918–1945) | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | 1933 in law
Hidden categories: Cleanup from July 2007 | All pages needing cleanup | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2009
* This page was last modified on 8 March 2009, at 23:39.
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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass-Steagall_Act
***
**My note –
from bloomberg at 8.11 a.m., 03-09-09, Monday morning
expert somebody – responding about re-instating Glass-Steagall Act said,
“those that lobbied so heavily for its repeal are still around and they won’t let that happen. Its’ not going to happen.” (More or less.) – Greenberg was “expert” speaking
So, who was lobbying for its repeal?
Robert Rubin became head of Citigroup and worked for Clinton at the time as an econ advisor but it looks like their was no chance that Clinton could have vetoed the bill anyway.
***
The repeal enabled commercial lenders such as Citigroup, which was in 1999 then the largest U.S. bank by assets, to underwrite and trade instruments such as mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations and establish so-called structured investment vehicles, or SIVs, that bought those securities.[15] It is therefore seen by some that the repeal of this act contributed to the Global financial crisis of 2008–2009.[16] However, such SIVs existed before the repeal of Glass-Steagall.[15]
The year before the repeal, sub-prime loans were just 5% of all mortgage lending.[citation needed] By the time the credit crisis peaked in 2008, they were approaching 30%.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass-Steagall_Act
***
http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0708/hc08/0872/0872.pdf
[PDF]
Security and Intelligence Agencies Financial Statement 2007-08 HC 872
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat
security, management information systems, risk and configuration management. … preparation of those resource accounts. My audit of the consolidated …
http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0708/hc08/0872/0872.pdf
1.
NIST, Computer Security Division, Computer Security Resource Center
All comments will be analyzed, consolidated, and used in revising the … DRAFT Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations …. and Intelligence Communities and the rapid convergence of information …
csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsDrafts.html – 46k
2.
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE DIRECTIVE 2/12 – Community Open …
To manage the use of open source information by the Intelligence Community, … Changes in the scope and resources of the Open Source Program must be agreed to by … Systems Architecture – The COSPO will coordinate the design and … the Consolidated Cryptologic Program, the Central Intelligence Agency Program, …
http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/dcid212.htm
3.
PUBLIC REPORT OF THE VICE PRESIDENT’S TASK FORCE ON COMBATTING …
Establish a Consolidated Intelligence Center on Terrorism … FBI investigations and tie up government resources in responding to requests. …. technical collection systems for gathering round-the-clock information on terrorism, …
http://www.population-security.org/bush_report_on_terrorism/bush_report_on_terrorism_3.htm – 65k
4.
decipher information systems Resources | TechRepublic
To meet this need for information, additions to systems are often developed to give consolidated management overviews of the operational information. …
search.techrepublic.com.com/search/decipher+information+systems.html – 54k –
5.
Intelligence Agency Merges Technology Centers | Signal | Find …
The consolidation of GDIP information technology resources across the DIA and … licensing, core servicing and systems management will be consolidated and …
findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5438/is_200604/ai_n21389805 – 37k
6. [PDF]
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
Automated Case Management System. CATS. Consolidated Assets Tracking System. CCIPS. Computer Crime and Intellectual … Human Resource Information System …
http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/annualreports/summary2001/glossary.pdf – Similar pages
7.
Central Intelligence: Large organizations are moving to …
Feb 27, 2006 … Consolidated business intelligence suites make sense for large corporations but adoption … Sign up to receive Business Intelligence Resource Alerts … Basto is working to implement a statewide BI system for the approximately 1000 … So it’s very difficult to integrate case information, he says. …
http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=108951 – 115k
8. [PDF]
Security and Intelligence Agencies Financial Statement 2007-08 HC 872
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat
security, management information systems, risk and configuration management. … preparation of those resource accounts. My audit of the consolidated …
http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0708/hc08/0872/0872.pdf
9.
Article – MIPB – U of MI
“We rely too much on others to bring information to us, and too often don’t …. a consolidated joint human resources system limits redundancies as well as … Next, the consolidated intelligence human resources department must respond …
http://www.universityofmilitaryintelligence.us/mipb/article.asp?articleID=621&issueID=47 – 39k –
10.
The Need for an Effective Budget Structure and Process
The present system does not permit resource-saving trade-off analysis: for example, …. Information on intelligence programs has not been organized to … allowing for the creation of a consolidated Community-wide data base that …
http://www.access.gpo.gov/intelligence/int/int011.html – 35k
Searches related to: Consolidated Intelligence Resource Information System
1.
Abbreviations and Acronyms — Central Intelligence Agency
CIO Chief Information Officer. CIPB Consolidated Intelligence Program Budget. CIRIS Consolidated Intelligence Resource Information System …
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi…/books…intelligence…intelligence…/glossary.htm – 48k
2.
business intelligence and financial accounting and human resources …
Cinepolis wanted to integrate separate financial information systems to attain … needed a Business Intelligence solution to help it prepare consolidated … search.techrepublic.com.com/search/business+intelligence+and+financial+accounting+and+human+resources.html – 65k
3.
Consolidated Information Systems
2006 Consolidated Information Systems. All rights reserved. Menu provided by f-source.com, All Rights Reserved. Flash menu extensions for dreamweaver users …
http://www.onlinecis.com/ – 11k
4.
Date: Sat, 21 May 1994 22:08:50 edt From: Dale Wharton <dale …
May 21, 1994 … Computer-Aided Tactical Information System CEB Combined Effects Bomblet … CIRIS Consolidated Intelligence Resources Information System …
massis.lcs.mit.edu/archives/glossaries/military.acronyms – 12k
5.
Consolidated Issue Facility – What does CIF stand for? Acronyms …
Consolidated Integrated Support Facility A Consolidated Intelligence Program A Consolidated Intelligence Resources Information System …
acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Consolidated+Issue+Facility – 32k
6.
Business Intelligence systems
The information system is designed to support timely collection and analysis of … by generating the consolidated information resource for operational and …
http://www.fors-dc.biz/pls/portal/url/page/fdc_biz/solutions_fdc/bi – 26k
7.
Intelligence Agency Merges Technology Centers – SIGNAL Magazine
The consolidation of GDIP information technology resources across the DIA and the … hardware, licensing, core servicing and systems management will be consolidated … The U.S. Department of Defense Intelligence Information System has …
http://www.afcea.org/SIGNAL/articles/anmviewer.asp?a=1112&z=181 – 49k
8.
Northrop Grumman Awarded U.S. Army Biometric Intelligence Resource …
With this new system, intelligence analysts will be able to better share information among organizations, making it easier to connect the dots and …
http://www.stockhouse.com/News/USReleasesDetail.aspx?n=7221355 – 63k
9.
data center and defense information systems agency Resources | BNET
Defense Information Systems Agency Combats Data Center Complexity with Aperture Vista … decentralized information technology framework to a consolidated, … the Department of Defense Intelligence Information System Way Ahead, the. …
resources.bnet.com/topic/data+center+and+defense+information+systems+agency.html – 44k
10.
C.I.S.F.A.M.: Consolidated Information System for Famine …
The project has reviewed the existing data-banks and information systems of the UN … Global Resources Information Database (GRID), – World Food Program, … International de Calcul et d’Intelligence Artificielle (LICIA), Paris, …
nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00—off-0aedl–00-0–0-10-0—0…4…
Searches related to: Consolidated Intelligence Resource Information System
http://www.google.com/search?ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sourceid=navclient&gfns=1&q=Consolidated+Intelligence+Resource+Information+System
***
Alexander Haig
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alexander Haig
59th United States Secretary of State
In office
January 22, 1981 – July 5, 1982
President Ronald Reagan
Deputy William P. Clark
Walter John Stoessel, Jr.
Preceded by Edmund Muskie
Succeeded by George Shultz
5th White House Chief of Staff
In office
1973 – 1974
President Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Preceded by H.R. Haldeman
Succeeded by Donald Rumsfeld
7th Supreme Allied Commander Europe
In office
December 15, 1974 – July 1, 1979
Preceded by Gen. Andrew Goodpaster
Succeeded by Gen. Bernard W. Rogers
4th Deputy National Security Advisor
In office
1970 – 1973
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by Robert Komer
Succeeded by Brent Scowcroft
Born December 2, 1924 (1924-12-02) (age 84)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Political party Republican
Spouse Patricia Haig
Alma mater University of Notre Dame
United States Military Academy
Columbia Business School
Georgetown University
Profession Soldier, Civil servant
Religion Roman Catholic
Military service
Service/branch United States Army
Rank General
Battles/wars Korean War
Vietnam War
Awards Distinguished Service Cross
Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Silver Star
Bronze Star
Combat Infantryman Badge
Purple Heart
For other persons named Alexander Haig, see Alexander Haig (disambiguation).
Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr. (born December 2, 1924) is a retired four-star General in the United States Army who served as the U.S. Secretary of State under President Ronald Reagan and White House Chief of Staff under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.[1] In 1973 Haig served as Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, the number two ranking officer in the Army.[2] Haig served as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, commanding all U.S. and NATO forces in Europe. Haig is a veteran of the Korean and Vietnam Wars, and is a recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, the Army’s second highest medal for heroism, as well as the Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster and the Purple Heart.[3]
Contents
* 1 Education
* 2 Serves with MacArthur; heroism in Korea
* 3 Pentagon assignments
* 4 Distinguished Service Cross in Vietnam
* 5 1969–1972: Kissinger’s military assistant, Army Vice Chief of Staff
* 6 1973–1974: White House Chief of Staff for Nixon and Ford
* 7 1974–1979: NATO Supreme Commander, assassination attempt
* 8 Retires from Army, enters private sector
* 9 1981-82: Secretary of State for President Reagan
o 9.1 I am in control here
o 9.2 1982 Falklands War
o 9.3 1982 Israeli – Lebanon Conflict
* 10 1988 Republican presidential nomination
* 11 Military Awards
* 12 Current
* 13 Family
* 14 In popular culture
* 15 Quotes
* 16 Further reading
* 17 See also
* 18 References
* 19 External links
Education
Haig attended St. Joseph’s Preparatory School in Philadelphia and graduated from Lower Merion High School in Ardmore, Pennsylvania. He then went to the University of Notre Dame for one year, before transferring to and graduating from West Point in 1947. He studied business administration at Columbia Business School in 1954 and 1955. He also received a Masters degree in International Relations from Georgetown University in 1961, where his thesis focused on the role of the military officer in the making of national policy.
Serves with MacArthur; heroism in Korea
As a young officer, Haig served on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur in Japan. In the early days of the Korean War, Haig was responsible for maintaining General MacArthur’s situation map and briefing MacArthur each evening on the day’s battlefield events.[4] Haig later saw combat in the Korean War (1950-51) with the X Corps, led by MacArthur’s Chief of Staff, General Edward Almond.[3] During the Korean War, Haig earned two Silver Stars for heroism and a Bronze Star with V. [5] Haig participated in seven Korean War campaigns, including the Battle of Incheon, the Battle of Chosin Reservoir (a.k.a The Frozen Chosen ), and the evacuation of Hungnam.[4]
Pentagon assignments
Haig later served as a staff officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (DCSOPS) at the Pentagon (1962-64), and then was appointed Military Assistant to Secretary of the Army Stephen Ailes in 1964. Haig then was appointed Military Assistant to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. He continued in that service until the end of 1965, whereupon he took command of a Battalion of the U.S. 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam.
Distinguished Service Cross in Vietnam
On May 22, 1967, Lieutenant Colonel Haig was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the nation’s second highest medal for heroism, by General William Westmoreland as a result of his actions during the battle of Ap Gu in March 1967.[6] During the battle, then Lt. Colonel Haig’s troops (of the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division (United States) became pinned down by a Viet Cong force that outnumbered U.S. forces by a three to one margin. In an attempt to survey the battlefield, Haig boarded a helicopter and flew to the point of contact. His helicopter was subsequently shot down. Two days of bloody hand-to-hand combat ensued. An excerpt from Haig’s official Army citation follows:
When two of his companies were engaged by a large hostile force, Colonel Haig landed amid a hail of fire, personally took charge of the units, called for artillery and air fire support and succeeded in soundly defeating the insurgent force…the next day a barrage of 400 rounds was fired by the Viet Cong, but it was ineffective because of the warning and preparations by Colonel Haig. As the barrage subsided, a force three times larger than his began a series of human wave assaults on the camp. Heedless of the danger himself, Colonel Haig repeatedly braved intense hostile fire to survey the battlefield. His personal courage and determination, and his skillful employment of every defense and support tactic possible, inspired his men to fight with previously unimagined power. Although his force was outnumbered three to one, Colonel Haig succeeded in inflicting 592 casualties on the Viet Cong… (HQ US Army, Vietnam, General Orders No. 2318 (May 22, 1967)[7]
Haig was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Purple Heart during his tour in Vietnam.[6] Haig was eventually promoted to Colonel, and became a brigade commander of the 1st Infantry Division (United States) in Vietnam.
[edit] 1969–1972: Kissinger’s military assistant, Army Vice Chief of Staff
Alexander Haig returned to the continental United States at the end of his one-year tour, to become Regimental Commander of the Third Regiment of the Corps of Cadets at the USMA, West Point, under the also newly-arrived Commandant, Brigadier General Bernard Rogers. (Both had served together in the 1st Infantry Division, Rogers as Assistant Division Commander and Haig as Brigade Commander.) In 1969, he was appointed as Military Assistant to the Presidential Assistant for National Security Affairs, Henry Kissinger, a position he retained until 1970, when President Richard Nixon promoted Haig to Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. In this position, Haig helped South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu to negotiate the final cease-fire talks in 1972. Haig continued in this position until 1973, when he was appointed to be Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, a post he held until the last few months of President Nixon’s presidency, when he served as White House Chief of Staff.
1973–1974: White House Chief of Staff for Nixon and Ford
Chief of Staff Haig (far right), Sec. of State Kissinger, Rep. Ford and President Richard Nixon meet on October 13, 1973 regarding Ford’s upcoming appointment to Vice-President.
Alexander Haig served as White House Chief of Staff during the height of the Watergate affair from May 1973 until September 1974, taking over the position from H.R. Haldeman, who resigned on April 30, 1973, while under pressure from Watergate prosecutors.
Haig played a large crisis management role as the Watergate scandal unfolded. Haig has been largely credited with keeping the government running while President Nixon was preoccupied with Watergate.[1] Haig also played an instrumental role in finally persuading Nixon to resign. In his 2001 book Shadow, author Bob Woodward describes Haig’s role as the point man between Nixon and then Vice President Gerald Ford during the final days of Watergate. According to the book, Haig played a major behind-the-scenes role in the delicate negotiations of the transfer of power from President Nixon to President Ford.
Haig remained White House Chief of Staff during the early days of the Ford Administration until Donald Rumsfeld replaced him in September 1974. By that time, Ford, in a highly controversial move, had pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as president. Author Roger Morris, a former colleague of Haig’s on the National Security Council, early in Nixon’s first term, wrote in his book Haig: The General’s Progress, that when Ford pardoned Nixon, he in effect pardoned Haig as well. Haig had been a persistent solicitor of clemency for Nixon.[8]
1974–1979: NATO Supreme Commander, assassination attempt
Gen. Haig as SACEUR, photo taken on June 1, 1977
Haig served as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), and Commander in Chief, US European Command (CinCUSEUR), the Commander of NATO forces in Europe, from 1974 to 1979. An assassination attempt on Haig was unsuccessful in Mons, Belgium on June 25, 1979. During the attack, a land mine blew up under the bridge on which Haig’s car was traveling, narrowly missing Haig’s car but wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car.[9] Authorities later attributed responsibility for the assassination attempt to the Red Army Faction (RAF), also known as Baader-Meinhof-group. In 1993 a German Court sentenced Rolf Clemens Wagner, a former Red Army Faction Terrorist, to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt.[9]
Retires from Army, enters private sector
Alexander Haig, as a four-star general, retired from the Army in 1979, and moved on to civilian employment. In 1979, he became President, Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and Director of United Technologies, Inc., a job he retained until 1981.
1981-82: Secretary of State for President Reagan
In January 1981, Haig was tapped by President Ronald Reagan to be Secretary of State, and he began confirmation hearings before the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Much of the hearing focused on Haig’s role during Watergate. Haig was confirmed by a Senate vote of 93-6.[10]
I am in control here
Secretary of State Alexander Haig speaks to the press about the attempted assassination on President Ronald Reagan
In 1981, after the March 30 assassination attempt on Reagan, Haig asserted before reporters I am in control here as a result of Reagan’s hospitalization.
“ Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the President, the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order, and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course. ”
——Alexander Haig, Alexander Haig, autobiographical profile in TIME Magazine, April 2, 1984[11]
Rather than being seen as an attempt to allay the nation’s fear, the quotation became seen as a laughable attempt by Haig to exceed his authority.[12]
Haig would have been incorrect if this were an interpretation of the U.S. Constitution concerning both the presidential line of succession and the 25th Amendment, which dictates what happens when a president is incapacitated. The holders of the two offices between the Vice President and the Secretary of State, the Speaker of the House (at the time, Tip O’Neill) and the President pro tempore of the Senate (at the time, J. Strom Thurmond), would be required under U.S. law (3 U.S.C. § 19) to resign their positions in order for either of them to become acting President. This was an unlikely event considering that Vice-President Bush was merely not immediately available. Haig’s statement reflected political reality, if not necessarily legal reality. Haig later said,
“ I wasn’t talking about transition. I was talking about the executive branch, who is running the government. That was the question asked. It was not, ‘Who is in line should the President die?’ ”
—— Alexander Haig, Alexander Haig interview with 60 Minutes II April 23, 2001
1982 Falklands War
Main article: Falklands War
In April 1982 Haig conducted shuttle diplomacy between the governments of Argentina in Buenos Aires and the United Kingdom in London after Argentina invaded the Falklands Islands. Negotiations broke down and Haig returned to Washington on April 19. The British fleet then entered the war zone.
1982 Israeli – Lebanon Conflict
Al Haig’s report to US president Ronald Reagan on Saturday January 30, 1982, shows that Haig feared that the Israelis might, at the slightest provocation, start a war against Lebanon.[13]
Haig critics have accused him of greenlighting the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Haig denies this and says he urged restraint.[14]
Haig resigned abruptly in July 1982. A military hawk, Haig caused some alarm with his suggestion that a nuclear warning shot in Europe might be effective in deterring the Soviet Union.[15] His tenure as Secretary of State was often characterized by his clashes with the more moderate Defense Secretary, Caspar Weinberger.
1988 Republican presidential nomination
Haig unsuccessfully ran for the Republican Party nomination for President in 1988. He was a fierce critic of the more moderate George H.W. Bush, and speculation was that he sought the Presidency in part because of that. When he withdrew from the race, he gave his support to the presidential campaign of Senator Robert Dole of Kansas.
Military Awards
Qualification Badges
* Combat Infantryman Badge
Decorations
* Distinguished Service Cross
* Defense Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster
* Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster
* Distinguished Flying Cross with Oak Leaf Cluster
* Bronze Star with V
* Air Medal
* Purple Heart
Service Medals
* National Defense Service Medal with Bronze Service Star
* Korean Service Medal
* Vietnam Service Medal
* United Nations Service Medal
* Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal
Current –
Haig was the host for several years of the television program World Business Review. He now hosts 21st Century Business, with each program a weekly business education forum that includes business solutions, expert interview, commentary and field reports.[16] Haig is co-chairman of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus, along with Zbigniew Brzezinski and Stephen J. Solarz. Haig is a member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors. Haig was a founding Board Member of America Online.[17] On January 5, 2006, Haig participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials.[18] On May 12, 2006, Haig participated in a second White House meeting with 10 former Secretaries of State and Defense. The meeting including briefings by Donald Rumsfeld and Condoleezza Rice, and was followed by a discussion with President George W. Bush.[19] Haig published his memoirs, entitled Inner Circles: How America Changed The World, in 1992.
Family
Alexander Haig is the father of author Brian Haig. Haig’s brother, Frank, is a Jesuit priest. He served as seventh president of Le Moyne College in Syracuse, New York, and is now teaching physics at Loyola College in Maryland. Haig’s older sister; Regina Haig Meredith is a practicing attorney licensed in Pennsylvania and is New Jersey co-founding Partner of the firm Meredith, Meredith, Chase and Taggart, located in Princeton and Trenton, New Jersey.
In popular culture
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (November 2008)
Haig has been portrayed by the following actors in film and television productions:[20]
* John Pochna in the 1982 film Inchon.
* Stanley Grover in the 1987 Warner Bros. Television drama The Betty Ford Story.
* David Ogden Stiers in the 1989 US television drama The Final Days.
* Matt Frewer in the 1995 Canadian TV drama Kissinger and Nixon.
* Powers Boothe in Oliver Stone’s 1995 film Nixon.
* Richard Dreyfuss in the 2001 US television drama The Day Reagan Was Shot.
* Colin Stinton in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteis’s controversial The Falklands Play.
* Bill Smitrovich in the 2003 CBS/Showtime miniseries The Reagans.
* The punk band Dead Kennedys refer to Haig in the song We’ve Got A Bigger Problem Now.
* In a 1995 episode of The Simpsons Chief Wiggum shows the press a Mug shot of Homer Simpson wearing a shirt with the slogan Haig in ’88 .
Quotes
* In 1980, Spiro Agnew published a memoir in which he implied that, in 1973, Richard Nixon and Haig had planned to assassinate him if Agnew refused to resign the Vice-Presidency, and that Haig told him to go quietly … or else. [21]
* Defending himself against accusations of lying in 1983, Haig is quoted as saying, That’s not a lie, it’s a terminological inexactitude. [22]
* After the assassination attempt on President Reagan: As of now, I am in control, here, at the White House.
Further reading
* Dress Grey, by Lucian K. Truscott IV, 1978, ISBN 0385134754. Truscott, scion of a longtime military family (his grandfather Lucian Truscott Jr. was an important World War II general), was a cadet at West Point during Haig’s late 1960s stint there; this book is a novel, in which a thinly-disguised Haig is portrayed as a central character in a murder and cover-up mystery at West Point. Truscott had earlier (1974) spoken out in The Village Voice, about problems at West Point.
* Haig: The General’s Progress, by Roger Morris (American writer), Playboy Press, 1982, ISBN 0872237532. Morris, a respected author, was a colleague of Haig’s on the National Security Council, early in President Richard Nixon’s first term. Morris presents important material on Haig’s early life and Army career, as well as deeper and darker material than the official line, on the often seamy dealings of the Nixon White House, including Watergate.
* The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, by Seymour Hersh, Summit Books, New York, 1983, ISBN 0671506889. The book focuses on U.S. foreign policy, directed mainly from the White House by Nixon and Henry Kissinger during Nixon’s first term; since Haig eventually became Kissinger’s deputy during that era, there is also plenty of material on Haig here, often at variance with the official, sanitized versions.
See also
United States Army portal
References
1. ^ a b Alexander Haig, MSN Encarta . http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761585441.
2. ^ ALEXANDER M. HAIG, Assistant to the President: Files, 1973-74 From 1974-79 . http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/guides/Finding%20Aids/Haig,%20Alexander%20-%20Files.htm.
3. ^ a b Premier Speakers Bureau . http://premierespeakers.com/alexander_haig.
4. ^ a b LESSONS OF THE FORGOTTEN WAR . http://www.historycentral.com/Documents/HaigKorea.html.
5. ^ UT Biography . https://my.tennessee.edu/portal/page?_pageid=91,55081&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL.
6. ^ a b West Point Citation . http://www.aogusma.org/aog/awards/DGA/96-Haigl.htm.
7. ^ Full Text Citations For Award of The Distinguished Service Cross, U.S. Army Recipients – Vietnam . http://www.homeofheroes.com/valor/1_Citations/07_RVN-dsc/dsc_07RVN-armyH.html.
8. ^ Haig: The General’s Progress, by Roger Morris (American writer), Playboy Press, 1982, p. 320-325.
9. ^ a b German Guilty in ’79 Attack At NATO on Alexander Haig . The New York Times. November 25, 1993. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE2DB113AF936A15752C1A965958260.
10. ^ AP: Rice Confirmed Despite Dems’ Criticisms . http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0126-10.htm.
11. ^ Alexander Haig, Time Magazine, April 2, 1984, p. 22 of 24 page article, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954230,00.html, retrieved on 2008-05-21
12. ^ HuffingtonPost: I’m in charge here . http://www.huffingtonpost.com/blake-fleetwood/bush-does-impersonation-o_b_19366.html?page=2.
13. ^ Ronald Reagan edited by Douglas Brinkley (2007) The Reagan Diaries Harper Collins ISBN 978-0-06-0876005 p 66 Saturday, January 30
14. ^ Time Magazine: Alexander Haig . http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952421,00.html.
15. ^ Waller, Douglas C. Congress and the Nuclear Freeze: An Inside Look at the Politics of a Mass Movement, 1987. Page 19.
16. ^ World Business Review with Alexander Haig . http://www.21cbtv.com/. Retrieved on 2008-12-17.
17. ^ Business Wire AOL-TIme Warner announces its board of directors . http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Jan_12/ai_69075111. Retrieved on 2008-12-17.
18. ^ President George W. Bush poses for a photo Thursday, Jan. 5, 2006 in the Oval Office with former Secretaries of State and Secretaries of Defense from both Republican and Democratic administrations, following a meeting on the strategy for victory in Iraq. . The White House. January 5, 2006. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/01/images/20060105_d-0300-1-515h.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-17.
19. ^ Bush discusses Iraq with former officials . http://www.upi.com/SecurityTerrorism/view.php?StoryID=20060512-111719-8658r.
20. ^ Alexander Haig (Character) . IMDb.com. http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0036406/. Retrieved on June 25.
21. ^ Agnew, Spiro T:: Go quietly … or else . Morrow, 1980. ISBN 0-688-03668-6.
22. ^ Rutledge, Leigh W.:: Would I Lie To You? . Plume, 1998. ISBN 0-425-27931-3. Page 81.
External links
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alexander Haig
* The Day Reagan was Shot article on Haig
* The Falklands: Failure of a Mission critique of Haig’s mediation efforts
* Portrait of Haig by Margaret Holland Sargent
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Persondata
NAME Haig, Alexander
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION United States Army general
DATE OF BIRTH December 2, 1924
PLACE OF BIRTH Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Haig
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Stephen J. Solarz
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Stephen J. Solarz
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York’s 13th district
In office
January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993
Preceded by Bertram L. Podell
Succeeded by Nydia Velázquez
Born September 12, 1940 (1940-09-12) (age 68)
New York City
Political party Democratic
Stephen Joshua Solarz is a former United States Congressional Representative from New York. Solarz was both an outspoken critic of President Ronald Reagan’s deployment of Marines to Lebanon in 1982 and a cosponsor of the 1991 Gulf War Authorization Act during the Presidency of George H. W. Bush.
Born in New York City, September 12, 1940, Solarz attended public schools in New York City and later received a B.A. from Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass. in 1962 and an M.A. in public law and government from Columbia University in 1967. Solarz taught political science at Brooklyn (N.Y.) College, 1967–1968. He served in the New York State Assembly from 1969 to 1975. He served as a delegate to the Democratic National Mid-term Convention in 1974.
Solarz was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat to the 94th and to the eight succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1975–January 3, 1993). On July 18, 1980, he became the first American public official to visit North Korea since the end of the Korean War, and the first to meet with Kim Il-sung.[1] In 1992 he was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination to the One Hundred Third Congress. Thereafter he was appointed by President Bill Clinton as chairman of the Central Asian-American Enterprise Fund and served from 1993 to 1998.
Since then he has remained active with the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. He is also a member of the Intellibridge Expert Network and vice-chairman of International Crisis Group. Solarz is also co-chairman of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus, along with Zbigniew Brzezinski and Alexander Haig.
Sibel Edmonds Case
Solarz’s photograph was listed in Sibel Edmonds’ State Secrets Privilege Gallery [1] alongside photos of seventeen other prominent US officials including Brent Scowcroft, Richard Perle, Dennis Hastert, Marc Grossman, and Douglas Feith. Sibel Edmonds is a former FBI translator and whistleblower who uncovered serious criminality by leading US officials, involving the nuclear black market, narcotics trafficking, terrorism and money laundering. The details of Edmonds’ case have been buried using the State Secrets Privilege. Sibel Edmonds circumvented the State Secrets Privilege gag by simply publishing the photographs of these public officials on her website [2]. Other websites [3] put names to those photographs.
External links
* Stephen J. Solarz, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
* APCO Worldwide Professional biography.
* NNDB Profile
* Immigration Votes: NumbersUSA
* For Solarz, a Career Ends in Grief and Relief
* “When To Go In”, magazine article by Solarz
* Biography From International Crisis Group
* “Arms for Morocco?”, magazine article by Solarz
References
1. ^ Facts on File 1980 Yearbook p 547
New York Assembly
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United States House of Representatives
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Bertram L. Podell Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
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1975–1993 Succeeded by
Susan Molinari
Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York
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Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_J._Solarz
Categories: Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York | Brandeis University alumni | Columbia University alumni | 1940 births | Living people | People from New York City
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_J._Solarz
***
****
Douglas J. Feith (born July 16, 1953) served as the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy for United States President George W. Bush from July 2001 until he resigned from his position effective August 8, 2005. His official responsibilities included the formulation of defense planning guidance and forces policy, United States Department of Defense (DoD) relations with foreign countries, and DoD’s role in U.S. Government interagency policymaking. A member of the neoconservative[1][2][3] movement, his tenure in that position was marked by controversy.
Upon his resignation, Feith joined the faculty of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, as a Professor and Distinguished Practitioner in National Security Policy, for a two year stint despite strong objections from the student body and faculty. His contract was not renewed due to strong opposition from members of the faculty, despite really good teaching reviews.[4] Currently, Feith is the Director of the Center for National Security Strategies and a Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute, a conservative think-tank.[5]
Contents
* 1 Early life
* 2 Career
* 3 Views and publications
o 3.1 War and Decision
* 4 Professional praise
o 4.1 Former Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld
o 4.2 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Ret.) Air Force General Richard Myers
o 4.3 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Marine General Peter Pace
o 4.4 National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley
* 5 Professional criticism
o 5.1 Director of the CIA, Michael Hayden
o 5.2 Former National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice
o 5.3 Former Secretary of State Colin Powell
o 5.4 Former Pentagon Officer, Lieutenant Colonel Karen Kwiatkowski (ret)
o 5.5 Former Director of the CIA, George Tenet
o 5.6 Former Commander Coalition Forces in Iraq, Gen. Tommy Franks (ret)
o 5.7 Former Coalition Provisional Authority Official General Jay Garner (Ret.)
o 5.8 Former Chief of Staff to the Secretary of State, Larry Wilkerson
o 5.9 Former CENTCOM Deputy Director, Lt. General Michael DeLong
* 6 Accusations and rebuttals
o 6.1 1982 NSC alleged firing and security clearance controversy
o 6.2 Counter Terrorism Evaluation Unit
o 6.3 Office of Special Plans
+ 6.3.1 Actions Feith authorized at the Office of Special Plans concerning Iraq
+ 6.3.2 Actions Feith authorized at the Office of Special Plans concerning Iran
+ 6.3.3 Investigations of the Office of Special Plans and of Feith
+ 6.3.4 Defense Department Inspector General Report Issued
o 6.4 Subordinate’s involvement in the Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal
* 7 See also
* 8 Footnotes
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links
o 10.1 Biographies
o 10.2 Editorials
o 10.3 Press releases and news articles
Early life
Feith was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was one of three siblings born to Rose and Dalck Feith. His father, Dalck, was a member of the Betar, a Revisionist Zionist youth organization, in Poland, and a Holocaust survivor who lost his parents and seven siblings in the Nazi concentration camps. He came to the United States during World War II, and became a successful businessman, a philanthropist, and a donor to the Republican party, and imbued his son with strong and lifelong opinions about government and international relations. Years later, Feith noted: [Neville] Chamberlain wasn’t popular in my house .[6]
Feith grew up in Elkins Park, part of Cheltenham Township, a Philadelphia suburb. Feith came of age during the tumultuous Civil Rights and Vietnam War era. He attended Philadelphia’s Central High School. Of that, Feith wrote It’s a good school. The class that I was in at Central was the most talented group of kids that I ever went to school with, including college and law school. [7]
Feith attended Harvard University for his undergraduate degree and graduated magna cum laude in 1975. While at Harvard, Feith says he benefited especially from the lectures and books of Professor Richard Pipes ,[8] the head of Harvard’s Russian Research Center. Feith later said of his tutelage under Pipes: We were part of a rather small minority in Cambridge who thought that working to bring about the collapse of the Soviet Union was not only a noble pursuit, but a realistic project. [8] Feith also cites the works of philosophers John Stuart Mill and Edmund Burke as two major intellectual influences. He continued on to the Georgetown University Law Center, receiving his J.D. magna cum laude in 1978.
Pipes ultimately provided Feith with his initial entry into government. Pipes had joined the Reagan administration’s National Security Council in 1981 to help carry out the project Pipes and his students had conceived.[9] Feith joined the NSC that same year, working under Pipes. Before that, he worked for three years as an attorney with the law firm Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP.
Feith has expressed ambivalence about the overall intellectual pedigree Harvard gives its students. In an address on March 3, 2005 to Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government he said, I want to reassure the students in the audience: a Harvard degree does not have to be a liability. In conservative political circles, I’ve found, it may require some explaining. [10]
Married with four children, Feith makes his home in the Washington suburb of Bethesda, Maryland.
Career
Feith began his career as an attorney in private practice, and first entered government as a Middle East specialist on the National Security Council under Ronald Reagan in 1981. He transferred from the NSC Staff to Pentagon in 1982 to work as Special Counsel for Richard Perle, who was then serving as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger promoted Feith in 1984 to Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Negotiations Policy and, when Feith left the Pentagon in 1986, Weinberger gave him the highest Defense Department civilian award, the Distinguished Public Service medal.
During his time in the Pentagon in the Reagan administration, Feith was instrumental in getting the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Weinberger and Shultz all to recommend (successfully) to the President not to ratify changes to the Geneva Conventions. The changes, known as Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, would have allowed non-state militants to be treated as combatants and prisoners of war even if they had engaged in practices that endangered non-combatants or otherwise violated the laws of war. Reagan informed the United States Senate in 1987 that he would not ratify Protocol I. At the time, both the Washington Post and the New York Times editorialized in favor of Reagan’s decision to reject Protocol I as a revision of humanitarian law that protected terrorists.[citation needed]
Upon leaving the Pentagon, Feith co-founded, with Marc Zell, the Washington, DC law firm of Feith & Zell. Three years later, Feith was retained as a lobbyist by the Turkish government. Among other clients, his firm represented defense corporations Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman. Feith left the firm in 2001, following his nomination as Undersecretary of Defense for Policy.
As Under Secretary, Feith continued to champion US respect for the Geneva Conventions, e.g. his Op-Ed article Conventional Warfare in the Wall Street Journal on May 24, 2004. When the logic of Reagan’s decision on Protocol I was applied by Bush in 2001 in designating Al Qaeda fighters as enemy combatants or unlawful combatants rather than as prisoners of war a passionate debate ensued (and continues) as to whether one is undermining or supporting the Geneva Conventions by designating combatants as terrorists and denying detainees POW status.
Following his government service, Feith was employed by the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, where he taught a course on the Bush administration’s anti-terrorism policy. He came to Georgetown’s School of Foreign Service after leaving Stanford’s Hoover Institution and was appointed by School of Foreign Service Dean, Ambassador Robert Gallucci.[11] However, his hiring caused an uproar among the faculty and two years later, his contract was not renewed.[4]
Feith has also set up a personal website (www.dougfeith.com) to counter what he sees as spurious and unfounded claims about his tenure in government. It primarily deals with Inspector-General’s Thomas Gimble’s 2005 report that called Feith’s actions in critiquing CIA intelligence inappropriate , although not illegal.
Views and publications
Like his father, Feith is a Republican, and has contributed money to various party candidates over the years.[12] Sympathetic to the neoconservative wing of the party, he has over the last 30 years published many works on U.S. national security policy. His work on US–Soviet détente, arms control and Arab–Israeli issues generated considerable debate.
Feith’s writings on international law and on foreign and defense policy have appeared in The Wall Street Journal, Commentary, The New Republic and elsewhere. He has contributed chapters to a number of books, including James W. Muller’s Churchill as Peacemaker, Raphael Israeli’s The Dangers of a Palestinian State and Uri Ra’anan’s Hydra of Carnage: International Linkages of Terrorism, as well as serving as co-editor for Israel’s Legitimacy in Law and History.
Feith has long advocated a policy of peace through strength . He was an outspoken skeptic of U.S.-Soviet détente and of the Oslo, Hebron and Wye Processes on Palestinian-Israeli peace. In particular, he criticized the Oslo Accords and the Camp David peace agreement mediated by former President Carter between Egypt and Israel. In 1997, he published a lengthy article in Commentary, titled A Strategy for Israel . In it, Feith argued that the Oslo Accords were being undermined by Yasser Arafat’s failure to fulfill peace pledges and Israel’s failure to uphold the integrity of the accords it had concluded with Arafat. Furthermore, he was an opponent of the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, the International Criminal Court and the Chemical Weapons Convention which he criticized as ineffective and dangerous to U.S. interests.
In 1998, Feith was one of a number of U.S. officials who signed an open letter to President Bill Clinton calling for the United States to oust Saddam Hussein. Feith was part of a group of former national security officials in the 1990s who supported Ahmad Chalabi and the Iraqi National Congress and encouraged the U.S. Congress to pass the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998. Congress approved the Act, and Clinton signed it into law.
Feith generally favors US support for Israel and has promoted US-Israeli cooperation. He was a member of the study group which authored a controversial report entitled A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm,[13] a set of policy recommendations for the newly elected Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The report was published by the Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies without an individual author being named. According to the report, Feith was one of the people who participated in roundtable discussions that produced ideas that the report reflects. Feith pointed out in a September 16, 2004 letter to the editor of the Washington Post that he was not the co-author and did not clear the report’s final text. He wrote, There is no warrant for attributing any particular idea [in the report], let alone all of them, to any one participant.
Feith also served on the board of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), a think tank that promotes a military and strategic alliance between the United States and Israel.[14]
Feith was one of 18 founding members of the organization One Jerusalem to oppose the Oslo peace agreement. Its purpose is saving a united Jerusalem as the undivided capital of Israel. He is also Director of Foundation for Jewish Studies, which offers in-depth study programs for the adult Washington Jewish community that cross denominational lines.
Feith told The New Yorker in 2005, When history looks back, I want to be in the class of people who did the right thing, the sensible thing, and not necessarily the fashionable thing, the thing that met the aesthetic of the moment .[15]
Feith was interviewed by the CBS news magazine 60 Minutes in a segment that was aired on April 6, 2008.[16] During this interview he promoted his newly released memoir, War and Decision and defended the decision making that led to the US invasion of Iraq in 2003.
In a response to the question on why the United States invaded Iraq, Feith responded, The President decided that the threats from the Saddam Hussein regime were so great that if we had left him in power, we would be fighting him down the road, at a time and place of his choosing.
Feith explained that attacking Iraq was necessary even though the U.S. government realized that Hussein had nothing to do with the 9/11 attacks, because of the need for the U.S. to exercise its right to anticipatory self-defense.
What we did after 9/11 was look broadly at the international terrorist network from which the next attack on the United States might come. And we did not focus narrowly only on the people who were specifically responsible for 9/11. Our main goal was preventing the next attack.
Regarding the false claims of the Bush Administration that Iraq was producing weapons of mass destruction, Feith concedes, It is true that there was a serious error that the CIA made in saying that we would find WMD stockpiles. And it was a terrible mistake for the administration to have made those stockpiles in any way a part of the case for war. I don’t think we needed to.
Feith also concedes that he and his colleagues didn’t realize that sending a smaller, mobile force to topple Saddam would make it difficult to establish order after he fell. The looting that arose in the immediate aftermath of the overthrow of Saddam … was a problem that the coalition forces had to deal with. I think we paid a very large price for the fact that, you know, our forces did not get that problem under control.
Regarding whether he’s happy about the current situation in Iraq, Feith states, I don’t think anybody can be happy. We’ve, we’ve, we’ve had terrible losses. We have the Americans who have lost their lives, and Iraqis who have lost their lives. Our coalition partners. It’s been a costly war.
But Feith still feels that invading Iraq was the right thing to do. I think the president made the right decision given what he knew. And given what we all knew. And to tell you the truth, even given what we’ve learned since.
War and Decision
Main article: War and Decision
On April 8, 2008, Feith’s memoir, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism, was published by HarperCollins.
Professional praise
Former Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld
Doug Feith, of course, is without question, one of the most brilliant individuals in government. He is – he’s just a rare talent. And from my standpoint, working with him is always interesting. He’s been one of the really the intellectual leaders in the administration in defense policy aspects of our work here. [17]
When Feith left the Defense Department in 2005, Secretary Donald Rumsfeld highlighted the following accomplishments:[18]
* A plan to revamp America’s Global Defense Posture – move troops, move families, move contractors, and facilities from where they were at the end of World War II to the end of the Cold War to where they’re needed and usable
* A NATO Response Force to counter threats and to deal with crises
* New security relationships in Central Asia and South Asia;
* Helping to fashion a new National Security Defense Strategy that helps guide DoD in planning assumptions for the war on terrorism as well as other responsibilities.
* The training and equipping of foreign forces;
* The creation of an Office of Post-conflict Reconstruction in the Department of State; and
* The Global Peace Operations Initiative.
In his speech, Rumsfeld said:
Years from now, unfortunately it may be many years, accurate accounts of what’s taking place these past four years will be written and it will show that Doug Feith has performed his duties with great dedication, with impressive skill and with remarkable vision during this perilous and indeed momentous period in the life of our country.
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Ret.) Air Force General Richard Myers –
Richard Myers credited Feith with a great perspective and great respect for the military.
In planning the war with Iraq, Feith looked at implications of various actions that others might not think about , Myers said. Doug is very bright and brings a very good strategic view to the table. He has solved some real problems. [19]
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Marine General Peter Pace –
United States Marine Corps General Peter Pace, now the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, worked closely with Feith, co-chairing with him the Defense Department’s Campaign Planning Committee (CAPCOM).
At Feith’s farewell-from-government ceremony on August 8, 2005, Pace as then vice-chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said:
Doug Feith is a patriot. It irritates me, not that anyone would question his thoughts or his policies – that is absolutely fair game – but that anyone would question his loyalty or his motives. I have watched this man for four years. He cares only about what is best for the United States. He works hard to understand as much as he can about the policy arena, and he works hard to articulate what he believes to be true.[20]
The New Yorker May 9, 2005 (p. 36) interviewed Pace about Franks’ criticism [see below] and reported: Pace, who calls Feith a ‘true American patriot,’ said he did not understand Franks’ attack. ‘This is not directed at any individual,’ Pace said, ‘but the less secure an individual is in his thought processes and in his own capacities, the more prone they were to be intimidated by Doug, because he’s so smart.’ Pace believes Early on, [Feith] didn’t realize that the way he presented his positions, the way he was being perceived, put him in a bit of a hole. But he changed his ways.
The same article reported on Rumsfeld’s reaction to Franks:
Feith’s most prominent defender is Rumsfeld, who told me that Feith is one of the brightest people you or I will ever come across. He’s diligent, very well read, and insightful. Donald Rumsfeld, Feith’s former boss, is also General Pace’s superior, and appointed both Feith and Pace to their posts. Donald Rumsfeld explained Feith’s trouble with Franks this way: If you’re a combatant commander and you’re in the area of operations and you’re hearing from people in Washington, what you’re hearing is frequently not on point to what you’re worrying about at the moment, just as the reverse is also true’ [21]
National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley –
In a letter to Feith on the day of his resignation from government, August 8, 2005, Stephen Hadley wrote:[22]
Your efforts in developing the war on terrorism strategy, the global defense posture, the President’s June 24, 2002, Middle East speech, and moving forward the president’s agenda on advancing freedom and democracy are among your many significant accomplishments.
For the last four years, you and your fine staff have provided outstanding support to Secretary Rumsfeld and the President.
Your intellectual leadership within the interagency has helped us meet the challenges that face our nation at this critical time. But equally important, you have provided an example of honesty, decency, and integrity that have made you a valued colleague and friend to us all.
Professional criticism
Director of the CIA, Michael Hayden –
At Central Intelligence Agency Director Michael Hayden’s Senate confirmation hearing, Senator Carl Levin asked nominee Hayden about Feith’s Office of Special Plans:
Senator Carl Levin: Were you comfortable with Mr. Feith’s office[23][24] approach to intelligence analysis?
CIA Director Michael Hayden: No, sir, I wasn’t. I wasn’t aware of a lot of the activity going on, you know, when it was contemporaneous with running up to the war. No, sir, I wasn’t comfortable. [25]
The June 27, 2006 Wall Street Journal ran an article called Hayden Corrects the Record. It pointed out that though Levin drew this comment from Hayden when the General was speaking extemporaneously, Hayden corrected the record afterward to clarify that his comments were not meant to say that Feith’s work was wrong, misleading or inaccurate. According to the Wall Street Journal, General Hayden has now publicly confirmed what he had previously said in private conversations with Mr. Feith and with Arizona Senator Jon Kyl: To wit, that he did not intend those remarks as Senator Levin has spun them. In a letter to Mr. Kyl, General Hayden concedes that as former Director of the National Security Agency I did not have any significant personal contact with Mr. Feith or his office and only occasionally saw the product of their work.
Hayden’s letter adds that the issues I attempted to address were focused on broad questions of analytic tradecraft, not characterizing the work of Mr. Feith’s office let alone attempting to address questions of lawfulness or even appropriateness. My comments about ‘wrong,’ ‘inaccurate,’ and ‘misleading’ were attached to a broader discussion of analytic challenges and not to any specific activities, including those under Mr. Feith.
Former National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice –
According to the long-running Washington newsletter, The Nelson Report, edited by Christopher Nelson, quoting an anonymous source, Feith was standing in for Rumsfeld at a 2003 interagency ‘Principals’ Meeting’ debating the Middle East, and ended his remarks on behalf of the Pentagon. Then-National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice said, Thanks Doug, but when we want the Israeli position we’ll invite the ambassador. [26][27]
Former Secretary of State Colin Powell –
In Bob Woodward’s book Plan of Attack, then-United States Secretary of State Colin Powell called Feith’s operation at the Pentagon the Gestapo office, alleging that it amounted to a separate, unchecked governing authority within the Pentagon.[28]
Soon after publication of the book, Powell said:
I don’t recall saying that, but it is a terrible term to use and it is out of place, completely out of place. I have known Doug Feith for many years. We have agreed on many issues and disagreed on some. And I just regret that that has gotten into the literature and become a fact.[29]
An unnamed Bush administration official said to reporters from Newsday that Secretary of State Colin Powell complained directly to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld several days ago about Feith’s policy shop conducting missions that countered US policy. [30]
Former Pentagon Officer, Lieutenant Colonel Karen Kwiatkowski (ret) –
Lieutenant Colonel Karen Kwiatkowski, who was a Desk Officer in Feith’s Policy organization, spoke of Feith’s style:
He was very arrogant , describing what it was like to work with him. He doesn’t utilize a wide variety of inputs. He seeks information that confirms what he already thinks. And he may go to jail for leaking classified information to The Weekly Standard. [31]
Kwiatkowski believes an article that appeared in The Weekly Standard included a classified memo written by Feith alleging ties between Saddam Hussein and al Qaeda.
Former Director of the CIA, George Tenet –
The chapter No Authority, Direction, or Control of George Tenet’s memoir deals with the prewar government debate about alleged connections between Iraq and al-Qaeda. According to the Washington Post, Tenet’s memoir paints an unflattering portrait of Feith as a man eager to manipulate intelligence to push the country to war. [32] Tenet refers to Feith’s office as Team Feith , writing that he saw their criticisms about the CIA’s Iraq-al Qaeda work as complete crap. He added that when the Pentagon inspector general issued a report in February 2007 calling some of Feith’s efforts ‘inappropriate’, Feith shot back. He said peddling his alternative intelligence was simply an exercise in ‘good government.’ Nonsense (Tenet wrote). This was an example of bad government (Tenet, page 348).
Feith reviewed Tenet’s memoir and responded to the allegations about his work in the Wall Street Journal on May 4.[33] On Tenet’s account of the bureaucratic differences over Iraq-al Qaeda issues, Feith writes: Mr. Tenet devotes a chapter to the matter of Iraq and al Qaeda, giving it the title: ‘No Authority, Direction or Control.’ The phrase implies that we argued that Saddam exercised such powers – authority, direction and control – over al Qaeda. We made no such argument. Rather we said that the CIA’s analysts were not giving serious, professional attention to information about ties between Iraq and al Qaeda. The CIA’s assessments were incomplete, nonrigorous and shaped around the dubious assumption that secular Iraqi Baathists would be unwilling to cooperate with al Qaeda religious fanatics, even when they shared strategic interests. This assumption was disproved when Baathists and jihadists became allies against us in the post-Saddam insurgency, but before the war it was the foundation of much CIA analysis.
Former Commander Coalition Forces in Iraq, Gen. Tommy Franks (ret) –
Before the war in Iraq, the Iraqi National Congress proposed recruiting a brigade of Free Iraqi Forces to enter Iraq with the Americans. Feith supported the idea behind the project. United States Army General Tommy Franks did not, as reported in the book Cobra II: Franks remained unenthusiastic, to say the least. After a briefing from [Feith’s aide Bill] Luti on his pet project, Franks turned to Feith in a Pentagon corridor, letting him know where he stood: ‘I don’t have time for this fucking bullshit,’ Franks exclaimed. [34]
Franks, according to Plan of Attack, says of Feith: I have to deal with the fucking stupidest guy on the planet almost every day. (p.281).[35][36] In his autobiography, American Soldier, Franks describes a conversation with his subordinates who were upset with Rumsfeld, Feith and Paul Wolfowitz; Franks tells them, Here’s the deal, guys. I know OSD – Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz, and Feith – are demanding a lot. But they are not the enemy. Don’t start thinking good guys-bad guys. We’re all on the same side. They could see I was serious. I’ll worry about OSD, all of them – including Doug Feith, who’s getting a reputation around here as the dumbest fucking guy on the planet , I continued. Your job is to make me feel warm and fuzzy. Look, we’re all professionals. Let’s earn our pay. [37]
On the April 14, 2006 edition of Hardball with Chris Matthews, Franks changed his assessment of Feith:
MATTHEWS: What did you think on a scale of one to 10 of the military expertise, of the civilians surrounding Secretary Rumsfeld, the people like Wolfowitz and Feith? How would you on a scale of 1 to 10, where would you put their military savvy?
FRANKS: I would put the dipstick at oh — with a reasonable degree of understanding, I would put Doug Feith in a category as a brilliant man with some military understanding, but both of these gentlemen were apt to think out of the box. And candidly, Chris, for all I know, maybe that’s what Don Rumsfeld wanted them to do.
MATTHEWS: Were they ideologues or were they analysts?
FRANKS: In my personal [opinion], they were analysts. Now, that does not imply that I’m making some statement that they were not ideologues, maybe so, but that’s not the way that I saw them.[38]
Former Coalition Provisional Authority Official General Jay Garner (Ret.) –
The former Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for the Coalition Provisional Authority, General Jay Garner, reported to Feith for five months following the invasion of Iraq. As quoted in Thomas E. Ricks’s book Fiasco, Garner said of Feith: I think he’s incredibly dangerous. He’s a smart guy whose electrons aren’t connected, so he arc lights all the time. He can’t organize anything.
Former Chief of Staff to the Secretary of State, Larry Wilkerson –
Regarding Feith and his colleague, David Wurmser, Wilkerson has stated:
A lot of these guys, including Wurmser, I looked at as card-carrying members of the Likud party, as I did with Feith. You wouldn’t open their wallet and find a card, but I often wondered if their primary allegiance was to their own country or to Israel. That was the thing that troubled me, because there was so much that they said and did that looked like it was more reflective of Israel’s interest than our own.[39]
In 2005, Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson, Powell’s chief of staff, publicly stated he could testify to Franks’ 2004 comment, and added Seldom in my life have I met a dumber man. [40][41]
Former CENTCOM Deputy Director, Lt. General Michael DeLong –
In an interview with PBS on February 14, 2006, General Michael DeLong was asked about the information coming from Feith’s office in the lead-up to the Iraq war. He replied:
Feith wasn’t somebody we enjoyed working with, and to go much further than that would probably not be a good thing. To be honest, we blew him off lots of times. Told the secretary that he’s full of baloney, his people working for him are full of baloney. It was a real distraction for us, because he was the number three guy in the Department of Defense.[42]
Accusations and rebuttals –
1982 NSC alleged firing and security clearance controversy
It has been alleged by former National Security Council Intelligence Director Vincent Cannistraro and author Stephen Green that Douglas Feith involuntarily left the NSC in March 1982 and lost his security clearance after he fell under Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) suspicion for passing classified material to Israeli embassy officials who were not entitled to receive it.[43][44][45] This would have required the Bush administration to reissue Feith his clearance before bringing him into the Pentagon.[44] This version of events is disputed by the NSC head at the time, Judge William Clark. When a Montana newspaper reported this accusation, Clark, who was Reagan’s National Security Adviser at the relevant time, wrote a September 22, 2005 letter to the editor[46] to correct the record:
Your article cites a Mr. Cannistraro to the effect that Mr. Feith was fired for wrongdoing from President Reagan’s National Security Council in 1982. I was President Reagan’s National Security Advisor at the time and I tell you that is untrue. Mr. Feith served honorably on my staff and went on to serve well at the Pentagon under Secretary Cap Weinberger. Because of his fine record, President George W. Bush hired him as his Under Secretary of Defense for Policy.
Counter Terrorism Evaluation Unit
Feith oversaw the Counter Terrorism Evaluation Unit, established to find links between terrorist organizations and their state sponsors. The group issued a report about connections between Iraq and al-Qaida that Secretary of State Donald Rumsfeld requested Feith deliver to CIA Director George Tenet in August 2002. The report has been widely discredited. Tenet told a congressional committee in March 2004 that the report was not reliable. Daniel Benjamin, former director of counterterrorism at the National Security Council, wrote that, far from proving Saddam-Osama ties, the document lends substance to the frequently voiced criticism that some in the Bush administration have misused intelligence to advance their policy goals. [2]
Office of Special Plans –
Feith led the controversial Office of Special Plans (OSP) at the Pentagon from September 2002 to June 2003.[47] This now defunct intelligence gathering unit has been accused of manipulating intelligence to bolster support for the 2003 US invasion of Iraq.[48] According to The Guardian, This rightwing intelligence network [was] set up in Washington to second-guess the CIA and deliver a justification for toppling Saddam Hussein by force. [49] According to Kwiatkowski, the Office of Special Plans was a propaganda shop and she personally witnessed neoconservative agenda bearers within OSP usurp measured and carefully considered assessments, and through suppression and distortion of intelligence analysis promulgate what were in fact falsehoods to both Congress and the executive office of the president. [50][51] Senator Carl Levin, in an official report on the Office of Special Plans, singles Feith out as providing to the White House a large amount of Iraq-Al Qaeda allegations which, post-invasion, turned out to be false.[52] Disarmament expert George Perkovich of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace told National Public Radio in 2004, By all accounts, things in Iraq have gone very, very badly. Doug Feith should have been fired a long time ago for incompetence. [53]
According to The Guardian, the Office of Special Plans kept an extremely low profile, but was able to do the work of a much larger, high-profile organization:
There was a mountain of documentation to look through and not much time. The administration wanted to use the momentum gained in Afghanistan to deal with Iraq once and for all. The OSP itself had less than 10 full-time staff, so to help deal with the load, the office hired scores of temporary consultants . They included lawyers, congressional staffers, and policy wonks from the numerous rightwing thinktanks in Washington. Few had experience in intelligence. Most of the people they had in that office were off the books, on personal services contracts. At one time, there were over 100 of them, said an intelligence source. The contracts allow a department to hire individuals, without specifying a job description. As John Pike, a defence analyst at the thinktank GlobalSecurity.org, put it, the contracts are basically a way they could pack the room with their little friends . They surveyed data and picked out what they liked, said Gregory Thielmann, a senior official in the state department’s intelligence bureau until his retirement in September. The whole thing was bizarre. The secretary of defence had this huge defence intelligence agency, and he went around it. In fact, the OSP’s activities were a complete mystery to the DIA and the Pentagon. The iceberg analogy is a good one, said a senior officer who left the Pentagon during the planning of the Iraq war. No one from the military staff heard, saw or discussed anything with them. [49]
Actions Feith authorized at the Office of Special Plans concerning Iraq
A source of Iraqi WMD intelligence was overseas back-channel meetings with foreign citizens, which Feith authorized.[54] According to Newsday and The Boston Globe, these foreigners included former Iran-Contra figures[55] and agents of Iraqi politician Ahmad Chalabi[56] who were shopping[57] WMD[23] intelligence to the Office of Special Plans.[58].
As Kwiatkowski described, this unvetted WMD information was then stovepiped to the White House outside of established intelligence review safeguards for use in building support for the war.[59] Post invasion, the Iraq Survey Group found Iraq had no stocks of WMD, and had not produced WMD since 1991.[60]
These accounts conflict with the official findings of U.S. House and Senate inquiries into these matters. As noted a March 14, 2004 Washington Post article entitled Feith’s Analysts Given a Clean Bill : Neither the House nor Senate intelligence committees…which have been investigating prewar intelligence for eight months, have found support for allegations that Pentagon analysts went out and collected their own intelligence…. Nor have investigators found that the Pentagon analysis about Iraq significantly shaped the case the administration made for going to war. The subjects of these investigations would be investigated again in 2006 by the Pentagon Inspector General (see below).
Actions Feith authorized at the Office of Special Plans concerning Iran
The back-channel meetings Feith authorized dealt not only with Iraq, but also with Iran. When Powell learned that Feith was authorizing secret meetings with former Iran-Contra figures such as arms dealer Manucher Ghorbanifar to investigate options for regime change in Iran, he angrily complained on August 9, 2003 directly to Rumsfeld and then Rice about Feith conducting unauthorized missions that were contrary to official U.S. policy. A senior administration official said the US Government had learned about the unauthorised talks accidentally , and that it was unsettling the government hadn’t learnt the lessons of last time around , referring to the secret contacts and rogue operations that led to Iran-Contra.[61]
Feith’s authorization of contact with Manuchar Ghorbanifar was also controversial. The CIA said that Ghorbanifar should be regarded as an intelligence fabricator , and put him under a burn notice, warning other intelligence agencies not to use him.[62]
Investigations of the Office of Special Plans and of Feith
Officially, Feith is currently under investigation by the Pentagon’s Inspector General and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI).[57] Republican Intelligence Committee Chairman Pat Roberts began the investigation when he wrote to the Pentagon Inspector General asking him to start the review:
The Committee is concerned about persistent and, to date, unsubstantiated allegations that there was something unlawful or improper about the activities of the Office of Special Plans within the office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy … I have not discovered any credible evidence of unlawful or improper activity, yet the allegations persist. In an attempt to lay these allegations to rest once and for all, he requested the Inspector General to initiate an investigation into the activities of the Office of Special Plans during the period prior to the initiation of Operation Iraqi Freedom to determine whether any of [its] activities were unlawful or improper; … [that is,] whether the personnel assigned to the Office of Special Plans, at any time, conducted unauthorized, unlawful, or inappropriate intelligence activities. Senator Levin has asked the Inspector General to look at the activities of the OUSDP generally, and not just the OSP. The SSCI is awaiting the outcome of the DOD Inspector General’s review. [63] Sources within the SSCI report Feith and the Defense Department have been less than helpful to their investigation.[44]
As of March 2006 the news organisation Rawstory reports Pat Roberts, head of the Senate Intelligence Committee, was not allowing a complete investigation of Feith and his role at his Office of Special Plans. One former intelligence official suggested that part of the reason for deferring the Feith inquiry was its sensitivity. A Feith investigation might unravel a bigger can of worms, the source said [64]
The Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Jay Rockefeller twice alleged that the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy or Feith may have engaged in unlawful activities,[65] Phase II of the Senate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq found nothing to substantiate that claim; nothing unlawful about the alleged rogue intelligence operation in the PCTEG, nothing unlawful about the Office of Special Plans, and nothing unlawful about the so-called failure to inform Congress of alleged intelligence activities. [65] The previous year, the chairman released a press statement claiming that it appeared that the offices were not in compliance with the law. [65]
Defense Department Inspector General Report Issued
Tasked to examine a briefing that members of Feith’s Policy office delivered in summer-fall 2002 to Secretary Rumsfeld, CIA Director Tenet and White House officials including Steve Hadley and Scooter Libby, the Defense Department Inspector General Thomas Gimble found on February 9, 2007 that Feith’s office did nothing unlawful, unauthorized or that attempted to mislead Congress[66] But, the Policy briefing’s criticisms of the CIA’s intelligence work were found by Gimble to be inappropriate because they were inconsistent with the consensus of the intelligence community. [67]
The Policy briefing in question did not provide the most accurate analysis of intelligence to senior decision makers , Gimble argued, at a time when the White House was moving toward war with Iraq.[68]
According to the Washington Post, Feith’s office had asserted in a briefing given to Cheney’s chief of staff in September 2002 that the relationship between Iraq and al-Qaeda was ‘mature’ and ‘symbiotic,’ marked by shared interests and evidenced by cooperation across 10 categories, including training, financing and logistics. Instead, the CIA had concluded in June 2002 that there were few substantiated contacts between al-Qaeda operatives. The contrary conclusions reached by Feith’s office – and leaked to the conservative Weekly Standard magazine before the war were publicly praised by Dick Cheney as the best source of information on the topic, a circumstance the Pentagon report cites in documenting the impact of what it described as ‘inappropriate’ work. [69]
In February 2007, Feith launched an Internet website, dougfeith.com, following the Defense Department’s Inspector General report on pre-war activities of the Pentagon’s policy organization. The report, spawned a lot of inaccurate commentary by politicians and misreporting by journalists, and Feith said he launched the website, to provide accurate information and sound commentary on the IG report controversy. I will use it also to provide reliable news items and other material about the work of the policy organization during my tenure as Under Secretary.
Feith’s undergraduate work at Harvard and National Security Council position under Professor Richard Pipes in the 1970s and 80’s presages present-day controversy over intelligence critiques. At University, Feith was involved with Team B analysis: or critiques of existing intelligence.[9] In the late 1970s, many American conservatives believed the Soviet Union was a qualitatively graver threat than US intelligence agencies believed. These fears later proved unfounded. Feith applied a similar ideological lens to existing intelligence regarding Iraq.[70][71]
The response to the Inspector General’s report has been determined along partisan lines.[72][73]
The neutrality of this section is disputed.
Please see the discussion on the talk page. (February 2008)
Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved.
Subordinate’s involvement in the Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal
A subordinate of Feith’s, Larry Franklin, was convicted, and sentenced to 12 years in Federal prison in 2005 for charges in an espionage scandal. Franklin was accused and convicted of passing classified information to an Israeli diplomat and Steven Rosen, an employee of the Israeli AIPAC lobby. A reporter for the Asia Times wrote in September 2004 that the ongoing FBI counter-espionage probe into improper transmission of classified information to AIPAC from 1999 to shortly before the 2003 Iraq Invasion could involve Feith.[45] Feith has not publicly commented on the investigation.[56] Franklin was one of 1,500[74] employees at Feith’s Pentagon office, and officially worked six layers of bureaucracy beneath Feith. However, while leading the Office of Special Plans (OSP), Feith used Larry Franklin repeatedly for sensitive meetings involving foreign citizens, overseas.[54]
According to The Guardian, Feith’s office had an unconventional relationship with Israel’s intelligence services:
The OSP was an open and largely unfiltered conduit to the White House not only for the Iraqi opposition. It also forged close ties to a parallel, ad hoc intelligence operation inside Ariel Sharon’s office in Israel specifically to bypass Mossad and provide the Bush administration with more alarmist reports on Saddam’s Iraq than Mossad was prepared to authorise.
None of the Israelis who came were cleared into the Pentagon through normal channels , said one source familiar with the visits. Instead, they were waved in on Feith’s authority without having to fill in the usual forms.
The exchange of information continued a long-standing relationship Feith and other Washington neo-conservatives had with Israel’s Likud party.[49]
Also in September 2004, writing in an op-ed for the Gulf News, Adel Safty, the UNESCO Chair of Leadership and President of the School of Government and Leadership, Bahcesehir University in Istanbul, writes, the FBI may be pursuing the wrong guy. Franklin is working for a more fanatical supporter of Israel with a higher security clearance: Under Secretary of Defence for Policy Douglas Feith, in his support for the extremist elements of the Israel’s Likud party, played a crucial role in getting the USA to wage war against Iraq, and is trying to get it to intervene against Iran. Feith’s services and loyalty to the Israeli extremists make the FBI investigation of Franklin’s spy activities pale in insignificance. [75]
Feith has been defended by Frank Gaffney, the head of the Center for Security Policy and a Feith friend since they served together in the Reagan administration. Gaffney told the Philadelphia Inquirer, To construe Doug as this sort of running dog of the Jewish state, a Zionist proxy in the Pentagon, is totally false and deeply offensive. [53]
See also
Lobbying in the United States
Footnotes
1. ^ Feith, Douglas J. , Current Biography, H.W. Wilson, 2008
2. ^ a b Douglas Feith: What has the Pentagon’s third man done wrong? Everything. , Slate, May 20, 2004
3. ^ Insider: Iraq Attack Was Preemptive , CBS News, April 6, 2008
4. ^ a b Kamen, Al (2008-04-23). Feith and Hope . In the Loop (Washington Post): pp. A19. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/22/AR2008042202465.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-29.
5. ^ Official Bio, Hudson Institute website.
6. ^ Goldberg, Jeffery (May 9, 2005). A Little Learning: What Douglas Feith knew, and when he knew it. . The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/050509fa_fact. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
7. ^ Feldman, William (April 14, 2005). In Defense of America, he’s third in line . Northeast Times. http://www.northeasttimes.com/2005/0414/kids.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
8. ^ a b Feith, Douglas (April 23, 2004). Defense, democracy and the war on terrorism . US Department of Defense. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PAH/is_2004_April_23/ai_116585447. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
9. ^ a b Defense, democracy and the war on terrorism – Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Douglas J. Feith – Transcript | US Department of Defense Speeches | Find Articles at BNET.com
10. ^ Douglas J. Feith, Civil Liberties, Civil Society and Civility
11. ^ Faculty’s Chilly Welcome for Ex-Pentagon Official – New York Times
12. ^ NEWSMEAT ? Douglas Feith’s Federal Campaign Contribution Report
13. ^ A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
14. ^ The Men From JINSA and CSP, by Jason Vest, 9/2/02
15. ^ Letter from Washington: A Little Learning: The New Yorker
16. ^ Insider: Iraq Attack Was Preemptive
17. ^ DefenseLink News Transcript: Secretary Rumsfeld Interview with Barry Schweid, Associated Press
18. ^ DefenseLink Speech:
19. ^ SignOnSanDiego.com > In Iraq – Rumsfeld defends aide against attack by Gen. Franks
20. ^ DefenseLink Speech:
21. ^ Letter from Washington: A Little Learning: The New Yorker
22. ^ http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/2005/sp20050808-1841.html
23. ^ a b Annals of National Security: The Stovepipe: The New Yorker
24. ^ CIA Hearings May Bring Oversight Debate
25. ^ Transcript: Hearing on the Nomination of Gen. Michael Hayden to be Director of the CIA, Washington Post, Thursday, May 18, 2006
26. ^ Saving Feith
27. ^ Jim Lobe, Feith Leaving Pentagon – Twilight of the Neo-Cons? , Inter Press Service, January 27, 2005
28. ^ washingtonpost.com: Bush Began to Plan War Three Months After 9/11
29. ^ Interview on APTV with Barry Schweid and George Gedda
30. ^ Knut Royce and Timothy M. Phelps, Secret Talks With Iranian Arms Dealer , Newsday (8 August 2003).
31. ^ Article | The American Prospect
32. ^ Teaching Recent History From Opposite Perspectives – washingtonpost.com
33. ^ Douglas J. Feith
34. ^ AEI – Short Publications – Who Lost Iraq? It’s Not Who You Think
35. ^ The condensed Bob Woodward. – By Bryan Curtis – Slate Magazine
36. ^ The Long March to Baghdad – Council on Foreign Relations
37. ^ Tommy Franks, American Soldier, p. 362.
38. ^ ‘Hardball with Chris Matthews’ for April 14 – Hardball with Chris Matthews – MSNBC.com
39. ^ Article | The American Prospect
40. ^ Colonel Finally Saw Whites of Their Eyes
41. ^ Pentagon Capers , segment on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Comedy Central, February 13, 2007. Retrieved on March 21, 2008.
42. ^ FRONTLINE: the dark side: interviews: lt. gen. michael delong | PBS
43. ^ [1][dead link]
44. ^ a b c The Raw Story | Pentagon investigation of Iraq war hawk stalling Senate inquiry into pre-war Iraq intelligence
45. ^ a b Asia Times – Asia’s most trusted news source for the Middle East
46. ^ http://www.billingsnews.com/story?storyid=18196&issue=285
47. ^ Office of Special Plans: Information and Much More from Answers.com
48. ^ Annals of National Security: Selective Intelligence: The New Yorker
49. ^ a b c Special investigation: The spies who pushed for war on Iraq | World news | The Guardian
50. ^ [2][dead link]
51. ^ The Lie Factory
52. ^ Preface
53. ^ a b Steve Goldstein, As Iraq struggles, critics zero in on Pentagon aide , Philadelphia Inquirer (28 September 2004) A1.
54. ^ a b The Raw Story | Senate Intelligence Committee stalling pre-war intelligence report
55. ^ Pentagon Officials Hold Secret Talks With Iranian Arms Dealer
56. ^ a b Wider FBI Probe Of Pentagon Leaks Includes Chalabi (washingtonpost.com)
57. ^ a b 2d probe at the Pentagon examines actions on Iraq – The Boston Globe
58. ^ Iran-Contra II? by Joshua Micah Marshall, Laura Rozen, and Paul Glastris
59. ^ Annals of National Security: The Stovepipe: The New Yorker
60. ^ FOXNews.com – Report: No Iraq WMDs Made After ’91 – Politics | Republican Party | Democratic Party | Political Spectrum
61. ^ Knut Royce and Timothy M. Phelps, Secret Talks With Iranian Arms Dealer , Newsday (Long Island, NY), August 8, 2003
62. ^ Asia Times -Veteran neo-con adviser moves on Iran
63. ^ http://rpc.senate.gov/_files/Feb0706DoDIntellMS.pdf
64. ^ The Raw Story | Prewar intelligence probe grinds towards end as parties accuse each other of delay
65. ^ a b c Senate Report on Intelligence Activities Relating To Iraq Conducted By The Policy of Counterterrorism Evaluation Group and the Office of Special Plans Within The Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (PDF). http://intelligence.senate.gov/080605/phase2b.pdf.
66. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/uslatest/story/0,,-6403435,00.html
67. ^ David S. Cloud and Mark Mazzetti, Pentagon Group Criticized for Prewar Intelligence Analysis , New York Times, February 9, 2007. Retrieved on March 21, 2008.
68. ^ Ex-Pentagon official calls prewar intelligence review ‘good government’ – USATODAY.com
69. ^ Hussein’s Prewar Ties To Al-Qaeda Discounted – washingtonpost.com
70. ^ Rumsfeld’s plan to connect Saddam and al-Qaida – By Fred Kaplan – Slate Magazine
71. ^ It’s Time to Bench Team B
72. ^ Review of Pre-Iraqi War Activities by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (PDF). United States Department of Defense Office of Inspector General. February 10, 2007. http://www.dodig.mil/IGInformation/archives/Unclass%20%20Executive%20Summary.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
73. ^ Cloud, David (February 10, 2007). Inquiry on Intelligence Gaps May Reach to White House . New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/10/washington/10feith.html?em&ex=1171256400&en=d3f38b78d0ae254d&ei=5087. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
74. ^ The New York Times > Washington > Campaign 2004 > F.B.I. Is Said to Brief Pentagon Bosses on Spy Case; Charges Are Possible
75. ^ Adel Safty, Spying for Israel: Got the Wrong Guy , Gulf News (13 September 2004).
Further reading
* [http://fora.tv/2008/10/23/Douglas_Feith_War_and_Decision War and Decision: Ford Hall Forum
Boston, MA October 23, 2008] a video of a talk by Douglas Feith 1hr and 42min.
* Maureen Dowd, The Dream is Dead, The New York Times, 12 December 2007
* Vanity Fair editor Craig Unger on the development of the Office of Special Plans
* Special Plans: the blogs on Douglas Feith and the faulty intelligence that led to war by Allison Hantschel, Wilsonville, Oregon: William, James & Co., September 2005 ISBN 1-59028-049-0
* Deadly Dogma: How Neoconservatives Broke the Law to Deceive America by Smith, Grant F., Institute for Research: Middle Eastern Policy, 2006, ISBN 0-9764437-4-0.
* Clear Ideas vs. Foggy Bottom by Melanie Kirkpatrick, The Wall Street Journal August 5, 2003, p. A8.
* White House Learned of Spy Probe in 2001 by Curt Anderson, Associated Press, September 3, 2004.
* Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib by Seymour Hersh, New York: Harper Collins. 2004. ISBN 0-06-019591-6.
* Israel’s Legitimacy in Law and History Feith, Douglas J., et al; ed. Siegel, Edward M.; assoc.ed. Barrekette, Olga; Proceedings of the Conference on International Law and the Arab-Israeli Conflict (New York, October 21, 1990), Sponsored by The Louis D. Brandeis Society of Zionist Lawyers, Center for Near East Policy Research, 1993, ISBN 0-9640145-0-5.
* A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm by David Wurmser, 1996
* Plan of Attack by Bob Woodward, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004, ISBN 0-7432-5547-X.
* A Dangerous Appointment: Profile of Douglas Feith, Undersecretary of Defense under Bush by James J. Zogby, Middle East Information Center, April 18, 2001
* Israeli Settlements: Legitimate, Democratically Mandated, Vital to Israel’s Security and, Therefore, in U.S. Interest, The Center for Security Policy, Transition Brief No. 96-T 130, December 17, 1996
External links
Biographies
* Douglas Feith’s personal website
* Douglas Feith biography, from The Jewish Virtual Library
* Profile: Douglas Feith a timeline of Feith’s Iraq policies at Center for Cooperative Research
Editorials
Editorials and opinion columnists, in reverse chronological order:
* The Dream Is Dead (Commentary on Doug Feith) by Maureen Dowd, New York Times, December 12, 2007.
* Vindicating Douglas Feith, New York Sun editorial, February 12, 2007.
* Douglas Feith’s inappropriate hyping of the case for the Iraq War by former senior CIA political analyst Kathleen Christison, Adbusters, May-June, 2007.
* Who’s Spinning Intel? Captured Iraqi documents tell a different story by Thomas Jocelyn, April 13, 2007.
* Who’s Misleading Whom? by Rich Tucker, Townhall.com, March 9, 2007.
* Borking Doug Feith, by Robert Blackwill and Ed Rogers, The Washington Times, March 8, 2007.
* Feith on Trial: Facts don’t matter to Carl Levin, by Mario Loyola, National Review, February 27, 2007.
* The Misuses of Intelligence, by Michael Barone, The Washington Times, February 19, 2007.
* Doug Feith Deserves Our Thanks, by Hugh Hewitt, abcnews.com, February 12, 2007.
* Senator Ahab, Wall Street Journal editorial, February 12, 2007.
* Intelligence Games, by Andrew McCarthy, National Review, February 9, 2007.
* Hayden’s Heroes, Wall Street Journal editorial, May 31, 2006.
* Moby Feith, Wall Street Journal editorial, October 25, 2004.
* Spy probe scans neo-cons’ Israel ties by Jim Lobe, Asia Times, September 2, 2004.
* Douglas Feith: What has the Pentagon’s third man done wrong? Everything. by Chris Suellentrop, Slate, Thursday, May 20, 2004.
* Douglas Feith’s federal campaign contribution report at NewsMeat, 1986-present.
Press releases and news articles
* The spies who pushed for war by Julian Borger The Guardian, July 17, 2003
* The Department of Defense the Office of Special Plans and Iraq Pre-War Intelligence by Jon Kyl, Republic Policy Committee, US Senate, February 7, 2006
* Report on the U.S. Intel communities assesments on Iraq by U.S. Senate
* Speech: Farewell Ceremony for Douglas Feith by Rumsfeld, Pentagon Auditorium, Washington, DC, Monday, August 8, 2005
* Weapons of Mass Destruction by The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the U.S.
* A Little Learning: What Doug Feith Knew and When He Knew It by Jeffrey Goldberg, The New Yorker, 2005-05-09
* Conservatives Press for Stronger Campus Presence by D. Pierce Nixon, The Hoya, January 31, 2006
* Gallucci Considers Feith for SFS Appointment by Caitlin Moran, The Hoya, February 9, 2006
* FBI probes DOD office by Richard Sale, The Washington Times, August 24. 2004
* Wider FBI Probe Of Pentagon Leaks Includes Chalabi by Robin Wright and Thomas E. Ricks, Washington Post, September 3, 2004
* Pentagon investigation of Iraq war hawk stalling Senate inquiry into pre-war Iraq intelligence by Larisa Alexandrovna, Raw Story, January 30, 2006
* 2d probe at the Pentagon examines actions on Iraq by Bryan Bender, Boston Globe, August 31, 2004
* Mazzetti, Mark Contentious Defense Official to Depart . Los Angeles Times, January 27, 2005
Government offices
Preceded by
Walter B. Slocombe United States Department of Defense
Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
2001–2005 Succeeded by
Eric S. Edelman
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_J._Feith
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Feith
***
***
Feith’s first job in government came shortly after he graduated from Harvard, as an intern to a subcommittee chaired by Senator Henry (Scoop) Jackson, whose office was a locus of neoconservative thought. Apart from tours at the National Security Council and the Pentagon during the Reagan Administration (he was a top aide to the neoconservative Richard Perle, who was then an assistant secretary of defense), he has spent his professional life in the private practice of law—he received a law degree from Georgetown University—and as an insistent advocate of neoconservative causes.
Feith, who announced earlier this year that he will be leaving his post by this summer—he said he hopes to write a book about his experiences—has not often met the reigning aesthetic of Washington. It has been Feith’s job, as the top policy adviser to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and his departing deputy, Paul Wolfowitz, to help build the intellectual framework for the Bush Administration’s campaign against terrorism. His detractors see him as an ideologue who manipulated intelligence to bring about the invasion of Iraq. His main nemesis on Capitol Hill, Senator Carl Levin, a Michigan Democrat who serves on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, told me that Feith deceived not only the White House but Congress as well. Yet the criticism of Feith in Washington goes beyond his ideology, to his competence. Even some fellow-neoconservatives, who have been lacerating in their criticism of Rumsfeld for his management of postwar Iraq, have asked whether Feith is better at reading history than at shaping it. “I don’t know whether Feith deserves more praise for supporting George W. Bush’s foreign policy or more criticism for being an agent of Rumsfeld,” William Kristol, the editor of the Weekly Standard, said.
Douglas J. Feith, who is the UnderSecretary of Defense for Policy, lives in one of the better Maryland suburbs, on a street of large and unhandsome Colonial homes. The interior of Feith’s house has space and light, but it is furnished in a mostly expedient manner; Feith and his wife, Tatiana, have four children—ages eight to twenty-one—and the house feels very much theirs.
The exception is Feith’s library. It is apparent that he has devoted considerable care and money to its design and, in particular, to its collection, which numbers at least five thousand volumes. The floors and shelves are dark oak, and the walls are covered in hunter-green wallpaper. The library is not in the style of the high-station Washington bureaucrat who wants to telegraph his indispensability; there are few photographs of Feith in the company of potentates and prime ministers and presidents. Instead, Feith has filled the room with images of figures who have earned his admiration. Busts of Washington and Lincoln sit on the shelves; Churchill scowls in the direction of Feith’s desk. A black-and-white portrait of Theodore Herzl, the founder of Zionism, hangs over a green leather couch. In his collection, history has displaced nearly every other subject; fiction—his favorite is Nabokov—has been exiled to the basement. The library is weighted disproportionately to the history of the British Empire, and Feith has spent many hours schooling himself in the schemes and follies of the British on the playing fields of the Middle East.
In conversation, Feith is not often on point. The first time we met, I was prepared to ask about his role in the management of postwar Iraq. Feith, though, preferred to discuss the influence on his thinking of Edmund Burke, the political philosopher who feared instability as much as neoconservatives seem to embrace it. I asked Feith to imagine what Burke would have thought about the Bush Administration’s experiment in Iraq. “Burke warns in his writings about the danger of political abstractions put forward as universal principles,” Feith said. Burke, he continued, “wrote brilliantly and bitterly about the French Revolution and the danger to a society of a bunch of people thinking they could remake society rationally and get rid of all the institutions that have grown up over centuries and reflect the distilled wisdom of numerous people.” But the Bush Administration, Feith added, did nothing of the sort.
To draft Burke into the Bush Cabinet is typical of Feith: counterintuitive and clever, maybe too clever. He rejected the idea that Bush was seeking to remake Iraq in America’s image: “I believe that what makes President Bush’s policy of democracy promotion better, wiser, more careful than what one could describe as starry-eyed Wilsonianism is precisely the recognition that we should not be taking the particulars of our political views and our institutions and trying to impose them in places where there is not fertile soil.” He also said that the idea of “Shiite democracy,” a system in which clerics would play a large role, does not frighten him. “In different parts of the world, clerics play a larger or smaller role in the political process. The idea that there may be a country where clerics play a larger role in the political process than they do in America is not inherently antidemocratic or alarming,” he said. “What the President talks about is that it is the nature of man to want to be free. I don’t think that violates Burke’s warnings.”
Feith’s library includes a large selection of books on Zionism, but he did not linger there. “I’m not looking to aggravate a distortion about me,” Feith said. The distortion, he said, is that his religion, or at least his longtime support for right-wing Israeli leaders, has affected his policy recommendations to Rumsfeld. Feith dismisses this criticism as a willful misunderstanding of his motives. “My interest in democratization predates the focus on the Middle East,” he says. Rumsfeld, for his part, derides the idea that the Administration was manipulated by its sub-Cabinet-level Jewish officials. “I suppose the implication of that is that the President and the Vice-President and myself and Colin Powell just fell off a turnip truck to take these jobs,” he said.
One afternoon, I asked Feith what had gone wrong in Iraq.
“Your assumption is that everything went wrong,” he replied.
I hadn’t said that, but I spoke of the loss of American lives—more than fifteen hundred soldiers, most of whom died after the declared end of major combat operations. This number, I said, strikes many people as a large and terrible loss.
“Based on what?” Feith asked. “It’s a large sacrifice. It’s a serious loss. It’s an absolute disaster for the families. Nobody can possibly deny how horrible the loss is for the families involved. But this was an operation to prevent the next, as it were, 9/11, the next major attack that could kill tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of Americans, and Iraq is a country of twenty-five million people and it was a major enterprise.”
Before the war, the Administration argued that the overthrow of the Baath regime would prevent a marriage of Al Qaeda terrorists to Saddam’s chemical and biological weapons. But after the fall of Saddam the United States and its coalition partners discovered that Saddam had apparently destroyed his stockpiles of unconventional weapons, and the Administration has been unable to prove a close operational relationship between Al Qaeda and the Iraqi regime.
I asked Feith if he would have recommended the invasion of Iraq if he knew then what he knows now.
“The main rationale was not based on intelligence,” Feith said. “It was known to anyone who read newspapers and knew history. Saddam had used nerve gas, he had invaded his neighbors more than once, he had attacked other neighbors, he was hostile to us, he supported numerous terrorist groups. It’s true that he didn’t have a link that we know of to 9/11. . . . But he did give safe haven to terrorists.”
**
The largest controversy of Feith’s Pentagon career concerned his role in the lead-up to the war. Feith created two new units within his policy shop: the Office of Special Plans and the Policy Counterterrorism Evaluation Group. Special Plans was the name given to a new subregional office focussed on Iraq. The Ian Fleming-like label was chosen, Feith said, to obscure its mission; at the time, the Bush Administration was publicly pursuing a diplomatic solution to the Iraq crisis, and the Pentagon did not want to advertise that it was engaged in planning for postwar Iraq. The eighteen members of the Special Plans staff prepared strategies on a range of issues that America would face after an invasion: repairing Iraq’s economy and oil industry, the training of a new police force, war-crimes trials, the reorganization of the Iraqi government. The State Department, meanwhile, named its own planning program in a more straightforward way: its Future of Iraq project was also a study of problems anticipated in postwar Iraq. The two programs were not well coördinated; partisans of the State Department have accused the Pentagon of ignoring its planning effort. Feith told me he did not ignore the State Department effort, which he called “a bunch of concept papers.”
The Policy Counterterrorism Evaluation Group was devoted to alternative intelligence analysis; it employed a rotating staff of two people who were asked to read intelligence data provided by the C.I.A. in order to find unexamined connections between state sponsors of terrorism and terrorist groups. Feith said, “I went to these two guys and said, ‘Read the intelligence so you can tell me what I need to know about, so I can develop a strategy and policies for dealing with terror networks.’ ” Most of the work of this unit was soon focused on looking for evidence of ties between Al Qaeda and Saddam. The analysts looked at data from old intelligence reports and concluded that the C.I.A. had overlooked or downplayed evidence of an operational relationship; they prepared a presentation for Feith.
Rumsfeld instructed Feith to offer the briefing to George Tenet, who was then the director of the C.I.A., and Feith’s analysts made the presentation to C.I.A. officials in August of 2002. Several weeks later, the analysts made a more aggressive presentation to White House officials. They included the assertion that the leader of the September 11th hijackers, Mohamed Atta, met with an agent of Iraqi intelligence in Prague shortly before the attacks.
Feith’s Democratic critics accused the counterterrorism group of providing the Administration with incorrect intelligence to buttress its case that Saddam and Al Qaeda were in league. “He was giving the Administration analysis that they wanted to hear,” Senator Levin told me. “It was misleading, it was deceptive, it was based on feeble information.” Feith’s view is that the analysts were simply involved in alternative analysis—an idea that has become increasingly popular as Washington looks for ways to improve its ability to read intelligence.
Although the work of the Policy Counterterrorism Evaluation Group has been a preoccupation for many opponents of the Bush Administration, Feith’s work in Special Plans had far more significance. In his library, I asked Feith what the Office of Special Plans planned. He began by disagreeing with the prevailing wisdom in Washington: that the crises of the past two years—the insurgency, the embitterment of Iraqis toward the United States, the civilian and military casualties—were in many cases preventable. He even disagreed with the notion that they were as serious as many Americans believe them to be.
“There’s a paradox I’ve never been able to work out,” he said. “It helps to be deeply knowledgeable about an area—to know the people, to know the language, to know the history, the culture, the literature. But it is not a guarantee that you will have the right strategy or policy as a matter of statecraft for dealing with that area. You see, the great experts in certain areas sometimes get it fundamentally wrong.”
I asked Feith if he was talking about himself, and he said, “I am talking about myself in the following sense: expertise is a very good thing, but it is not the same thing as sound judgment regarding strategy and policy. George W. Bush has more insight, because of his knowledge of human beings and his sense of history, about the motive force, the craving for freedom and participation in self-rule, than do many of the language experts and history experts and culture experts.”
Letter from Washington
A Little Learning
What Douglas Feith knew, and when he knew it.
by Jeffrey Goldberg May 9, 2005
http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/05/09/050509fa_fact?currentPage=all
***
Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense, and President of the World Bank. He is currently a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, working on issues of international economic development, Africa and public-private partnerships,[2] and chairman of the US-Taiwan Business Council.[3]
As Deputy Secretary of Defense, he was a major architect of President Bush’s Iraq policy and … its most hawkish advocate. [4][5][6][7] After serving two years, he resigned as president of the World Bank Group ending a protracted and tumultuous battle over his stewardship, sparked by a promotion he arranged for his companion. [8][9]
Contents
* 1 Personal history
o 1.1 Post-secondary education
+ 1.1.1 Cornell University
+ 1.1.2 University of Chicago
* 2 Career
o 2.1 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
o 2.2 Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs
o 2.3 State Department Director of Policy Planning
o 2.4 State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
o 2.5 Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia
o 2.6 Undersecretary of Defense for Policy
o 2.7 Out of office
o 2.8 Deputy Secretary of Defense
o 2.9 President of the World Bank
* 3 Recent controversies
o 3.1 Wolfowitz’s economic arguments pertaining to the Iraq War
o 3.2 Wolfowitz’s relationship with Shaha Riza
o 3.3 Wolfowitz’s leadership of the World Bank Group
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 External links
Personal history
The second child of Jacob Jack Wolfowitz (1910–1981) and Lillian Dundes, Paul Wolfowitz was born in Brooklyn, New York, into a Polish Jewish immigrant family, and grew up mainly in Ithaca, New York, where his father was a professor of statistical theory at Cornell University. [10][11] In addition to being prolific in research and very well read, according to Shelemyahu Zacks, Jacob Wolfowitz fought at the time for the liberation of Soviet Jewry. He was a friend and strong supporter of the state of Israel, AIPAC member and had many friends and admirers there. [12] Strongly influenced by his father, according to Eric Schmitt, Paul Wolfowitz became a soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker … [whose] world views … were forged by family history and in the halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress … [His father] … escaped Poland after World War I. The rest of his father’s family perished in the Holocaust. [13] (Here Eric Schmitt is mistaken as Jacob Wolfowitz simply emigrated.)
As a boy, Wolfowitz devoured books about the Holocaust and Hiroshima—what he calls ‘the polar horrors’ .[4] Speaking of the influence of the Holocaust on his views, Wolfowitz said:
That sense of what happened in Europe in World War II has shaped a lot of my views … It’s a very bad thing when people exterminate other people, and people persecute minorities. It doesn’t mean you can prevent every such incident in the world, but it’s also a mistake to dismiss that sort of concern as merely humanitarian and not related to real interest. [13]
Before first moving to Ithaca, in the fall of 1952 for his father’s new post, the Wolfowitzes lived in Manhattan: I was born in Brooklyn but we grew up in Manhattan, one block down on Morningside Drive … from the President of Columbia who for part of that time was Dwight Eisenhower. [14][15] After teaching for a year at Cornell, his father took a year long sabbatical and was accompanied by his family, spending half the time at UCLA, and half at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In 1957, Paul Wolfowitz lived in Israel, while his father was a visiting professor at the Israel Institute of Technology (Technion IIT), in Haifa.[12][5]
Wolfowitz took classes at Cornell University while still a student at Ithaca High School.[16] In the mid-1960s, while they were both undergraduate students at Cornell, he met Clare Selgin, who later became an anthropologist. They married in 1968, had three children, lived in Chevy Chase, Maryland, separated in 1999, and, according to some sources, became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002.[10][11][5][17][18]
In late 1999, Wolfowitz began dating Shaha Ali Riza. Their relationship led to controversy later, during his presidency of the World Bank Group.[5][19]
Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English; Wolfowitz taught himself Arabic in the 1980s, when he was working at the State Department, and He also speaks French, German, Hebrew, and Indonesian. [5]
Post-secondary education
Cornell University
Wolfowitz entered Cornell University in 1961, on full scholarship. He was a member of the Telluride Association, a non-profit organization founded in 1910.[11] He lived in the Telluride House through academic year 1962 to 1963, while philosophy professor Allan Bloom served as a faculty mentor living in the house.[11] Schmitt observes that Wolfowitz first became a protégé of the political philosopher Allan Bloom, and then of Albert Wohlstetter, the father of hard-line conservative strategic thinking at the University of Chicago. [13] In August 1963, when he was nineteen, he and his mother attended the civil-rights march on Washington organized by Martin Luther King, Jr. and others .[5][11]
Though he majored in mathematics and chemistry … he was profoundly moved by John Hersey’s Hiroshima and shifted his focus toward politics. ‘One of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war,’ he said. [13]
Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a Bachelor’s degree degree in mathematics and chemistry. Against his father’s wishes, Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study politics.[11]
University of Chicago
Following his graduation from Cornell, Wolfowitz attended the University of Chicago in order to study under Leo Strauss. He completed his PhD dissertation under Albert Wohlstetter. In the summer of 1969, Wohlstetter arranged for his students Wolfowitz, Wilson, and Richard Perle to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by Cold War architects Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson.
From 1970 to 1972, Wolfowitz taught in the Department of Political Science at Yale University, where one of his students was I. Lewis Scooter Libby.[20]
In 1972, Wolfowitz earned a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago, writing his doctoral dissertation on nuclear proliferation in the Middle East .[21]
Career
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
Main article: Team B
In the 1970s Wolfowitz served as an aide to Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson, who influenced several neoconservatives, including Wolfowitz and Richard Perle. Jackson was the quintessential ‘Cold War liberal.’ He was an outspoken and influential advocate of increased military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union, while supporting social welfare programs, civil rights, and the labor movement. [22]
In 1972 U.S. President Richard Nixon, under pressure from Senator Jackson, dismissed the head of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) and replaced him with Fred Ikle. Ikle brought in a new team including Wolfowitz. Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony, as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy. He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities. He helped dissuade South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program.
Under President Gerald Ford, the American intelligence agencies had come under attack over their annually published National Intelligence Estimate. According to Mann: The underlying issue was whether the C.I.A. and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union, either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support Kissinger’s policy of détente or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions. In an attempt to counter these claims, the newly appointed Director of Central Intelligence, George H.W. Bush authorized the formation of a committee of anti-Communist experts, headed by Richard Pipes, to reassess the raw data. Richard Pipes picked Wolfowitz, to serve on this committee, which came to be known as Team B: ‘Richard Perle recommended him,’ Pipes says of Wolfowitz today [2003, as quoted by Tanenhaus]. ‘I’d never heard of him.’ [23]
The team’s report, delivered in 1976 and quickly leaked to the press, stated that All the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the ‘worldwide triumph of socialism,’ but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony, highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the government’s intelligence analysts had got it wrong. According to Jack Davis, Wolfowitz observed later:
The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [intelligence] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets’ observed behavior (and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through the invasion of Afghanistan). The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [CIA headquarters in] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable.[24]
The work of Team B, the accuracy of its conclusions, and its effects on U.S. military policies remain controversial.[20][25][26]
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs
In 1977, during the administration of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Wolfowitz moved to The Pentagon. He was employed as U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the U.S. Defense Department, under then U.S. Secretary of Defense Harold Brown.
In early 1980, Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and went to work as a visiting professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. According to the Washington Post; He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party, which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman, Kennedy and Jackson. [1]
State Department Director of Policy Planning
In 1980, following the election of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, the newly appointed U.S. National Security Advisor Richard V. Allen put together the administration’s foreign policy advisory team. Allen initially rejected Wolfowitz’s appointment but following discussions, instigated by former colleague John Lehman, Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department.
President Reagan’s foreign policy was heavily influenced by the Kirkpatrick Doctrine, as outlined in a 1979 article in Commentary by Jeanne Kirkpatrick entitled Dictatorships and Double Standards .
Although most governments in the world are, as they always have been, autocracies of one kind or another, no idea hold greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments, anytime, anywhere, under any circumstances…. (But) decades, if not centuries, are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits.
Wolfowitz broke from this official line by denouncing Saddam Hussein of Iraq at a time when Donald Rumsfeld was offering the dictator support in his conflict with Iran. James Mann points out: quite a few neo-conservatives, like Wolfowitz, believed strongly in democratic ideals; they had taken from the philosopher Leo Strauss the notion that there is a moral duty to oppose a leader who is a ‘tyrant.’ Other areas where Wolfowitz disagreed with the administration was in his opposition to attempts to open up dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and to the sale of Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft to Saudi Arabia. In both instances, according to Mann, Wolfowitz demonstrated himself to be one of the strongest supporters of Israel in the Reagan administration.
Mann stresses: It was on China that Wolfowitz launched his boldest challenge to the established order. After Nixon and Kissinger had gone to China in the early 70s, U.S. policy was to make concessions to China as an essential Cold War ally. The Chinese were now pushing for the U.S. to end arms sales to Taiwan, and Wolfowitz used the Chinese incentive as an opportunity to undermine Kissinger’s foreign policy toward China. Instead, Wolfowitz advocated a unilateralist policy, claiming that the U.S. did not need China’s assistance but that the Chinese needed the U.S. to protect them against the far-more-likely prospect of a Soviet invasion of the Chinese mainland. Wolfowitz soon came into conflict with U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig, who had been Kissinger’s assistant at the time of the visits to China. On March 30, 1982, The New York Times predicted that Paul D. Wolfowitz, the director of policy planning … will be replaced, because Mr. Haig found Mr. Wolfowitz too theoretical. Instead, on June 25, 1982, George Schultz replaced Haig as U.S. Secretary of State, and Wolfowitz was promoted.
State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
In 1982 the new U.S. Secretary of State George Schultz appointed Wolfowitz as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs.
Jeane Kirkpatrick, on a visit to the Philippines, had been eagerly welcomed by the dictator Ferdinand Marcos who quoted heavily from her 1979 Commentary article Dictatorships and Double Standards and although Kirkpatrick had been forced to speak-out in favor of democracy the article continued to influence Reagan’s policy toward Marcos. Following the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. in 1983 many within the Reagan administration including the President himself began to fear that the Philippines could fall to the communists and the U.S. military would lose its strongholds at Clark Air Force Base and Subic Bay Naval Station. Wolfowitz tried to re-orient the administration’s policy, stating in an April 15, 1985 article in The Wall Street Journal that The best antidote to Communism is democracy.
In pursuance of this policy Wolfowitz and his assistant Lewis Libby made trips to Manila where they called for democratic reforms and met with non-communist opposition leaders but the approach was still very soft.
Mann points out that the Reagan administration’s decision to support democratic government in the Philippines had been hesitant, messy, crisis-driven and skewed by the desire to do what was necessary to protect the American military installations. Following massive street protests, Marcos fled the country on a U.S. Air Force plane and the U.S. recognized the government of Corazón Aquino.
Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia
From 1986 to 1989, during the military-backed government of President Suharto, Wolfowitz was the U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia.[27]
According to Peter J. Boyer, in his New Yorker profile of Wolfowitz,
Wolfowitz’s appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match. He was a Jew representing America in the largest Muslim republic in the world, an advocate of democracy in Suharto’s dictatorship. But Wolfowitz’s tenure as Ambassador was a notable success, largely owing to the fact that, in essence, he went native. With tutoring help from his driver, he learned the language, and hurled himself into the culture. He attended academic seminars, climbed volcanoes, and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta. [4]
Sipress and Nakashima report that Wolfowitz’s colleagues and friends, both Indonesian and American pointed to the U.S. envoy’s quiet pursuit of political and economic reforms in Indonesia. [28] According to the Associated Press, however, in their opposition to Wolfowitz’s later appointment to the presidency of the World Bank, Analysts in Indonesia … say the candidate has a poor track record in other areas crucial to the World Bank, such as fighting graft and respect for human rights. [27]
Dewi Fortuna Anwar, a foreign policy adviser to B J Habibie, Suharto’s successor as head of state (1998–1999), stated that Wolfowitz was a competent and popular envoy, and he was extremely able and very much admired and well-liked on a personal level, Adding however, he never intervened to push human rights or stand up to corruption. [27]
As Suzanne Goldenberg observes,
some who acknowledge his popularity also discount the argument that Wolfowitz used his influence as an envoy to press for change. … It is really too much to claim that he played any kind of role in leading Indonesia to democracy, says Jeffrey Winters, an expert on Indonesia at Chicago’s Northwestern University, who was in the country at the time…. The real record when you dig into it is that he was very slow to respond to Indonesia’s movement for democracy. Indonesia’s citizens across the spectrum had been struggling against authoritarian rule. They had been tortured. They had been jailed. They had been ruined in various ways, and the Wolfowitz embassy didn’t speak up for them – not once. … He adds: He had his chance, and he toed the Reagan hawkish line. The World Bank will be watching for far more than that from Wolfowitz.[10]
Officials involved in the AID program during Wolfowitz’s tenure told Alan Sipress and Ellen Nakashima of The Washington Post that he took a keen personal interest in development, including health care, agriculture and private sector expansion and that Wolfowitz canceled food assistance to the Indonesian government out of concern that Suharto’s family, which had an ownership interest in the country’s only flour mill, was indirectly benefiting. [28]
In The Tragedy of Suharto , published in May 1998, in The Wall Street Journal, Wolfowitz states:
Although it is fashionable to blame all of Asia’s present problems on corruption and the failure of Asian values, it is at bottom a case of a bubble bursting, of too many imprudent lenders chasing too many incautious borrowers. But the greed of Mr. Suharto’s children ensured that their father would take the lion’s share of the blame for Indonesia’s financial collapse. The Suharto children’s favored position became a major obstacle to the measures needed to restore economic confidence. Worst of all, they ensured that the economic crisis would be a political crisis as well. That he allowed this, and that he amassed such wealth himself, is all the more mysterious since he lived a relatively modest life.[29]
After the 2002 Bali bombing, on October 18, 2002, then Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz observed that the reason the terrorists are successful in Indonesia is because the Suharto regime fell and the methods that were used to suppress them are gone. [30]
Undersecretary of Defense for Policy
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Wolfowitz, Gen. Colin Powell (left), and Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf (middle) listen as Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney addresses reporters regarding the 1991 Gulf War.
From 1989 to 1993, Wolfowitz served in the administration of George H.W. Bush as Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, under then U.S. Defense Secretary Dick Cheney.
During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Wolfowitz’s team co-ordinated and reviewed military strategy, raising $50 billion in allied financial support for the operation. Wolfowitz was present with Cheney, Colin Powell and others, on 27 February 1991 at the meeting with the President where it was decided that the troops should be demobilised.
On February 25, 1998, Wolfowitz testified before a congressional committee that he thought that the best opportunity to overthrow Saddam was, unfortunately, lost in the month right after the war. [31] Wolfowitz added that he was horrified in March as Saddam Hussein flew helicopters that slaughtered the people in the south and in the north who were rising up against him, while American fighter pilots flew overhead, desperately eager to shoot down those helicopters, and not allowed to do so. During that hearing, he also stated: Some people might say—and I think I would sympathise with this view—that perhaps if we had delayed the ceasefire by a few more days, we might have got rid of [Saddam Hussein].
After the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Wolfowitz and his then-assistant Scooter Libby wrote the Wolfowitz Doctrine to set the nation’s direction for the next century. At that time the official administration line was containment , and the contents of Wolfowitz’s plan calling for preemption and unilateralism which was opposed by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell and President Bush. Defense Secretary Cheney produced a revised plan released in 1992.
After the election of U.S. President Bill Clinton in 1992, Wolfowitz left government until 2000. During the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush, from 2000 to 2007, many of the ideas in the Wolfowitz Doctrine became part of what is called the Bush Doctrine.
See main article: Project for the New American Century
From 1994 to 2001, Wolfowitz served as Professor of International Relations and Dean of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. He was instrumental in adding more than $75 million to the university’s endowment, developing an international finance concentration as part of the curriculum, and combining the various Asian studies programs into one department. Drawing upon his political and defense experience, he also served as a foreign policy advisor to Bob Dole on the 1996 U.S. Presidential election campaign.[citations needed]
According to Kampfner, Wolfowitz used his perch at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies as a test-bed for a new conservative world vision. Wolfowitz was associated with the Project for the New American Century (PNAC); he signed both the PNAC’s June 3, 1997 Statement of Principles ,[32] which begins by stating:
American foreign and defense policy is adrift. Conservatives have criticized the incoherent policies of the Clinton Administration. They have also resisted isolationist impulses from within their own ranks. But conservatives have not confidently advanced a strategic vision of America’s role in the world…. We aim to change this. We aim to make the case and rally support for American global leadership.
and its January 26, 1998 open letter to President Bill Clinton , which begins by stating: We are writing you because we are convinced that current American policy toward Iraq is not succeeding, and that we may soon face a threat in the Middle East more serious than any we have known since the end of the Cold War. [33]
In February 1998 Wolfowitz testified before a Congressional hearing, stating that the current administration lacked the sense of purpose to liberate ourselves, our friends and allies in the region, and the Iraqi people themselves from the menace of Saddam Hussein. [34] In his testimony, he lamented the decision at the end of the 1991 Persian Gulf War to call for a ceasefire before attempting to achieve those goals. Wolfowitz urged the administration to support Iraqi opposition groups, in particular the INC of Ahmed Chalabi with arms, intelligence and financing as a way of overthrowing the current regime without risking American troops.[citation needed]
In September 2000 the PNAC produced a 90-page report entitled Rebuilding America’s Defenses: Strategies, Forces and Resources for a New Century, advocating the redeployment of U.S. troops in permanent bases in strategic locations throughout the world where they can be ready to act to protect U.S. interests abroad.[35] During the 2000 U.S. Presidential election campaign, Wolfowitz served as a foreign policy advisor to George W. Bush as part of the group led by Condoleezza Rice calling itself The Vulcans.[36]
Deputy Secretary of Defense
From 2001 to 2005, during the George W. Bush administration, Wolfowitz served as U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense reporting to U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld.
The terrorist attacks of 9-11 was a turning point in administration policy, as Wolfowitz later explained: 9/11 really was a wake up call and that if we take proper advantage of this opportunity to prevent the future terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction that it will have been an extremely valuable wake up call, adding: if we say our only problem was to respond to 9/11, and we wait until somebody hits us with nuclear weapons before we take that kind of threat seriously, we will have made a very big mistake. [37]
In the first emergency meeting of the U.S. National Security Council on the day of the attacks, Rumsfeld asked, Why shouldn’t we go against Iraq, not just al-Qaeda? with Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a brittle, oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable, and, according to John Kampfner, from that moment on, he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case. The idea was initially rejected, at the behest of U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, but, according to Kampfner, Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam. Powell was excluded. In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the Bush Doctrine, centering on pre-emption , American unilateralism, and the war on Iraq, which the PNAC had advocated in their earlier letters.[38]
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. had to deal immediately with the threat of Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan.[38] The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001. Victory was declared on March 6, 2002. On October 10, 2001, George Robertson, then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, went to the Pentagon to offer NATO troops, planes and ships to assist. Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer, saying: We can do everything we need to. Wolfowitz later announced publicly, according to Kampfner, that ‘allies, coalitions and diplomacy’ were of little immediate concern.
Wolfowitz with New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark at the Pentagon, March 26, 2002.
Ten months later, on January 15, 2003, with hostilities still continuing, Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital, Kabul, and met with the new president Hamid Karzai. Wolfowitz stated, We’re clearly moving into a different phase, where our priority in Afghanistan is increasingly going to be stability and reconstruction. There’s no way to go too fast. Faster is better. Despite the promises, according to Hersh, little effort to provide the military and economic resources necessary for reconstruction was made.[38] This criticism would also re-occur after the U.S. invasion of Iraq later that year.[38]
On April 16, 2002 the National Solidarity Rally for Israel was called in Washington to oppose US pressure on the government of Ariel Sharon. Wolfowitz was the sole representative of the Bush administration to attend, speaking alongside Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. According to Matthew Engel in The Guardian, the administration had exposed itself to being momentarily characterised as anti-Israel, which would have meant losing votes and financial support.[39] As reported by the BBC, Wolfowitz told the crowd that US President George W. Bush wants you to know that he stands in solidarity with you .[40] Sharon Samber and Matthew E. Berger reported for Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) that Wolfowitz continued by saying that Innocent Palestinians are suffering and dying as well. It is critical that we recognize and acknowledge that fact, before being booed and drowned out by chants of No more Arafat. [41] According to Engel this may have been a turning point that saw a return to a more pro-Israeli position within the administration as Bush feared being outflanked on the right.[39]
Following the declaration of victory in Afghanistan the Bush administration had started to plan for the next stage of the War on Terror. According to John Kampfner, Emboldened by their experience in Afghanistan, they saw the opportunity to root out hostile regimes in the Middle East and to implant very American interpretations of democracy and free markets, from Iraq to Iran and Saudi Arabia. Wolfowitz epitomised this view. Wolfowitz saw a liberated Iraq as both paradigm and linchpin for future interventions. The 2003 invasion of Iraq began on March 19.[38]
Prior to the invasion, Wolfowitz had a plan to sell the war to the administration as well as the general public, as he later stated: For bureaucratic reasons, we settled on one issue, weapons of mass destruction, because it was the one reason everyone could agree on. [42][15][14][43][44][45]
The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack would fall to the intelligence services, but, according to Kampfner, Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that, while the established security services had a role, they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking. As a result they set up what came to be known as the ‘cabal’, a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new Office of Special Plans (OSP) based in the U.S. Defense Department. According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh, the OSP was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to Al Qaeda, and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical, biological, and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and, potentially, the United States. [38]
Within months of being set-up, the OSP rivaled both the CIA and the Pentagon’s Defense Intelligence Agency, the DIA, as President Bush’s main source of intelligence regarding Iraq’s possible possession of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al Qaeda. Hersh explains that the OSP relied on data gathered by other intelligence agencies and also on information provided by the Iraqi National Congress, or I.N.C., the exile group headed by Ahmad Chalabi. According to Kampfner, the CIA had ended its funding of the I.N.C. in the mid-1990s when doubts were cast about Chalabi’s reliability. Nevertheless as the administration geared up for conflict with Saddam, Chalabi was welcomed in the inner sanctum of the Pentagon under the auspices of the OSP, and Wolfowitz did not see fit to challenge any of Chalabi’s information. The actions of the OSP have led to accusation of the Bush administration fixing intelligence to support policy with the aim of influencing Congress in its use of the War Powers Act.[38]
Kampfner outlined Wolfowitz’s strategy for the 2003 invasion of Iraq, which envisaged the use of air support and the occupation of southern Iraq with ground troops, to install a new government run by Ahmed Chalabi’s Iraqi National Congress. Wolfowitz believed that the operation would require minimal troop deployment, Hersh explains, because any show of force would immediately trigger a revolt against Saddam within Iraq, and that it would quickly expand. [38] The financial expenditure would be kept low, Kampfner observes, if under the plan American troops would seize the oil fields around Basra, in the South, and sell the oil to finance the opposition.
During Wolfowitz’s pre-war testimony before Congress, he dismissed General Eric K. Shinseki’s estimates of the size of the post war occupation force as incorrect and estimated that fewer than 100,000 troops would be necessary in the war. Two days after Shinseki testified, Wolfowitz said to the House Budget Committee on February 27, 2003:
There has been a good deal of comment—some of it quite outlandish—about what our postwar requirements might be in Iraq. Some of the higher end predictions we have been hearing recently, such as the notion that it will take several hundred thousand U.S. troops to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq, are wildly off the mark. It is hard to conceive that it would take more forces to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq than it would take to conduct the war itself and to secure the surrender of Saddam’s security forces and his army—hard to imagine.[38]
On October 26, 2003, while in Baghdad staying at the Al-Rashid Hotel Wolfowitz narrowly escaped an attack when six rockets slammed into the floors below his room blowing out the windows and frames.[46] Army Lt. Col. Charles H. Buehring was killed and seventeen other soldiers were wounded.[47] Wolfowitz and his DOD staffers escaped unharmed and returned to the United States on October 28, 2003.
President of the World Bank
In March 2005, Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the World Bank by U.S. President George W. Bush.[48] Criticism of his nomination appeared in the media.[49] Nobel Laureate in Economics and former chief economist for the World Bank Joseph Stiglitz said: ‘The World Bank will once again become a hate figure. This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world.’ [50] In a speech at the U.N. Economic and Social Council, economist Jeffrey Sachs also opposed Wolfowitz: It’s time for other candidates to come forward that have experience in development. This is a position on which hundreds of millions of people depend for their lives … Let’s have a proper leadership of professionalism. [51]
Press conference at G8 Summit (Paul Wolfowitz standing at rear on right)
In the U.S. there was some praise for the nomination. An editorial in The Wall Street Journal states: Mr. Wolfowitz is willing to speak the truth to power … he saw earlier than most, and spoke publicly about, the need for dictators to plan democratic transitions. It is the world’s dictators who are the chief causes of world poverty. If anyone can stand up to the Robert Mugabes of the world, it must be the man who stood up to Saddam Hussein. [52]
He was confirmed and became president on June 1, 2005. He soon attended the 31st G8 summit to discuss issues of global climate change and the economic development in Africa. When this meeting was interrupted by the July 7, 2005 London bombings, Wolfowitz was present with other world leaders at the press conference given by British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
Several of Wolfowitz’s initial appointments at the Bank proved controversial, including two US nationals (Robin Cleveland and Kevin Kellems) formerly with the Bush administration, whom he appointed as close advisors with $250,000 tax-free contracts.[53] Another appointee, Juan José Daboub was criticized by his colleagues and others for attempts to change policies on family planning and climate change towards a conservative line. [54][55]
Wolfowitz gave special emphasis to two particular issues. Identifying Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most challenged to improve living standards, he traveled widely in the region. He also made clear his focus on fighting corruption. Several aspects of the latter program raised controversy. Overturning the names produced by a formal search process, he appointed a figure linked to the US Republican party to head the Bank’s internal watchdog. Member countries worried that Wolfowitz’s willingness to suspend lending to countries on grounds of corruption was vulnerable to selective application in line with US foreign policy interests. In a debate on the proposed Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy at the Bank’s 2006 Annual Meetings, shareholders directed Wolfowitz to undertake extensive consultations and revise the strategy to show how objective measures of corruption would be incorporated into decisions and how the shareholders’ representatives on the Bank’s Board would play a key role. Following the consultations and revisions, the Board approved a revised strategy in spring 2007.[5]
Recent controversies
Wolfowitz’s economic arguments pertaining to the Iraq War
On March 27, 2003, Wolfowitz told a Congressional panel that oil revenue earned by Iraq alone would pay for Iraq’s reconstruction after the Iraq war; he testified: The oil revenues of that country could bring between $50 and $100 billion over the course of the next two or three years. Now, there are a lot of claims on that money, but … We are dealing with a country that can really finance its own reconstruction and relatively soon.”[56][57][7] By March 2005, two years later, oil revenues were not paying for the occupation and reconstruction of Iraq, Wolfowitz’s estimation of 50 to 100 billion US dollars had not materialized, and, in light of his miscalculation, detractors criticized his appointment to head of the World Bank.[58]
Wolfowitz’s relationship with Shaha Riza
Main article: Shaha Riza
After President George W. Bush’s nomination of Wolfowitz as president of the World Bank, journalists reported that Wolfowitz had become involved in a relationship with World Bank Senior Communications Officer (and Acting Manager of External Affairs) for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office Shaha Ali Riza.[59] According to Richard Leiby, of The Washington Post, Riza is an Oxford-educated British citizen, was born in Tunisia and grew up in Saudi Arabia. She’s known for her expertise on women’s rights and has been listed on the bank’s Web site as a media contact for Iraq reconstruction issues. [60] According to Leiby and Linton Weeks, in their essay In the Shadow of a Scandal , Riza’s employment at the World Bank predated Wolfowitz’s nomination as Bank president: Riza started at the World Bank as a consultant in July 1997 and became a full-time employee in 1999 ; and the relationship between Riza and Wolfowitz pre-dated it as well:
In the early 1990s, Riza joined the National Endowment for Democracy and is credited there with development of the organization’s Middle East program. Wolfowitz was on the endowment’s board—which is how Riza first met him, according to Turkish journalist Cengiz Candar, a friend of the couple. Shaha was married at the time and Paul was married, Candar recalled, and it wasn’t until late 1999—after Riza divorced and Wolfowitz had separated from his wife of 30 years, Clare Selgin Wolfowitz—that the couple began dating. [60][19]
When Wolfowitz was being considered for head of the CIA immediately after the 2000 election, Clare Wolfowitz wrote President-elect George Bush a letter telling him that her husband’s relationship with a foreign national—Riza—posed a national security risk.[61][62] It has been reported that Scooter Libby intercepted the letter.[63] Sidney Blumenthal also reported on the letter Clare Wolfowitz wrote:
“ This embittered letter remained a closely guarded secret, although a former high official of the CIA told me about it. Chris Nelson also reported it on April 16 in his widely respected, nonpartisan foreign policy newsletter: A certain Ms. Riza was even then Wolfowitz’s true love. The problem for the CIA wasn’t just that she was a foreign national, although that was and is today an issue for anyone interested in CIA employment. The problem was that Wolfowitz was married to someone else, and that someone was really angry about it, and she found a way to bring her complaint directly to the President. So when we, with our characteristic innocence, put Wolfowitz on our short-list for CIA, we were instantly told, by a very, very, very senior Republican foreign policy operative, ‘I don’t think so.’ It was then gently explained why, purely on background, of course. Why Wolfowitz’s personal issues weren’t also a disqualification for DOD we’ve never heard. The Daily Mail of London also reported on his wife’s letter at the time that Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005. Asked about it by the newspaper, Clare Wolfowitz did not deny it, saying, That’s very interesting but not something I can tell you about. [64] ”
According to the profile of Wolfowitz published in the London Sunday Times on March 20, 2005, despite their cultural differences, Riza, an Arab feminist who confounds portrayals of Wolfowitz as a leader of a ‘Zionist conspiracy’ of Jewish neoconservatives in Washington … [and who] works as the bank’s senior gender co-ordinator for the Middle East and north Africa … not only shares Wolfowitz’s passion for spreading democracy in the Arab world, but is said to have reinforced his determination to remove Saddam Hussein’s oppressive regime. [17]
The reported relationship created further controversy concerning Wolfowitz’s nomination to head the World Bank, because the organization’s own ethics rules preclude sexual relationships between a manager and a staff member serving under that manager, even if one reports to the other only indirectly through a chain of supervision. Sharon Churcher and Annette Witheridge, in The Daily Mail, quote one World Bank employee’s statement that Unless Riza gives up her job, this will be an impossible conflict of interest ; the observation of a Washington insider : His womanizing has come home to roost … Paul was a foreign policy hawk long before he met Shaha, but it doesn’t look good to be accused of being under the thumb of your mistress ; and Wolfowitz’s response: If a personal relationship presents a potential conflict of interest, I will comply with Bank policies to resolve the issue. [18]
Wolfowitz initially proposed to the World Bank’s Ethics Committee that he recuse himself from personnel matters regarding Riza, but the committee rejected that proposal.[65] Riza was seconded to the State Department , or placed on external assignment, assigned a job at the state department under Liz Cheney, the daughter of the vice-president, promoting democracy in the Middle East … [66] She was also moved up to a managerial pay grade in compensation for the disruption to her career, resulting in a raise of over $60,000, as well as guarantees of future increases; The staff association claims that the pay rise was more than double the amount allowed under employee guidelines. [66][67] A promotion and raise had been among the options suggested by a World Bank ethics committee that was set up to advise on the situation.[68] According to Steven R. Weisman, however, in a report published in The New York Times, the then-current chair of the committee emphasized that he was not informed at the time of the details or extent of the present and future raises built into the agreement with Riza.[69] Wolfowitz refers to the controversy concerning his relationship with Riza in his recent statement posted on the website of the World Bank (April 12, 2007).[70]
Wolfowitz’s leadership of the World Bank Group
Beginning early in 2007, Fox News published on its website a series of investigative stories on the World Bank, based in part on leaks to Fox of internal bank documents.[71]
On April 11, 2007, Reuters and Al Kamen, in his column in The Washington Post, reported that Wolfowitz and the World Bank board had hired the Williams & Connolly law firm to oversee an investigation into the leaking of internal bank documents to Fox News.[72][73] Those reports cite an internal memo to the bank staff later posted on the internet, dated April 9, 2007, in which the World Bank’s general counsel, Ana Palacio, states that the Bank’s legal staff was scrutinizing two articles by investigative reporter Richard Behar published on the website of Fox News on January 31 and March 27, 2007.[74] A day after the second report published by Behar, on March 28, 2007, Kamen had disclosed that Bank records obtained by the Government Accountability Project documented pay raises in excess of Bank policies given to Shaha Riza[75]
On April 12, 2007 the London Financial Times reported that, in a 2005 memorandum, Wolfowitz had personally directed the Bank’s human resources chief to offer Riza a large pay rise and promotion, according to two anonymous sources who told the Financial Times that they had seen the memo.[76] The memo was part of a package of 102 pages of documents publicly released by the bank on April 14, 2007.[76]
On April 14, 2007, after reviewing the 102-page document package, the Financial Times concluded that it was a potentially fatal blow to Wolfowitz.[76] In contrast, Fox News concluded that the new documents might offer Wolfowitz a new lifeline in the scandal, because the Bank’s ethics committee had launched a review of the Riza compensation case in early 2006 and concluded that it did not warrant any further attention by the committee.[77]
Media speculations about Wolfowitz quitting his position as president of the World Bank intensified on April 19, 2007 after his failure to attend a high-profile meeting.[78] The controversy about Wolfowitz’s girlfriend Shaha Riza led to disruption at the World Bank when some employees wore blue ribbons in a display of defiance against his leadership. [79]
World Bank Group’s board of executive directors and staffers complained also that Wolfowitz was imposing Bush Administration policies to eliminate family planning from World Bank programs. According to Nicole Gaouette, in her report published in the Los Angeles Times on April 19, 2007, Juan José Daboub—the managing director whom Wolfowitz had appointed who has also been criticized for overly-conservative policies concerning climate change[55] and a Roman Catholic with ties to a conservative Salvadoran political party —repeatedly deleted references to family planning from World Bank proposals.[54]
On May 14, 2007 the World Bank committee investigating the alleged ethics violations reported (in part):
* Mr. Wolfowitz’s contract requiring that he adhere to the Code of Conduct for board officials and that he avoid any conflict of interest, real or apparent, were violated ;
* The salary increase Ms. Riza received at Mr. Wolfowitz’s direction was in excess of the range established by Rule 6.01 ;
* The ad hoc group concludes that in actuality, Mr Wolfowitz from the outset cast himself in opposition to the established rules of the institution ; and
* He did not accept the bank’s policy on conflict of interest, so he sought to negotiate for himself a resolution different from that which would have applied to the staff he was selected to head. [80]
Wolfowitz appeared before the World Bank Group’s board of executive directors to respond on Tuesday, May 15, 2007, and, the following day, on Wednesday, May 16, in another board meeting, its executive directors would consider the report and make a statement later in the week. Adams speculates that With Mr Wolfowitz so far refusing to step down, the board may need to take radical action to break the stalemate. Members have discussed a range of options, including sacking Mr Wolfowitz, issuing a vote of no confidence or reprimanding him. Some board members argue that a vote of no confidence would make it impossible for him to stay in the job. [81] If the World Bank’s board of directors votes him out, according to Michael Hirsh, in the May 21, 2007 issue of Newsweek, he would be the first president dismissed in [its] 62-year history … [82] By mid-afternoon, Wednesday, May 16, 2007, The New York Times, reported that after six weeks of fighting efforts to oust him as president … Wolfowitz began today to negotiate the terms of his possible resignation, in return for the bank dropping or softening the charge that he had engaged in misconduct … [83] After recent expressions from the Bush administration that it fully supported Wolfowitz as World Bank president and its urging a fair hearing for him, President Bush expressed regret at Wolfowitz’s impending resignation.[84]
On May 17, 2007, in a statement published on its website, the World Bank Group’s board of Executive Directors announced that Paul Wolfowitz would resign as World Bank Group president at the end of June 2007; their statement is followed by a statement from Wolfowitz about his tenure as president and his hopes for the World Bank’s future success.[8][85]
See also
* American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)
* Full-spectrum dominance
* Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA)
* Joint Vision 2020
* Neoconservatism
* Project for the New American Century
* Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors
* Wolfowitz Doctrine
* World Bank Group
Notes
1. ^ a b Michael Dobbs, For Wolfowitz, a Vision May Be Realized , The Washington Post,April 7, 2003, accessed April 16, 2007.
2. ^ Zachary A. Goldfarb, Wolfowitz Joins Think Tank as Visiting Scholar , online posting, The New Yorker, July 3, 2007, accessed July 3, 2007.
3. ^ US-Taiwan Business Council (2008). Paul D. Wolfowitz. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
4. ^ a b c Peter J. Boyer, The Believer: Paul Wolfowitz Defends His War , online posting, The New Yorker, November 1, 2004, accessed June 20, 2007 (7 pages).
5. ^ a b c d e f g John Cassidy, The Next Crusade: Paul Wolfowitz at the World Bank , online posting, The New Yorker, April 9, 2007, accessed May 7, 2007.
6. ^ Cf. Amy Goodman, Bush Names Iraq War Architect Paul Wolfowitz to Head World Bank , transcript, Democracy Now , March 17, 2005, accessed May 17, 2007.
7. ^ a b Cf. Ibrahim Warde, Iraq: Looter’s License , 16-22 in America’s Gulag: Full Spectrum Dominance Versus Universal Human Rights, ed. Ken Coates (London: Spokesman Books, 2004), ISBN 0851246915.
8. ^ a b Statements of Executive Directors and President Wolfowitz , World Bank Group, May 17, 2007, accessed May 17, 2007.
9. ^ Matthew Jones, Wolfowitz Exit Seen Clearing Way for Progress , Reuters (UK), May 18, 2007, accessed May 18, 2007.
10. ^ a b c Suzanne Goldenberg, Guardian Profile: Paul Wolfowitz , The Guardian, April 1, 2005, accessed May 1, 2007.
11. ^ a b c d e f David Dudley, Paul’s Choice , Cornell Alumni Magazine Online 107.1 (July/August 2004), accessed May 17, 2007.
12. ^ a b Shelemyahu Zacks, Biographical Memories: Jacob Wolfowitz (March 19, 1910–July 16, 1981) , National Academy of Sciences, n.d., accessed May 3, 2007.
13. ^ a b c d Eric Schmitt, The Busy Life of Being a Lightning Rod for Bush , The New York Times, April 22, 2002, accessed March 24, 2008.
14. ^ a b U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) News Transcript of telephone interview of Paul Wolfowitz, conducted by Sam Tanenhaus, Presenter: Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz , press release, United States Department of Defense, May 9, 2003, accessed May 2, 2007. [ Deputy Secretary Wolfowitz Interview with Sam Tannenhaus [sic], Vanity Fair. ]
15. ^ a b Sam Tanenhaus, Bush’s Brain Trust , (George W. Bush, Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz, Weekly Standard Editor William Kristol, former Pentagon official Richard Perle) , Vanity Fair July 2003, AccessMyLibrary, July 1, 2003, accessed May 1, 2007.
16. ^ Associated Press, Paul Wolfowitz ’65 Sparks Controversy at World Bank , Cornell Daily Sun, April 17, 2007, accessed May 19, 2007.
17. ^ a b Profile: Paul Wolfowitz: Hawk with a Lot of Loot Needs a Bit of Lady Luck , The Sunday Times, March 20, 2005, accessed April 18, 2007.
18. ^ a b Sharon Churcher and Annette Witheridge, Will a British Divorcee Cost ‘Wolfie’ His Job? The Daily Mail, March 20, 2005, accessed April 14, 2007.
19. ^ a b Linton Weeks and Richard Leiby, In the Shadow of a Scandal , The Washington Post, May 10, 2007, accessed May 10, 2007. (Page 2 of 3 pages.)
20. ^ a b Profile: Paul Wolfowitz, Right Web (International Relations Center), updated April 19, 2007, accessed May 21, 2007.
21. ^ Wolfowitz, Paul. Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East: The Politics and Economics of Proposals for Nuclear Desalting. Diss. University of Chicago, 1972.
22. ^ Kit Oldham, Cyberpedia Library: Jackson, Henry M. ‘Scoop’ (1912–1983): HistoryLink.org Essay 5516 , historylink.org (The Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History), August 19, 2003, accessed May 17, 2007.
23. ^ Sam Tanenhaus, The Hard Liner:
24. ^ Qtd. by Jack Davis, The Challenge of Managing Uncertainty: Paul Wolfowitz on Intelligence-Policy Relations , Studies in Intelligence 39.5 (1996): 35-42, accessed May 21, 2007. ( Jack Davis served in the Directorate of Intelligence. ) [Corrected title.]
25. ^ Profile: Richard Pipes , Right Web (International Relations Center), last updated December 12, 2003, accessed May 21, 2007.
26. ^ Tom Barry, A History of Threat Escalation: Remembering Team B , Right Web, International Relations Center, February 12, 2004, accessed May 21, 2007.
27. ^ a b c AP, http://www.asiademocracy.org/content_view.php?section_id=1&content_id=430 Indonesian Rights Groups Denounce Wolfowitz’ World Bank Nomination ], online posting, Alliance for Reform and Democracy in Asia, March 22, 2005, accessed June 20, 2007.
28. ^ a b Alan Sipress and Ellen Nakashima, Jakarta Tenure Offers Glimpse of Wolfowitz , The Washington Post, March 28, 2005, accessed April 16, 2007.
29. ^ Paul Wolfowitz, The Tragedy of Suharto , The Wall Street Journal, May 27, 1998, accessed April 16, 2007.
30. ^ As qtd. in Scott Burchill, What the West Wants from Indonesia m Z Magazine, October 1, 2003, accessed June 7, 2007.
31. ^ Transcript of hearing, Committee on International Relations, U.S. Options in Confronting Iraq , February 25, 1998, accessed April 17, 2007.
32. ^ Elliott Abrams, et al., Statement of Principles , Project for the New American Century, June 3, 1997, accessed May 27, 2007.
33. ^ Elliott Abrams, et al., Open letter to President Bill Clinton, Project for the New American Century, January 26, 1998, accessed May 24, 2007.
34. ^ U.S. House Committee on International Relations, U.S. Options in Confrtonting Iraq , February 25, 1998, accessed April 18, 2007.
35. ^ Rebuilding America’s Defenses: Strategies, Forces and Resources for a New Century, Project for the New American Century, September 2000, accessed May 14, 2007.
36. ^ Martin Sieff, Mission Accomplished: Bush’s Brain Trust Had a Grand Plan for the Middle East. The Results Are Coming Home Every Day in Body Bags , Slate, April 8, 2004, accessed May 19, 2007.
37. ^ U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) News Transcript of Wolfowitz interview with the San Francisco Chronicle , conducted by Robert Collier, Presenter: Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz , press release, United States Department of Defense, February 23, 2002, accessed May 26, 2007. [ Interview with Robert Collier, San Francisco Chronicle .]
38. ^ a b c d e f g h i Seymour M. Hersh, Annals of National Security Selective Intelligence: Donald Rumsfeld Has His Own Special Sources. Are they reliable? The New Yorker, May 12, 2003, accessed May 8, 2007.
39. ^ a b Matthew Engel, Bush goes to the dogs , The Guardian, April 23, 2002, accessed April 18, 2007.
40. ^ Thousands in US rally for Israel , BBC News, April 15, 2002, accessed April 18, 2007.
41. ^ Sharon Samber and Matthew E. Berger, Speakers Stick to Consensus Theme at National Solidarity Rally for Israel , United Jewish Communities (JTA), April 15, 2002, accessed May 3, 2007.
42. ^ Qtd. in Associated Press, Wolfowitz Comments Revive Doubts Over Iraq’s WMD , USA Today, May 30, 2003, accessed May 8, 2007.
43. ^ Danny Postel, Noble Lies and Perpetual War: Leo Strauss, the Neo-cons, and Iraq , interview with Shadia Drury, Open Democracy, October 18, 2003, rpt. in Information Clearing House, October 18, 2003, accessed May 26, 2007.
44. ^ Cf. Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber, Weapons of Mass Deception: The Uses of Propaganda in Bush’s War on Iraq (New York: Tarcher/Penguin, 2003).
45. ^ Iraq: The War Card . The Center for Public Integrity. http://www.publicintegrity.org/WarCard/Search/Results.aspx?SearchTerms_All=&SearchTerms_Phrase=&SearchTerms_None=&SearchTerms_Person=Wolfowitz&SearchTerms_Subject=WMD&SearchTerms_DateFrom=01%2f29%2f2001&SearchTerms_DateTo=11%2f03%2f2007&SearchTerms_OrderBy=Record_Id&DisplayAll=False. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
46. ^ Jane Arraf, Bold, Well-executed Attack , CNN, October 26, 2003, accessed April 18, 2007.
47. ^ DoD Identifies Army Casualty , United States Department of Defense, October 27, 2003, accessed April 18, 2007.
48. ^ Paul Blustein and Peter Baker, Wolfowitz Picked for World Bank , The Washington Post, March 27, 2005, accessed January 3, 2009.
49. ^ Alan Beattie and Edward Alden, Shareholders’ dismay at lack of consultation , The Financial Times, March 16, 2005, accessed April 16, 2007.
50. ^ Qtd. in Robert Preston, Stiglitz Warns of Violence If Wolfowitz Goes to World Bank , The Daily Telegraph, March 20, 2005 (Registration required), rpt. in Common Dreams NewsCenter, March 20, 2005, accessed May 7, 2007. updated Daily Telegraph URL.
51. ^ Many Wary, Some Cheer Wolfowitz Pick , Al Jazeera, April 16, 2007, accessed April 16, 2007.
52. ^ Banking on Wolfowitz: And You Thought Iraq Was Difficult , The Wall Street Journal, March 17, 2005, accessed April 16, 2007, Review & Outlook (Past Featured Article), accessed June 8, 2007.
53. ^ Karen DeYoung, Wolfowitz Clashed Repeatedly With World Bank Staff: Tenure as President Has Been Rocky , The Washington Post, April 15, 2007: A12, accessed May 1, 2007.
54. ^ a b Nicole Gaouette, World Bank May Target Family Planning: Repeated Absence of References to Birth Control in Internal Reports Alarms Women’s Health Advocates , The Los Angeles Times, April 19, 2007, accessed May 1, 2007.
55. ^ a b Krishna Guha, Wolfowitz Deputy Under Fire for Climate Change , The Financial Times, April 24, 2007, updated April 25, 2007, accessed May 2, 2007.
56. ^ The Wolfowitz Chronology: An Examination of the Presumptive World Bank President’s Works on Oil, National Security, Development, Corruption, Human Rights, and Debt (January 2001 – May 2005), Institute for Policy Studies (May 2005), accessed April 18, 2007.
57. ^ Cf. Gore Vidal, The Enemy Within , The Observer, October 27, 2002, Review, accessed May 7, 2007, rpt. in lawyersagainstthewar.org, accessed May 7, 2007; rpt. as Goat Song: Unanswered Questions—Before, During, After 9/11 , Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta (New York: Nation Books/Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2002), ISBN 1560255021 (10), ISBN 978-1560255024 (13).
58. ^ Paul Blustein, Wolfowitz Strives To Quell Criticism , The Washington Post, March 21, 2005, accessed April 18, 2007.
59. ^ Philip Sherwell, Special ‘relationship’ Behind US West Asia policy , The Telegraph, August 1, 2002, accessed April 18, 2007.
60. ^ a b Richard Leiby, Reliable Source: What Will the Neighbors Say? , The Washington Post, March 22, 2007, C-03, accessed May 1, 2007.
61. ^ Will a British divorcee cost ‘Wolfie’ his job?, Sharon Churcher and Annette Witheridge, The Daily Mail, March 20, 2005.
62. ^ How Cheney took control of Bush’s foreign policy, Craig Unger, Salon.com, November 9, 2007; Interview with Vanity Fair contributing editor Craig Unger, David Shankbone, Wikinews, November 12, 2007
63. ^ Libby and Wolfie: A Story of Reacharounds, Ward Harkarvey, The Village Voice, June 14, 2007.
64. ^ Wolfowitz’s tomb, Sidney Blumenthal, Salon.com, May 24, 2007.
65. ^ Greg Hitt, World Bank Ex-Board Member Disputes Wolfowitz , The Wall Street Journal, May 2, 2007, A8, accessed May 8, 2007 (restricted access; free preview); rpt. 2-2007/ World Bank Ex-Board Member Disputes Wolfowitz , goldnotes.wordpress.com, May 2, 2007, accessed May 8, 2007; cf. Greg Hitt, Top Wolfowitz Adviser Resigns , The Wall Street Journal, Wall Street Journal Online, May 7, 2007, Washington Wire, accessed May 8, 2007.
66. ^ a b Suzanne Goldenberg, Wolfowitz Under Fire After Partner Receives Promotion and Pay Rise , The Guardian, April 7, 2007, accessed May 2, 2007.
67. ^ William McQuillen, Wolfowitz Says He Won’t Quit, Calls Charges ‘Bogus’ (Update2), Bloomberg News, April 30, 2007, accessed May 2, 2007.
68. ^ Ethics Committee Case No 2 and President Papers PDF , World Bank, worldbank.org, strictly confidential documents posted online at bicusa.org, April 12, 2007, accessed April 14, 2007.
69. ^ Steven R. Weisman, Wolfowitz Loses Ground in Fight for World Bank Post , The New York Times, April 27, 2007, accessed May 1, 2007.
70. ^ Paul Wolfowitz, Statement by Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank Group WB/IMF Spring Meetings 2007 , Worldbank.org, April 12, 2007, accessed May 1, 2007. (Video and audio links.)
71. ^ Richard Behar (2007-02-08). World Bank Launches Internal Probe to Root Out Leakers . Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,250800,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.
72. ^ Reuters, World Bank Launches Probe Into Leak of Confidential Documents to FOXNews.com , Fox News April 11, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007.
73. ^ Al Kamen, Under Flood of Criticism, Looking to Plug a Leak , The Washington Post, April 11, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007.
74. ^ Richard Behar, Wolfowitz vs. the World Bank Board: It’s Trench Warfare , Fox News, January 31, 2007 and World Bank Anticorruption Drive Blunted as China Threatens to Halt Loans , Fox News, March 27, 2007, both accessed May 14, 2007.
75. ^ Al Kamen, In the Loop: Where the Money Is , The Washington Post, March 28, 2007, accessed May 10, 2007.
76. ^ a b c Krishna Guha and Eoin Callan, Wolfowitz Laid Out Terms for Partner’s Pay Package , Financial Times, April 12, 2007, accessed May 14, 2007.
77. ^ Richard Behar, Documents May Give Wolfowitz New Lifeline in World Bank Scandal , Fox News April 14, 2007, accessed May 14, 2007.
78. ^ Wolfowitz Absent As World Bank Board Decides Fate , The Guardian, April 19, 2007, accessed April 20, 2007.
79. ^ Wolfowitz’s Troubles Disrupt World Bank , San Francisco Chronicle, April 20, 2007, accessed April 20, 2007.
80. ^ Reuters, Wolfowitz Rejects World Bank Ethics Ruling : Bank Committee Determines That President Violated Ethics Standards Over His Girlfriend’s Promotion; Wolfowitz Calls Findings ‘unbalanced’ and ‘flawed’ , online posting, CNNMoney.com ( The Internet home of Fortune, Money, Business 2.0 ), May 15, 2007, accessed November 17, 2008.
81. ^ Richard Adams, Angry Wolfowitz in Four-letter Tirade , The Guardian Unlimited, May 15, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007.
82. ^ Michael Hirsh, With the Best of Intentions , Newsweek, May 21, 2007, accessed November 17, 2008.
83. ^ Steven R. Weisman, Wolfowitz Said to Be Working On Deal for His Resignation , The New York Times, May 16, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007.
84. ^ Jeannine Aversa (Associated Press), White House: Give Wolfowitz Fair Hearing , USA Today, May 9, 2007, accessed November 17, 2008; Markets: Bush Expresses Regret Over Wolfowitz , The Houston Chronicle, May 17, 2007, accessed November 19, 2008.
85. ^ Steven R. Weisman, ‘Second Chance’ at Career Goes Sour for Wolfowitz , New York Times, May 18, 2007, accessed May 18, 2007.
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Paul Wolfowitz
Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paul Wolfowitz
External links
Official biographical accounts
* Biography: Paul Wolfowitz: President, The World Bank Group , at web.worldbank.org (World Bank Group). Accessed May 4, 2007.
* Paul Wolfowitz—Department of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Defense . Search result in obsolete directory of The President and His Leadership Team . Accessed May 4, 2007.
* Paul Wolfowitz, Deputy Secretary of Defense —Archived biography at the United States Department of Defense. Last updated: March 16, 2005. Accessed May 2, 2007.
* Wolfowitz, Paul. Statement by Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank Group WB/IMF Spring Meetings 2007 . Online posting. World Bank Group, Worldbank.org, April 12, 2007. Accessed May 1, 2007. (Video and audio links.)
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Anthony Lake United States Department of State
Director of Policy Planning
1981 – 1982 Succeeded by
Stephen W. Bosworth
Preceded by
John H. Holdridge Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
1982 – 1986 Succeeded by
Gaston J. Sigur, Jr.
Preceded by
John H. Holdridge United States Ambassador
to the Republic of Indonesia
1986 – 1989 Succeeded by
John C. Monjo
Government offices
Preceded by
Fred Ikle United States Department of Defense
Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
1989 – 1993 Succeeded by
Frank G. Wisner
Academic offices
Preceded by
George Packard Dean of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
1993 – 2001 Succeeded by
Jessica Einhorn
Political offices
Preceded by
Rudy deLeon United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
2001 – 2005 Succeeded by
Gordon R. England
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded by
James Wolfensohn President of the World Bank
2005 – 2007 Succeeded by
Robert Zoellick
Presidents of the World Bank
Eugene Meyer A John J. McCloy A Eugene R. Black, Sr. A George David Woods A Robert McNamara A Alden W. Clausen A Barber Conable A Lewis Thompson Preston A James Wolfensohn A Paul Wolfowitz A Robert Zoellick
Persondata
NAME Wolfowitz, Paul Dundes
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION 10th President of the World Bank, Deputy Secretary of Defense in the administration of President George W. Bush
DATE OF BIRTH December 22, 1943
PLACE OF BIRTH Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz
Categories: 1943 births | Living people | Ashkenazi Jews | Presidents of the World Bank | Directors of Policy Planning | United States Deputy Secretaries of Defense | Ambassadors of the United States | Reagan Administration personnel | American academics | American bankers | American political scientists | Jewish American politicians | Johns Hopkins University faculty | University of Chicago alumni | Cornell University alumni | Polish-American Jews | People from Brooklyn | People from Ithaca, New York
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz
***
Richard V. Allen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Richard Vincent Allen (born 1936) was the United States National Security Advisor to President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1982.
Allen received his B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Notre Dame. He served as a senior staff member of President Nixon’s National Security Council in 1968 and served various Republican administrations up to and including that of President Reagan.
In November 1981, while serving as Reagan’s National Security Advisor, Allen was accused of receiving a bribe from a Japanese journalist for setting up an interview with First Lady Nancy Reagan, that was done in January 1981. Ronald Reagan said, in his diary, that the Japanese magazine gave cash gifts to people that it interviewed, and that Allen had stepped in to intercept the check to avoid embarrassment for Nancy Reagan, then gave the check to his secretary, who put the check in an office safe. Then when Allen changed offices, the check was found left in the safe. The FBI cleared everyone involved, then the Justice Department began its own investigation, and the story got leaked to the press. Reagan believes it was just political sabotage behind leaking the story.[1] Although the claims were never proven, Allen was eventually pressured into resigning his position.
He is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, and a member of the Heritage Foundation’s Asian Studies Center Advisory Council, the Council on Foreign Relations, the United States Defense Policy Board, the American Alternative Foundation, and the United States National Security Advisory Group. He also serves on the advisory council of the Nixon Center.
Allen is president of the Richard V. Allen Company, a Washington-based consulting services firm. He provides consulting services to international companies and organizations. He currently serves on APCO Worldwide’s Iraq reconstruction task force and is considered one of the most influential lobbyists in Washington for South Korean interests.[2]
Bibliography
* Allen, Richard V. (1969). Yearbook On International Communist Affairs 1968. Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0-8179-1801-9.
References
1. ^ Reagan, Ronald. edited by Douglas Brinkley The Reagan Diaries 2007. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-0876005
2. ^ APCO @ PR Firms.org
External links
* Richard V. Allen profile, NNDB.
* Statement of Richard Allen before the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, October 11, 2001.
* Letter to President Bush on the War on Terrorism, signed by Richard V. Allen, September 20, 2001.
* Interview with Miller Center of Public Affairs – Presidential Oral History Program.
Legal offices
Preceded by
Zbigniew Brzezinski United States National Security Advisor
1981—1982 Succeeded by
William P. Clark, Jr.
National Security Advisors of the United States
Cutler • Anderson • Jackson • Cutler • Gray • Bundy • Rostow • Kissinger • Scowcroft • Brzezinski • Allen • Clark • McFarlane • Poindexter • Carlucci • Powell • Scowcroft • Lake • Berger • Rice • Hadley • Jones
White House Logo
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_V._Allen
Categories: 1936 births | Living people | United States National Security Advisors | United States presidential advisors | Reagan Administration personnel | Heritage Foundation | University of Notre Dame alumni
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_V._Allen
***
Bribery Accusations and Alleged Conflicts of Interest
From 1981 to 1987, Perle was Assistant Secretary of Defense for international security policy in the Reagan administration. In a New York Times article Perle was criticized for recommending that the Army purchase an armaments system from an Israeli company that a year earlier had paid him $50,000 in consulting fees. Perle acknowledged receiving the payment the same month he joined the Reagan administration, but said the payment was for work done before joining the government and that he had informed the Army of this prior consulting work. Perle was never indicted for anything related to the incident. (New York Times, 17 April 1983, Aide Urged Pentagon to Consider Weapons Made by Former Client , Jeff Gerth. See also New York Times, 21 April 1983, On buying weapons and influence , Editorial.).
In March 2004, another New York Times article reported that, while chairman of the Defense Policy Board, Perle had contracted with the troubled telecommunications giant Global Crossing to help overcome opposition from the FBI and the Pentagon to the sale of its assets to Hong-Kong-based Hutchison Whampoa. Since the military employed the company’s fiber optics network for communications, the brass argued that sale to a foreign-owned, especially Chinese, corporation would compromise national security. Perle was to be paid $125,000 to promote the deal, with an extra $600,000 contingent fee on its approval. [15] This controversy led to accusations of bribery, and Perle resigned as chairman on March 27, 2003, though he remained on the board. [16]
Perle is also known to have demanded payment for press interviews[17] while he was the chairman of the Defense Policy Board, a practice that has raised accusations of not only ethical, but legal impropriety. [18]
[Excerpted from entry below]
***
Richard Norman Perle (born 16 September 1941 in New York City) is an American political advisor and lobbyist who worked for the Reagan administration as an assistant Secretary of Defense and worked on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee from 1987 to 2004. He was Chairman of the Board from 2001 to 2003 under the Bush Administration.
He is a member of several think-tanks, such as the Hudson Institute, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors, the Center for Security Policy (CSP), and (as a resident fellow) the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, as well as the neoconservative Project for the New American Century (PNAC) and the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA). He is also a Patron of the Henry Jackson Society. Perle has written extensively on a number of issues; his cited research interests including defense, national security, and the Middle East. Aside from these engagements, Perle is the former co-chairman and director of Hollinger, Inc., a partner of Trireme Partners and a non-executive director of Autonomy.
Contents
* 1 Education and early career
o 1.1 Office of Senator Henry Jackson
o 1.2 Opposition to nuclear arms reduction
o 1.3 Transition into neoconservatism
* 2 War with Iraq
o 2.1 Pre-2003 invasion
o 2.2 Iraq policy regret and Bush criticism
o 2.3 On Iraq Study Group proposals
* 3 Other views on foreign policy
o 3.1 On the United Nations
o 3.2 On Israel
o 3.3 On defense
* 4 Disputed role in Bush Administration
* 5 Business interests and controversies
o 5.1 Bribery Accusations and Alleged Conflicts of Interest
o 5.2 Sibel Edmonds
o 5.3 Unresolved Legal Issues
o 5.4 Seymour Hersh and ‘Lunch with the Chairman’
o 5.5 Iraq oil deal
* 6 Works
* 7 References
* 8 External links
Education and early career
Perle was born in New York to a Jewish family. His family moved to California, and Perle attended Hollywood High School in Los Angeles (his classmates included actor Mike Farrell and singer Ricky Nelson) and later, the University of Southern California, earning a B.A. in International Politics in 1964. As an undergraduate he studied in Copenhagen at Denmark’s International Study Program. He also studied at the London School of Economics and obtained a M.A. in political science from Princeton University in 1967.
Office of Senator Henry Jackson
From 1969 to 1980, Perle worked as a staffer for Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson of Washington. As a staffer, Perle drafted the Jackson-Vanik amendment to the 1972 International Grain Agreement (IGA), or Russian Wheat Deal negotiated by Richard Nixon and the Soviet Union which made for the first time by law a trade agreement contingent upon the fundamental human right of Soviet Jews to emigrate. [2] He was considered as an extremely knowledgeable and influential person in the Senate debates on arms control. By his own admission, Perle acquired the reputation of an influential figure who preferred to work in the background, a reputation that has followed him through the years in both the public and private sectors. At some point (usually said to be during his time in the Reagan Administration) Perle acquired the nickname The Prince of Darkness , which has been used both as a slur by his critics and as a joke by supporters. (Time, 23 March 1987, Farewell Dark Prince ) However, he has been quoted saying that; I really resent being depicted as some sort of dark mystic or some demonic power…. All I can do is sit down and talk to someone…. (The New York Times, 4 December 1977, Jackson Aide Stirs Criticism in Arms Debate, Richard L. Madden)
Opposition to nuclear arms reduction
Perle was considered a hardliner in arms reduction negotiations with the Soviet Union and has stated that his opposition to arms control under the Carter administration had to do with his view that the US was giving up too much at the negotiation table and not receiving nearly enough concessions from the Soviets. Perle called the arms talks under negotiation in the late 1970s the rawest deal of the century .
Perle’s objection to the arms talks between the Carter administration and the Soviet Union revolved primarily around Carter’s agreement to halt all cruise missile development. Perle is widely credited for spearheading opposition to the treaty, which was never ratified by the Senate.
Transition into neoconservatism
Perle is a self-described neoconservative, like several around Henry M. Scoop Jackson, as he told Ben J. Wattenberg in an interview specifically about him becoming a neoconservative.[1]
“ Ben Wattenberg: Now, Scoop was surrounded by people who then and certainly now are called neoconservatives. It’s become a fashionable word now thanks to you and your colleagues because you’re all categorized that way. How did that come into your life, that whole school of thought?
Richard Perle: Well, I think the term has something to do with the sense that those of us who are now called neo-conservatives were at one time liberals, and in this…
Ben Wattenberg: Irving Kristol said a neoconservative is a liberal who’s been mugged by reality.
Richard Perle: Right. And I think that’s a fair description, and I suppose all of us were liberal at one time. I was liberal in high school and a little bit into college. But reality and rigor are important tonics, and if you got into the world of international affairs and you looked with some rigor at what was going on in the world, it was really hard to be liberal and naïve.”
Perle’s book An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror which he wrote with fellow neoconservative David Frum in 2004 as a defense of the 2003 invasion of Iraq was described by political scientist Fareed Zakaria as a useful guide to neoconservative foreign policy. The book outlines ideas to abandon all Israeli-Palestinian peace processes, invade Syria, strict US domestic surveillance with biometric identity cards and public vigilance to hinder potential terrorist immigrant or terrorist sympathizer threats.[2]
War with Iraq
Pre-2003 invasion
Like many in the neoconservative movement, Perle had long been an advocate of regime change in Iraq. He was a signatory of the 26 January 1998 PNAC Letter sent to US President Bill Clinton that called for the military overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s regime. He also linked Saddam to Osama Bin Laden just a few days after 9/11, proclaiming in an interview on CNN on Sept 16, 2001: Even if we cannot prove to the standards that we enjoy in our own civil society that they were involved, we do know, for example, that Saddam Hussein has ties to Osama Bin Laden… [3]
Perle argued that what he referred to as terrorist Abu Nidal’s sanctuary in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq was justification for the U.S. military invasion of Iraq. Perle states this in the recent PBS documentary series America At A Crossroads , and refers to President Bush’s 9/11 speech in which Bush stated: We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.
Perle came into further prominence due to his role in backing the 2003 invasion, and continues to support the military presence there.
In an interview for Saddam’s Ultimate Solution , the 11 July 2002 episode of the PBS series Wide Angle, he said:
Saddam is much weaker than we think he is. He’s weaker militarily. We know he’s got about a third of what he had in 1991. But it’s a house of cards. He rules by fear because he knows there is no underlying support. Support for Saddam, including within his military organization, will collapse at the first whiff of gunpowder. Now, it isn’t going to be over in 24 hours, but it isn’t going to be months either.
The US-led coalition defeated the Iraqi military within less than a month of the invasion [4] and the Coalition Provisional Authority disbanded the military and removed Ba’ath party members from authority positions, essentially dissolving the government, as well. Critical government positions were appointed by the CPA[5].
In the leadup to the war, Perle also complained that Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officials were so hostile to defectors brought out of Iraq by the Iraqi National Congress that they refused to interview them and even tried to discredit them. The defectors and the head of the INC, Ahmed Chalabi were discredited not only by the CIA, but by the State Department at the time that Perle was supporting them. Later, the US military raided INC offices and stopped funding to the organization. [6]
Perle advocated invading Iraq with only 40,000 troops, and complained about the calls by then Gen. Eric Shinseki to use 660,000 troops. He preferred a strategy similar to that used in the Afghan war, in which the U.S. would insert SOF (Special Operations Forces), along with some two divisions, to assist native Kurdish and Shi’ite rebels, much as the United States had done with the Northern Alliance against the Taliban. [7] Nevertheless, in an interview he gave Vanity Fair that was excerpted in an article appearing in the 4 November 2006 Los Angeles Times, he denied having a role in the planning of the war. He is reported to have told Vanity Fair, I’m getting damn tired of being described as an architect of the war. This is not congruent with his signing of the PNAC letter in 1998. I was in favor of bringing down Saddam. Nobody said, ‘Go design the campaign to do that.’ I had no responsibility for that. The same Los Angeles Times article reports that Perle now believes that his advocacy of the Iraq war was wrong.
Perle was the subject of extensive study in the April 2007 PBS miniseries America at a Crossroads, in which he made a retrospective defense of the Bush administration’s decisions concerning the invasion of Iraq.
In April 2007, Perle was featured on VPRO’s Tegenlicht miniseries The Israel Lobby. Perle denied that the Israel Lobby particularly AIPAC was involved in the case to go to war with Iraq. However, he did suggest that AIPAC is heavily influential in United States elections, further hinting that any congressional challenger of AIPAC-sponsored legislation has minimal re-election chances.
Iraq policy regret and Bush criticism
In a Vanity Fair article that was first published online in November 2006, Perle expressed regret of his support of the invasion and faulted the dysfunction in the Bush administration for the troubled occupation. I think now I probably would have said, ‘Let’s consider other strategies for dealing with the thing that concerns us most, which is Saddam supplying weapons of mass destruction to terrorists’. The decisions did not get made that should have been. They didn’t get made in a timely fashion, and the differences were argued out endlessly. At the end of the day, you have to hold the president responsible. [8][9][10]
On Iraq Study Group proposals
In a December 2006 interview with Die Zeit, Perle strongly criticized the Iraq Study Group proposals, saying: I have never seen such a foolish report. … A report that begins with false premises ends with nothing. [11]
Other views on foreign policy
On the United Nations
Perle is a frequent critic of the United Nations, stating that it is an embodiment of … the liberal conceit of safety through international law administered by international institutions…. [12] He has also attacked the United Nations Security Council veto power as a flawed concept, arguing that the only time the U.N. utilized force during the Cold War was when …the Soviets were not in the chamber to veto it . [12]
Furthermore, shortly after the invasion of Iraq, Perle stated that; in this case international law stood in the way of doing the right thing [13]. He also argued that there was no practical mechanism consistent with the rules of the UN for dealing with Saddam Hussein . At the time, these comments provoked controversy among critics of the war, who argued that they contradicted the U.S.’s official stance on the legality of the invasion. [13]
On Israel
Perle chaired a study group that included Douglas Feith and David Wurmser that produced a strategy paper for the incoming Likud Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu: A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm . The paper’s main recommendations revolved around steering Israel away from Socialist principles, making efforts to become more self-reliant, nurturing alternatives to Arafat’s exclusive grip on Palestinian society , and working more closely with countries such as Jordan and Turkey. It also stated the removal of Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq should be a key objective for the Israeli state, advocated armed incursions into Lebanon, and suggested Arab states should be challenged as undemocratic. Perle has on occasion been accused of being an Israeli agent of influence. It has been reported that, while he was working for Jackson, An FBI summary of a 1970 wiretap recorded Perle discussing classified information with someone at the Israeli embassy, writes Paul Findley (They Dare To Speak Out, Chicago, Ill, Lawrence Hill Books 1989). He came under fire in 1983 when newspapers reported he received substantial payments to represent the interests of an Israeli weapons company. Perle denied conflict of interest, insisting that, although he received payment for these services after he had assumed his position in the Defense Department, he was between government jobs when he worked for the Israeli firm.
On defense
Perle advocates pre-emptive strikes, such as in Iraq, as an extension of America’s right to self defense. For example, Perle has expressed support for a theoretical first strike on North Korean and Iranian nuclear facilities.[14]
[edit] Disputed role in Bush Administration
Conservative commentator David Brooks has said that, in his opinion, Perle’s influence in the Bush administration is exaggerated. In a 2004 New York Times article, Brooks wrote that; There have been hundreds of references … to Richard Perle’s insidious power over administration policy, but I’ve been told by senior administration officials that he has had no significant meetings with Bush or Cheney since they assumed office. If he’s shaping their decisions, he must be microwaving his ideas into their fillings . ‘The Neocon Cabal and Other Fantasies’, 2004 New York Times Co.
Business interests and controversies
Bribery Accusations and Alleged Conflicts of Interest
From 1981 to 1987, Perle was Assistant Secretary of Defense for international security policy in the Reagan administration. In a New York Times article Perle was criticized for recommending that the Army purchase an armaments system from an Israeli company that a year earlier had paid him $50,000 in consulting fees. Perle acknowledged receiving the payment the same month he joined the Reagan administration, but said the payment was for work done before joining the government and that he had informed the Army of this prior consulting work. Perle was never indicted for anything related to the incident. (New York Times, 17 April 1983, Aide Urged Pentagon to Consider Weapons Made by Former Client , Jeff Gerth. See also New York Times, 21 April 1983, On buying weapons and influence , Editorial.).
In March 2004, another New York Times article reported that, while chairman of the Defense Policy Board, Perle had contracted with the troubled telecommunications giant Global Crossing to help overcome opposition from the FBI and the Pentagon to the sale of its assets to Hong-Kong-based Hutchison Whampoa. Since the military employed the company’s fiber optics network for communications, the brass argued that sale to a foreign-owned, especially Chinese, corporation would compromise national security. Perle was to be paid $125,000 to promote the deal, with an extra $600,000 contingent fee on its approval. [15] This controversy led to accusations of bribery, and Perle resigned as chairman on March 27, 2003, though he remained on the board. [16]
Perle is also known to have demanded payment for press interviews[17] while he was the chairman of the Defense Policy Board, a practice that has raised accusations of not only ethical, but legal impropriety. [18]
Sibel Edmonds
Perle’s photograph was listed in Sibel Edmonds’ State Secrets Privilege Gallery [3] alongside photos of seventeen other prominent US officials including Brent Scowcroft, Douglas Feith, Dennis Hastert, Lawrence Franklin, and Marc Grossman. Sibel Edmonds is a former FBI translator and whistleblower who uncovered serious criminality by leading US officials, involving the nuclear black market, narcotics trafficking, terrorism and money laundering. The details of Edmonds’ case have been buried using the State Secrets Privilege. Sibel Edmonds circumvented the State Secrets Privilege gag by simply publishing the photographs of these public officials on her website [4]. Other websites [5] put names to those photographs.
Unresolved Legal Issues
This article may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (April 2008)
Perle has served as a Director of Hollinger International since June 1994. He is also Co-Chairman of Hollinger Digital Inc. and a Director of Jerusalem Post, both of which are subsidiaries of the Company. He has served as a director of GeoBiotics. On August 31, 2004, a special committee of the Board of Directors investigating the alleged misconduct of the controlling shareholders of Hollinger International submitted the 512-page Breeden Report to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In the report, Perle is singled out as having breached his fiduciary responsibilities as a company director by authorizing several controversial transactions which diverted the company’s net profit from the shareholders to the accounts of various executives. Perle received over $3 million in bonuses on top of his salary, bringing the total to $5.4 million, and the investigating committee called for him to return the money.
Top Hollinger executives dismissed the report and have filed a defamation lawsuit against the head of the investigating committee, former SEC chairman Richard C. Breeden. However, in 2005, Perle publicly acknowledged he had been served a ‘Wells notice'[19], a formal warning that the S.E.C.’s enforcement staff had found sufficient evidence of wrongdoing to bring a civil lawsuit.
On 28 March 2003, Judicial Watch filed a complaint to the Office of Government Ethics, the Office of the Defense Department Inspector General, the Office of the Homeland Security Inspector General, United States Attorney General John Ashcroft and FBI Director Robert Mueller in the matter of Former Defense Policy Board Chairman Richard N. Perle, Former President Bill Clinton, Former Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen, former Democratic National Committee Chairman Terry McAuliffe and Global Crossing.[citation needed] He has also been accused of spying for the Israeli government[20].
Seymour Hersh and ‘Lunch with the Chairman’
In July 2001, George W. Bush appointed Perle chairman of the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee, which advises the Department of Defense. On March 9, 2003, journalist Seymour Hersh published an article in The New Yorker titled Lunch with the Chairman , accusing Perle of a conflict of interest, claiming Perle stood to profit financially by influencing government policy. Hersh’s article alleged that Perle had business dealings with Saudi investors and linked him to the intelligence-related computer firm Trireme Partners LLP, which he claimed stood to profit from the war in Iraq.
That same day, Perle was being interviewed on the issue of Iraq by CNN’s Wolf Blitzer. Shortly before the interview ended, Blitzer quoted Lunch with the Chairman and asked for Perle’s response. Perle dismissed the premise of the article and argued that it lacked any consistent theme . Added Perle; Sy Hersh is the closest thing American journalism has to a terrorist, frankly. [21].
On March 11, Perle told the New York Sun as regards Hersh’s article that I intend to launch legal action in the United Kingdom. I’m talking to Queen’s Counsel right now , [22]. He claimed it was easier to win libel cases in England, and that therefore made this a better location. In the end, Perle did not file any legal case. Instead, on March 27, 2003, he resigned as chairman of the Defense Policy Board, although he still remained a member of the board.[citation needed]
Iraq oil deal
In July 2008, The Wall Street Journal reported that Perle had made plans to invest in oil interests in Iraq, in collaboration with Iraqi Kurdish leaders in northern Iraq.[23]
Works
Perle is author of many articles and three books:
* An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror (with David Frum, 2003) ISBN 1-4000-6194-6
* Hard Line (1992) (ISBN 0-394-56552-5)
* Reshaping Western Security (ed.) (1991) (ISBN 0-8447-3790-9)
In 1992 he produced the PBS feature The Gulf Crisis: The Road to War.
In 2007, Perle appeared in the documentary The Case for War:In Defense of Freedom presenting his view of the challenges facing the U.S. post 9/11. It was broadcast by PBS in their series America at a Crossroads which generated considerable controversy.[24]
References
1. ^ Wattenberg, Ben J. (2002-11-14). Richard Perle: The Making of a Neoconservative . Think Tank (TV series). http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript1017.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-30.
2. ^ Kamiya, Gary (2004-01-30). An End to Evil by David Frum and Richard Perle . Salon.com. http://dir.salon.com/story/books/review/2004/01/30/frum_perle/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-30.
3. ^ CNN archives, Sept. 16, 2001. Go to the 1 minute 10 second mark to hear Richard Perle make the Osama-Saddam connection 5 days after 9/11.
4. ^ 2003 Iraq war timeline
5. ^ Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present
6. ^ Iraqi National Congress
7. ^ Corn, David (May 10, 2002). The Prince of Darkness Explains Iraq . AlterNet. http://www.alternet.org/story/13098/.
8. ^ Rose, David (3 November 2006). Neo Culpa . Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2006/12/neocons200612.
9. ^ Former hawks now say they wouldn’t back Iraq war . Reuters. November 4, 2006. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N03417357.htm.
10. ^ Borger, Julian (November 4, 2006). Neocons turn on Bush for incompetence over Iraq war . The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1939471,00.html.
11. ^ Perle: US needed ‘Iraqi De Gaulle’ for invasion (PDF). Gulf News, reprinted at http://www.liberalgrace.com. 14 December 2006. http://www.liberalgrace.com/files/PerleDeGaulle20061214.pdf.
12. ^ a b Perle, Richard (March 21, 2003). Thank God for the death of the UN . The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,918812,00.html.
13. ^ a b Oliver Burkeman and Julian Borger (3 November 2003). War critics astonished as US hawk admits invasion was illegal . The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1089158,00.html.
14. ^ Barry James (April 12, 2003). A strong warning to Syria – Perle, a Pentagon adviser, sees more preemption in future . International Herald Tribune. http://web.archive.org/web/20031202154214/http://www.iht.com/articles/93022.html.
15. ^ Democrat Seeks Inquiry on Bankrupt Firm’s Adviser . New York Times, March 25, 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/25/business/25GLOB.html?ex=1176955200&en=125c7c1498e58adc&ei=5070. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
16. ^ Top Pentagon adviser resigns under fire . CNN.com, March 28, 2003. http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/03/27/perle.resigns/index.html. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
17. ^ Berman, Ari (August 18, 2003). Payments for Perle . The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20030818/berman.
18. ^ Section 5 CFR 2635.807 Code of Federal Regulations, Standards of Ethical Conduct for Employees of the Executive Branch
19. ^ Hollinger Director Warned . New York Times, March 24, 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/24/business/media/24perle.html?ex=1162875600&en=df2db54ae8f5a77c&ei=5070. Retrieved on 2006-11-06.
20. ^
“ An FBI summary of a 1970 wiretap recorded Perle discussing classified information with someone at the Israeli embassy. He came under fire in 1983 when newspapers reported he received substantial payments to represent the interests of an Israeli weapons company. Perle denied conflict of interest, insisting that, although he received payment for these services after he had assumed his position in the Defense Department, he was between government jobs when he worked for the Israeli firm. ”
Paul Findley They Dare To Speak Out, p. 160. Cited on [1]
21. ^ CNN Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer, Showdown: Iraq (transcript) . CNN. March 9, 2003. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0303/09/le.00.html.
22. ^ SUING OVER NEW YORKER ARTICLE, . ADAM DAIFALLAH, Staff Reporter of the Sun, The New York Sun, March 12, 2003, Section:National; Page:2. http://daily.nysun.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:ArticleToMail&Type=text/html&Path=NYS/2003/03/12&ID=Ar00200. Retrieved on 2006-11-06.
23. ^ The Wall Street Journal, July 29, 2008
24. ^ PBS Buys a Lot of Arguments for $20 Million . New York Times. 2007-04-01. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/arts/television/01jens.html?_r=2&ref=arts&oref=slogin&oref=slogin.
External links
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Richard Perle
Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Richard Perle
* Richard Perle interview about SDI for the WGBH series, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
* AEI – Richard Perle profile as Resident Fellow of the American Enterprise Institute
* Judicial Watch legal complaint March 28, 2003
* An End to Evil by David Frum and Richard Perle, Gary Kamiya salon.com, book review, January 30, 2004
* Richard Perle’s Conflict editorial/op-ed in The New York Times March 24, 2003
* Rovian Ways, Nicholas Lemann, August 27, 2007
* Debates, interviews and statements
o We had the very best of intentions Richard Perle in The Guardian May 30, 2007
o Middle East Peace: Illusion or Reality Speech to Chicago Friends of Israel at The University of Chicago February 28, 2007
o Thank God for the Death of the UN Richard Perle in The Guardian March 21, 2003
o Lunch with the Chairman Seymour Hersh in The New Yorker March 17, 2003
o Saddam’s Ultimate Solution transcript of interview with Richard Perle from PBS Wide Angle July 11, 2002
o Famous Ohio State University Debate – Noam Chomsky vs. Richard Perle, 1988 MP3
* Hollinger
o Hollinger International’s management profiles of current executive officers and directors
o Report Details ‘Kleptocracy’ at Newspaper Firm Frank Ahrens in The Washington Post September 1, 2004 about Hollinger
o SEC – Breeden Report Report of Investigation by the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of Hollinger International Inc August 30, 2004
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***
Henry M. Jackson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
“Scoop Jackson” redirects here. For the basketball writer, see Scoop Jackson (writer).
Henry Martin Jackson
Henry M. Jackson
United States Senator
from Washington
In office
January 3, 1953 – September 1, 1983
Preceded by Harry P. Cain
Succeeded by Daniel J. Evans
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Washington’s 2nd district
In office
January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by Monrad C. Wallgren
Succeeded by Alfred Westland
Born May 31, 1912(1912-05-31)
Everett, Washington
Died September 1, 1983 (aged 71)
Everett, Washington
Nationality American
Political party Democratic
Spouse Helen Jackson
Occupation Lawyer
Religion Christian
Henry Martin “Scoop” Jackson (May 31, 1912 – September 1, 1983) was a U.S. Congressman and Senator for the state of Washington from 1941 until his death. Jackson was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972 and 1976.
As a Cold War anti-Communist Democrat, Jackson’s political philosophies and positions have been cited as an influence on a number of key figures associated with neoconservatism, including Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle.[1] The Henry Jackson Society is named in his honour.
Contents
* 1 Personal life and early career
* 2 Legislative career
o 2.1 Criticism
* 3 National prominence and presidential campaigns
o 3.1 1972 presidential campaign
o 3.2 1976 presidential campaign
* 4 Legacy
o 4.1 Posthumous honors
o 4.2 Influence on neoconservatism
o 4.3 Jackson Papers controversy
* 5 Quotes
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links
Personal life and early career
Born in Everett, Washington, Jackson went on to graduate with a bachelor’s degree from Stanford University and a law degree from the University of Washington, where he joined the Delta Chi fraternity. In 1935 (the year of his law school graduation) he was admitted to the bar and began to practice law in Everett. He found immediate success, and won election to become the prosecuting attorney for Snohomish County from 1938 to 1940, where he made a name for himself prosecuting bootleggers and gamblers.
In 1961, Jackson, called by Time the Senate’s “most eligible bachelor,”[2] married Helen Hardin, a 28-year old Senate receptionist, but Jackson didn’t move out of his childhood home where he lived with his unmarried sisters for several years. The Jacksons had two children, Anna Marie Laurence and Peter Jackson; Peter is currently a speechwriter for Governor Christine Gregoire.
Jackson was nicknamed “Scoop” by his sister in his childhood, after a comic strip character that he is said to have resembled.
Legislative career
Jackson successfully ran for Congress as a Democrat in 1940 and took his seat in the House of Representatives with the 77th Congress on January 3, 1941. From that date forward, Jackson did not lose a congressional election.
Jackson joined the Army when the United States entered World War II, but left when Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered all Congressmen to return home or resign their seats. As a representative, he visited the Buchenwald concentration camp a few days after its liberation in 1945. He attended the International Maritime Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1945 with the American delegation, and was elected president of the same conference in 1946, when it was held in Seattle, Washington. From 1945 to 1947 Jackson was also the chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs. In the 1952 election, Jackson relinquished his seat in the House for a run at one of Washington’s Senate seats — he won that election, and remained a Senator for over thirty years. Jackson died in office in 1983 after winning re-election for the fifth time in 1982.
Though Jackson opposed the excesses of Joe McCarthy (who had traveled to Washington State to campaign against him in 1952), he also criticized Dwight Eisenhower for not spending enough on national defense, and called for more inter-continental ballistic missiles in the national arsenal. Jackson’s support for nuclear weapons resulted in a primary challenge from the left in 1958, when he handily defeated Seattle peace activist Alice Franklin Bryant before winning re-election with 67 percent of the vote — a total he topped the next four times he ran for re-election.[1][3]
In 1963, Jackson was made chairman of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, which became the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources in 1977, a position he held until 1981. In the 1970s, Jackson joined with fellow senators Ernest Hollings and Edward Kennedy in a press conference to oppose President Gerald Ford’s request that Congress end Richard Nixon’s price controls on domestic oil, which had helped to cause the gasoline lines during the 1973 Oil Crisis.[4]
Jackson authored the National Environmental Policy Act and was a leader of the fight for statehood for Alaska and Hawaii. In 1974, Jackson sponsored the Jackson-Vanik amendment in the Senate (with Charles Vanik sponsoring it in the House) which denied normal trade relations to certain countries with non-market economies that restricted the freedom of emigration. The amendment was intended to help refugees, particularly minorities, specifically Jews, to emigrate from the Soviet Bloc. Jackson and his assistant, Richard Perle, also lobbied personally for some people who were affected by this law — among them Anatoly (now Natan) Sharansky. Jackson also led the opposition within the Democratic Party against the SALT II treaty, and was one of the leading proponents of increased foreign aid to Israel.
For decades, Democrats who supported a strong international presence for the United States have been called “Scoop Jackson Democrats”, the term even being used to describe contemporary Democrats such as Joe Lieberman and R. James Woolsey, Jr.[5][6]
Jackson served almost his entire Senate tenure concurrently with his good friend and Democratic colleague Warren G. Magnuson. “Scoop” and “Maggie” — as they affectionately called each other — were one of the most effective delegations in the history of the United States Senate in terms of “bringing home the bacon” for their home state. Washington State received nearly one sixth of public works appropriations, even though it ranked 23rd in population.[7]
Criticism
Jackson was often criticized for his support for the Vietnam War and his close ties to the defense industries of his state. His proposal of Fort Lawton as a site for an anti-ballistic missile system was strongly opposed by local residents, and Jackson was forced to modify his position on the location of the site several times, though he continued to support ABM development. American Indian rights activists then protested Jackson’s plan to give Fort Lawton to Seattle instead of returning it to local tribes, staging a sit-in. In the eventual compromise, most of Fort Lawton became Discovery Park, with 20 acres (81,000 m2) leased to United Indians of All Tribes, who opened the Daybreak Star Cultural Center there in 1977.
Opponents derided him as “the Senator from Boeing”[8] and a “whore for Boeing”[9] because of his consistent support for additional military spending on weapons systems and accusations of wrongful contributions from the company; in 1965, eighty percent of Boeing’s contracts were military.[1][7] Jackson and Magnuson’s campaigning for an expensive government supersonic transport plane project eventually failed.
After his death, critics pointed to Jackson’s support for Japanese American internment camps during World War II as a reason to protest the placement of his bust at the University of Washington.[10] Jackson was both an enthusiastic defender of the evacuation and a staunch proponent of the campaign to keep the Japanese from returning to the Pacific Coast after the war.[11]
National prominence and presidential campaigns
Jackson was not only successful as a politician in Washington State, but also found recognition on the national level, rising to the position of chairman of the Democratic National Committee in 1960 after being considered for the vice presidential ticket spot that eventually went to fellow Senator Lyndon Baines Johnson.
Jackson ran for president twice; his campaigns were noted for the hostile reception they received from the left wing of the Democratic Party. Jackson’s one-on-one campaigning skills, so successful in Washington state, did not translate as well on the national stage, and even his supporters admitted he suffered from a certain lack of charisma.[1][12][13]
1972 presidential campaign
Jackson was little known nationally when he first ran in 1972. George McGovern, who eventually won the nomination, accused Jackson of racism for his opposition to busing, despite Jackson’s longstanding record on civil rights issues. Jackson had the support of Marxist theorist Max Shachtman, an associate of Leon Trotsky.[14] Jackson’s high point in the campaign was a distant third in the early Florida primary, but he failed to stand out of the pack of better known rivals, and only made real news later in the campaign as part of the “Anybody but McGovern” coalition, that raised what would be known as the “Acid, Amnesty and Abortion” questions about McGovern. Jackson suspended active campaigning in May after a weak showing in the Ohio primary and after finishing well behind McGovern, Ed Muskie, George Wallace,and Hubert Humphrey in early primaries. Jackson did reemerge at the August Democratic convention after runner up Humphrey dropped out of the race. Jackson’s name was placed in nomination by Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter and he finished second in the delegate roll call, well behind nominee McGovern.[13][15]
1976 presidential campaign
Jackson raised his national profile by speaking out on Soviet-U.S. relations and Middle East policy regularly, and was considered a front-runner for the nomination when he announced the start of his campaign in February 1975. Jackson received substantial financial support from Jewish-Americans who admired his pro-Israel views, but Jackson’s support of the Vietnam War resulted in hostility from the left wing of the Democratic Party.
Jackson chose to run on social issues, emphasizing law and order and his opposition to busing. Jackson was also hoping for support from labor, but the possibility that Hubert Humphrey might enter the race caused unions to offer only lukewarm support.[1][12][13][16]
Jackson made the fateful decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary, which Jimmy Carter won after liberals split their votes among four other candidates. Though Jackson won the Massachusetts and New York primaries, he dropped out on May 1 after losing the critical Pennsylvania primary to Carter by twelve points and running out of money.[1][12][13][16]
Legacy
Henry M. Jackson’s home Everett, Washington
Jackson died suddenly at the age of 71 in Everett of an aortic aneurysm, shortly after giving a news conference condemning the Soviet attack on Korean Air Lines Flight 007. News reports showed video of Jackson in which he was seen reflexively massaging the left side of his chest while talking, and speculated that this was his reaction to an early symptom of his coming fatal attack.
He was greatly mourned; Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan stated “Henry Jackson is proof of the old belief in the Judaic tradition that at any moment in history goodness in the world is preserved by the deeds of 36 just men who do not know that this is the role the Lord has given them. Henry Jackson was one of those men.” Jackson is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Everett.
Posthumous honors
* Jackson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously in 1984; Ronald Reagan called him “one of the greatest lawmakers of our century,”[17] and stated:
“Scoop Jackson was convinced that there’s no place for partisanship in foreign and defense policy. He used to say, ‘In matters of national security, the best politics is no politics.’ His sense of bipartisanship was not only natural and complete; it was courageous. He wanted to be President, but I think he must have known that his outspoken ideas on the security of the Nation would deprive him of the chance to be his party’s nominee in 1972 and ’76. Still, he would not cut his convictions to fit the prevailing style.
I’m deeply proud, as he would have been, to have Jackson Democrats serve in my administration. I’m proud that some of them have found a home here.”[18]
* In 1983, he was awarded Delta Chi of the Year.
* With his death in office, the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport was initially renamed Henry M. Jackson International Airport, but political resistance to the change led to this being reversed in favor of Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. It wasn’t that the public didn’t want to honor the late Senator, but rather leaders in both Seattle and Tacoma (Tacoma, in particular), fearing the loss of convention business, demanded that their cities name be included in the name of the airport. The airport lies between the two cities in the municipality of SeaTac.
* One of Jackson’s last acts as Senator was to sponsor legislation creating what became the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, which was named after him after his death.
* The Jackson family created the Henry M. Jackson Foundation to give grants to nonprofits and educational institutions. Board members have included Richard Perle, Tom Foley, and Jeane Kirkpatrick.[19]
* The University of Washington has named the Jackson School of International Studies in his honor. However, students objecting to Jackson’s hawkish views on the Cold War in the mid-1980s caused the university to move a bust of the senator to the end of an abandoned corridor until it was restored to a more prominent place outside the Jackson School in 2006.[10]
* The US Navy submarine Henry M. Jackson was also named after him, in recognition of his longtime support of the nation’s military.
* In 1994, the Everett School District completed construction of Henry M. Jackson High School in Mill Creek, Washington.
* The Henry M. Jackson Wilderness Area was created in his honor by the 1984 Washington Wilderness Act.
* The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, with the cooperation of the Jackson family, awards a Henry M. “Scoop” Jackson Distinguished Service Award to individuals for their career dedication to U.S. national security. Jackson won the first award in 1982, and it was named after him after his death. Winners include Max Cleland, Joe Lieberman, Dick Cheney, Jane Harman, and Paul Wolfowitz.[20]
Influence on neoconservatism
Jackson believed that evil should be confronted with power.[19] His support for civil rights and equality at home,[10] married to his opposition to détente,[19] his support for human rights[21] and democratic allies,[22] and his firm belief that the United States could be a force for good in the world[23] inspired a legion of loyal aides who went on to propound Jackson’s philosophy as part of neoconservatism.
In addition to Richard Perle, neoconservatives Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Charles Horner, and Douglas Feith were former Democratic aides to Jackson who, disillusioned with the Carter administration, supported Ronald Reagan and joined his administration in 1981, later becoming prominent foreign policy makers in the 21st-century Bush administration. Neoconservative Ben Wattenberg was a prominent political aide to Jackson’s 1972 and 1976 presidential campaigns. Wolfowitz has called himself a “Scoop Jackson Republican” on multiple occasions.[21][24] Many journalists and scholars across the political spectrum have noted links between Senator Jackson and modern neoconservatism.[1][25][26][22][19][27][28][29][30][31]
Jackson’s influence on foreign policy has been cited as foundational to the George W. Bush administration’s foreign policy, and the Iraq War.[32] Jackson biographer Robert Kaufman says “There is no question in my mind that the people who supported Iraq are supporting Henry Jackson’s instincts.”[19]
Peter Beinart, author of The Good Fight: Why Liberals — and Only Liberals — Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again, argues that the Democratic Party should return to Jackson’s values in its foreign policy, criticizing current-day neoconservatives for failing to adopt Jackson’s domestic policy views along with his foreign policy views.[23][26]
In 2005, the Henry Jackson Society was formed at the University of Cambridge, England. The non-partisan British group is dedicated to “pursuit of a robust foreign policy … based on clear universal principles such as the global promotion of the rule of law, liberal democracy, civil rights, environmental responsibility and the market economy” as part of “Henry Jackson’s legacy.”[33] The Society, however, disclaims any neoconservative affiliation.[34]
Jackson Papers controversy
In 2005, twenty-two years after his death, US government officials, including three members of the Central Intelligence Agency, seized and removed several of Senator Jackson’s archived documents housed at the University of Washington.[35][36] Though a team of the university’s staff in 1983 removed all information considered classified at the time, the officials were verifying anything still considered classified, or reclassified since then, had been removed. The documents are pending declassification at the University as of March 2005.[37]
Quotes
* “In matters of national security, the best politics is no politics.”[38]
* “I’m not a hawk or a dove. I just don’t want my country to be a pigeon.”
* “If you believe in the cause of freedom, then proclaim it, live it and protect it, for humanity’s future depends on it.”
* “The richest country in the world can afford whatever it needs for defense.” (1960, campaigning for Kennedy)
* “We all want to put the brakes on the arms race…we all want to achieve arms control…but to those who say we must take risks for peace by cutting the meat from our military muscle, I say you are unwittingly risking war.”[39]
* “When we have something we feel strongly about — and in this case it is civil liberties and freedom and what this nation was founded upon, that we should do something to implement international law — and it is international law now, the right to leave a country freely and return freely — that we should put that issue of principle on the table knowing that the Russians are not going to agree to it.” (1974, opposing détente)[40]
* “I believe that international terrorism is a modern form of warfare against liberal democracies. I believe that the ultimate but seldom stated goal of these terrorists is to destroy the very fabric of democracy. I believe that it is both wrong and foolhardy for any democratic state to consider international terrorism to be ‘someone else’s’ problem…. Liberal democracies must acknowledge that international terrorism is a ‘collective problem.'” (1979, Jerusalem)[41]
* “The danger of Americans being killed, the danger of divisiveness that would accrue from those developments … are all too real. A superpower should not play that kind of role in a cauldron of trouble, because sooner or later we are going to get hurt.” (on Reagan’s 1982 decision to send troops to Lebanon)[30]
See also
* Washington state congressional delegates
* Henry M. Jackson High School
References
1. ^ a b c d e f g Oldham, Kit (August 19, 2003). “Jackson, Henry M. “Scoop””. HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5516.
2. ^ Time: “Time weekly roundup.” Retrieved April 17, 2007.
3. ^ Oldham, Kit (November 1, 2003). “Voters re-elect Senator Henry Jackson and six U.S. Representatives on November 4, 1958.”. HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5583.
4. ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The ’70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 321. ISBN 0465041957.
5. ^ Meyerson, Adam. “Scoop Jackson Democrat”, Hoover Institution, Policy Review, 1990.
6. ^ “Media Influence on National Security Decisionmaking”, Brookings Institution, 12-12-2001.
7. ^ a b Boswell, Sharon; Lorraine McConaghy (September 29, 1996). “Twin towers of power”. Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/centennial/september/towers.html.
8. ^ Jason Vest. “The Men From JINSA and CSP”, The Nation, August 15, 2002.
9. ^ Alexander Cockburn. Al Gore: A User’s Manual, pg. 82, 2000.
10. ^ a b c Perry, Nick (May 12, 2006). “”Scoop” out of the shadows”. Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002988731_scoop12m.html.
11. ^ “Part VIII: White Man’s Land”, Eliminationism in America, “Orcinus”, 01-23-2007.
12. ^ a b c David Wilma and Kit Oldham (November 7, 2003). “State voters elect Dixy Lee Ray as first woman governor of Washington, re-elect Senator Henry Jackson and House incumbents, and prefer Ford to Carter on November 2, 1976.”. HistoryLink.org. http://www.washington.historylink.org/output.cfm?file_id=5611.
13. ^ a b c d Salam, Reihan (May 27, 2003). “Double Scoop”. The New Republic Online. http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=express&s=salam052703.
14. ^ Higgins, Jim. More Years for the Locust, (Appendix 1), International Socialist Group, London, 1997.
15. ^ “A Message of Discontent from Wisconsin”, “AllPolitics”, Time, 04-17-1972.
16. ^ a b “Jimmy Carter’s Big Breakthrough”. Time Magazine. May 10, 1976. http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/analysis/back.time/9605/10/.
17. ^ “What Would Scoop Jackson Say?”, Fact-O-Rama, Cybercast News Service. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
18. ^ Reagan, Ronald (June 26, 1984). “Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient Senator Henry M. Jackson”. medaloffreedom.com. http://www.medaloffreedom.com/HenryJackson.htm.
19. ^ a b c d e Fryer, Alex (January 12, 2004). “Scoop Jackson’s protégés shaping Bush’s foreign policy”. Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001834779_jackson12m.html.
20. ^ “The Henry M. “Scoop” Jackson Distinguished Service Award”. Jinsa.org. September 21, 2004. http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1366/documentid/2173/history/3,2359,2166,1366,2173.
21. ^ a b Wolfowitz, Paul (November 18, 2002). “Henry M. “Scoop” Jackson Distinguished Service Award”. United States Department of Defense. http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/2002/s20021118-depsecdef.html.
22. ^ a b Borger, Julian (December 6, 2002). “Democrat hawk whose ghost guides Bush”. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,854703,00.html.
23. ^ a b Wasserman, Elizabeth (April 12, 2006). “Beinart Talks Back”. The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200604u/beinart-liberals.
24. ^ “Ronald Reagan Dies”. Paula Zahn Now. CNN. Aired June 5, 2004. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0406/05/pzn.00.html.
25. ^ “Empire builders: Neocon 101”. The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/specials/neocon/neocon101.html.
26. ^ a b (dead link?)
27. ^ Kaplan, Lawrence F. “Regime Change”, The New Republic, 02-19-2003.
28. ^ The Washington Times, (broken link).
29. ^ “Pseudo-Random Thoughts”, Jim Miller on Politics, SEANET, 03-2005.
30. ^ a b Harrop, Froma. “Dems Need Another Scoop Jackson”, RealClearPolitics, 11-23-2005.
31. ^ Shribman, David (September 3, 1983). “Senator Henry M. Jackson is dead at 71”. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10713FF395C0C708CDDA00894DB484D81.
32. ^ Morris, Roger (April 6, 2003). “The road the U.S. traveled to Baghdad was paved by ‘Scoop’ Jackson”. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/115505_focus06.shtml.
33. ^ “Statement of Principles”, Henry Jackson Society, March 11, 2005.
34. ^ “Don’t blame ‘Scoop’ for the neocons”, The Guardian, November 23, 2005.
35. ^ (dead link?)
36. ^ Bain, Lara (February 15, 2005). “CIA seizes Sen. Jackson papers”. HeraldNet. http://web.archive.org/web/20061025205103/http://www.heraldnet.com/stories/05/02/15/100loc_jackson001.cfm.
37. ^ Kaste, Martin (March 15, 2005). “CIA’s Seizure of Files Raises Questions”. Morning Edition (National Public Radio). http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4535175.
38. ^ “STATE OF THE UNION: REAGAN REPORTS TO THE NATION; PRESIDENT REAGAN’S SPEECH BEFORE JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS”. New York Times. February 5, 1986. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE5DA1331F936A35751C0A960948260&sec=health&pagewanted=3.
39. ^ “Henry “Scoop” Jackson for President 1972 Campaign Brochure”, 4President.org. Retrieved 07-02-2006.
40. ^ “CNN Cold War”, Episode 16: Détente, Episode Script. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
41. ^ Wolfowitz, Paul (November 18, 2002). “Defending the ‘Ancient Dream of Freedom'”. Jinsa.org. http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1366/documentid/1839/history/3,2359,2166,1366,1839.
External links
* 1972 presidential campaign brochure
* Henry M Jackson Papers
* Bust of Henry Jackson at US Senate
* Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine
* Henry M Jackson Foundation
* The Henry Jackson Society at the University of Cambridge
* Henry Jackson on Find-A-Grave
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Monrad C. Wallgren Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Washington’s 2nd congressional district
January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1953 Succeeded by
Alfred Westland
United States Senate
Preceded by
Harry P. Cain United States Senator (Class 1) from Washington
January 3, 1953 – September 1, 1983
Served alongside: Warren G. Magnuson, Slade Gorton Succeeded by
Dan Evans
Political offices
Preceded by
Clinton P. Anderson Chairman of the Senate Interior and Insular Affairs Committee
1963 – 1977 Committee replaced by
Energy and Natural Resources Committee
New title
Committee replaced Interior and Insular Affairs Committee
Chairman of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee
1977 – 1981 Succeeded by
James A. McClure
United States Senators from Washington
Class 1
Allen • Wilson • Foster • Piles • Poindexter • Dill • Schwellenbach • Wallgren • Mitchell • Cain • Jackson • Evans • Gorton • Cantwell
United States Senate
Class 3
Squire • Turner • Ankeny • Jones • Grammer • Bone • Magnuson • Gorton • Adams • Murray
Chairmen of the Democratic National Committee
Hallett • McLane • Smalley • Belmont • Schell • Hewitt • Barnum • Brice • Harrity • Jones • Taggart • Mack • McCombs • Cummings • McCormick • White • Hull • Shaver • Raskob • Farley • Flynn • Walker • Hannegan • McGrath • Boyle • McKinney • Mitchell • Butler • Jackson • Bailey • O’Brien • Harris • O’Brien • Westwood • Strauss • Curtis • White • Manatt • Kirk • Brown • Wilhelm • DeLee • Dodd/Fowler • Romer/Grossman • Rendell/Andrew • McAuliffe • Dean • Kaine
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson”
Categories: 1912 births | 1983 deaths | American Presbyterians | Deaths from cardiovascular disease | American anti-communists | Democratic National Committee chairs | Members of the United States House of Representatives from Washington (U.S. state) | United States presidential candidates, 1972 | United States presidential candidates, 1976 | United States Senators from Washington (U.S. state) | Norwegian-Americans | People from Everett, Washington | Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients | Stanford University alumni | University of Washington alumni
* This page was last modified on 1 March 2009, at 18:57.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson
***
William C. Brown (May 22, 1916 – February 3, 1999) was an American electrical engineer who helped to invent the crossed-field amplifier in the 1950s and also pioneered microwave power transmission in the 1960s.
Brown received his BSEE from Iowa State University in 1937, and his MSEE from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1941. He joined Raytheon in 1940 and began work on their magnetron microwave amplifier products. By 1952 his work on adapting magnetron principles to create a new broadband amplifier resulted in the ‘Amplitron’, today known more commonly as a crossed-field amplifier (CFA). In 1961 Brown published the first paper proposing microwave energy for power transmission, and in 1964 he demonstrated on Walter Cronkite’s CBS Evening News a microwave-powered model helicopter that received all the power needed for flight from a microwave beam. Between 1969 and 1975 Brown was technical director of a JPL-Raytheon program that beamed 30 kilowatts over a distance of 1-mile (1.6 km) at 84% efficiency. He continued to make important contributions to this emerging technology until his retirement from Raytheon in 1994.
Wireless power transmission is not a new idea; Tesla demonstrated the transmission of electrical energy without wires that depends upon electrical conductivity as early as 1891. The Tesla effect (named in honor of Tesla) is the archaic term for an application of this type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement of energy through space and matter; not just the production of voltage across a conductor).
External links
* William C. Brown biography at the IEEE Global History Network
* William C. Brown biography on the IEEE MTT-S website
Lightbulb This article about a United States engineer, inventor or industrial designer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Brown
Categories: American engineers | Raytheon | Microwave technology | 1916 births | 1999 deaths | American engineer stubs
***
Northrop Grumman Awarded U.S. Army Biometric Intelligence Resource Contract
NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORP
NOC | 2/23/2009 8:01:33 AM
RESTON, Va., Feb 23, 2009 (GlobeNewswire via COMTEX News Network) —
The U.S. Army has awarded Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE:NOC) a $36.9 million cost-plus-award-fee contract to enhance the capabilities of the Biometric Intelligence Resource (BIR) system, which uses biometric data, such as fingerprints, facial recognition or iris scans to identify and track individuals of interest in the Global War on Terrorism.
BIR is a massive repository linking disparate biometric intelligence-gathering tools and databases and is currently in use in Iraq and Afghanistan to identify and track terrorists, insurgents or other potential threats. BIR includes data from a variety of biometric-enabled systems, including hand-held devices carried by U.S. military forces while conducting raids in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as systems used to biometrically scan personnel entering overseas military installations or applying for U.S. jobs, and includes data such as fingerprints or DNA samples found on bomb fragments.
Northrop Grumman designed, fielded and accredited the current version BIR system, which includes a service-oriented architecture, and will design and field a significantly enhanced next-generation BIR under the new contract from the Army’s National Ground Intelligence Center, Charlottesville, Va. The contract includes one base year and four one-year options. The next-generation BIR will include biometric-enabled intelligence from a wider variety of U.S. agencies and organizations.
With this new system, intelligence analysts will be able to better share information among organizations, making it easier to connect the dots and significantly enhancing national security, said Barry Rhine, vice president and general manager of Northrop Grumman’s Command and Control Systems Division.
The next-generation system will recognize when the data on individuals is included in the databases of multiple agencies; keep track of when and where people are encountered, providing a more complete understanding of their movements; and supply greater information on relationships between and among individuals — familial relationships, neighbors, co-workers, and shared addresses or phone numbers, for example.
The Northrop Grumman team includes SAIC, San Diego; Booz-Allen-Hamilton, McLean, Va.; and SPARTA Inc., Lake Forest, Calif.
Northrop Grumman Corporation is a leading global security company whose 120,000 employees provide innovative systems, products, and solutions in aerospace, electronics, information systems, shipbuilding and technical services to government and commercial customers worldwide.
This news release was distributed by GlobeNewswire, http://www.globenewswire.com
SOURCE: Northrop Grumman Corp.
George I. Seffers Northrop Grumman Information Systems (703) 345-8548 george.seffers@ngc.com
(C) Copyright 2009 GlobeNewswire, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://www.stockhouse.com/News/USReleasesDetail.aspx?n=7221355
***
http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0708/hc08/0872/0872.pdf
Introduction
This Statement summarises the use of resources by the Security and Intelligence Agencies for the
year ending 31 March 2008. Each of the Agencies produces its own full annual resource account in
accordance with the Government Financial Reporting Manual and Treasury directions but, for
reasons of national security, they are not published. They are audited by the Comptroller and
Auditor General and shown to the Chairman of the Committee of Public Accounts in accordance
with the procedure for handling such material set down by the Secretary of State under the
Intelligence Services Act, 1994. In line with these arrangements this statement comprises only a
Statement of Parliamentary Supply and Operating Cost Statement together with appropriate notes.
Statement of Accounting Officer’s Responsibilities
The Security and Intelligence Agencies have prepared resource accounts for the year ending 31
March 2008 in accordance with the Government Financial Reporting Manual, detailing the resources
acquired, held, or disposed of during the year and the use of resources by the Agencies during the
year.
The individual Agency resource accounts are prepared on an accruals basis and must give a true
and fair view of the state of affairs of the Agencies, the net resource outturn, resources applied to
objectives, recognised gains and losses, and cash flows for the financial year. For reasons of
national security, these accounts are not published. They are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor
General and shown to the Chairman of the Committee of Public Accounts in accordance with the
procedure for handling such material set down by the Secretary of State under the Intelligence
Services Act, 1994.
As a consequence of these arrangements, the Treasury has directed that a consolidated account
should be published in accordance with Section 5 (2) of the Government Resources and Accounts
Act 2000, and that this should comprise only a Statement of Parliamentary Supply and Operating
Cost Schedule together with appropriate notes.
The Treasury has appointed the Cabinet Secretary as Accounting Officer for the consolidated
account, with responsibility for preparing the financial statement and for transmitting it to the
Comptroller and Auditor General.
In preparing the financial statement, the Accounting Officer is required within the limitations imposed
by the interests of national security to comply with the Government Financial Reporting Manual
prepared by the Treasury, and in particular to:
i. observe the relevant accounting and disclosure requirements, and apply suitable accounting
policies on a consistent basis;
ii. make judgements and estimates on a reasonable basis;
iii. prepare the accounts on a going-concern basis.
The responsibilities of an Accounting Officer, including responsibility for the propriety and regularity
of the public finances for which an Accounting Officer is answerable, for keeping proper records and
for the safeguarding of assets, are set out in the Accounting Officer’s Memorandum, issued by the
Treasury and published in Managing Public Money.
2. The purpose of the system of internal control
The system of internal control is designed to manage risk to a reasonable level rather than eliminate
all risk of failure to achieve policies, aims and objectives; it can therefore only provide reasonable
and not absolute assurance of effectiveness. The system of internal control is based on an ongoing
process designed to identify the principal risks to the achievement of departmental policies, aims
and objectives, to evaluate the nature and extent of those risks and to manage them efficiently,
effectively and economically. The systems of internal control have been in place in the Security and
Intelligence Agencies for the year ended 31 March 2008 and up to the date of approval of the annual
accounts, and accord with Treasury guidance.
3. Capacity to handle risk
The effective management of risk is embedded at all levels of the Security and Intelligence
Agencies. At the strategic level, the agency management boards are working towards integrating
best current practices in their planning and performance management. The maintenance of risk
registers supports the operation of control frameworks throughout each of the agencies.
4. The risk and control framework
Each of the agencies uses a Board whose structure supports their accounting officer in leading and
managing corporate governance within their agency.
The key elements of the agency frameworks include:
• clear definitions of strategic, corporate and operational levels of risk;
• active roles in the ownership and management of risks by board members;
• assignment of responsibilities for evaluating, monitoring and reviewing risks;
• regular and systematic monitoring of risks, through, for example, comprehensive risk
registers and audit committees;
• evaluation of the financial impact of risks and the cost of mitigation;
• enhancements to management information systems; and
• fraud policy and response procedures.
5. Review of effectiveness
As Accounting Officer, I have responsibility for reviewing the effectiveness of the system of internal
control. My review of the effectiveness of the system of internal control is informed by the work of
the internal auditors and executive managers within the SIA who have responsibility for the
development and maintenance of their internal control frameworks, and comments made by the
external auditors in their management letter and other reports. I have been advised on the
implications of the result of my review of the effectiveness of the system of internal control by the
agency accounting officers, and they have been advised by their agency boards and audit and risk
committees. Plans to address weaknesses and ensure continuous improvement of the systems are
in place.
Each agency has an internal audit unit which operates to the Government Internal Audit Standards.
The work of the internal audit units is informed by analyses of risk to which the agencies are
exposed. Annual internal audit plans are based on these analyses. The analyses of risk and the
internal audit plans are endorsed by the Audit Committees in each agency. At least annually, the
Head of Internal Audit (HIA) provides the relevant accounting officer and audit committee with a
report on internal audit activity. The report includes the HIA’s independent opinion on the adequacy
and effectiveness of the agencies’ systems of internal control.
6. Planned Improvements
The agencies’ internal control processes identified areas where, although significant progress has
been made, further improvements are still needed. The principle areas for improvement are (but in
each case only apply to a single agency) procurement, business continuity planning, information
security, management information systems, risk and configuration management. All these areas are
receiving sustained senior management focus and the agencies have implemented measures to
address weaknesses and deliver the required improvements.
7. Information Security
The agencies protect their information, including personal data, to the highest levels required by
national security policies. Whilst internal reviews of information handling procedures have assessed
that the agencies operate suitable and appropriate procedures for protecting data, I am clear that
these procedures need to be continuously and critically reviewed and updated. This area will
continue to demand significant senior management attention. The agencies plan more internal
reviews to support further measures for enhancing the effectiveness of their data security
frameworks.
No protected personal data related incidents were formally reported to the Data Commissioner’s
Office in 2007-08. Prior to the current year, the agencies had focussed their attention to incident
reporting on national security issues.
Sir Gus O’Donnell
Accounting Officer
14 July 2008
http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0708/hc08/0872/0872.pdf
***
Security and Intelligence Agencies Financial Statement 2007-08
http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0708/hc08/0872/0872.pdf
[PDF]
Security and Intelligence Agencies Financial Statement 2007-08 HC 872
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat
security, management information systems, risk and configuration management. … preparation of those resource accounts. My audit of the consolidated …
http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0708/hc08/0872/0872.pdf
***
***
In 1972 U.S. President Richard Nixon, under pressure from Senator Jackson, dismissed the head of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) and replaced him with Fred Ikle. Ikle brought in a new team including Wolfowitz. Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony, as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy. He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities. He helped dissuade South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program.
Under President Gerald Ford, the American intelligence agencies had come under attack over their annually published National Intelligence Estimate. According to Mann: The underlying issue was whether the C.I.A. and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union, either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support Kissinger’s policy of détente or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions. In an attempt to counter these claims, the newly appointed Director of Central Intelligence, George H.W. Bush authorized the formation of a committee of anti-Communist experts, headed by Richard Pipes, to reassess the raw data. Richard Pipes picked Wolfowitz, to serve on this committee, which came to be known as Team B: ‘Richard Perle recommended him,’ Pipes says of Wolfowitz today [2003, as quoted by Tanenhaus]. ‘I’d never heard of him.’ [23]
**
In March 2005, Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the World Bank by U.S. President George W. Bush.[48]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz
***
My note – As I was researching this, I noticed that many of the defense and intelligence contractors have either purchased or extended into electronic medical records tracking and interaction subsystems. Many are the same companies already involved in biometric systems development for intertwining information from business, public and government sources for the purposes of intel.
– cricketdiane, 03-13-09
***
AFX News Limited
TechTeam names Gary Cotshott president, CEO, effective immediately
02.11.08, 10:56 AM ET
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NEW YORK (Thomson Financial) – TechTeam Global Inc. Monday named Gary J. Cotshott president and chief executive, effective immediately.
Cotshott succeeds William C. Brown, who will remain with TechTeam through the end of his contract in an advisory capacity. He will maintain his position on the company’s board.
Cotshott most recently served as senior vice president and general manager of worldwide customer services at NCR (nyse: NCR – news – people ) Corp., a technology and related services company. He is also a 33-year veteran of Dell (nasdaq: DELL – news – people ) Inc.
Shares of the Southfield, Mich.-based information technology and business process outsourcing services company were up 1.3% at $8.10.
Melinda Peer
Copyright Thomson Financial News Limited 2007.
http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/02/11/afx4639843.html
***
TechTeam Global Announces Formation of a Global Pharmaceutical Center of Excellence
[Outline] st value from eClinical technologyby offering services such as multil…According to Gary J. Cotshott President and Chief Executive Officer o… We have provided support to customers in the pharmaceutical industry… In the future we foresee the focus of the Center of Excellencebroad…About TechTeam Global Inc. …
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Date:6/23/2008[Outline] [RSS & Subscription]
st value from eClinical technology by offering services such as multilingual help desk, user and application administration, site assessment, site connectivity, hardware provisioning and local study site training. Its service professionals are specially trained in pharma regulatory compliance, clinical trial process and industry standard eClinical applications for functions such as Electronic Data Capture (EDC), Remote Data Capture (RDC) and eDiary.
According to gary J. cotshott, President and Chief Executive Officer of TechTeam Global, pharmaceutical companies, clinical research organizations and industry software vendors will benefit from TechTeam’s new Pharma Center of Excellence.
We have provided support to customers in the pharmaceutical industry for nearly a decade. The decision to create a Pharma Center of Excellence reflects our commitment to the pharmaceutical industry and to meeting its growing needs. We want to ensure that all of the services available to our customers are designed, delivered and managed with careful consideration of the unique needs of this important industry, said cotshott.
In the future, we foresee the focus of the Center of Excellence broadening to cover the full life sciences industry. As always, we will continue to work closely with our customers as we set priorities and refine our capabilities, said cotshott.
About TechTeam Global, Inc.
TechTeam Global, Inc. is a worldwide provider of information technology, enterprise support and business process outsourcing services to Fortune 1000 corporations, multinational companies, product providers, small and medium- sized companies, and government entities. TechTeam’s ability to integrate computer services into a flexible, ITIL-based solution is a key element of its strategy. Partnerships with some of the world’s best-in-class corporations provide TechTeam with unique expertise and experience in providing information technology support solutions. Fo
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http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/TechTeam-Global-Announces-Formation-of-a-Global-Pharmaceutical-Center-of-Excellence-22537-2/
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The Northrop Grumman team includes SAIC, San Diego; Booz-Allen-Hamilton, McLean, Va.; and SPARTA Inc., Lake Forest, Calif.
***
President Reagan’s foreign policy was heavily influenced by the Kirkpatrick Doctrine, as outlined in a 1979 article in Commentary by Jeanne Kirkpatrick entitled Dictatorships and Double Standards .
In early 1980, Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and went to work as a visiting professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. According to the Washington Post; He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party, which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman, Kennedy and Jackson. [1]
State Department Director of Policy Planning
In 1980, following the election of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, the newly appointed U.S. National Security Advisor Richard V. Allen put together the administration’s foreign policy advisory team. Allen initially rejected Wolfowitz’s appointment but following discussions, instigated by former colleague John Lehman, Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department.
President Reagan’s foreign policy was heavily influenced by the Kirkpatrick Doctrine, as outlined in a 1979 article in Commentary by Jeanne Kirkpatrick entitled Dictatorships and Double Standards .
[ Etc.]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz
(Richard V. Allen) is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, and a member of the Heritage Foundation’s Asian Studies Center Advisory Council, the Council on Foreign Relations, the United States Defense Policy Board, the American Alternative Foundation, and the United States National Security Advisory Group. He also serves on the advisory council of the Nixon Center.
Allen is president of the Richard V. Allen Company, a Washington-based consulting services firm. He provides consulting services to international companies and organizations. He currently serves on APCO Worldwide’s Iraq reconstruction task force and is considered one of the most influential lobbyists in Washington for South Korean interests.[2]
Bibliography
* Allen, Richard V. (1969). Yearbook On International Communist Affairs 1968. Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0-8179-1801-9.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_V._Allen
***
Bribery Accusations and Alleged Conflicts of Interest
From 1981 to 1987, Perle was Assistant Secretary of Defense for international security policy in the Reagan administration. In a New York Times article Perle was criticized for recommending that the Army purchase an armaments system from an Israeli company that a year earlier had paid him $50,000 in consulting fees. Perle acknowledged receiving the payment the same month he joined the Reagan administration, but said the payment was for work done before joining the government and that he had informed the Army of this prior consulting work. Perle was never indicted for anything related to the incident. (New York Times, 17 April 1983, Aide Urged Pentagon to Consider Weapons Made by Former Client , Jeff Gerth. See also New York Times, 21 April 1983, On buying weapons and influence , Editorial.).
In March 2004, another New York Times article reported that, while chairman of the Defense Policy Board, Perle had contracted with the troubled telecommunications giant Global Crossing to help overcome opposition from the FBI and the Pentagon to the sale of its assets to Hong-Kong-based Hutchison Whampoa. Since the military employed the company’s fiber optics network for communications, the brass argued that sale to a foreign-owned, especially Chinese, corporation would compromise national security. Perle was to be paid $125,000 to promote the deal, with an extra $600,000 contingent fee on its approval. [15] This controversy led to accusations of bribery, and Perle resigned as chairman on March 27, 2003, though he remained on the board. [16]
***
PFIAB was not the only tool in Nixon’s arsenal for dealing with Helms. Kissinger, dissatisfied with substantive intelligence products, used NSC staff colleague Andrew Marshall (from RAND) to do studies of intelligence information support to the NSC, and other NSC staffers, including at one time William Kaufmann of MIT, also worked on intelligence matters.[10] Another instrument of White House intelligence oversight was the budget office, renamed on 1 July 1971 the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), a few of whose officers were the only federal officials apart from the DCI’s staff with cognizance over the budgets of all the intelligence organizations. OMB’s focus was on money and programs, and on the relationship between the two, i.e., cost effectiveness. In 1945, it had helped President Truman decide to create the DCI and CIA. Under Nixon, it proselytized management techniques to cut government costs, including in intelligence programs, and became a locus of intense scrutiny of the Intelligence Community and the DCI’s role in leading it.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/chapter_4.htm
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Booz, Allen and Hamilton –
**
Notable residents (McClean, Va) – Mclean,VA
* Sharyn Alfonsi, correspondent for ABC World News, Good Morning America and Nightline
* Pat Buchanan, political analyst.[7]
* Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor to Jimmy Carter
* Frank Carlucci, former Secretary of Defense, former chairman of the Carlyle Group
* Dick Cheney, former Vice President of the United States of America
* Lynne Cheney, former Second Lady of the United States
* John Dingell, Dean of the United States House of Representatives
* Senator Byron Dorgan
* Newt Gingrich, former Speaker of the House
* John Sununu, former United States Senator from New Hampshire
* Chuck Hagel, former United States Senator from Nebraska
* Frank Keating, former Governor of Oklahoma
* Senator Ted Kennedy
* Senator Patrick Leahy
* I. Lewis Scooter Libby, lawyer, and former chief of staff to Vice President Dick Cheney (2001–2005)
* Correspondent Roger Mudd
* General Colin Powell, former Secretary of State
* Chuck Robb, former U.S. Senator from Virginia
* Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia
* Dwight Schar Founder and Chairman of NVR Inc, America’s seventh-largest homebuilder.[8]
* Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas
* Fred Dalton Thompson – former Senator from Tennessee
* Former Director of the CIA Admiral Stansfield Turner
* World Bank President Robert Zoellick
* Shawn Springs
* Fred Malek
* Roy Schwitters Head of JASON Defense Advisory Group
Former residents:
* Richard Darman, senior Carlyle Group affiliate
* Mark Oliver Everett, musician
* Michael Jordan, professional basketball player.
* Queen Noor of Jordan
* Prince Turki bin Faisal Al Saud, former Saudi Ambassador to the United States
* Kenneth Starr, lawyer who led the impeachment of Bill Clinton
* Eugene H. Trinh, astronaut
McLean is home to the headquarters of USA Today, the nation’s most circulated newspaper.
The CIA headquarters in the community of Langley.
Several major companies are headquartered in McLean including Freddie Mac, Cardinal Bank, Mars, Capital One, Sunrise Senior Living, Gannett, NVR, Bearingpoint, Booz Allen Hamilton, and MicroStrategy.
(Not mentioned here but the company Sparta and other contractors of a similar nature have offices in McLean, Va. and nearby.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean,_Virginia
***
Booz Allen Hamilton, or more commonly Booz Allen or BAH, is a private consulting firm headquartered in McLean, Virginia, with 80 other offices throughout the nation. Ralph Shrader is its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer – the seventh since Edwin Booz founded the firm in Chicago circa 1914, making it one of the nation’s oldest consultancies.
Booz Allen’s core business is contractual work completed on behalf of the US federal government, foremost on defense and homeland security matters, with limited engagements of foreign governments specific to U.S. military assistance programs. In this vein, BAH’s services include strategy design, operations improvement, information technology work, systems engineering, organizational change efforts, modeling and simulation, program management, specialist staff augmentation, assurance and resilience, and economic and business analysis. Booz Allen is somewhat unique in that it competes for business with both pure systems integrators and defense contractors such as SAIC, BAE Systems, and Lockheed Martin, as well as with broader management consulting firms with a considerable stake in the public sector market such as Deloitte, BearingPoint, and Accenture. In 2008, Vault.com, an entity which provides survey based ‘prestige’ rankings of various professional industries, placed Booz Allen Hamilton second only to McKinsey & Company in the category of ‘Technology Consulting Firms’ (the sole grouping it was considered for), indicative of the fact technological issues in the broadest sense pervade a substantial portion of BAH’s revenue stream. (It is worth noting that this rating of Booz Allen Hamilton was prior to the break-up of the firm into separate U.S. government and commercial/international businsses.)
As of July 31, 2008, what was formerly Booz Allen Hamilton’s parent company (which used the BAH name itself) divided into two wholly separate entities, based on a vote by Booz Allen’s senior vice presidents and vice presidents, i.e. partners. As a result, the Booz Allen Hamilton moniker would be retained by the half focusing on U.S. governmental matters, with spinoff Booz & Company taking sole control of its commercial and international portfolio. As a consequence, Booz Allen Hamilton is now majority owned by private equity firm The Carlyle Group, while Booz & Company is owned and operated as a partnership. [2] The split was engendered by several endemic differences between the two business units, namely: profitability (i.e. government work was both more profitable than most of the commercial operations and exhibited less volatile earnings), internal culture (e.g. the government side frequently retained mid-level consultants for several years, whereas the commercial side had greater staff turnover due to an up-or-out policy), and recruiting philosophy (BAH recruited a relatively high proportion of undergraduate degrees and non-business master’s and doctoral degree holders from a wide array of schools compared to Booz & Co. primary focus on elite MBA graduates).
Contents
* 1 History
o 1.1 Formation
o 1.2 Early years
o 1.3 Public years
* 2 Organization
* 3 Recruiting
* 4 Prominent client initiatives
o 4.1 Internal Revenue Service
o 4.2 New South Wales, Australia
* 5 Notable colleagues and alumni
o 5.1 Business
o 5.2 Politics and public service
o 5.3 Other
* 6 Criticisms and controversies
o 6.1 SWIFT
o 6.2 Democracy Now
o 6.3 Homeland Security
* 7 References
* 8 See also
* 9 External links
History
Booz Allen Hamilton traces its roots to Edwin G. Booz. A student at Chicago’s Northwestern University in the early 1900s, Booz received a bachelor’s degree in economics and a master’s degree in psychology, upon completion of his thesis ‘Mental Tests for Vocational Fitness.’ In 1914, Booz established a small consulting firm in Chicago, and, two years later, he and two partners formed the Business Research and Development Company, which conducted studies and performed investigational work for commercial and trade organizations. This service, which Booz labeled as the first of its kind in the Midwest, soon attracted such clients as Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Chicago’s Union Stockyards and Transit Company, and the Canadian & Pacific Railroad. [3]
Formation
After graduating from Northwestern University in Illinois in 1914, Edwin G. Booz developed the business theory that companies would be more successful if they could call on someone outside their own organizations for expert, impartial advice.[4] This theory developed into a new profession — management consulting — and the firm that would bear his name.
Early years
In 1940, the firm was hired to help the United States Secretary of the Navy with World War II preparations, a project that marked the start of a longstanding relationship with the United States Federal Government. Since then, Booz Allen has had a hand in several notable private and public engagements throughout its years, such as advising on the breakup of Ma Bell and helping organize the National Football League in the 1960s. [5]
Public years
In 1970, Booz Allen went public with an initial offering of 500,000 shares at $24 per share. Trading continued through 1976.[6]
Organization
Booz Allen is privately held, which allows it to consider long-range investments that companies beholden to shareholders might not be able to make, Gerencser said. With private ownership, the company can make investment decisions that pay off farther down the road than some of its competitors. ‘As a managing director, I can put investments in place that may provide a return in four or five or six years,’ Gerencser said, adding that, ‘we can often place long-term and even risky bets.’ [1]
The firm was once public in the 1970s.[7], but the partners took the firm private again through one of the first management buyouts (MBO) to allow the firm to consider long-range investments that companies beholden to shareholders might not be able to make.[8] Time magazine named it the most prestigious management firm in the world,[9] with longstanding relationships with federal intelligence agencies, with current and former employees including former Director of Central Intelligence, R. James Woolsey, former CIA employee Miles Copeland, Jr., and former NSA Director Mike McConnell, who is now the second Director of National Intelligence.
Recruiting
In 2007, the firm had roughly 110,000 applicants and 1033 new jobs.[10]
Prominent client initiatives
Internal Revenue Service
Booz Allen was chosen in 1998 to help the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) modernize, and shed its dismal customer-service reputation. Booz Allen’s team developed a strategy for the IRS to reshuffle its 100,000 employees into units focused on particular taxpayer categories: individuals, charities, businesses and so on. We made some very dramatic changes in the way the IRS is organized , says Booz Allen Chief Executive Officer Dr. Ralph Shrader, an electrical engineering Ph.D. and 28-year company veteran.[11] Despite these confident words, number reports from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) have pointed to mixed performance results at IRS, and notably, poor management of its IT portfolio and its contractors.
New South Wales, Australia
In 1988, the newly elected Greiner State Government commissioned a report into the State Rail Authority (SRA) of New South Wales by American consultants Booz Allen Hamilton. The report, delivered in 1989 recommended widespread job losses, up to 8000, including the withdrawal of staff from 94 country railway stations, withdrawing services on the Nyngan- Bourke line, Queanbeyan – Cooma line and Glen Innes- Wallangarra line, the axing of several country passenger services (the Canberra XPT, the Silver City Comet to Broken Hill and various diesel locomotive hauled services) and the removal of sleeper trains from services to Brisbane and Melbourne. The report also recommended the removal of all country passenger services and small freight operations, but the government did not consider this to be politically feasible.[12] The SRA was divided into business units- CityRail, responsible for urban railways; CountryLink, responsible for country passenger services; FreightRail, responsible for freight services; and Rail Estate, responsible for rail property. Upon the formation of the business units in 1988, CityRail adopted a black and yellow ‘L7’ logo (later to become blue and yellow), and Countylink adopted its present blue and green ‘Mountains’ logo and livery.[13]
Notable colleagues and alumni
Notability follows this general principle: Lead and direct some of the world’s largest corporations, government and other public agencies, emerging growth companies and institutions.[14]
Business
* Jonathan Black – Director, Corporate Affairs, University of Oxford[15]
* Rohit Bhagat – Global Chief Operating Officer, Barclays Global Investors[16]
* Sir (Francis) Christopher Buchan Bland – Chairman of the Royal Shakespeare Company, and former Chairman of British Telecommunications PLC[17][18][19]
* Chipper Boulas – Venture advisor in Paris, France and former Vice President of Corporate Strategy, eBay[citation needed]
* Jonathan S. Bush – President, CEO, and Co-founder of AthenaHealth[20][21]
* Art Collins – Chairman and CEO, Medtronic, Inc.[22]
* Tim Collins – Founder and Chief Executive of Ripplewood Holdings[23]
* Edward C. Davies (Ted) – Managing Partner, Unisys Federal Systems[24][25]
* Karen Fawcett – Director, Standard Chartered Bank Malaysia[26]
* Richard Gay – Senior Vice President of Strategy and Business Operations for VH1 and CMT, MTV Networks[27][28]
* Rhonda Germany – Vice President of Strategy and Business Development, Honeywell[29][30]
* Gerry Horkan – Vice President of Corporate Strategy, Yahoo Inc.[31]
* Paul Idzik – Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Barclays PLC[32][33]
* Raymond J. Ray Lane – General Partner at Kleiner Perkins Venture Capital Firm; Carnegie Mellon University Trustee, former President and Chief Operating Officer of Oracle Corporation, and inducted to West Virginia Business Hall of Fame[34][35][36][37]
* Edward J. O’Hare – Chief Information Officer for the U.S. General Services Administration’s’s Federal Acquisition Service; former Assistant Commissioner, General Services Administration, and former vice president at Dynanet[38][39]
* Todd Y. Park – Co-founder and Chief Development Officer of Athena Health[20][40][41][42]
* Mark DeSantis, PhD – Chief Executive Officer of ANGLE Technology Consulting and Management and former CEO and President of Formation3 LLC[43][44]
* Stan Scoggins – Vice President of Worldwide Digital Assets, Universal Studios[45][46]
* Deven Sharma – President, Standard & Poor’s and executive vice president for global strategy at The McGraw-Hill Companies[47][48]
* Michael Wolf – Former president and COO of MTV Networks[49][50]
Politics and public service
* Wendy Alexander – Labour Party Leader and Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP).[51][52]
* Karol Joseph Bo Bobko – Retired United States Air Force officer and a former USAF and NASA astronaut.[53]
* Keith R. Hall – Director, National Reconnaissance Office (1997-2001); formerly Executive Director for Intelligence Community Affairs[54]
* Steve Isakowitz – Department of Energy Chief Financial Officer. Former Deputy Associate Administrator, NASA, 2002-2005[55][56][57][58]
* William Benjamin Bill Lenoir (Ph.D.) – Former NASA astronaut.
* George E. Little – Media Relations, Central Intelligence Agency (2007-)
* John M. McConnell – Director of National Intelligence (2007-); formerly Director of the National Security Agency (1992-96); retired in 1996 as Vice Admiral, United States Navy[59]
* Zoran Jolevski – Ambassador of the Republic of Macedonia in the US.
* Thomas S. Moorman Jr. – Commander, Air Force Space Command (1990-92); Vice Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force (1994-1997)
* Michael C. Mullen – Assistant Commissioner, U.S. Customs and Border Protection
* Patrick Gorman – Chief Information Officer (CIO), and Assistant Deputy Director National Intelligence (ADDNI), Strategy, Plans, and Policy, ODNI [4]
* Andrew Turnbull – Member, House of Lords (upper Parliament), United Kingdom (2005-); Head of British Civil Service (2002-2005)
* Melissa Hathaway – Director, National Cyber Security Initiative
* General Frederick Frank Woerner, Jr. – Retired United States Army general and former commander of United States Southern Command.
* R. James Woolsey, Jr. – Director of Central Intelligence Agency (1993-95)
* Dov Zakheim – U.S. government advisor
Other
* Joseph Garber – Author
* Olivia Goldsmith – Author
* David H. Holtzman – Author
* Patricia A. Morrissey – Commissioner, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (presidential appointee)
* Bruce Pasternack – Former President and CEO of Special Olympics International, former Director of Energy Policy for the Federal Energy Administration, Former board member BEA Systems (NASDAQ: BEAS), currently on the board of trustees of Cooper Union and serves as a board member for Codexis, Quantum Corporation (NYSE: QTM) and Symyx Technologies as well. Also, was the author of Results and The Centerless Corporation, books on strategy and business.
* Michael D. Smith – Professor at Carnegie Mellon University
Criticisms and controversies
SWIFT
In 2006 at the request of the Article 29 Working Group, an advisory group to the European Commission (EC), the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Privacy International (PI) investigated the U.S. government’s SWIFT surveillance program and Booz Allen’s role therein. The ACLU and PI filed a memo at the end of their investigation which called into question the ethics and legality of a government contractor (in this case Booz Allen) acting as auditors of a government program, when that contractor is heavily involved with those same agencies on other contracts. The basic statement was that a conflict of interest may exist. Beyond that, the implication was also made that Booz Allen may be complicit in a program (electronic surveillance of SWIFT) that may be deemed illegal by the EC.[60][61]
Democracy Now
Another controversy related to some of the senior staff of Booz Allen (past and present) and related to its performance on some specific U.S. intelligence agency contracts was brought to light on 12 January 2007 in an interview conducted by Democracy Now with Tim Shorrock,[62] an independent investigative journalist, and separately in an article he wrote for the Salon online magazine. Through investigation of Booz Allen employees, Shorrock asserts that there is a sort of revolving-door conflict of interest between Booz Allen and the U.S. government, and between multiple other contractors and the U.S. government in general. Regarding Booz Allen, Shorrock referred to such people as John M. McConnell, R. James Woolsey, Jr., and James R. Clapper, all of whom have gone back and forth between government and industry (Booz Allen in particular), and who may present the appearance that certain government contractors receive undue or unlawful business from the government, and that certain government contractors may exert undue or unlawful influence on government. Shorrock further relates that Booz Allen was a sub-contractor with two programs at the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), called Trailblazer and Pioneer Groundbreaker, and then asserts two statements: that these programs reveal that many contractors are involved in various intelligence programs of which the media and parts of U.S. Government have now questioned the legality; and that the apparent (assertion made by Shorrock) unsuccessful nature of the programs reveals a lack of competence by both NSA and Booz Allen.[63]
Homeland Security
A June 28, 2007 Washington Post article related how a U.S. Department of Homeland Security contract with Booz Allen increased from $2 million to more than $70 million through two no-bid contracts, one occurring after the DHS’s legal office had advised DHS not to continue the contract until after a review. A Government Accountability Office (GAO) report on the contract characterized it as not well-planned and lacking any measure for assuring valuable work to be completed.
According to the article,
A review of memos, e-mail and other contracting documents obtained by The Washington Post show that in a rush to meet congressional mandates to establish the information analysis and infrastructure protection offices, agency officials routinely waived rules designed to protect taxpayer money. As the project progressed, the department became so dependent on Booz Allen that it lost the flexibility for a time to seek out other contractors or hire federal employees who might do the job for less.
Elaine C. Duke, the department’s chief procurement officer, acknowledged the problems with the Booz Allen contract. But Duke said those matters have been resolved. She defended a decision to issue a second no-bid contract in 2005 as necessary to keep an essential intelligence operation running until a competition could be held.[64]
References
1. ^ a b c d e Washington Technology Federal Sources
2. ^ Booz Allen separate
3. ^ JRANK Booz Allen Hamilton History
4. ^ Booz Allen History
5. ^ Vault Snapshot of Booz Allen Hamilton
6. ^ Booz Allen Hamilton Historical Timeline
7. ^ Booz Allen Hamilton – History of Booz Allen 1970s
8. ^ To counter scrutiny Booz Allen puts ethics first
9. ^ Booz Allen Hamilton – History of Booz Allen 1950s
10. ^ 100 Best Companies to Work For 2008: Booz Allen Hamilton snapshot | FORTUNE
11. ^ Booz Allen’s Sweet Spot, November 24, 2002
12. ^ Moore, M Lagan, B. SRA takes axe to 8000 jobs. Sydney Morning Herald, 14 July, 1989.
13. ^ State Rail Authority of New South Wales
14. ^ Booz Allen Prominent Alum Short List, retrieved November 24, 2007
15. ^ Jonathan Black: Associate Fellow, Director of Corporate Affairs, and Sector Consultant in Media and Management Consulting, retrieved November 24, 2007
16. ^ Barclays Global Investors Appoints Rohit Bhagat as Global Chief Operating Officer, June 21, 2005
17. ^ BT News Release, retrieved on January 12, 2008.
18. ^ SEC and BT, AccountancyAge Publication, January 6, 2005.
19. ^ Pictures, National Portrait Gallery, retrieved January 12, 2008.
20. ^ a b Making Their Mark, Entrepreneur Magazine, 2005
21. ^ 2006 Leadership in the Healthcare Markets, December 5, 2006
22. ^ Collins To Serve On New Department Of Commerce Advisory Panel On Measuring Innovation, Medtronic Media Release, December 6, 2006
23. ^ Business Week Names Tim Collins ’78 A Star of Asia , July 8, 2002
24. ^ Edward Davies, Managing Partner, Civilian Agencies, Federal Systems Biography, retrieved November 25, 2007
25. ^ [http://veterans.house.gov/hearings/schedule108/mar04/3-17-04/edavies.html House Committee on Veteran’s Affairs: Testimony of Mr. Edward C. Davies (Ted), Managing Partner Unisys U.S. Federal Government Group accompanied by Mr. Joseph Macies, Partner], March 17, 2004
26. ^ Standard Chartered Bank Malaysia Berhad (Company No. 115793 P)(Incorporated in Malaysia) and its subsidiaries: Financial statements for the financial year ended 31 December 2006, retrieved November 25, 2007
27. ^ Richard Gay was named senior vice president of strategy and business operations for VH1 and CMT, July 1, 2004
28. ^ Richard Gay, SVP, Strategy and Business, MTV Networks, retrieved November 25, 2007
29. ^ Honeywell Names Rhonda Germany Vice President, Strategy and Business Development, October 25, 2002
30. ^ Booz Allen Hamilton Alumni Profile: Rhonda Germany of Honeywell International, retrieved November 25, 2007
31. ^ Booz Allen Hamilton Alumni Profile: Gerry Horkan, VP, Strategy, Yahoo , retrieved November 25, 2007
32. ^ Paul Idzik COO at Barclays PLC, Officer since November 2004, retrieved November 25, 2007
33. ^ Barclays PLC Corporate Executives, retrieved from Wikipedia on November 25, 2007
34. ^ Ray Lane, General Partner, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, retrieved January 4, 2008
35. ^ Ray Lane, Former Oracle Executive, Joins MetaMatrix Board of Directors, BNET Research Center, March, 2003
36. ^ Four leaders named to West Virginia Business Hall of Fame, West Virginia University, August 20, 2003
37. ^ Ray Lane Joins Asera Board of Directors, Internet News, November 17, 2000
38. ^ [1], GSA News Releases, September 18, 2007
39. ^ Former GSA official Ed O’Hare to return, Capital Reps Federal e-Newsletter, December 14, 2006
40. ^ Todd Park to Focus On Strategy as Chief Athenista; Elected to Board of Directors, COMTEX News Network, December 14, 2007
41. ^ [2], LinkedIn, retrieved January 4, 2008
42. ^ The Bush Health-Care Solution: No, not Dubya’s. The president’s first cousin Jonathan is an entrepreneur whose company, athenahealth, is trying to free doctors from the nightmare of insurance paperwork so they can get back to practicing medicine., FastCompany.Com, July 2005
43. ^ Mark F. DeSantis, PhD, CEO – ANGLE Technology Consulting and Management – US email: mark.desantis@angletec.com, Carnegie Mellon Heinz School News Release, retrieved January 4, 2008
44. ^ Biography of Dr. Mark DeSantis, President, Formation3 News Release, retrieved January 4, 2008
45. ^ Henry Stuart Conference Studios, The Henry Stuart Marketing Operations Management Symposium, May 9, 2005
46. ^ Speaker Bio, Global Society for Asset Management, November 10, 2003
47. ^ [3], S&P Management Bio, retrieved January 6, 2008
48. ^ McGraw Hill Executive Bio, retrieved January 6, 2008
49. ^ MTV Networks president and operating chief Michael Wolf resigns, International Herald Tribune – Business January 11, 2007
50. ^ Goliath Business, retrieved January 11, 2007
51. ^ Ms. Wendy Alexander MSP, The Scottish Parliament Member Pages, retrieved January 11, 2008.
52. ^ Second chance for Alexander, BBC Scotland News, August 15, 2007.
53. ^ Biographical Data, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, retrieved on January 13, 2008.
54. ^ No Mere Oversight, Center for American Progress, June 2006
55. ^ It Takes a Rocket Scientist – Managing Department of Energy (DOE) Finances, June 2007
56. ^ HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION ON THE NOMINATION OF STEVEN J. ISAKOWITZ TO BE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, March 20, 2007
57. ^ NASA Names Steve Isakowitz as New Exploration Systems Directorate Deputy, NASA PRESS RELEASE, January 6, 2005
58. ^ Profile: Steve Isakowitz – The View From the Inside, By Brian Berger, Space News Staff Writer, April 4, 2005
59. ^ President Bush Attends Swearing-In of Mike McConnell as Director of National Intelligence, February 20, 2007
60. ^ ACLU, PI, and SWIFT
61. ^ Booz Allen Not An Independent Check On SWIFT Surveillance, September 27, 2006
62. ^ Mike McConnell, Booz Allen and the Privatization of Intelligence, January 12, 2007
63. ^ The spy who came in from the boardroom: Why John Michael McConnell, a top executive at a private defense contractor, should not be allowed to run our nation’s intelligence agencies.
64. ^ Costs Skyrocket As DHS Runs Up No-Bid Contracts: $2 Million Security Project Balloons to $124 Million, June 28, 2007
See also
* Booz & Company
* Booz Allen Classic
* James L. Allen
* Kellogg School of Management
* List of United States defense contractors
* Value Measuring Methodology
External links
* Booz Allen Hamilton official website
* strategy+business magazine
* Booz Allen Hamilton official German website
* [5]
* Shorrock, Tim. Carlyle Group May Buy Major CIA Contractor: Booz Allen Hamilton. Corpwatch, March 8, 2008 (article profiles Booz Allen Hamilton).
Major information technology companies
Cellular hardware
Alcatel-Lucent A Apple A Audiovox A HTC A Kyocera A LG A Motorola A Nokia A Palm A Qualcomm A RIM A Samsung A Sanyo A Sony Ericsson
Conglomerates
Bull A GE A HCL A Hitachi A LG A NCR A Panasonic (JVC, Matsushita) A Philips A Samsung A Siemens (Infineon, Qimonda) A Sony A Thomson A Toshiba A Vivendi A Wipro Infotech A Yamaha
3G Networks
3Com A Alcatel-Lucent A Allied Telesis A Avaya A Ericsson A Huawei A Nokia Siemens A ZTE
Dot-coms
Alibaba A Amazon A AOL A eBay A Expedia A Google A IAC/InterActiveCorp A Monster Worldwide A Yahoo
Semiconductors (General)
AMD A Analog Devices A ATI Technologies A Fairchild A Freescale A Infineon A Intel A Micron A National Semiconductor A NVIDIA A NXP A Renesas A ROHM A Skyworks A STMicroelectronics A Texas Instruments A TSMC
Electronics manufacturers
Celestica A Elcoteq A Emerson A Flextronics A Foxconn A Jabil A Kimball A Plexus A Quanta A Sanmina-SCI A SMTC A Transcend
IT services
Accenture A ACS A Atos Origin A Avanade A BearingPoint A Booz Allen Hamilton A BT A Capgemini A CGI A Cognizant A CSC A Deloitte A EDS A First Data A Fujitsu A Getronics A HCL Technologies A IBM Global Services A Indra A Infosys A Keane A Logica A Neusoft A PA A Perot A SAIC A Sapient A Satyam A Steria A Syntel A TCS A Tech Mahindra A ThoughtWorks A Tieto A Titan A Unisys A Virtusa A Wipro A Xansa
Network hardware
Brocade A Cisco Systems A Juniper Networks
Display / DTV
BenQ A Sharp A Sony A Trident Microsystems A ViewSonic
Software
Adobe A CA A Compuware A Corel A IBM A Idealab A Intuit A Microsoft A Oracle A PTC A Red Hat A SAP A Sun Microsystems
Gaming
Activision Blizzard A Namco Bandai Games A EA A Infogrames A Konami A Nintendo A Sega A Sony Computer Entertainment A Take-Two Interactive A Valve Corporation
Computer and server systems
Acer A Apple A Asus A Dell A Hewlett-Packard A Hitachi A IBM A BMC Software A Lenovo A NEC A Panasonic A Sony A Sun A Toshiba
Security
AVG Technologies A ESET A F-Secure A Kaspersky Lab A McAfee A SOFTWIN A Sophos A Symantec A Trend Micro
* Story about Booz Allen Hamilton from Democracy Now , May 19, 2008
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton
Categories: Privately held companies of the United States | Companies established in 1914 | Booz Allen Hamilton | Carlyle Group | Defense companies of the United States | Companies based in McLean, Virginia | Consulting
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton
***
Booz Allen Hamilton
People related to Booz Allen Hamilton:
Gary D. Ahlquist – SVP & managing partner
Charles F. Allison III – partner
Eduardo Alvarez – VP
Paul F. Anderson – senior adviser
CG Appleby – chief legal officer
Shumeet Banerji – division president
Joan A. Dempsey – VP
Dennis O. Doughty – division president
Joseph E. Garner – SVP
Mark J. Gerencser – SVP
Charles J. Givans – regional director
Keith R. Hall – VP
William Jackson – SVP
Ronald Kadish – VP
Daniel C. Lewis – SVP
Cesare R. Mainardi – division president
Klaus Mattern – SVP
Ralph W. Shrader – chairman & CEO
Frank S. Smith III – chief information officer
Samuel R. Strickland – chief administrative officer
Douglas G. Swenson – CFO
James C. Weinberg – VP
R. James Woolsey – consultant
Dov S. Zakheim – VP
Booz Allen Hamilton past relationships:
Susan E. Engel – VP
Kurt R. Krauss – partner
Raymond J. Lane – senior partner
Olivier Marie – SVP of energy practice
John W. McCarter Jr. – SVP
J. Michael McConnell – svp, director, defense programs
Oscar De Paula Bernardes Neto – senior partner
J. Gary Shansby – senior partner
S. Enders Wimbush – senior associate
http://www.muckety.com/Booz-Allen-Hamilton/5000259.muckety
***
Blackwater USA
People related to Blackwater USA:
Paul Behrends – lobbyist
Richard Cockrum – lobbyist
Anne E. Tyrrell – spokeswoman
Other current Blackwater USA relationships:
C&M Capitolink, LLC – lobby firm
XE – former name
http://www.muckety.com/Blackwater-USA/5016519.muckety
Anne E. Tyrrell
Anne E. Tyrrell personal relations:
R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr. – daughter
Other current Anne E. Tyrrell relationships:
Blackwater USA – spokeswoman
Anne E. Tyrrell connections, once removed:
Anne E. Tyrrell is connected to …
C&M Capitolink, LLC >> through Blackwater USA >> Map it!
Paul Behrends >> through Blackwater USA >> Map it!
Richard Cockrum >> through Blackwater USA >> Map it!
American Spectator >> through R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr. >> Map it!
Blackwater Worldwide >> through Blackwater USA >> Map it!
http://www.muckety.com/Anne-E-Tyrrell/27920.muckety
***
Sun-Times Media Group (until recently Hollinger International) NYSE: SVN is the holding company of a Chicago based newspaper group. Thirty percent (and 78% of the voting share) of the group is owned by Canadian based Hollinger Inc. – an 84% controlling stake was owned by controversial Canadian businessman Conrad Black through his Ravelston Corporation Limited. He attempted to sell this stake to the Barclay brothers in January 2004 and the brothers launched a takeover bid for the rest of Hollinger International. However the sale was blocked by a judge in the United States after the company’s board lodged a court action against the sale. Ravelston is currently in receivership.
The Barclay brothers later bought The Telegraph Group which included The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, and The Spectator. On November 16, 2004 the sale of The Jerusalem Post to Mirkaei Tikshoret, a Tel Aviv-based publisher of Israeli newspapers, was announced. CanWest Global Communications, Canada’s biggest media concern, announced it has agreed to take a 50 percent stake in The Jerusalem Post after Mirkaei buys the property. In February, 2006, Hollinger sold substantially all of its Canadian assets.[1] The corporation’s name was changed to Sun-Times Media Group on July 17, 2006.[2]
Assets now include the Chicago Sun-Times in the United States, and various suburban and neighborhood newspapers in the Chicago area, including the Post-Tribune of Northwest Indiana, the Pioneer Press group, the Daily Southtown, the Beacon News-Sun Publications group in the Aurora-Naperville area, The Star (Tinley Park), The Herald News (Joliet) and the Lake County News Sun. It also owns the Centerstage Chicago entertainment site.
Sun-Times newspapers
State City Newspaper
Illinois Algonquin Algonquin Countryside
Antioch Antioch Review
Arlington Heights Arlington Heights Post
Barrington Barrington Courier-Review
Batavia The Batavia Sun
Aurora The Beacon News
Bolingbrook The Bolingbrook Sun
Buffalo Grove Buffalo Grove Countryside
Calumet City Calumet City Star
Cary-Grove Cary-Grove Countryside
Chicago Heights Chicago Heights Star
Chicago Ridge Chicago Ridge Star
Chicago Chicago Sun-Times
Clarendon Hills The Clarendon Hill’s Doings
Elgin The Courier News
Tinley Park The Daily Southtown
Deerfield Deerfield Review
Des Plaines Des Plaines Times
Hinsdale The Doings – Hinsdale
La Grange The Doings – La Grange
Oak Brook The Doings – Oak Brook
Downers Grove The Downers Grove Sun
Park Ridge Edgebrook Times Review
Chicago Edison-Norwood Times Review
Des Plaines Elk Grove Village Times
Elmwood Park Elm Leaves
Elmhurst The Elmhurst Doings
Evanston Evanston Review
River Forest Forest Leaves
Fox Valley The Fox Valley Shopping News
Franklin Park Franklin Park Herald Journal
Geneva The Geneva Sun
Glen Ellyn The Glen Ellyn Sun
Glencoe Glencoe News
Glenview Glenview Announcements
Grayslake Grayslake Review
Gurnee Gurnee Review
Chicago Harlem-Irving Times
Hazel Crest Hazel Crest Country Club Hills Star
Joliet The Herald News
Highland Highland Park News
Hoffman Estates Hoffman Estates Review
Plainfield The Homer Sun
Lake Forest Lake Forester
Countryside Lake in the Hills Countryside
Lake Villa Lake Villa Review
Lake Zurich Lake Zurich Courier
Libertyville Libertyville Review
Lincolnshire Lincolnshire Review
Plainfield The Lincoln-Way Sun
Lincolnwood Lincolnwood Review
Lisle The Lisle Sun
Maywood Maywood Herald
Melrose Park Melrose Park Herald
Morton Grove Morton Grove Champion
Mount Prospect Mount Prospect Times
Mundelein Mundelein Review
Naperville The Naperville Sun
Lake County The News Sun
Niles Niles Herald-Spectator
Northbrook Northbrook Star
Northlake Northlake Herald
Oak Park Oak Leaves
Palatine Palatine Countryside
Palos Park Palos Area Star
Park Ridge Park Ridge Herald Advocate
Plainfield The Plainfield Sun
River Grove River Grove Messenger
Rolling Meadows Rolling Meadows Review
Schaumburg Schaumburg Review
Skokie Skokie Review
Chicago Skyline
St. Charles The St. Charles Sun
Tinley Park Tinley Park Star
Vernon Hills Vernon Hills Review
Wauconda Wauconda Courier
Burr Ridge The Weekly Doings
Westchester Westchester Herald
Western Springs The Western Springs Doings
Wheaton The Wheaton Sun
Wheeling Wheeling Countryside
Wilmette Wilmette Life
Winnetka Winnetka Talk
Indiana Merrillville, (Gary) The Post-Tribune
Corporate governance
November 17, 2003
* Conrad Black resigns as Chairman after an internal inquiry alleges that Black had received more than $7 million in unauthorized payments of company funds.
January 14, 2004
* Hollinger International files a US$200 million lawsuit against Conrad Black and David Radler.
October 2005
* Gordon A. Paris, Chairman of the Board of Directors, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
* Paul B. Healy, Vice President, Corporate Development and Investor Relations
* Peter K. Lane, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
* Robert T. Smith, Treasurer
* James R. Van Horn, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
* John Cruickshank, Chief Operating Officer, Head of the Chicago Group
* Members of the board of directors: Gordon Paris, Richard Burt, Daniel Colson, Cyrus Freidheim, Henry Kissinger, Shmuel Meitar, John O’Brien, Richard Perle, Graham Savage, Raymond Seitz, and James R. Thompson.
November 2006
* Cyrus Freidheim is hired as President and CEO.
February 2009
* Cyrus Freidheim resigns as CEO after New York-based hedge fund Davidson Kempner forces the ousting of all but one member of the Board of Directors.
* Jeremy Halbreich becomes the new chairman and interim chief executive.
External links
* Sun-Times Media Group official site
* Suburban Chicago News site, including the Aurora Beacon News, Naperville Sun and Sun Group, Joliet Herald News, and Lake County News Sun
* Guardian Unlimited Special Report – Conrad Black, Hollinger and the Telegraph Ongoing archive collection of news and analysis.
* Ketupa.net – Media Profiles: Hollinger, Black & the Barclays Extensive background information, including past and present media holdings.
* U.S. SEC – Breeden Report Complete 512-page copy of the Report of Investigation by the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of Hollinger International Inc.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-Times_Media_Group
Categories: Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange | Newspaper companies of the United States | Companies based in Chicago, Illinois
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollinger_International
***
http://www.treasury.gov/press/releases/reports/0010208%20sect%20102.pdf
TARP section 102 which backstops CDOs, credit derivatives and credit default swaps
***
Corporate governance
November 17, 2003
* Conrad Black resigns as Chairman after an internal inquiry alleges that Black had received more than $7 million in unauthorized payments of company funds.
January 14, 2004
* Hollinger International files a US$200 million lawsuit against Conrad Black and David Radler.
October 2005
* Gordon A. Paris, Chairman of the Board of Directors, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
* Paul B. Healy, Vice President, Corporate Development and Investor Relations
* Peter K. Lane, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
* Robert T. Smith, Treasurer
* James R. Van Horn, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
* John Cruickshank, Chief Operating Officer, Head of the Chicago Group
* Members of the board of directors: Gordon Paris, Richard Burt, Daniel Colson, Cyrus Freidheim, Henry Kissinger, Shmuel Meitar, John O’Brien, Richard Perle, Graham Savage, Raymond Seitz, and James R. Thompson.
November 2006
* Cyrus Freidheim is hired as President and CEO.
February 2009
* Cyrus Freidheim resigns as CEO after New York-based hedge fund Davidson Kempner forces the ousting of all but one member of the Board of Directors.
* Jeremy Halbreich becomes the new chairman and interim chief executive.
External links
* Sun-Times Media Group official site
* Suburban Chicago News site, including the Aurora Beacon News, Naperville Sun and Sun Group, Joliet Herald News, and Lake County News Sun
* Guardian Unlimited Special Report – Conrad Black, Hollinger and the Telegraph Ongoing archive collection of news and analysis.
* Ketupa.net – Media Profiles: Hollinger, Black & the Barclays Extensive background information, including past and present media holdings.
* U.S. SEC – Breeden Report Complete 512-page copy of the Report of Investigation by the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of Hollinger International Inc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollinger_International
***
Conrad Black
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Right Honourable
Conrad Moffat Black,
Baron Black of Crossharbour, OC, PC
Born August 25, 1944 (1944-08-25) (age 64)
Montreal, Canada
Nationality British (born Canadian, later renounced)
Spouse Joanna (Shirley) Hishon (1978-1992)
Barbara Amiel, Baroness Black of Crossharbour (1992—Present)
Children 2 sons, 1 daughter
Occupation author, columnist, investor
Religion Catholic
Conrad Moffat Black, Baron Black of Crossharbour, PC, OC, KCSG (born 25 August 1944, in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian-born British historian and columnist who was for a time the third biggest newspaper magnate in the world.[1] Before investigation by regulators and investors, Black controlled Hollinger International, Inc. Through affiliates, the company published major newspapers including The Daily Telegraph (UK), Chicago Sun Times (USA), Jerusalem Post (Israel), National Post (Canada), and hundreds of community newspapers in North America.
In 2003, following investor complaints, Hollinger International reported to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) about misconduct at the company, including violations of fiduciary obligations by officers.[2] The report accused Black and close colleagues of running a corporate kleptocracy. Black resigned under pressure as CEO of Hollinger International. He was subsequently charged with mail and wire fraud and obstruction of justice.
Black was convicted in Illinois U.S. District Court on 13 July 2007 and sentenced to serve 78 months in federal prison, pay Hollinger $6.1 million and a fine of $125,000. Black was found guilty of diverting funds for personal benefit from money due Hollinger International when the company sold certain publishing assets. He also obstructed justice by taking possession of documents to which he was not entitled.[3]
Contents
* 1 Personal relationships and family
* 2 Early life and career
o 2.1 Corporate ownership through holding companies
o 2.2 Dominion pension dispute
o 2.3 Industrial holdings shifted to publishing
o 2.4 Growth and divestment of press holdings
* 3 Lifestyle
* 4 Peerage controversy and citizenship
* 5 Criminal fraud trial
o 5.1 Verdict and sentence
o 5.2 Reaction and consequences
o 5.3 Appeal
o 5.4 Imprisonment
* 6 Books and other publications
* 7 Biographies and portrayal in popular culture
* 8 References
* 9 External links
Personal relationships and family
Conrad Black was born in Montreal to a wealthy family originally from Winnipeg. His father, George Montegu Black, Jr., C.A., was the president of Canadian Breweries Limited, an international brewing conglomerate that had earlier absorbed Winnipeg Breweries (founded by George Black Sr.). Conrad Black’s mother was the former Jean Elizabeth Riley, a daughter of Conrad Stephenson Riley, whose father founded the Great-West Life Assurance Company, and a great-granddaughter of an early co-owner of the Daily Telegraph.
Conrad Black’s first marriage was to Joanna (born Shirley) Hishon of Montreal, who worked as a secretary in his brother Montegu’s brokerage office. The couple had two sons and a daughter.[4] The couple separated in 1991. Their divorce was finalized in 1992; the same year Black married Watford-born journalist Barbara Amiel. Black flattered Amiel, describing her variously as beautiful, brilliant, ideologically a robust spirit and chic, humorous and preternaturally sexy . Courtroom evidence revealed that the couple exchanged over 11,000 emails.[5]
Early life and career
Black was first educated at Upper Canada College (UCC), during which time, at age 8, he purchased shares in General Motors.[5] Six years later, according to Tom Bower’s biography Dancing on the Edge,[6] he was expelled from UCC for selling stolen exam papers. He then attended Trinity College School where he lasted less than a year, being expelled for insubordinate behaviour. Black eventually graduated from a small, now defunct, private school in Toronto called Thornton Hall, continuing on to post-secondary education at Carleton University (History, 1965). For a time, he attended Toronto’s Osgoode Hall Law School of York University; however, his studies ended when he failed exams after first year.[6] He completed a law degree at Université Laval (Law, 1970), and in 1973 completed a Master of Arts degree in history at McGill University.[7] Black’s thesis, later published as a biography, was on Quebec premier Maurice Duplessis.
Biographer George Toombs said of Black’s motivations: he was born into a very large family of athletic, handsome people. He wasn’t particularly athletic or handsome like they were, so he developed a different skill – wordplay, which he practised a lot with his father. [5] Black became involved in a number of businesses, mainly publishing newspapers, but briefly in mining. In 1966 Black bought his first newspaper, the Eastern Townships Advertiser in Quebec. Following the foundation, as an investment vehicle, of the Ravelston Corporation by the Black family in 1969, Black, together with friends David Radler and Peter G. White, purchased and operated the Sherbrooke Record, the small English language daily in Sherbrooke, Quebec. In 1971, the three formed Sterling Newspapers Limited, a holding company that would acquire several other small Canadian regional newspapers.
Corporate ownership through holding companies
George Black died in June 1976, leaving Conrad and his older brother, Montegu, a 22.4% stake in Ravelston Corp., which by then owned 61% voting control of Argus Corporation, an influential holding company in Canada. Argus controlled large stakes in 7 major Canadian corporations, Labrador Mining, Noranda Mines, Hollinger-Argus, Standard Broadcasting, Dominion Stores, Domtar and Massey-Ferguson.[8]
Through his father’s holdings in Ravelston, Conrad Black gained early association with two of Canada’s most prominent businessmen: John Angus Bud McDougald and E. P. Taylor, president and founder of Argus, respectively. Following McDougald’s death in 1978, Conrad Black paid $30-million to take control of Ravelston and thereby, control of Toronto based Argus. This controversial arrangement resulted in accusations that Black had taken advantage of the aging widows of Ravelston Directors McDougald and Eric Phillips. Other observers admired Black for marshaling enough investor support to win control without committing a large block of personal assets.[8]
Some of the Argus assets were already troubled, others did not fit Black’s long term vision. Black resigned as Chairman of the struggling Massey Ferguson company in 1979, after which Argus donated its shares to the employee union.[9] Hollinger Mines was then turned into a holding company that initially focused on resource businesses.[8]
In 1981 Norcen Energy, one of his companies, acquired a minority position in Ohio-based Hanna Mining Co. A filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission stated that Norcen took an investment position in Hanna. However, the filing failed to disclose that Norcen’s board planned to seek majority control. Black subsequently was charged by the SEC with filing misleading public statements, charges that were later withdrawn by consent decree after Black and Norcen agreed not to break securities laws in the future.
Dominion pension dispute
In 1984, Dominion Stores Ltd. withdrew over $56 million from the Dominion workers’ pension plan surplus without consulting plan members. The firm said it considered the surplus the rightful property of the employer (Dominion Stores Ltd.). = The Dominion Union complained, a public outcry ensued, and the case went to court. The Supreme Court of Ontario eventually ruled against the company, and ordered the company to return the money to the pension fund, claiming that though the most recent language in the plan suggested the employer had ownership of the surplus, the original intention was to keep the surplus in the plan to increase members’ benefits.[10] The company appealed the case all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada, which upheld the lower court’s decision.[11]
Industrial holdings shifted to publishing
Over time, Black focused formerly diverse activities of his companies on newspaper publishing. Argus Corporation, once Canada’s most important conglomerate, divested itself of interests in manufacturing, mining, retailing, banking and broadcasting. This enabled Canadian writer John Ralston Saul to argue in 2008, “Lord Black was never a real capitalist because he never created wealth, only dismantled wealth. …his career has been largely about stripping corporations. Destroying them. [12]
Growth and divestment of press holdings
In 1985, Andrew Knight, then editor of The Economist, asked Black to invest in the ailing Telegraph Group. By this investment, Black made his first entry into British press ownership. Five years later, he bought the Jerusalem Post, and subsequently fired the majority of its staff.[13] By 1990, his companies ran over 400 newspaper titles in North America, the preponderance of them small community papers.
Hollinger bought a minority stake in the Southam newspaper chain in 1993 and acquired the Chicago Sun Times in 1994. Hollinger International shares were listed on New York Stock Exchange in 1996, at which time the company boosted its stake in Southam to a control position. Becoming a public company trading in the U.S. has been called a fateful move, exposing Black’s empire to America’s more rigorous regulatory regime and its more aggressive institutional shareholders. [9]
Under Black, Hollinger launched the National Post in Toronto in 1998. From 1999 to 2000 Hollinger International sold several newspapers in five deals worth a total of US$679-million, a total that included millions of dollars in non-compete agreements for Hollinger insiders. Later in the year, Hollinger International announced the sale of thirteen major Canadian newspapers, 126 community newspapers, internet properties and half of the National Post to CanWest Global Communications Corp. Hollinger International sold the rest of the National Post to CanWest in the summer of 2001.
In May 2003, following shareholder complaints, a special committee appointed by Hollinger International directors began investigation of internal financial management, particularly compensation and fees paid directly and indirectly to Ravelston’s and Black’s associates. For example, in 2000, in an illegal and surreptitious arrangement that came to be known as the Lerner Exchange, Black acquired Chicago’s Lerner Newspapers and sold it to Hollinger.[14] The subsequent report supported allegations of impropriety and led to criminal investigations and ultimately, the unraveling of Conrad Black’s financial empire.
Black was called before the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in December, 2003 but he refused to answer questions about business dealings, citing his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. [15]
Black attempted to sell controlling interest in Hollinger International to British businessmen David and Frederick Barclay. The Hollinger board of directors sued to halt Black’s proposed transaction. In February, 2004, Delaware judge Leo E. Strine, Jr. barred the sale and wrote in his judgment, Black breached his fiduciary and contractual duties persistently and seriously… I found Black evasive and unreliable. His explanations of key events and of his own motivations do not have the ring of truth. [16]
Lifestyle
Born to a rich family, Black acquired the family home and 7 acres (28,000 m2) of land in Toronto’s exclusive Bridle Path neighbourhood after his father’s death in 1976. Black and first wife Joanna Hishon maintained luxurious homes in Palm Beach, Toronto and London. After he married Barbara Amiel, he acquired a luxury apartment in New York. Black’s Palm Beach mansion was listed for sale in 2004 at $36 million.[17] He previously owned an apartment on Park Avenue in New York. When sold in 2005, the U.S. Department of Justice seized net proceeds of $8.5 million, pending resolution of court actions.[18]
He also owned a London townhouse in the Kensington district and sold it in 2005 for about US$25 million.[19]
According to biographer Tom Bower, They flaunted their wealth. [6] Black’s critics, including former Daily Telegraph editor Charles Moore, suggested it was Black’s second wife, Amiel, who pushed him towards a life of opulence, citing extravagant expenditures such as items billed to Hollinger expenses that included $2,463 (£1,272) on handbags, $2,785 in opera tickets, and $140 for Amiel’s jogging attire. [5]
Black was ranked 238th wealthiest in Britain by the Sunday Times Rich List 2003,[20] with an estimated wealth of £136m. He was dropped from the 2004 list.[21]
Peerage controversy and citizenship
The Canadian Prime Minister originally prevented Black from receiving the British peerage offered on advice of British Prime Minister Tony Blair,[dubious – discuss] to be awarded by Queen Elizabeth II. Jean Chrétien referred to the 1919 Nickle Resolution, by which the Canadian House of Commons resolved that the Canadian Monarch should not confer titular honours on Canadians.
Black said he would accept the peerage as a British citizen instead, but Prime Minister Chrétien asserted nevertheless that the Queen should not bestow a titular honour on a Canadian. Black argued that the strict interpretation of the Nickle Resolution was payback for his political opinions and past criticism of Chrétien and sued him unsuccessfully. On appeal, the Court of Appeal for Ontario stated that the Prime Minister had a constitutional right to advise the Queen on exercising the Royal Prerogative.[22]
In 2001, Black renounced his citizenship of Canada, which he called an oppressive little world . Eric Reguly wrote in The Times, The great man fled his native Canada for Britain. He couldn’t wait to leave, he said, because Canada was turning into a Third World dump run by raving socialists. [23] Black’s lawyer, Eddie Greenspan, later stated Black’s citizenship: was stolen from him by spiteful former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien.[24]
Black was created a life peer as Baron Black of Crossharbour, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Baron Black sat as a member of the British Conservative Party until July 13, 2007, when he was denied the whip (effectively, expulsion from the Conservative benches) because of his conviction.
In September 2006, The Globe and Mail reported Black was taking steps to regain Canadian citizenship.[25] He may have desired this to qualify for prisoner exchange and benefit from Canadian early release policies[26] or to enable him to cross the border following a conviction. In a TVOntario interview, Black claimed, I always said that I would take my citizenship back, and if it wasn’t for all these legal problems, I would have done it by now. He told interviewer Steve Paikin that he was working through normal channels. [27] Black also said, I have settled into my new life as freedom fighter. It’s very interesting, it’s quite stimulating in a way, but it is an ordeal [28]
Even without Canadian citizenship, Black continues to be a member of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada, to which he was appointed by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn, on the advice of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, in 1992.[29] The full Privy Council meets very rarely and has no substantive power so the appointment is honorific.
Criminal fraud trial
Conrad Black
Charge(s) mail fraud, obstruction of justice
Penalty Sentenced to 6 1/2 years imprisonment
Status Incarcerated, appeal denied June 25, 2008 by 3-judge panel of 7th US Circuit Court of Appeals
May 2003, New York investment firm Tweedy Browne Co., which had an 18% stake in Hollinger International, demanded the company probe what it alleged to be excessive payments to Conrad Black and David Radler, and demanded disgorgement of the funds paid. [30]
In November 2003, under pressure, Black resigned as chief executive of Hollinger. By January 2004 the board of directors of Hollinger obtained Black’s resignation as chairman. Hollinger International filed a $200 million (USD) lawsuit against Black, David Radler and their associated companies.[31]
In August 2004, a special committee of the Board of Directors of Hollinger International Inc. made a report of investigation to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the U.S. District Court. The Breeden Report alleged that Black and associates had without proper authorization taken cash and other assets and benefits from Hollinger and had breached their fiduciary duties to Hollinger’s public majority, non-controlling shareholders. [32]
In November 2004, the SEC filed civil fraud lawsuits against Black and several others, alleging the defendants cheated and defrauded shareholders through a series of deceptive schemes and misstatements. [33]. One year later, eight criminal fraud charges were brought by the Chicago U. S. Attorney against Black and three former Hollinger executives. The U.S. Attorney laid four new charges against Black on 15 December 2005, alleging racketeering, obstruction of justice, money laundering and wire fraud. Under the racketeering count, the government sought forfeiture of more than $92,000,000 (USD). The obstruction count related to Black and his chauffeur removing boxes of documents from Hollinger offices in Toronto on June 9, 2005 contrary to a court order that prohibited removal.[34]
The criminal fraud trial of Black and three other Hollinger International executives commenced on 14 March 2007.[35]
Verdict and sentence
After twelve days of deliberation, on 13 July 2007, the jury found Black guilty of three counts of mail and wire fraud and one count of obstruction of justice and acquitted him of nine other charges, including wire fraud and racketeering. The fraud convictions related to money taken by the executives in exchange for their agreements to not compete with a Hollinger unit. Prosecutors said these were sham agreements. [36] Co-accused, Peter Y. Atkinson, John A. Boultbee and Mark Kipnis, were each found guilty of mail and wire fraud (David Radler had already pleaded guilty to fraud).[37]
On November 5, 2007, Judge Amy St. Eve denied Black’s bid for a new trial. On December 10, 2007, Black was sentenced to 78 months in jail.[38] Twelve weeks later, he lost a bid in the Court of Appeals to remain free on bail while appealing his convictions. Black requested to be housed in a minimum security prison camp near Miami but the Bureau of Prisons denied his request and instead ordered him to report to Coleman Federal Correctional Complex near Orlando, Florida on March 3, 2008 to begin serving his sentence. Unless his convictions are overturned on appeal, Black’s projected release date is October, 2013.
Reaction and consequences
Black told journalists he would continue his long war against the charges and said any conviction is unsatisfactory .[39] After the verdicts, Black’s Canadian lawyer Edward Greenspan said, The heart of their case was lost. However, former federal prosecutor and SEC enforcement lawyer Jacob Frenkel called it a stunning victory for the government and explained how a split verdict highlights for the appellate court that the jury was very thoughtful and thorough in its deliberations. [40]
Investigators hired by Hollinger companies have been examining more than forty bank accounts which may be, or may have been, held in the name of Black, his wife, or affiliated entities. According to court filings, Ravelston Corp. also had a subsidiary in Barbados called Argent News Inc. and another in Bermuda called Sugra Bermuda Ltd.[41] A report by a special committee of the board of Hollinger International Inc. said Black co-owned two Barbados companies, Moffat Management Inc. and Black-Amiel Management Inc., which both received millions of dollars in payments, the former allegedly owned by Black and his co-defendants, and the latter by Black, his wife and Boultbee.[42] In November, 2007, Sun-Times Media Group (ex-Hollinger) said in a regulatory filing that it had spent $107.7 million on legal fees and indemnification costs for criminal and civil actions involving Black, Boultbee, Kipniss and Atkinson. If appeals are unsuccessful, the company may seek to recover the money.[43]
After the verdict, New Democratic Party of Canada Member of Parliament Charlie Angus publicly called for Black’s expulsion from the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada and for his removal from the Order of Canada. The Toronto Star similarly called for Governor General Michaëlle Jean to remove Black from the Order.[44] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated that Black would have to go through regular channels to attempt to regain his Canadian citizenship, that membership in the Order of Canada is the purview of the Governor General and that decisions about the Privy Council would only take place after the legal process, including appeal, had been completed.[45]
Black’s ability to re-enter Canada is uncertain unless he obtains dispensation from the Canadian Government. Were he to regain residency, Canadian citizenship can’t be granted to those who are criminally inadmissible and neither the minister nor the Governor in Council (cabinet) can override that, according to an immigration department spokesperson.[46] The loss of his Canadian citizenship also makes it impossible for Black to be transferred to a Canadian prison where he would be eligible for parole much sooner than if he were to serve time in the United States.[46]
Appeal
Black’s oral arguments were heard June 5, 2008 by a three-judge panel of the 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. Andrew Frey argued that Black and his co-defendants did not steal from Hollinger when they authorized individual non-competition payments. Frey asserted that the monies were management fees and that Hollinger International shareholders were not hurt by the payments. Appeals judge Richard Posner said, The bulk of the evidence [in the Hollinger case] has to do with pretty naked fraud. [47] Posner was skeptical about defense arguments that Black did not obstruct justice by removing boxes from his Toronto office, commenting, The timing was bizarre, the removal of the documents in the middle of an investigation. [48] Three weeks later, on June 25, 2008, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the convictions[49] in a decision that called some of Black’s conduct at Hollinger ridiculous [50] and rejected all of the arguments raised by the defense. The appellate court found that the evidence established a conventional fraud, that is, a theft of money or other property from Hollinger by misrepresentations and misleading omissions … The panel affirmed the jury’s findings stating that, It is not as if Black had merely been using his power as controlling shareholder to elect a rubber-stamp board of directors or to approve a merger favorable to him at the expense of the minority shareholders … He was acting in his capacity as the CEO of Hollinger when he ordered (Mark) Kipnis to draft the covenants not to compete and when he duped the audit committee and submitted a false 10-K. [51]
Prosecutor Eric Sussman replied to news of the initial appeal decision saying, I think at some point in time Mr. Black needs to take a hard look in the mirror and ask who it is that really doesn’t understand the conduct that took place in this case…You’ve got 16 people who have taken a look at the facts and the law in a very detailed and time-consuming way, and they have all reached the same conclusion, which is that he stole money from this company and he tried to obstruct the investigation. [52]
Black added Harvard professor Alan Dershowitz to his law team and asked the 7th Circuit Court to reconsider the appeal decision. August 21, the court declined reconsideration. According to lawyer Andrew Frey, Black has until November 12 to ask the U.S. Supreme Court to hear an appeal. [53] [54][51][55] In June 2008, he ruled out trying to obtain a presidential pardon from George W. Bush,[51] however he later applied for one in November of the same year. [56] The final acts of clemency of Bush’s presidency were announced on his last full day of office, January 19, 2009. Black’s name was not included in the list of commuted sentences.[57][58][59]
On January 9, 2009, it was reported that Black’s lawyers have filed a petition with the U.S. Supreme Court to hear an appeal to overturn his conviction. Jacob Frenkel, a former US prosecutor who has followed the case, told Canadian Press that the appeal was unlikely to succeed saying that it must get through a proverbial door with such a small crack that the likelihood of getting in is negligible. [60] The Supreme Court is expected to announce its decision on hearing the petition on March 13, 2009.[61]
Imprisonment
In August 2008, Black’s wife, journalist Barbara Amiel, defended her husband in a lengthy article first published by Maclean’s then in The Sunday Times[62]. In a blog published on the Financial Times website, John Gapper writes that this defence had an entertainingly deranged quality since Lady Amiel (sic) admits no wrong, on behalf of either of the pair, and is contemptuous about almost everyone else’s behaviour [63].
On August 23 2008, Black authored a piece in the National Post about the experience of jail. He still claims to be mistakenly convicted and asserts The bunk about a lavish lifestyle was disbelieved and rejected by the jury. He believes that time will show the Canadian and American justice systems were disgraced by his conviction, not him. He adds, But someone has to resist the putrification of justice in these jurisdictions, and if someone of my means doesn’t, who will? [64]
Black writes: If saintly men like Gandhi could choose to clean latrines, and Thomas More could voluntarily wear a hair shirt, this experience won’t kill me. Robert Fisk, writing in The Independent says, Now when Uncle Conrad likens himself to the assassinated Mahatma, the apostle of India, that is mere hubris. But when he compares himself to England’s greatest Catholic martyr, a man of saintly honour if ruthless conviction, this is truly weird. [65]
In 2008 Black wrote to the Canadian Press, commenting that, I am doing fine. This (Coleman Federal Prison) is a safe and civilized place, and I don’t anticipate any difficulty. [66]
Books and other publications
As a young man, Black wrote a thesis on Quebec’s controversial long-serving premier, Maurice Duplessis, which was subsequently published in 1977 as a laudatory biography, entitled Duplessis (ISBN 0-7710-1530-5).
Black published an autobiography in 1993, titled A Life in Progress (ISBN 9781550135206).
While Black was CEO of Hollinger International, the company spent millions of dollars purchasing collections of private papers of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[67]. Black subsequently completed a 1,280-page biography, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Champion of Freedom (ISBN 978-1586481841), in 2003.[68]
In 2004, Black wrote an essay on the possible results had the Japanese not bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941, for the imaginary history book What Might Have Been [69] edited by Andrew Roberts.
Published in 2007, Black’s Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full (ISBN 978-1586485191), is a biography of US President Richard Nixon that runs 1,152 pages. One reviewer wrote that Black provided exculpatory gloss for seemingly every grimy facet of Nixon’s career. [70]
From jail, Black promises that his next book will tell how his business empire was destroyed while court-protected managers enriched themselves and eradicated shareholder value. He says, The judiciary and regulators in both countries are complicit in these events. They will have much to answer for. This is the real story, and I will publish it soon. [71]
In the November issue of Spear’s magazine, Black wrote a diary piece from jail,[72] detailing ‘the putrification of the US justice system’ and how ‘the bloom is off my long-notorious affection for America’.
Biographies and portrayal in popular culture
* The documentary film Citizen Black, which premiered at the 2004 Montreal and Cambridge film festivals, traces Black’s life and filmmaker Debbie Melnyk’s attempts in 2003 to interview Black, and her eventual interview.[73] US prosecutors subpoenad unused footage of a 2003 shareholders meeting for use in Black’s trial.[74]
* Canadian actor Albert Schultz portrayed Black in the 2006 CTV movie Shades of Black.
* Tom Bower’s biography Conrad and Lady Black: Dancing on the Edge (ISBN 0007232349) was published in 2006 by Harper Collins. It was republished in August 2007 with an additional chapter reporting on the trial and its outcomes.
* There is talk of two dramas based on his life: one from Tom Bower and Andrew Lloyd Webber and another from Alistair Beaton.[75]
* The last authorized portrait busts of Conrad Black and Barbara Amiel were created between 2001-2002 by Canadian sculptor Dr. Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook and arranged by noted Canadian artist Christian Corbet.
* A book Robber Baron: Lord Black of Crossharbour was published in 2007 by ECW press and written by George Tombs. Isbn 978-1-55022-806-9
References
1. ^ BBC News Conrad Black: Where did it all go wrong February 27, 2004
2. ^ [http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/868512/000095012304010413/y01437exv99w2.htm Hollinger Report to the SEC
3. ^ BBC News Business: Conrad Black convicted of fraud July 13, 2007
4. ^ thePeerage.com – Main Page
5. ^ a b c d Clark, Andrew: At some level, he’s still asking the same question as he was when he was seven or eight – who am I? The Guardian, March 16, 2007
6. ^ a b c Bower, Tom: Conrad & Lady Black – Dancing on the Edge (London: HarperPress, 2006),
7. ^ CBC News: Conrad Black: Timeline Updated June 5, 2008
8. ^ a b c Francis, D. (1986). Controlling Interest – Who Owns Canada. Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 0-7715-9744-4.
9. ^ a b Olive, David A Conrad Black timeline , Toronto Star, March 11, 2007, accessed June 9, 2008
10. ^ Canadian Labour Congress: Dominion Food Stores
11. ^ Randall, Jeff; BBC Money Programme: Nine News: The Rise and Fall of Citizen Black; November 21, 2004
12. ^ Gessell, Paul Saul’s Ottawa ‘Truths’ The Ottawa Citizen, September 18 2008
13. ^ Hollinger Hell: Jerusalem Post Suit Filed Here
14. ^ Hollinger International Inc – 8-K – EX-99.2 . SEC Info. 2004-08-30. http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.1A52.c.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
15. ^ CBC News Conrad Black: Timeline
16. ^ Herman, Eric Judge stymies Black Chicago Sun-Times, February 27, 2004
17. ^ CBC News: Conrad Black charged . . . cbcnews.ca November 17, 2005
18. ^ U.S.D.O.J. Press Release December 15, 2005
19. ^ Timmons, Heather: Conrad Black sells London townhouse International Herald Tribune, May 20 2005
20. ^ The Sunday Times Rich List 2003
21. ^ The Sunday Times Rich List 2004
22. ^ Black v Chrétien: suing a Minister of the Crown for abuse of power, misfeasance in public office and negligence
23. ^ Black is back and ready for a fight… – Times Online
24. ^ Eddie Greenspan ’68 Confident Conrad Black will Win in Court
25. ^ Perkins, Tara New law could block Black’s citizenship bid globeandmail.com November 26 2005
26. ^ Tedesko, Theresa Conrad Black’s defence readies for U.S. Supreme Court appeal Canwest News Service, July 17 2008
27. ^ CBC News: Conrad Black wants to be Canadian again September 26, 2006
28. ^ http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/September2006/22/c9085.html
29. ^ The Nixon Center: The European Union, Britain and the United States: Which Way to Go?
30. ^ Olive, David A Conrad Black Timeline TheStar.com Mar 11, 2007
31. ^ BBC News: Conrad Black: Where did it all go wrong?; February 27, 2004
32. ^ http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/868512/000095012304010413/y01437exv99w2.htm
33. ^ BBC News: Lord Black is charged with fraud; November 15, 2004
34. ^ CTV.ca | Black guilty on 4 charges, including obstruction
35. ^ Waldie, Paul; The Globe and Mail: Trump may testify for Black; March 14, 2007
36. ^ Harris, Andrew Conrad Black’s Guilty Verdict . . . Bloomberg.com May 2, 2008
37. ^ CBC News: Conrad Black guilty of obstruction and mail fraud; July 13, 2007
38. ^ CBC News Conrad Black sentenced to 78 months in jail; December 10, 2007
39. ^ Waldie, Paul; The Globe and Mail: Black gets bail – but is confined to U.S.; July 19, 2007
40. ^ Fall of an arrogant fraud: What really brought down the empire of Conrad Black? – Americas, World – Independent.co.uk
41. ^ Wisniewski, Barbara; Chicago Sun Times: The hunt for Conrad’s cash; July 19, 2007
42. ^ Waldie, Paul; McNish, Jacquie; Leeder, Jessica; The Globe and Mail: Global hunt heightens for Black assets; July 19, 2007
43. ^ Waldie, Paul Globe and Mail Report on Business The legal bill so far… Nov 22, 2007
44. ^ Editorial; Toronto Star: Strip Black of honour; July 19, 2007
45. ^ CTV News: Harper says he won’t help Black return to Canada; July 18, 2007
46. ^ a b Canadian Press, July 13, 2007
47. ^ Chandler, Susan: Judges appear cool to Black appeal , Chicago Tribune, June 6, 2008
48. ^ Westhead, Rick, Court hears Black appeal, Toronto Star, June 6, 2008
49. ^ Appellate Court Decision
50. ^ Waldie, Paul, Appeal court rejects all arguments for Black , Globe and Mail, June 25, 2008
51. ^ a b c Westhead, Rick, Black has one card left to play , Toronto Star, June 26, 2008
52. ^ Bell, Douglas, Denied: Posner’s wry prose more or less sends Black to jail until 2013 , Toronto Life, June 26, 2008
53. ^ Harris, Andrew Conrad Black Loses Bid for Appeals Court Rehearing Bloomberg.com
54. ^ Tedesco, Theresa, Black’s defence readies for Supreme Court appeal , Financial Post, July 16, 2008
55. ^ Wisniewski, Mary Appeals Court upholds Conrad Black’s conviction Chicago Sun-Times, June 25, 2008
56. ^ Valdmanis, Richard, Jailed press baron Black seeks Bush pardon: report , Reuters, Nov. 20, 2008
57. ^ http://www.newsweek.com/id/180448
58. ^ http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/01/19/bush-commutes-sentences-border-patrol-agents/
59. ^ Bush fails to pardon Conrad Black, Toronto Star, January 20, 2009
60. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2009/01/09/black-appeal.html
61. ^ http://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/595556
62. ^ Conrad and I were betrayed Sunday Times 10 August 2008
63. ^ Barbara Amiel’s laughable defence of Conrad Black John Gapper – Financial Times 11 August 2008
64. ^ Black, Conrad On strip searches and fellow inmates National Post, August 23 2008
65. ^ Fisk, Robert Why do we keep letting the politicians get away with lies The Independent, August 30 2008
66. ^ Chicago Sun-Times Conrad Black says prison life ‘safe and civilized’ March 24, 2008
67. ^ Fine Books & Collections Magazine
68. ^ The Lord of Springwood – New York Times
69. ^ ISBN 978-0753818732
70. ^ New Yorker Books Briefly Noted
71. ^ Black, Conrad On strip searches and fellow inmates National Post, August 23 2008
72. ^ http://www.spearswms.com/good-life/diary/4411/exclusive-conrad-blacks-jail-diary.thtml
73. ^ DeWolf Smith, Nancy; The Wall Street Journal: Citizen Black : An entertaining documentary; February 17, 2006
74. ^ Wisniewski, Mary; Chicago Sun Times: Prosecutors to see ‘Citizen Black’ footage; November 23, 2006
75. ^ Pendennis: Oliver Marre | 7 Days | The Observer
External links
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Conrad Black
* SEC – Breeden Report Complete 512-page copy of the Report of Investigation by the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of Hollinger International Inc.
* Inmate Locator showing Black’s current location within the Bureau of Prisons system
* Conrad Black’s apologia for Richard Nixon : a review in the TLS by Anthony Holden, August 8 2007
* Conrad Black profile from NNDB
* Conrad Black profile from RightWeb
* Lord Black of Crossharbour: The Life and Times of Conrad Black CBC, documentary originally aired 24 March 2005
* Conrad Black at IdeaCity on CITY-TV
* A Conrad Black timeline, thestar.com, May 11 2007
* Links to Appeal Court Oral Arguments (mp3) and Opinion (pdf)
* Conrad Black’s full-length jail diary
* From my cell I scent the reeking soul of US justice
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Black
Categories: 1944 births | British businesspeople | British fraudsters | Jailed UK peers | British criminals | White-collar criminals | British mass media owners | Canadian newspaper publishers (people) of the 20th century | British newspaper publishers (people) of the 20th century | British newspaper publishers (people) of the 21st century | Corporate scandals | Canadian Business Hall of Fame | Canadian historians | British biographers | Upper Canada College alumni | Carleton University alumni | Historians of the United States | McGill University alumni | Université Laval alumni | People from Toronto | People from Montreal | Ontario writers | Converts to Roman Catholicism | Canadian Roman Catholics | Life peers | Officers of the Order of Canada | Members of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada | Living people
Hidden categories: All pages needing cleanup | Articles with disputed statements from March 2009
* This page was last modified on 9 March 2009, at 06:37.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Black
***
Argus Corporation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Argus Corporation, based in Toronto, Ontario, is an investment and holding company founded in 1945 by its President E. P. Taylor with minority partners Colonel W. Eric Phillips and Wallace McCutcheon and other investors.
Argus was once Canada’s most powerful conglomerate; by the 1970s it controlled Canadian Breweries, Dominion Stores, Hollinger Mines, Crown Trust, Domtar, Standard Broadcasting and Massey-Ferguson, as well as having control or significant shareholdings in other Canadian companies such as Dominion Malting Co., Orange Crush Ltd. and British Columbia Forest Products Limited.
By 1969, E.P. Taylor was satisfied to allow the very capable Bud McDougald to run operations. The company became so powerful that it was a focal point of the 1975 Royal Commission on Corporate Concentration.
Following the death of Bud McDougald, in 1978 his widow sold her shares to Conrad Black which gave him effective voting control. Black and his associates sold off most of the assets. In 2005 Argus controls only Black’s Toronto-based holding company Hollinger Inc. Argus itself is controlled by Ravelston Corporation Limited — itself a holding company controlled until 2005 by Black and his long-time associate David Radler.
See also
* Conrad Black
References
* Argus Corporation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_Corporation
***
David Radler
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
F. David Radler (born 1944 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian executive and close associate of Conrad Black for 36 years. Radler was once president of Ravelston Corporation, a privately owned corporation owned by Black and Radler to control their former newspaper empire. Ravelston owned Argus Corporation which in turn controlled Chicago-based Hollinger International. In 2005 14.1% of Ravelston was owned by Radler.
Contents
* 1 Career
* 2 Controversy
* 3 References
* 4 External links
Career
Radler graduated from Queen’s University in 1967 with a Master’s degree in Business Administration.[citation needed] In the 1980s Radler was in charge of the sale of Argus Corporation’s Dominion supermarket chain to The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, or A&P. As well, Radler was once based in Chicago to help Black’s media business — managed under Chicago-based Hollinger International) in the United States– as publisher of the Chicago Sun-Times newspaper and president and chief operating officer of Hollinger International.
Controversy
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After buying up the London Daily Telegraph, the Chicago Sun-Times, the Jerusalem Post, the Southam chain of Canadian newspapers and hundreds of small American newspapers, Hollinger International began to suffer from financial strain in the late 1990s. Radler and Black then sold off hundreds of their Canadian and American newspapers. Radler, who has lived in Vancouver, British Columbia, since the early 70’s, created a company called Horizon Publications Inc. This bought up some of the American newspapers owned by Hollinger International.
After controversy developed in 2003-2004 concerning $32,000,000 of ‘non-compete’ payments made to Black and Radler in the sale of Hollinger newspapers, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (and Canadian authorities as well) announced that Black and Radler were under investigation for their involvement.
Radler was eventually charged with five counts of mail fraud and two counts of wire fraud. On September 20, 2005, Radler pleaded guilty in a Chicago court to one count of mail fraud in relation to the ‘non-compete’ payments.
These payments had been diverted by Radler to a company controlled by himself and Black, Horizon Publications Inc. By disguising the payments as ‘non-compete’ payments, non sales proceeds, Radler took advantage of a Canadian tax ruling that made them tax-exempt. The prosecution argued that these moneys belonged to Hollinger International, and had been improperly and secretly diverted to Black and Radler. Radler was sentenced to a fine of $250,000 and a term of 29 months in prison. He began serving his sentence on February 25, 2008 in Pennsylvania, but is expected to request a transfer to the Canadian prison system. He had been assisting the prosecution in the investigation of his former business partner. Black is currently being tried on the many charges; his trial began in Chicago in March 2007. Patrick Fitzgerald is the lead prosecutor in the Black case, and Black is represented by a legal team which includes Toronto lawyer Edward Greenspan.
In the fall of 2005, Queen’s University, Radler’s alma mater, returned the financial donation which Radler had given to its School of Business. It was widely reported at the time that a Toronto hospital had no intention of returning Conrad Black’s financial gift. This prompted some to question the wisdom of Queen’s returning David Radler’s generous donation. The business school, for its part, explained that the charge that Mr Radler had pleaded guilty to was very serious and not congruent with the values of the school and those it teaches.
On March 18, 2007, it was reported that Mr. Radler had signed a settlement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that will see him pay a penalty of almost US$29 million and prevent him from acting as an officer or director of any public company in the United States. The next day, it was announced that Mr. Radler has settled with the Sun-Times Media Group, agreeing to pay them $64.1 million. The news of the SEC settlement sparked protest from the defense at the Conrad Black trial; the defense claimed that such news would negatively influence the jury.
Radler started serving his 29-month sentence for fraud on February 25, 2008 by reporting to a Pennsylvania prison. He was turned over to Canadian authorities on September 18, 2008. It is believed that he was being held in a penal facility in British Columbia, although this cannot be confirmed.[1]
On Dec. 15, 2008, David Radler was granted a full parole and released from the Canadian penal facility in which he was being held. He served only 10 months of a 29 month sentence. He was released on the grounds that he was unlikely to commit an offence involving violence before his sentence expired. The board said it was limited to considering only the matter of physical violence and could not consider the financial devastation caused by his crimes or the many victims of these crimes left in its wake. [2] Mr. Radler is now back at work in his office in Vancouver running his business, the Alberta Newspaper Group.[3]
References
1. ^ http://www.nationalpost.com/related/topics/story.html?id=851886.
2. ^ David Radler released on parole
3. ^ Radler plans to pen a business primer
* Ravelston case
* Guardian Unlimited Special Report – Conrad Black, Hollinger and the Telegraph Ongoing archive collection of news and analysis.
* U.S. SEC – Breeden Report Complete 512-page copy of the Report of Investigation by the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of Hollinger International Inc.
* Black fired, faces $200M lawsuit In 2004 Black faced a number of law suits from investors and others claiming highly inappropriate financial dealings as well as audit fraud concerning circulation at his papers.
* Wrong Way: The Fall of Conrad Black, by Jacquie McNish & Sinclair Stewart, published by Viking Canada/Penguin Group (2004)
External links
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: David Radler
* Inmate Locator showing Radler’s current location within the Bureau of Prisons system
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Radler
Categories: 1944 births | British businesspeople | Canadian businesspeople | Canadian fraudsters | Canadian Jews | Living people | Newspaper executives | People from Chicago, Illinois | Queen’s University alumni
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Radler
***
Raymond G. H. Seitz
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Raymond Seitz)
The Honorable Raymond George Hardenbergh Seitz is a former career diplomat and U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom. He was born in Honolulu, Hawaii on December 8, 1940. He graduated from Yale University in 1963, where he was a member of Wolf’s Head Society, with a BA in history, following which he spent 2 years teaching in Dallas, Texas. He joined the US Foreign Service in 1966. He was the first career diplomat in modern history to be made Ambassador to the UK – the post is usually given to a political appointee.
Contents
* 1 Career
* 2 Retirement
* 3 Honorary degrees
* 4 Awards
* 5 Publications
* 6 Trivia
* 7 Notes
Career
* First posting was in Montreal, Canada as Consular Officer.
* In 1968 he was assigned to Nairobi, Kenya as Political Officer, serving concurrently as Vice-Consul in the Seychelle Islands.
* After 2 Years as Principal Officer in Bukavu, Zaire, he returned to the State Department in 1972 to be appointed Director of the Secretariat Staff under Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.
* He subsequently served as Special Assistant to the Director General of the Foreign Service.
* In 1975 he was assigned for the first time to the US Embassy in London as First Secretary.
* In 1978 he received the Director General’s Award for Reporting.
* He returned to Washington 1979 as Deputy Executive Secretary to the Department of State, serving in the offices of Secretaries of State Vance, Muskie, & Haig.
* In October 1981, he became Deputy Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs.
* In July 1982, Secretary of State George Schultz appointed him Executive Assistant to the Secretary of State.
* 3 years later, he returned to the London Embassy as Minister.
* In 1986 & 1988 he received the Presidential Award for Meritorious Service.
* President Bush nominated him as Assistant Secretary of State for Europe and Canada in June 1989.
* He served in this capacity until his nomination by the President as Ambassador.
* On completion of his term as Assistant Secretary of State, the Federal Republic of Germany conferred on Ambassador Seitz the Knight Commander’s Cross.
* He was sworn in as ambassador by Secretary of State James Baker on April 25, 1991, and presented his credentials to Queen Elizabeth II on June 25, 1991.
* On May 10, 1994, he simultaneously resigned from his post as Ambassador, and from the US Foreign Service, following a career of 28 years.
Retirement
Since retiring from the foreign service, he has held numerous directorships, governorships, and trusteeships. He was Senior Managing Director at Lehman Brothers International from 1995-1996, and Vice-Chairman from 1996-2003. He has held non-executive directorships on the boards of British Airways, Hong Kong Telecom, Marconi, General Electric Co, Rio Tinto Group and Cable & Wireless. As of November 2004, he is currently on the boards of the Chubb Group, PCCW, and Hollinger International.
He was a trustee of the National Gallery between 1996 and 2001. He is a current governor of the Ditchley Foundation.
He is a former trustee of the Royal Academy of Arts and the World Monuments Fund. He is a former member of the Advisory Council of the Institute for International Studies at Stanford University.
He is married with three children.
Honorary degrees
He has received a number of honorary degrees, among them:
* Honorary Doctor of Public Administration, The American International University in London (Richmond), 1992
* Honorary Doctor of Laws, Reading University (UK), 1992
* Honorary Doctor of Civil Law, University of Durham (UK), 1994
* Honorary Doctor of Laws, Leicester University (UK), 23 July 1999
* Honorary Doctor of Civil Law, University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK), 13 October 1999
He has also received honorary degrees from the universities of Bath, Buckingham, Heriot-Watt, Royal Holloway, Leeds, and the Open University.
Awards
* 1995: Awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal by the Royal Society of Arts.
* 1999: Awarded the Churchill Medal of Honour by the English-Speaking Union.
* 1999: Became the first American citizen ever to be awarded the Freedom of the City of London.
* 2001: Elected as an Honorary Freeman of the Merchant Taylors’ Company.
Publications
He has written several articles for the Daily Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph, The Times and The Literary Review, as well as broadcasting several essays for the BBC. He published his first book, Over Here in 1998, an autobiographical review of his time as Ambassador and life in the UK.
Trivia
Harold Pinter writes that Raymond G. H. Seitz: had a very good reputation as a rational, responsible and highly sophisticated man. He was greatly respected in diplomatic circles .[1]. However, he also adds the following details of a conversation between Seitz and himself at a meeting at the US embassy in London in the late 1980s.:
The United States Congress was about to decide whether to give more money to the Contras in their campaign against the state of Nicaragua. I was a member of a delegation speaking on behalf of Nicaragua but the most important member of this delegation was a Father John Metcalf.
The leader of the US body was Raymond Seitz (then number two to the ambassador, later ambassador himself). Father Metcalf said: ‘Sir, I am in charge of a parish in the north of Nicaragua. My parishioners built a school, a health centre, a cultural centre. We have lived in peace. A few months ago a Contra force attacked the parish. They destroyed everything: the school, the health centre, the cultural centre. They raped nurses and teachers, slaughtered doctors, in the most brutal manner. They behaved like savages. Please demand that the US government withdraw its support from this shocking terrorist activity.’
Raymond Seitz had a very good reputation as a rational, responsible and highly sophisticated man. He was greatly respected in diplomatic circles. He listened, paused and then spoke with some gravity. ‘Father,’ he said, ‘let me tell you something. In war, innocent people always suffer.’
There was a frozen silence. We stared at him. He did not flinch. Innocent people, indeed, always suffer. Finally somebody said: ‘But in this case innocent people were the victims of a gruesome atrocity subsidised by your government, one among many. If Congress allows the Contras more money further atrocities of this kind will take place. Is this not the case? Is your government not therefore guilty of supporting acts of murder and destruction upon the citizens of a sovereign state?’
Seitz was imperturbable. ‘I don’t agree that the facts as presented support your assertions,’ he said. As we were leaving the Embassy a US aide told me that he enjoyed my plays. I did not reply.[2]
Notes
1. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2005/pinter-lecture-e.html
2. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2005/dec/08/theatre.nobelprize
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Henry Catto U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
1991–1994 Succeeded by
William J. Crowe, Jr.
Flag of the United States United States Ambassadors to the United Kingdom Flag of the United Kingdom
Ministers Plenipotentiary to
the Court of St. James’s
1785-1811
John Adams 1785-1788 A Thomas Pinckney 1792-1796 A Rufus King 1796-1803 A James Monroe 1803-1807 A William Pinkney 1808-1811 A Jonathan Russell (chargé d’affaires) 1811-1812
Envoys Extraordinary and
Ministers Plenipotentiary to
the Court of St. James’s
1815-1893
John Quincy Adams 1815-1817 A Richard Rush 1818-1825 A Rufus King 1825-1826 A Albert Gallatin 1826-1827 A James Barbour 1828-1829 A Louis McLane 1829-1831 A Martin Van Buren 1831-1832 A Aaron Vail (chargé d’affaires) 1832-1836 A Andrew Stevenson 1836-1841 A Edward Everett 1841-1845 A Louis McLane 1845-1846 A George Bancroft 1846-1849 A Abbott Lawrence 1849-1852 A Joseph R. Ingersoll 1852-1853 A James Buchanan 1853-1856 A George M. Dallas 1856-1861 A Charles Adams, Sr. 1861-1868 A Reverdy Johnson 1868-1869 A John Lothrop Motley 1869-1870 A Robert C. Schenck 1871-1876 A Edwards Pierrepont 1876-1877 A John Welsh 1877-1879 A James Russell Lowell 1880-1885 A Edward J. Phelps 1885-1889 A Robert T. Lincoln 1889-1893
Ambassadors Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary to
the Court of St. James’s
1893-present
Thomas F. Bayard, Sr. 1893-1897 A John Hay 1897-1898 A Joseph Choate 1899-1905 A Whitelaw Reid 1905-1912 A Walter Page 1913-1918 A John W. Davis 1918-1921 A George Harvey 1921-1923 A Frank B. Kellogg 1924-1925 A Alanson B. Houghton 1925-1929 A Charles G. Dawes 1929-1931 A Andrew W. Mellon 1932-1933 A Robert Bingham 1933-1937 A Joseph P. Kennedy 1938-1940 A John G. Winant 1941-1946 A W. Averell Harriman 1946 A Lewis W. Douglas 1947-1950 A Walter S. Gifford 1950-1953 A Winthrop W. Aldrich 1953-1957 A John Hay Whitney 1957-1961 A David K. E. Bruce 1961-1969 A Walter H. Annenberg 1969-1974 A Elliot L. Richardson 1975-1976 A Anne Armstrong 1976-1977 A Kingman Brewster, Jr. 1977-1981 A John J. Louis, Jr. 1981-1983 A Charles H. Price II 1983-1989 A Henry E. Catto, Jr. 1989-1991 A Raymond G. H. Seitz 1991-1994 A William J. Crowe, Jr. 1994-1997 A Philip Lader 1997-2001 A William S. Farish III 2001-2004 A Robert H. Tuttle 2005-
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_G._H._Seitz
Categories: 1940 births | Living people | United States ambassadors to the United Kingdom
* This page was last modified on 31 December 2008, at 17:54.
* All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Seitz
***
Sun-Times Media Group
November 17, 2003
* Conrad Black resigns as Chairman after an internal inquiry alleges that Black had received more than $7 million in unauthorized payments of company funds.
January 14, 2004
* Hollinger International files a US$200 million lawsuit against Conrad Black and David Radler.
October 2005
* Gordon A. Paris, Chairman of the Board of Directors, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
* Paul B. Healy, Vice President, Corporate Development and Investor Relations
* Peter K. Lane, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
* Robert T. Smith, Treasurer
* James R. Van Horn, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
* John Cruickshank, Chief Operating Officer, Head of the Chicago Group
* Members of the board of directors: Gordon Paris, Richard Burt, Daniel Colson, Cyrus Freidheim, Henry Kissinger, Shmuel Meitar, John O’Brien, Richard Perle, Graham Savage, Raymond Seitz, and James R. Thompson.
November 2006
* Cyrus Freidheim is hired as President and CEO.
February 2009
* Cyrus Freidheim resigns as CEO after New York-based hedge fund Davidson Kempner forces the ousting of all but one member of the Board of Directors.
* Jeremy Halbreich becomes the new chairman and interim chief executive.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollinger_International
***
Allouetta, gentille allouetta. Allouetta, gentille plumerai.
***
Graham Savage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sir (Edward) Graham Savage CB (born August 31 1886, Erpingham – 1981, Islington) was an English civil servant who largely invented the concept of comprehensive schools and originated the phrase.
Contents
* 1 Career
o 1.1 Comprehensive schools
o 1.2 Outcome of his work
* 2 See also
Career
He became a schoolteacher and later and educational administrator. He became an education officer for London County Council.
Comprehensive schools
In the 1920s he visited America specifically the states of New York and Ohio, and was impressed by the democratic nature of the high schools in terms of social diversity, although overall academic performance of such schools was less well-researched; it was of secondary interest. The Labour Party had been a champion of grammar schools in the 1940s, but by the 1950s had begun to look at Graham Savage’s ideas instead which had been implemented partly in London.
Outcome of his work
In later life he came to realise that the overall lowering of educational standards of comprehensive schools was more than the marginal amount he had predicted in 1928.
See also
* Debates on the grammar school
* Tripartite System
* Anthony Crosland
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Savage
Categories: 1886 births | 1981 deaths | English schoolteachers | People from Norfolk | English educationists | English civil servants
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Savage
*
***
James Robert Thompson, Jr. (born May 8, 1936), also known as Big Jim Thompson , was the longest-serving Governor of the U.S. state of Illinois.[1] A Republican, Thompson was elected to four consecutive terms (the first of which was a transitional two-year term, as Illinois changed to an off-Presidential year gubernatorial election), and held the office for 14 years. Many years after leaving public office, he re-entered the spotlight as a member of the 9/11 Commission, gaining notoriety for his strong disagreements with former counter-terrorism czar Richard A. Clarke.[2]
Contents
* 1 Early life and career
* 2 Governor of Illinois
* 3 Private sector career
* 4 Post-gubernatorial political activities
* 5 References
* 6 External links
* 7 Scholarly Secondary Source
Early life and career
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Thompson studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago Navy Pier campus, and received his A.B. from Washington University in St. Louis. He received his J.D. from Northwestern University in 1959.
Prior to becoming governor, he worked in the Cook County state’s attorney’s office, taught at Northwestern University’s law school and was appointed by President Nixon to serve as U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. As a federal prosecutor in the early 1970s, he obtained a conviction against former Governor Otto Kerner, Jr., for his use of improper influence on behalf of the racetrack industry. He also tried and convicted many of Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley’s top aides, most notably Alderman Tom Keane and County Clerk Matt Danaher, on various corruption charges. People like Keane and Danaher, the Mayor’s point man on patronage were also major figures in the Cook County Democratic Party’s political machine. These high-profile cases gave Thompson the celebrity which fueled his run for governor in 1976. To the chagrin of many, Thompson was very bipartisan in his attacks on corruption in Cook County and Chicago. He not only prosecuted ultra high profile Democrats, but also prominent Republicans such as County Commissioner Floyd Fulle and former U. S. Senate candidate, William Renchalier. Organized crime in Chicago was harder for his unit to crack and there were few high profile cases during his era.
Governor of Illinois
In the 1976 election, he won 65 percent of the vote over Democratic Secretary of State Michael Howlett, for a two-year term. Thompson was the first candidate for Governor to receive over 3 million votes, and his tally of 3,000,395 remains the highest number of votes ever cast for a candidate in an election for Governor of Illinois. Thompson was re-elected to a four-year term in 1978 with 60 percent of the vote, defeating State Comptroller Michael Bakalis. In 1982, Thompson was very narrowly re-elected over former U.S. Senator Adlai E. Stevenson III; Thompson decisively defeated him in their re-match four years later. Thompson was accused of hiding the sad shape that Illinois’ economy and budget were in while campaigning, but once elected, calling for an emergency session of the Illinois Legislature to address the crisis.
Governor Thompson observing a military exercise, July 1986
On November 12, 1980, Thompson, by his executive order, instituted a hiring freeze for all state agencies, boards, bureaus, and commissions under his control as governor. The order affected approximately 60,000 state positions. These positions could only be filled if the candidates were first approved by an office created by Thompson, the Governor’s Office of Personnel. The practice essentially consisted of denying the hiring of persons not affiliated with the Republican Party by conducting inquiries into past Republican Party affiliation and possible future pledges of loyalty. Suit was brought and the Supreme Court held this political patronage practice unconstitutional as a violation of the First Amendment rights of low-level public employees in Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62 (1990).
In 1993, the State of Illinois Center in Chicago was renamed the James R. Thompson Center to honor the former governor.
Private sector career
Since 1993, Thompson has served as chairman and CEO of Winston & Strawn LLP, a large Chicago law firm. As chairman and CEO of Winston & Strawn, Thompson practices in the area of government relations and regulatory affairs as well as in international and domestic corporate and litigation matters. The firm has lobbied for American Airlines, and he has previously represented United Airlines.[citation needed]
Winston & Strawn is the same firm that represented former Illinois Governor George Ryan pro bono against federal charges relating to the Licenses-for-Bribes scandal during Ryan’s tenure as Illinois Governor and Secretary of State. On April 17, 2006, George Ryan was convicted on all 18 counts, which included racketeering, misusing state resources for political gain, and fraud. He was sentenced to 6 1/2 years in federal prison and began serving his sentence on November 7, 2007.
Thompson is also a director and head of the Audit Committee for Hollinger International, the media company founded by convicted fraudster Conrad Black (it is also now the subject of a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation).
Post-gubernatorial political activities
In 2002 he was appointed to serve on the 9/11 Commission, where he aggressively questioned Richard Clarke, the former chief counter terrorism adviser on the United States National Security Council.[2] The report of the commission was released on July 22, 2004.
Recently, Thompson came out in support of former New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani’s campaign for the 2008 Republican nomination. He stressed that Giuliani was the only Republican in the field that could win Illinois.
References
1. ^ Winston & Strawn LLP: James Thompson, Partner, Winston & Strawn LLP. Accessed August 12, 2008.
2. ^ a b How Credible Is Clarke?, by Amanda Ripley, TIME, April 4, 2004. Accessed August 12, 2008.
External links
* Thompson’s biography from the 9/11 Commission
* Thompson’s biography from Northwestern University
* Receipt for Thompson’s contribution for Friends of Hillary
* [1]
Scholarly Secondary Source
* Hartley, Robert E. Big Jim Thompson of Illinois (1979).
Political offices
Preceded by
Daniel Walker Governor of Illinois
1977 – 1991 Succeeded by
Jim Edgar
Preceded by
Scott M. Matheson
Utah Chairman of the National Governors Association
1983 – 1984 Succeeded by
John W. Carlin
Kansas
Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Illinois
Governors
Bond A Coles A Edwards A Reynolds A Ewing A Duncan A Carlin A Ford A French A Matteson A Bissell A Wood A Yates, Sr. A Oglesby A Palmer A Oglesby A Beveridge A Cullom A Hamilton A Oglesby A Fifer A Altgeld A Tanner A Yates, Jr. A Deneen A Dunne A Lowden A Small A Emmerson A Horner A Stelle A Green A Stevenson A Stratton A Kerner A Shapiro A Ogilvie A Walker A Thompson A Edgar A Ryan A Blagojevich A Quinn
State seal of Illinois
Lieutenant
Governors
Menard A Hubbard A Kinney A Casey A Ewing A Jenkins A Davidson A Anderson A Moore A Wells A McMurtry A Koerner A J. Wood A Marshall A Hoffmann A Bross A Dougherty A Beveridge A Early A Glenn A Schuman A Hamilton A Campbell A Smith A Ray A Gill A Northcott A Sherman A Oglesby A O’Hara A Oglesby A Sterling A Donovan A Stelle A Cross A Dixon A Chapman A Shapiro A Simon A Hartigan A O’Neal A Ryan A Kustra A C. Wood A Quinn A vacant (AG Madigan next in LOS)
Chairs of the National Governors Association
Willson A McGovern A Walsh A Spry A Capper A Harrington A Allen A Sproul A Cox A Trinkle A Brewster A McMullen A Dern A Case A Pollard A Rolph A McNutt A Peery A Cochran A Stark A Vanderbilt A Stassen A O’Conor A Saltonstall A Maw A Martin A Caldwell A Hildreth A Hunt A Lane A Carlson A Lausche A Peterson A Shivers A Thornton A Kennon A Langlie A Stanley A Stratton A Collins A Boggs A McNichols A Powell A Rosellini A Anderson A Sawyer A Reed A Guy A Volpe A Ellington A Love A Hearnes A Moore A Mandel A Evans A Rampton A Ray A Andrus A Askew A Milliken A Carroll A Bowen A Busbee A Snelling A Matheson A J. Thompson A Carlin A Alexander A Clinton A Sununu A Baliles A Branstad A Gardner A Ashcroft A Romer A Campbell A Dean A T. Thompson A Miller A Voinovich A Carper A Leavitt A Glendening A Engler A Patton A Kempthorne A Warner A Huckabee A Napolitano A Pawlenty A Rendell
Members of the 9/11 Commission
Kean (Chair) • Hamilton (Vice chair)
Ben-Veniste • Fielding • Gorelick • Gorton • Kerrey • Lehman • Roemer • Thompson
Logo of the 9-11 Commission
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Thompson
Categories: 1936 births | Living people | Governors of Illinois | 9/11 Commission | Washington University in St. Louis alumni | Northwestern University School of Law alumni | University of Illinois at Chicago alumni | Illinois Republicans | United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Illinois
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Thompson
***
Having examined how the DNI came to be and what it was intended to be, we must now take a hard look at how this concept has worked in practice.
Some Progress
Civilian Joint Duty
Similar to the Goldwater-Nichols joint service requirements, the DNI mandated that intelligence officers seeking to attain senior positions within the community must complete a tour of duty with another intelligence agency in order to be promoted.
Spending a year housed in another agency will not immediately prevent the kinds of turf battles that begin at the senior levels of government. The value of this program, though, lies in breaking down the institutional chauvinism and cultural biases at the working levels of intelligence agencies. As they have in the military, these rotations can provide the opportunity for intelligence officers to gain an appreciation of the community as a whole. By ensuring that only those who have gained an appreciation for the needs of the community as a whole and not just those of fragmented agencies reach the senior levels of its agency, this program should go a long way towards ensuring jointness at all levels of the community.
http://www.cnponline.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/2418
Cooperation with the Department of Defense
In May, DNI McConnell and Secretary of Defense Robert Gates signed a memorandum of agreement establishing the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence as the Director of Defense Intelligence inside the office of the DNI. The Memorandum does not change the responsibilities of the Director of Defense Intelligence nor does it change statute. It does, however, provide the appropriate prism for this and future holders of the position to view their responsibilities.
It is also symbolic of the greater cooperation between the Department of Defense and Director of National Intelligence in recent months. The value of close coordination between these two for unity within the intelligence community cannot be understated. For decades, the presence of so many large budget intelligence agencies within the Department placed 85 percent of the intelligence budget outside the control of the Director of Central Intelligence. Conflicting organizational priorities between the Secretary and Director represented perhaps the greatest obstacle to a unified intelligence community. The relative lack of tension recently bodes well for the development of a unified community.
Though the development is encouraging, it should be noted that much of this progress seems to be the product of personalities rather than institutions. At some point in the future, the offices of the Secretary and the Director will be occupied by others with perhaps less similar views on the assignment of intelligence priorities. Nonetheless, the value of institutional precedent to an organization still in its formative stages should not be discounted.
http://www.cnponline.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/2418
***
John Cruickshank Appointed Publisher of The Toronto Star
Wed Nov 26, 2008 5:46pm EST
TORONTO, ONTARIO, Nov 26 (MARKET WIRE) —
Torstar Corporation (TSX: TS.B) announced today that John Cruickshank has
been appointed as the Publisher of the Toronto Star, Canada’s largest
newspaper, effective January 1, 2009. Mr. Cruickshank is the 9th
publisher in the newspaper’s 116-year history.
Mr. Cruickshank, age 55, has enjoyed a distinguished career in newspapers
and television in both Canada and the United States.
He has served as Publisher of CBC News since September, 2007, where he
has been responsible for all English language television, radio and
online news. Before joining the CBC, he was Publisher of the Chicago
Sun-Times and Chief Operating Officer of the Sun-Times Media Group, based
in Chicago, from 2003 to 2007. Prior to being named Publisher of the
Sun-Times, he was Vice President, Editorial from 2000 to 2003.
He is also a former managing editor of the Globe and Mail and former
editor-in-chief of the Vancouver Sun. Under his leadership, the Sun won a
record number of National Newspaper Awards. He has also worked for the
Montreal Gazette and started his journalism career with the Kingston Whig
Standard.
Born and raised in Toronto, Mr. Cruickshank is a graduate of Richview
Collegiate and a graduate of Trinity College at the University of Toronto.
We are very pleased that John Cruickshank has agreed to serve as
Publisher of the Toronto Star, said Robert Prichard, President and Chief
Executive Officer of Torstar. He is a skilled and proven leader at the
peak of his game with a passion for newspapers and a distinguished record
as a journalist, editor and publisher. He brings to the Toronto Star a
commitment to journalism of the highest quality, a determination to deal
with difficult times and a confidence that there are winning
opportunities ahead. The Toronto Star will be in outstanding hands during
his tenure as Publisher.
I have had the honour and pleasure of working with John Cruickshank when
I was Publisher of the Vancouver Sun and he was editor-in chief, said
Don Babick, Interim Publisher of the Toronto Star and a member of
Torstar’s Board of Directors. The Star is very fortunate to have John as
publisher. He will bring to the Star an in-depth knowledge of the
editorial and business side of the operations.
John Cruickshank is a publisher’s publisher – smart, passionate and
committed to great journalism, said John Honderich, former Toronto Star
Publisher and Chair of the Torstar Voting Trust. His continent-wide
experience, proven integrity and leadership ability make him ideal to
lead the Star in these challenging times.
I grew up in this town and I grew up with the Star, Cruickshank said.
I am thrilled to be coming to the Star. The Star combines the best
readership and circulation with true news quality and a true news
mission. The Star is a great newspaper and it is my ambition that it
remains a great newspaper.
About Torstar Corporation
Torstar Corporation is a broadly based media company listed on the
Toronto Stock Exchange (TS.B). Its businesses include the Star Media
Group led by the Toronto Star, Canada’s largest daily newspaper and
digital properties including thestar.com, toronto.com, Wheels.ca,
Workopolis, Olive Canada Network, and eyeReturn; Metroland Media Group,
publishers of community and daily newspapers in Ontario; and Harlequin
Enterprises, a leading global publisher of books for women.
Contacts:
Investor Inquiries: Torstar Corporation
David Holland
Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer
(416) 869-4031
Email: dholland@torstar.ca
Website: http://www.torstar.com
Media Inquiries: Toronto Star
Bob Hepburn
Director, Community Relations and Communications
(416) 869-4947
Email: bhepburn@thestar.ca
Website: http://www.thestar.com
Copyright 2008, Market Wire, All rights reserved.
Thomson Reuters 2009 All rights reserved
http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS260654+26-Nov-2008+MW20081126
***
L. Marc Zell (born February 24, 1953) is a Washington, DC born attorney, currently based in Israel.
Graduated with an AB from Princeton University (1974) in Germanic Languages and Literatures with a concentration in theoretical linguistics and a JD with honors from University of Maryland at Baltimore (1977). After clerking at the Maryland Court of Appeals for a year (1977-1978), Zell joined Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Kampelman as an associate (1978-1981).
In 1986 he formed the law firm Feith & Zell, P.C. with Douglas Feith, who served later as Undersecretary of Defense for Policy from 2001-2005.
In the 1980s Zell developed an interest in Zionism and after a series of visits to Israel, moved his family to the Jewish settlement Alon Shevut in the West Bank in 1988. [1]
After Douglas Feith left law practice to work at the Pentagon in 2001, Zell partnered with Bernel Goldberg to form Zell, Goldberg & Co with offices in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv and affiliate offices in Washington, DC, Russia and Europe.
In 2003 he joined the Iraqi International Law Group, the first international law firm in Iraq since the founding of the Republic, as Partner for International Marketing. [2][3]
External links
* Profile on FANDZ International Law Group website
* Friends of the family Guardian story about Chalabi family connections from September 2003
* How Ahmed Chalabi conned the neocons A Salon story about Ahmed Chalabi
* L. Marc Zell responds to the above Salon story
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Zell
***
The Rockefeller Commission report reveals excesses committed by the CIA, and the president dismisses Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger and CIA director William E. Colby November 2. The Senate confirms former congressman and Nixon administration cabinet member Donald H. (Harold) Rumsfeld, 43, as secretary of defense November 11; the Chicago-born navy air veteran takes office November 20, and his Nebraska-born, Wyoming-raised White House colleague Richard B. (Bruce) Cheney, 34, becomes Ford’s chief of staff, a position he will hold until January 1977. The Church Committee’s hearings go on and will continue for 18 months (see 1976).
http://www.answers.com/topic/1975
***
In the 1970s, when President Richard Nixon’s policy of detente was under attack by some former military officials and conservative policy intellectuals, Ford administration officials Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld were among those challenging as too soft the CIA’s estimate of Moscow’s military power.
Rumsfeld and Cheney wanted to create a Team B, which would have access to the CIA’s data on the Soviets and issue its own conclusions. Cheney, as White House chief of staff, and Rumsfeld, as secretary of Defense, championed Team B, whose members included the young defense strategist Paul Wolfowitz, who a quarter-century later would be one of the chief architects of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[4]
The new CIA director [Bush] was prompted to authorize an alternative unit outside the CIA to challenge the agency’s intelligence on Soviet intentions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Team_B
As he worked to achieve some practical improvements in the year following the Nixon memorandum, Helms felt continual frustration in what he saw as a mismatch of authority and responsibility. In June 1972, he addressed CIA employees in the agency’s auditorium: “One must recognize that in empowering me to take certain actions…I wasn’t given any strength to do them with.” Seconds later, he revised his remark: “I used a moment ago the word ‘empowered,’ I want to withdraw that. I wasn’t ‘empowered’ to do anything; I was asked to do certain things.” This coda continued to the end of Helms’s time as DCI.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/chapter_4.htm
***
CSI
CIA Home > Library > Center for the Study of Intelligence > CSI Publications > Books and Monographs > Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence > Vernon Anthony Walters
Info
Vernon Anthony Walters
Lieutenant General, US Army
TENURE AS DEPUTY DIRECTOR:
* 2 May 1972–2 July 1976
* Acting Director of Central Intelligence, 2 July–4 September 1973
BIRTH:
3 January 1917, New York, New York
EDUCATION:
Stonyhurst College, England
APPOINTED:
2 March 1972 by Presidend Richard M. Nixon; confirmed by Senate, 10 April 1972; sworn in, 2 May 1972
EARLIER CAREER:
* Entered US Army, 2 May 1941
* Member, NATO Standing Group, Washington, 1955-60, with additional duties as staff assistant to President Eisenhower and interpreter to the President, Vice President, and senior State Department and Defense Department officials
* Army Attache, Italy, 1960-62; Brazil, 1962-67; Defense Attache, France, 1967-72
* Promoted to Lieutenant General, March 1972
LATER CAREER:
* Private consultant and lecturer, 1977-81
* Ambassador at Large, 1981-85
* Ambassador to the United Nations, 1985-88
* Ambassador to Federal Republic of Germany, 1989-91
* Private consultant and lecturer since 1991
Historical Document
Posted: Mar 19, 2007 09:37 AM
Last Updated: Jul 07, 2008 11:11 AM
Last Reviewed: Mar 19, 2007 09:37 AM
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-and-deputy-directors-of-central-intelligence/walters.html
***
At the same time, he held out little hope for better outside evaluation: “we may have a real problem in effectively carrying out the NSCIC task of providing a continuing review of the Intelligence Community product.” The NSCIC working group had met six times in its first year of operation, and it still seemed, as one internal memorandum noted, to be “feeling its way.”
On the resource side of intelligence, the IRAC had replaced the NIRB, and its work mainly proceeded at staff levels, with Tweedy’s new IC Staff handling the DCI’s equities. By October 1972, the IC Staff had produced a National Intelligence Program Memorandum, to which Secretary of Defense Laird reacted negatively. The staff believed it was the best cut it could make at that time in presenting community programs and costs comprehensively. The USIB welcomed Treasury Department representation at its meetings and continued to operate through its committees and staffs. By January 1973, as Helms’s tenure as DCI was drawing to a close, his IC Staff produced with DOD’s help the National Intelligence Community Planning Guidance for 1975–1980, setting forth overall issues and actions to address them. Helms, in one of his last actions as DCI, forwarded it to Kissinger, noting that it addressed one of the principal goals of the president’s 5 November 1971 memorandum, better community-wide planning.
[ . . . ]
The main area of improvement sought in the OMB paper was earlier and more comprehensive program planning guidance by the DCI. This built upon the DCI’s already recognized role in setting requirements and Helms’s planning initiative in 1969. OMB felt, however, that the DCI’s guidance had to be wider and come earlier in the DOD budget process for it to be effective. A second major area of improvement sought was for the DCI to obtain and use more information from DOD intelligence program chieftans: “The DCI,” it stated, “will need to seek information which in the past has not normally been available” during his program reviews.
In response to Kissinger’s request for a six-month progress report, Helms emphasized bureaucratic mechanisms and studies as the major accomplishments. He reported that his stronger IC Staff now included an NSA officer and others from outside CIA and was participating “on a fairly intimate basis” in the planning and budgetary activities of the various intelligence programs. He noted that the NSCIC had held its initial meeting and set up under his community deputy a working group, which was drawing up a program and doing product and post-mortem community performance reviews.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/chapter_4.htm
***
***
Henry A. Kissinger
Henry A. Kissinger personal relations:
Michael R. Bloomberg – friend
Christopher Hitchens – criticized by
Nancy M. Kissinger – spouse
Brent Scowcroft – friend
Other current Henry A. Kissinger relationships:
American Friends of Bilderberg – director
Aspen Institute – lifetime trustee
Atlantic Council of the United States – director
Center for Strategic and International Studies – trustee
Financial Services Volunteer Corps – director
Horatio Alger Association – member
Institute of International Education – trustee
International Rescue Committee – overseer, trustee
Kissinger Associates, Inc. – founder
Metropolitan Museum of Art – trustee emeritus
Nobel Foundation – Nobel peace prize winner
Paley Center for Media – trustee
Henry A. Kissinger past relationships:
2007 Libby perjury trial – wrote letter of support
2008 Bilderberg conference – participant
L. Paul Bremer III – special assistant
Ann Fleischer – spouse
Gerald R. Ford administration – national security adviser & secretary of state
Harvard University – professor
International House – chairman
Kissinger McLarty Associates – co-founder
Richard M. Nixon administration – national security adviser
Brent Scowcroft – assistant
U.S. Department of State – secretary of state
World Economic Forum 2008 – attendee
http://www.muckety.com/Henry-A-Kissinger/1864.muckety
***
DOD also responded to the president’s November 1971 decision. It issued a press release noting the appointment of a new assistant secretary of defense (intelligence), Albert C. Hall, making it clear that this step resulted from long study within DOD including the Froehlke and Fitzhugh reports as well as from the president’s decision. DOD also stated that either Deputy Secretary Packard or Hall would represent DOD on the new IRAC (the president’s decision had confirmed DIA’s continuing membership on USIB). Finally, it promised “full cooperation and coordination” with DCI Helms as he moved to meet his new Intelligence Community leadership responsibilities.
[ . . . ]
In the 5 November 1971 memorandum, which was addressed to the heads of the departments represented on USIB, the president laid out the overall objectives he had noted in his letter to the DCI and spelled out various aspects of improved DCI leadership in a section entitled “The Necessary Conditions.”
[ . . . ]
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/chapter_4.htm
***
Maurice Greenberg was not only the long time Chairman and CEO of American International Group. He is also vice-chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations; good friends with Former Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger; and co-Chairman with Kissinger at the Nixon Center, which has four main programs: National Security Studies, Chinese Studies, U.S.-Russia Relations, and Regional Strategy (Middle East, Caspian Basin, and South Asia).
Well apparently this insurance tycoon Mr. Greenberg has serious connections in every part of the world. You might think that Greenberg’s company AIG is an American company. But that is not quite the case at all. American International Group is a mulit-national corporation that helps Wall Steet over leverage itself on a grand scale, while taking advantage of regulatory arbitrage — loopholes — to run a high-stakes, unregulated, casino-like hedge fund operation in America on top of its traditional life insurance business.
We need to know who A.I.G. is bailing out. It’s time for the Wall Street and Washington elite to stop keeping secrets from the American people.
http://tpmcafe.talkingpointsmemo.com/talk/blogs/energymv/2009/03/we-deserve-to-know-where-aig-i.php
***
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Foreign_Intelligence_Advisory_Board
Chairpersons
PIAB chairpersons have been:[7]
* 2006– Stephen Friedman
* 2005 James Langdon, Jr.
* 2001–2004 Lt. Gen. Brent Scowcroft, USAF (Ret.)
* 1997–2001 Hon. Warren B. Rudman
* 1996–1997 Hon. Thomas S. Foley
* 1995–1996 Hon. Warren B. Rudman (Acting)
* 1994–1995 Hon. Les Aspin
* 1993–1994 Adm. William J. Crowe, Jr., USN (Ret.)
* 1991–1993 Adm. Bobby Inman, USN (Ret.) (Acting)
* 1990–1991 Hon. John Tower
* 1982–1990 Amb. Anne Armstrong
* 1976–1977 Mr. Leo Cherne
* 1970–1976 Adm. George Anderson, Jr., USN (Ret.)
* 1968–1970 Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor, USA (Ret.)
* 1963–1968 Mr. Clark Clifford
* 1956–1963 Dr. James Killian
See also
* Team B
**
PIAB membership is generally considered public information; for example, the Clinton Administration posted the names of the members on a PFIAB web page.[5] In August 2002, Randy Deitering, the executive director of PFIAB, confirmed that current membership of the board was the same as the list released by the White House press office in October 2001:[6]
* Brent Scowcroft, the chair
* Pete Wilson, a former governor of California
* Cresencio S. Arcos, Jr., an AT&T executive and former US ambassador
* Jim Barksdale, former head of the internet company Netscape
* Robert Addison Day, chairman of the TWC Group, a money management firm
* Stephen Friedman, past chairman of Goldman Sachs
* Alfred Lerner, chief executive of MBNA
* Ray Lee Hunt, scion of the Texas oil fortune
* Rita Hauser, a prominent lawyer
* David Jeremiah, a retired admiral
* Arnold Kanter, a national security official in the George H.W. Bush administration and a founding member of the Scowcroft Group
* James Calhoun Langdon, Jr., a power-lawyer in Texas
* Elisabeth Pate-Cornell, Chair of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford University
* John Harrison Streicker, a real estate magnate
* Philip Zelikow, a National Security Council staffer during the George H.W. Bush administration
***
The Privacy Act of 1974 signed into law by President Ford January 1 gives U.S. citizens the right to request, inspect, and challenge their own federal files; effective September 27, the law bars government agencies from keeping secret records on individuals or collecting information that is not relevant and necessary for them to carry out agency functions. It also provides adequate safeguards to protect records from unauthorized access and disclosure, keeps agencies from sharing information on individuals, and bars them from disclosing personal information except under court order or in certain other limited circumstances (see 1974). President Ford calls former CIA director Richard Helms into the Oval Office January 5 and tells him, Frankly, we are in a mess. Helms defends Operation Chaos: The basic allegation—that we spied on dissidents, stemmed from the charge to me to discover if there was any foreign connection to the dissidents. If you get a name, of course you make a record and open a file in case it is relevant thereafter. Ford says he plans no witchhunt, but in this environment I don’t know if I can control it. He informs Helms that he is appointing a blue ribbon panel headed by Vice President Rockefeller to investigate the agency’s domestic operations. Sen. Frank (Forrester) Church, 50 (D. Idaho) chairs a Senate Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (the House of Representatives also appoints such a committee), CIA director William E. Colby supplies the Church Committee with details of the agency’s efforts to sabotage Chile’s economy, Sen. Goldwater (R. Ariz.) and other right-wing politicians attack Colby for cooperating with the Church Committee.
Nixon cronies John Mitchell, H. R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, and Robert Mardian draw prison sentences of up to 8 years each February 21 for their part in covering up White House involvement in the 1972 Watergate break-in.
The Rockefeller Commission report reveals excesses committed by the CIA, and the president dismisses Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger and CIA director William E. Colby November 2. The Senate confirms former congressman and Nixon administration cabinet member Donald H. (Harold) Rumsfeld, 43, as secretary of defense November 11; the Chicago-born navy air veteran takes office November 20, and his Nebraska-born, Wyoming-raised White House colleague Richard B. (Bruce) Cheney, 34, becomes Ford’s chief of staff, a position he will hold until January 1977. The Church Committee’s hearings go on and will continue for 18 months (see 1976).
http://www.answers.com/topic/1975
***
Northrop Grumman designed, fielded and accredited the current version BIR system, which includes a service-oriented architecture, and will design and field a significantly enhanced next-generation BIR under the new contract from the Army’s National Ground Intelligence Center, Charlottesville, Va. The contract includes one base year and four one-year options. The next-generation BIR will include biometric-enabled intelligence from a wider variety of U.S. agencies and organizations.
“With this new system, intelligence analysts will be able to better share information among organizations, making it easier to connect the dots and significantly enhancing national security,” said Barry Rhine, vice president and general manager of Northrop Grumman’s Command and Control Systems Division.
The next-generation system will recognize when the data on individuals is included in the databases of multiple agencies; keep track of when and where people are encountered, providing a more complete understanding of their movements; and supply greater information on relationships between and among individuals — familial relationships, neighbors, co-workers, and shared addresses or phone numbers, for example.
The Northrop Grumman team includes SAIC, San Diego; Booz-Allen-Hamilton, McLean, Va.; and SPARTA Inc., Lake Forest, Calif.
http://www.stockhouse.com/News/USReleasesDetail.aspx?n=7221355
***
SAIC’s board of directors is comprised of men and women who have distinguished themselves in industry, finance, health care, and government service.
Board Members
Ken Dahlberg Ken Dahlberg
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Elected 2003
Ken Dahlberg was named the chief executive officer of Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) on November 3, 2003 and chairman of the board on July 16, 2004. Prior to joining SAIC, Dahlberg served as executive vice president of General Dynamics where he was responsible for the company’s Information Systems and Technology Group.
Dahlberg began his career with Hughes Aircraft in June 1967. He held various engineering, program management and leadership positions with Hughes. At Hughes, he served as president of the division that produced air traffic control hardware, systems and radar; then was president of the division that produced weapons systems, naval systems and tank systems, and later was president of the Sensors and Communications division. When Raytheon acquired Hughes Aircraft in 1997, he became president and chief operating officer of Raytheon Systems Company and oversaw operations of the defense business units. Three years later, he assumed the duties of executive vice president for business development and president of Raytheon International. In this role, he was Raytheon’s principal liaison with its defense customers and directed its international and domestic business development.
Dahlberg received a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Drexel University in 1967, a master’s degree in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California in 1969 and attended the University of California business school for advanced education for executives. He is a director of Teledyne Technologies and the National Defense Industrial Association, and a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, the Surface Navy Association, the Association of the United States Army, and a lifetime member of the United States Navy League.
Member Member of the Classified Business Oversight Committee
Member Member of the Ethics & Corp Responsibility Committee
Member Member of the Stock & Acquisition Transactions Committee
France Córdova France A. Córdova
Elected 2008
Dr. Córdova has served as the President of Purdue University since July 2007. Prior to joining Purdue University, she served as Chancellor of University of California Riverside from 2002 to 2007. From August 1996 to July 2002, Dr. Córdova was Vice Chancellor for Research and Professor of Physics at University of California Santa Barbara. She served as Chief Scientist of National Aeronautics and Space Administration from 1993 to 1996, and headed the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at Pennsylvania State University from 1989 to 1993. Dr. Córdova is a member of the board of directors of Edison International.
Member Member of the Human Resources and Compensation Committee
Member Member of the Ethics & Corp Responsibility Committee
Wolfgang Demisch Wolfgang H. Demisch
Elected 1990
Mr. Demisch has been a principal of Demisch Associates LLC, a consulting firm, since 2003. He was a managing director of Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein, formerly Wasserstein Perella Securities, Inc., from 1998 to 2002. From 1993 to 1998, he was managing director of BT Alex. Brown, and from 1988 to 1993, he was managing director of UBS Securities, Inc.
Member Member of the Audit Committee
Member Member of the Finance Committee
Jere Drummond Jere A. Drummond
Elected 2003
Mr. Drummond was employed by BellSouth Corporation from 1962 until his retirement in December 2001. He served as vice chairman of BellSouth Corporation from January 2000 until his retirement. He was president and chief executive officer of BellSouth Communications Group, a provider of traditional telephone operations and products, from January 1998 until December 1999. He was president and chief executive officer of BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc. from January 1995 until December 1997. Drummond also serves on the boards of directors of Borg-Warner Automotive, AirTran Holdings, Inc. and Centillium Communications, Inc.
Member Member of the Audit Committee
Committee Chair Chair of the Nominating & Corp. Gov Committee
John Hamre John J. Hamre
Elected 2005
Dr. Hamre has served as the president and chief executive officer of the Center for Strategic & International Studies, a public policy research institution, since 2000. Dr. Hamre served as U.S. deputy secretary of defense from 1997 to 2000 and under secretary of defense (comptroller) from 1993 to 1997. Hamre is also a member of the board of directors of ChoicePoint, Inc., ITT Industries, Inc., and MITRE Corporation.
Committee Chair Chair of the Classified Business Oversight Committee
Member Member of the Nominating & Corp. Gov Committee
Miriam John Miriam E. John
Elected 2007
Dr. John retired from Sandia National Laboratories, a science and engineering laboratory, in September 2006, after having served as Vice President of Sandia’s California Division from April 1999 to September 2006. She previously served in a number of managerial and technical roles for Sandia from 1982 to 1999. Dr. John is a member of the Department of Defense’s Defense Science Board and Threat Reduction Advisory Committee, and the National Research Council’s Naval Studies Board.
Member Member of the Human Resources and Compensation Committee
Member Member of the Ethics & Corp Responsibility Committee
Anita Jones Anita K. Jones
Elected 1998
Dr. Jones is the Quarles professor of engineering at the University of Virginia, where she has taught since 1989. From 1993 to 1997, Jones was on leave of absence from the university to serve as director of defense research and engineering in the U.S. Department of Defense. Jones also served as a director of our company from 1987 to 1993.
Member Member of the Audit Committee
Committee Chair Chair of the Ethics & Corp Responsibility Committee
John Jumper John P. Jumper
Elected 2007
General Jumper retired from the United States Air Force, effective November 1, 2005. From September 2001 through November 2005, General Jumper was Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, serving as the senior uniformed Air Force officer responsible for the organization, training and equipping of active-duty, guard, reserve and civilian forces serving in the United States and overseas. As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Jumper functioned as a military advisor to the Secretary of Defense, National Security Council and the President. General Jumper is also a member of the boards of directors of Goodrich Corporation, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., TechTeam Global, Inc. and Somanetics Corporation.
Member Member of the Audit Committee
Member Member of the Classified Business Oversight Committee
Harry Kraemer Harry M. J. Kraemer, Jr.
Elected 1997
Mr. Kraemer has been an executive partner of Madison Dearborn Partners, LLC, a private equity investment firm, since April 2005, and has served as a professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University since January 2005. Mr. Kraemer previously served as the chairman of Baxter International, Inc., a health-care products, systems and services company, from January 2000 until April 2004, as chief executive officer of Baxter from January 1999 until April 2004 and as president of Baxter from April 1997 until April 2004. Kraemer also served as the senior vice president and chief financial officer of Baxter from November 1993 to April 1997.
Committee Chair Chair of the Audit Committee
Member Member of the Human Resources and Compensation Committee
Edward Sanderson Edward J. Sanderson, Jr.
Elected 2002
Mr. Sanderson retired from Oracle Corporation in 2002 after having served as an executive vice president since 1995. At Oracle, Sanderson was responsible for Oracle Product Industries, Oracle Consulting, and the Latin American Division. Prior to Oracle, he was president of Unisys World-wide Services and partner at both McKinsey & Company and Accenture (formerly Andersen Consulting).
Committee Chair Chair of the Human Resources and Compensation Committee
Member Member of the Finance Committee
Louis Simpson Louis A. Simpson
Elected 2006
Mr. Simpson has served as president and chief executive officer, capital operations, of GEICO Corporation, an auto insurer, since May 1993. Mr. Simpson previously served as vice chairman of the board of GEICO from 1985 to 1993. He also serves on the board of directors of VeriSign, Inc. Mr. Simpson previously served as a director of our company from 1999 to 2002.
Committee Chair Chair of the Finance Committee
Member Member of the Nominating & Corp. Gov Committee
A. Young A. Thomas Young
Elected 1995
Mr. Young retired from Lockheed Martin Corp. in 1995 after having served as an executive vice president from March 1995 to July 1995. Prior to its merger with Lockheed Corporation, Young served as the president and chief operating officer of Martin Marietta Corp. from 1990 to 1995. Young is also on the board of directors of the Goodrich Corporation.
Member Member of the Finance Committee
Member Member of the Nominating & Corp. Gov Committee
Board Meetings
During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2008, the Board of Directors held 13 meetings of the entire board and six meetings of only the independent directors. Average attendance at such meetings of the Board of Directors was 92.3%. During fiscal 2008, all incumbent directors attended at least 88% of the aggregate of the meetings of the Board of Directors and committees of the Board of Directors on which they served. In addition, all directors except Mr. Kraemer attended the 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. It is the Company’s policy that all directors attend our annual meetings.
http://investors.saic.com/directors.cfm
***
Kenneth H. Dahlberg (1917- ) is an American businessman and World War II fighter ace who became a figure involved in the Watergate scandal.
Watergate scandal
During the Watergate investigation by Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, chronicled in All the President’s Men, Bernstein traveled to Miami to see Martin Dardis, the head investigator for Dade County District Attorney Richard E. Gerstein. Since most of the Watergate burglars were from Miami, the district attorney’s office had launched an investigation. Dardis showed Bernstein a photostatic copy of a cashier’s check for $25,000 that had been deposited into the bank account of a real estate firm owned by Bernard Barker, one of the Watergate burglars. The check was drawn on a Boca Raton, Florida, bank and was made out to Kenneth H. Dahlberg. Bernstein telephoned this information to Woodward who was back at the Post in Washington, D.C.
Woodward had a research librarian at the Post check the newspaper’s files for any articles mentioning or pictures of Dahlberg. The librarian found a 1967 photograph of Dahlberg with then Vice President Hubert Humphrey, receiving an overdue military decoration.
The search for Dahlberg was narrowed to Minnesota and Woodward located Dahlberg’s telephone number from information and called him at home. At first, Dahlberg did not believe Woodward was actually a reporter. He later called Woodward back and explained that his neighbor, Virginia Piper, had been recently kidnapped and it was an upsetting experience. Dahlberg told Woodward he had the check made out to himself while he was in Florida on business and did not want to carry that much cash around. Dahlberg could not explain how the check got into Barker’s bank account but said it was either given to the Committee to Re-elect the President or to Maurice Stans.
Dahlberg was the midwest finance chairman for the Committee to Re-elect the President during President Richard M. Nixon’s 1972 campaign. In 1968, Dahlberg was the finance chairman for Clark MacGregor’s unsuccessful Senate campaign in Minnesota. MacGregor was later appointed the head of the Committee to Re-elect the President in 1972 after former attorney general John Mitchell had resigned.
It was later learned the $25,000 came from Dwayne Andreas, chief executive officer of Archer Daniels Midland, as an anonymous donation to the Nixon campaign.
Woodward later commented that finding Dahlberg’s check was a turning point in their Watergate investigation because it led to the discovery of how the Watergate burglars were financed through a money-laundering scheme.
Dahlberg was neither accused of nor implicated in any wrongdoing as a result of the Watergate scandal.
It was later after Watergate that it was learned that Martin Dardis was one of five GIs who rescued Dahlberg as a POW after the Battle of the Bulge. It wasn’t until 1991 that Dardis and the other four GIs were honored with Silver Stars for their heroism in rescuing Dahlberg.
In 1970, President Nixon appointed Dahlberg to the board of visitors of the U.S. Air Force Academy. He also served as a trustee to Hamline University.
Dahlberg was shot down three times, the last in February 1945, and became a Prisoner of War for the final three months of the war.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_H._Dahlberg
***
A. Thomas Young
Elected 1995
Mr. Young retired from Lockheed Martin Corp. in 1995 after having served as an executive vice president from March 1995 to July 1995. Prior to its merger with Lockheed Corporation, Young served as the president and chief operating officer of Martin Marietta Corp. from 1990 to 1995. Young is also on the board of directors of the Goodrich Corporation.
http://investors.saic.com/directors.cfm
A. Thomas Young
Former Executive Vice President
Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired)
A. Thomas Young, since retired, was executive Vice President of Lockheed Martin Corporation headquartered in Bethesda, MD. Before assuming that position in March, 1995, Mr. Young was President and Chief Operating Officer of Martin Marietta Corporation. Earlier, he was a Senior Vice President of Martin Marietta Corporation and President of Martin Marietta Electronics & Missiles Group in Orlando, Florida. He joined Martin Marietta in 1982 as Vice President of Aerospace Research and Engineering.
Prior to joining Martin Marietta, Mr. Young was Director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland from 1980 to 1982. During a 12-yeat career with NASA, he served as Deputy Director of the Ames Research Center in California, Director of the Planetary Program in the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., and as Mission Director of the Project Viking Mars landing program at Langley Research Center in Virginia.
Mr. Young has received numerous honors and awards for his contribution to the nation’s space program, including NASA’s highest award, the Distinguished Service Medal, for his role in the Viking project. He also received the Outstanding Leadership Medal for his contributions to the Voyager program, the Meritorious Executive Presidential Rank Award, and the Distinguished Executive Award.
Born in 1938 in Wachapreague, Virginia, Mr. Young received his bachelor of aeronautical engineering degree and a bachelor of mechanical engineering degree in 1964 form the University of Virginia and a master of management degree in 1972 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which he attended as a Sloan Fellow.
Mr. Young is chairman of the National Business Committee for the Arts. He sits on the board of directors for the BFGoodrich Company, Cooper Industries, Inc., Dial Corp. and the Potomac Electric Power Company. He is director of the Virginia Engineering Foundation of the University if Virginia’s School of Engineering and Applied Science.
He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and of the American Astronautical Society, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He also holds and Honorary Doctor of Science degree from Salisbury State University in Maryland.
http://www.nist.gov/director/blueribbon/young.html
National Institute of Standards and Technology
***
Douglas Isbell
Headquarters, Washington, DC December 17, 1999
(Phone: 202/358-1753)
RELEASE: 99-147
YOUNG TO LEAD MARS PROGRAM ASSESSMENT TEAM
A. Thomas Young has been named by NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin to chair the Mars Program Independent Assessment Team which will review the agency’s approach to robotic exploration of Mars in the wake of the recent loss of the Mars Polar Lander mission.
Young retired as executive vice president of Lockheed Martin Corp. in 1995. During his career, Young has managed numerous complex, technically challenging programs, including serving as mission director of the 1976 NASA Viking landings on Mars. Young was director of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD, from 1980 to 1982, and then joined Martin Marietta Corp. in 1982 as vice president of aerospace research and engineering. He was named president and chief operating officer of Martin Marietta in 1990.
The team will evaluate several recent successful and unsuccessful NASA missions to deep space, including Mars Pathfinder, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Climate Orbiter, Mars Polar Lander, Deep Space 1 and Deep Space 2. It will analyze the budgets, content, schedule, management structure and scientific organization of these missions. It will then assess how these roles and responsibilities are related to mission safety, reliability and success.
The assessment team will also review proposed revisions to NASA’s existing Mars exploration program architecture as options are developed by a group at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, CA.
The team will report their findings to the NASA administrator by mid-March 2000. Other members of the board will be established shortly.
I have asked Tom Young as the leader of this team to dig as deep as he can, ask as many questions as possible, and to operate in a completely independent environment, Goldin said. He will have access to every document, every employee, and every NASA resource. We will be open and non-defensive. We will listen and learn.
We have had a string of successes, but we’ve also had a few failures and we must learn from both. This independent review team will provide us with some fundamental guidance about how to continue our bold program for exploring the solar system, and how to make it even better.
The investigation into the likely cause of the apparent failure of the Mars Polar Lander mission will be conducted by an internal peer review at JPL and submitted to the Mars assessment team for their review.
Mars Polar Lander and Mars Climate Orbiter are part of a series of missions in a long-term program of Mars exploration managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL’s industrial partner is Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, CO. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/news/news61.html
***
Louis A. Simpson
Elected 2006
Mr. Simpson has served as president and chief executive officer, capital operations, of GEICO Corporation, an auto insurer, since May 1993. Mr. Simpson previously served as vice chairman of the board of GEICO from 1985 to 1993. He also serves on the board of directors of VeriSign, Inc. Mr. Simpson previously served as a director of our company from 1999 to 2002.
Committee Chair Chair of the Finance Committee
Member Member of the Nominating & Corp. Gov Committee
John P. Jumper
Elected 2007
General Jumper retired from the United States Air Force, effective November 1, 2005. From September 2001 through November 2005, General Jumper was Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, serving as the senior uniformed Air Force officer responsible for the organization, training and equipping of active-duty, guard, reserve and civilian forces serving in the United States and overseas. As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Jumper functioned as a military advisor to the Secretary of Defense, National Security Council and the President. General Jumper is also a member of the boards of directors of Goodrich Corporation, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., TechTeam Global, Inc. and Somanetics Corporation.
Member Member of the Audit Committee
Member Member of the Classified Business Oversight Committee
http://investors.saic.com/directors.cfm
***
Somanetics develops, manufactures and markets the INVOS® Cerebral Oximeter, the only noninvasive patient monitoring system that continuously monitors changes in the blood oxygen levels in the brain commercially available in the U.S.
Somanetics also develops and markets the CorRestore® System for use in cardiac repair and reconstruction, including a procedure called Surgical Ventricular Restoration, or SVR, for the treatment of certain patients with congestive heart failure.
http://somanetics.org/
Arik Anderson
Senior Vice President, R&D and Operations Bruce J. Barrett
President and Chief Executive Officer
William M. Iacona, C.P.A.
Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Controller and Treasurer Dominic J. Spadafore
Senior Vice President, U.S Sales and Marketing
Mary Ann Victor, J.D.
Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer and Secretary Michael D. Wider, Ph.D.
Vice President, Technology and Market Development
Ronald A. Widman
Vice President, Medical Affairs Pamela A. Winters
Vice President, Quality Assurance
Board of Directors
James I. Ausman, Ph.D.
Bruce J. Barrett
Daniel S. Follis
Robert R. Henry
John P. Jumper
Richard R. Sorensen
2009-
http://somanetics.org/investor/
***
Top Executives at Somanetics Corporation
Bruce J. Barrett CEO/President/Director
Mary Ann Victor Chief Administrative Officer/Vice President/Secretary
William M. Iacona CFO/Vice President/Treasurer/Controller
John P. Jumper Director
Robert R. Henry Director
Richard R. Sorensen Director
Arik Anderson Senior VP, Divisional
Daniel S. Follis Director
Dominic J. Spadafore Senior VP, Divisional
James I. Ausman Director
Richard R. Sorensen
Director
Somanetics Corporation
Troy , MI
Sector: HEALTHCARE / Medical Appliances & Equipment
52 Years Old
Mr. Sorensen has served as one of our directors since June 2006. Since June 2005, he has served as a financial advisor with UBS Financial Services, Inc., a firm providing financial advisory and brokerage services. From September 1998 to June 2005, he served at Superior Consultant Holdings Corporation, a publicly-traded provider of information technology, consulting and outsourcing to hospitals and healthcare systems, most recently as its Chief Financial Officer from October 2000 to June 2005. Superior Consultant Holdings Corporation merged with Affiliated Computer Services, Inc. in January 2005. Previously he served as an audit partner with Plante & Moran LLP, a professional service firm, including an independent registered public accounting firm, providing tax, assurance and business consulting services in Michigan, Ohio and Illinois. Mr. Sorensen received a BBA degree in accounting from University of Michigan.
Director Compensation (Somanetics Corporation) for 2007
Fees earned or paid in cash $18,000.00
Stock awards $0.00
Option awards (in $) $25,662.00
Non-equity incentive plan compensation $0.00
Change in pension value and nondisqualified compensation earnings $0.00
All other compensation $0.00
Total Compensation $43,662.00
http://people.forbes.com/profile/richard-r-sorensen/72905
***
Richard R. Sorensen Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Richard R. Sorensen has more than 20 years’ experience in the financial industry. He joined Superior Consultant Holdings Corporation as Controller in August of 1998. Previously, he served as a partner of Plante & Moran,LLP, the ninth largest certified public accounting and management consulting firm in the United States. Mr. Sorensen has provided his financial expertise to Superior in an advisory capacity since the company’s inception in 1984. He is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and a graduate of the University of Michigan.
Tags:
Superior Consultant Holdings Corp. – MI – Management consulting service – Chief Financial Officer
See full job history Richard Sorensen’s Job History
* Superior Consultant Company, Inc.
2005
* Superior Consultant Holdings Corporation
2005
* Plante & Moran, LLP
Richard Sorensen’s Colleagues
216 contacts at Superior Consultant Holdings Corp.
* Richard Helppie
Chief Executive Officer
* Chris Hottinger
Regional Vice President
* Richard Sorensen
Chief Financial Officer
http://www.spoke.com/info/p2m4NV0/RichardSorensen
***
***
http://www.secform4.com/insider-trading/1244931.htm
Insider Trading SEC Form 4
***
eClinical Trial Support
542 clinical trials. 32 languages. 15,620 sites. TechTeam’s eClinical services provide pharmaceutical firms with support solutions for electronic case report (eCRF ) and electronic patient diaries (eDiary) programs.
TechTeam Global Reports Fourth Quarter 2008 Financial Results – 24th February 2009 ›
TechTeam Awarded $15 Million Contract with Defense Logistics Agency – 14th January 2009 ›
http://www.techteam.com/
***
John P. Jumper
Elected 2007
General Jumper retired from the United States Air Force, effective November 1, 2005. From September 2001 through November 2005, General Jumper was Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, serving as the senior uniformed Air Force officer responsible for the organization, training and equipping of active-duty, guard, reserve and civilian forces serving in the United States and overseas. As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Jumper functioned as a military advisor to the Secretary of Defense, National Security Council and the President. General Jumper is also a member of the boards of directors of Goodrich Corporation, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., TechTeam Global, Inc. and Somanetics Corporation.
Member Member of the Audit Committee
Member Member of the Classified Business Oversight Committee
http://investors.saic.com/directors.cfm
***
TechTeam is a fast-rising, global market leader for outsourced, multilingual help desk services and specialized IT solutions deployed through a proven single point of contact (SPOC) delivery model.
Brown-Wilson Group, Black Book of Outsourcing, 2008
Our mission-oriented services have provided government agencies from the Department of Defense and Federal Civilian, to state and local municipalities, a best-practices approach to design, management, and optimization of their Information Technology-based initiatives.
TechTeam Government Solutions
Combining best commercial practices with deep government mission understanding, TechTeam Government Solutions delivers tailored solutions from IT services to modeling and simulation.
For 30 years, our reputation has been based on delivering excellence through tailored, agile solutions, and maintaining a foundation of absolute integrity.
We turned our experience from Fortune 1000 companies into solutions for many government agencies including:
[see scrolling list – just about every major government agency]
TechTeam Government Solutions is a leading IT solutions company that provides IT infrastructure support, information assurance, managed services, and application services support to federal, state, and local governments.
Vector Research Center
For Enterprise Performance
*
Supply Chain Engineering
*
Acquisition & Program Management Support
*
Modeling, Simulation & Optimization Decision Aids
*
Agent-based Complex Adaptive Systems
*
Organizational Change Management
TechTeam Global Inc.
http://www.techteam.com/governmentsolutions/
***
TechTeam Global, Inc. is a leading provider of IT outsourcing and business process outsourcing services to large and medium businesses, as well as government organizations. The company’s primary services include service desk, technical support, desk-side support, security administration, infrastructure management, and related professional services. TechTeam also provides a number of specialized, value-added services in specific vertical markets. Founded in 1979, TechTeam has nearly 3,000 employees across the world, providing IT support in 32 languages. TechTeam’s common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “TEAM.” For more information, call 800-522-4451 or visit http://www.techteam.com.
TechTeam Global Announces New Chairman and Presiding Director
President and CEO Gary J. Cotshott appointed Board Chairman
SOUTHFIELD, Mich., Jan 09, 2009 /PRNewswire-FirstCall via COMTEX News Network/ — TechTeam Global, Inc. (Nasdaq: TEAM), a worldwide provider of information technology, enterprise support and business process outsourcing services, today announced the election of Gary J. Cotshott, the Company’s president and chief executive officer, to the position of chairman of its board of directors. In a related appointment, retired U.S. Air Force Gen. John P. Jumper, former Air Force Chief of Staff, was elected by the board as its presiding director to lead executive sessions of independent members of the board.
Mr. Cotshott replaces Alok Mohan, who is resigning as chairman to rebalance his time across various business and personal interests. Mr. Mohan will continue in his role as a board member.
We are disappointed that Alok has chosen to resign as chairman but are fortunate to have his continued leadership, experience and knowledge on the board. For the past two and a half years, he has worked tirelessly on behalf of the Company and our shareholders, said Mr. Cotshott. He has been a key advisor in our strategic, business and management transformation. We are grateful for his contributions and assistance in transforming the business on behalf of all shareholders.
We believe in good governance and Gen. Jumper is an outstanding choice for presiding director, continued Mr. Cotshott. He is a respected board colleague with proven leadership skills and the highest standards of integrity.
http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=91039&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1242585&highlight=
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Gary J. Cotshott
Chairman and CEO
David Kriegman
President, TechTeam Government Solutions, Inc.
Kevin Burke
Senior Vice President and General Manager, Americas
Christoph Neut
Senior Vice President and General Manager, EMEA
Kamran Sokhanvari
Senior Vice President and General Manager, Asia/Latin America
Christopher Donohue
Vice President, Strategy, Marketing, and Product Development
Christopher Donohue
Vice President, Strategy, Marketing, and Product Development
As Vice President of Strategy, Marketing, and Product Development, Mr. Donohue has global responsibilities for strategy formulation, offer portfolio management, product development, product and brand marketing, industry analyst relations and corporate communications. He brings 19 years of experience and a strong record of success to his role. Prior to joining TechTeam, he was a key member of the executive leadership team that established and grew Dell’s Managed Services business. Prior to joi…
Robert W. Gumber
Vice President of Service Delivery
Robert W. Gumber
Vice President of Service Delivery
Robert W. Gumber was named as Vice President of Service Delivery in November, 2006. He is responsible for the operational delivery of TechTeam’s services in the Americas and Europe and oversees the following operational components: financial results, customer satisfaction, service level agreement attainment, and performance. Mr. Gumber joined TechTeam in October, 2003 and prior to this appointment served as the Vice President of Operations for Europe.
Prior to TechTeam, Mr. Gumber ow…
Margaret M. Loebl
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer
Margaret M. Loebl
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer
Ms. Loebl joined TechTeam in October 2008 as Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. Prior to joining TechTeam, Ms. Loebl served as Group Vice President of Finance at Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) from 2002 to 2007. In her role at ADM, Ms. Loebl was responsible for treasury, credit, private equity and benefit financing across the company. She also drove a number of best practice initiatives at ADM and is most notably credited with the transformation of the Finance Group …
Armin Pressler
Chief Information Officer, and Facilities
Armin Pressler
Chief Information Officer, and Facilities
Mr. Pressler was an Onvaio co-founder (Onvaio was acquired by TechTeam in 2008) and now serves as TechTeam’s Vice President, Chief Information Officer and Facilities. In this role, Armin is focused on optimizing TechTeam’s global infrastructure and applications suite, as well as integrating the global capacity plan with facilities and infrastructure.
Mr. Pressler brings a strong global technology management track record with 17 years of experience within the IT, call center and life …
Michael A. Sosin
Vice President, General Counsel, and Secretary
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Gary J. Cotshott
Chairman and CEO
Mr. Cotshott joined TechTeam in February 2008 as President and Chief Executive Officer and a Director. Prior to joining TechTeam, Mr. Cotshott was Vice President and General Manager of the Dell Services division of Dell Inc. between 1998 and August 2007. As Vice President and General Manager of Dell Services, Mr. Cotshott led the formation, strategy and development of Dell Services, which grew from $250 million to $5.5 billion in worldwide reported revenue over a nine-year period. Mr. Cotshott began his career at NCR Corporation in 1974. His most recent role at NCR was Senior Vice President and General Manager, Worldwide Customer Services, where he had direct worldwide, line management responsibility for its $2.8 billion services division. He led this organization through a period of significant growth as well as a large scale restructuring of U.S., European and Japanese operations that improved profitability and customer satisfaction.
Kevin Burke
Senior Vice President and General Manager, Americas
In January 2007, Kevin P. Burke joined TechTeam Global as Senior Vice President, Americas. In this capacity, he will be responsible for the day-to-day operations and growth and profitability of the Americas business unit.
Mr. Burke brings more than 20 years of experience in management, operations and sales and marketing in the information technology industry. Prior to joining TechTeam, he was the President and Chief Operating Officer of CrimeCog Technologies, Inc., a criminal justice enterprise software company. From May 2004 through August 2005, Mr. Burke was the Channel Services Manager for Cisco Systems, Inc. and was responsible for the sales, promotion and growth of Cisco’s Remote Operations Services to IBM within North America. He served as a Region Manager for Information Builders, Inc. for two years, where his region led the company in new account acquisition. During the 1990s, Mr. Burke held numerous management positions with Alternative Resource Corporation, including General Manager of its National Technical Services Division, where he was responsible for the profit and loss of the division.
Mr. Burke received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration from Central Michigan University and a Masters in Business Administration from the University of Detroit.
Christoph Neut
Senior Vice President and General Manager, EMEA
In November 2006, Mr. Christoph Neut was named Senior Vice President, EMEA. In this role, Mr. Neut leads the overall performance, business development and expansion, and management of customer relations and alliances for TechTeam Global in the EMEA region.
Formerly, Mr. Neut was Vice President of Sales and Marketing, EMEA. Under his direction, TechTeam expanded its presence within the European market, captured several key Fortune 1000 customers, launched its near-shore operations in Romania and Poland, and identified and closed several strategic acquisitions and grew the revenue with a CAGR of over 35% annualized since TechTeam started in Europe in 1996. Mr. Neut also serves as an Officer of TechTeam Global, is a Member of the Management Committee of the Global Leadership Team and is the Chairman of the European Board of Directors.
Mr. Neut brings over 15 years of IT outsourcing and business process outsourcing experience to the company. Before joining TechTeam, he held several business development positions in the contact center and services industry. During that time he gained significant expertise in pan-European service models including the operation of multilingual contact centers. Mr. Neut holds a bachelors degree in Law from the Catholic University of Leuven and a master’s degree in International Law from the Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
Robert W. Gumber
Vice President of Service Delivery
Robert W. Gumber was named as Vice President of Service Delivery in November, 2006. He is responsible for the operational delivery of TechTeam’s services in the Americas and Europe and oversees the following operational components: financial results, customer satisfaction, service level agreement attainment, and performance. Mr. Gumber joined TechTeam in October, 2003 and prior to this appointment served as the Vice President of Operations for Europe.
Prior to TechTeam, Mr. Gumber owned and operated a consulting company, RWG and Associates, L.L.C., which provided supply chain consulting services to a prominent automotive supplier industry consortium. He also held numerous supply and manufacturing positions in the automotive industry. During 2001, he was the Director of Material Planning and Logistics at Visteon Corporation. Between 1997 and 2001, Mr. Gumber was Supply Director for Visteon Corporation’s Interior/Exterior Division. There he was responsible for purchasing, supplier quality/technical assistance, material planning and logistics supporting Visteon’s interior/exterior manufacturing operations. Between 1994 and 1997, Mr. Gumber was the Integration Manager for the design of the Ford Production System. From 1991 to 1994, he was Continuous Flow Manufacturing and Inventory Planning Manager of Ford’s Electronics Division. From 1986 to 1991, Mr. Gumber resided in Europe, where he served as Manufacturing Planning and Control Manager for Ford’s European Electronics Operations in Basildon, England and Manufacturing Planning and Control Manager for a “greenfield” electronics plant in Cadiz, Spain.
He holds a Bachelor of Science in Management from Calumet College of St. Joseph, Indiana.
Kamran Sokhanvari
Senior Vice President and General Manager, Asia/Latin America
Mr. Sokhanvari brings 15 years of executive experience leading global service delivery organizations. In his role as Senior Vice President and General Manager of Asia/Latin America, he will aggressively expand TechTeam’s presence in these important markets and lead a cross-business unit initiative to accelerate growth in TechTeam’s software technical support outsourcing business.
Prior to joining TechTeam via the acquisition of Onvaio, the firm he co-founded, Mr. Sokhanvari was at Pinnacle Systems where he was Vice President of Services and Worldwide Operations, building a global call center infrastructure that supported 10 million customers. Prior to Pinnacle, he was Vice President of Global Operations and General Manager of Services at Wind River Systems, where he was responsible for overseeing the company’s operations and delivering services worldwide.
Christopher Donohue
Vice President, Strategy, Marketing, and Product Development
As Vice President of Strategy, Marketing, and Product Development, Mr. Donohue has global responsibilities for strategy formulation, offer portfolio management, product development, product and brand marketing, industry analyst relations and corporate communications. He brings 19 years of experience and a strong record of success to his role. Prior to joining TechTeam, he was a key member of the executive leadership team that established and grew Dell’s Managed Services business. Prior to joining Dell, Mr. Donohue spent thirteen years at NCR in a variety of leadership roles including sales, account management, marketing and strategic planning. Mr. Donohue has also led a services organization focused on government markets.
Mr. Donohue earned both a BSBA an MBA from The Ohio State University.
Margaret M. Loebl
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer
Ms. Loebl joined TechTeam in October 2008 as Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. Prior to joining TechTeam, Ms. Loebl served as Group Vice President of Finance at Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) from 2002 to 2007. In her role at ADM, Ms. Loebl was responsible for treasury, credit, private equity and benefit financing across the company. She also drove a number of best practice initiatives at ADM and is most notably credited with the transformation of the Finance Group that resulted in significant cost savings and the restructuring of the company balance sheet. Prior to ADM, Ms. Loebl held senior financial executive positions at Nike, Inc. and General Motors Corporation, where she began her corporate career. Her background includes significant international roles in addition to roles in financial transactions, financial planning and analysis, business planning, business development/M&A, risk management, and tax. Ms. Loebl received her BA from Wellesley College and her MBA from the University of Chicago.
Armin Pressler
Chief Information Officer, and Facilities
Mr. Pressler was an Onvaio co-founder (Onvaio was acquired by TechTeam in 2008) and now serves as TechTeam’s Vice President, Chief Information Officer and Facilities. In this role, Armin is focused on optimizing TechTeam’s global infrastructure and applications suite, as well as integrating the global capacity plan with facilities and infrastructure.
Mr. Pressler brings a strong global technology management track record with 17 years of experience within the IT, call center and life sciences industries. Prior to Onvaio, he was Chief Information Officer at Wind River Systems, where he drove global IT-business alignment that enabled a new level of business agility. Prior to that, Mr. Pressler was with Dow Chemical as Global e-Business Program Office Leader and was actively involved in the formation and launch of Elemica.com, the global business-to-business backbone for the $600 billion chemical industry. While at Dow Chemical, he held a number of other positions such as managing the applications and systems of the AgroSciences business unit, and leading various Global IT projects.
Michael A. Sosin
Vice President, General Counsel, and Secretary
Michael A. Sosin joined TechTeam in 1998 as Vice President, General Counsel, and Secretary. Mr. Sosin provides legal advice and counsel to the Board of Directors and senior management on all legal and corporate governance issues facing the Company. In this capacity, he is responsible for developing, participating in the preparation of documentation for, and monitoring the Company’s SEC, NASDAQ, Sarbanes-Oxley, and insider trading compliance, including preparation of Company’s current and periodic reports to the SEC; drafts, reviews and negotiates major contracts for Company; conducts due diligence for, drafts and negotiates major business agreements and relationships with other entities, including mergers and acquisitions; he is involved in managing the Company’s legal affairs internationally, with the Company’s subsidiaries in United Kingdom, Belgium, Sweden, Germany, Romania and India; he is responsible for all aspects of risk management for Company from purchasing of insurance to reviewing employment policies and procedures; and he manages all outstanding litigation on behalf of Company. Prior to joining TechTeam, Mr. Sosin was in private practice for 14 years. He is a graduate of the University of Michigan, B.A. 1980, J.D. 1984.
http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=91039&p=irol-govmanage
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Wind River Systems
Wind River Systems
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wind River Systems Inc. Wind River Systems logo
Type Public (NASDAQ: WIND)
Founded 1981
Headquarters Alameda, California
Key people Ken Klein, Chairman, President and CEO
Revenue US$328.63 million (January 31, 2008)
Employees 1,507 (January 31, 2008)
Website www.windriver.com
Wind River Systems, Inc. is a publicly owned company providing embedded systems, development tools for embedded systems, middleware, and other types of software. The company was founded in Berkeley, California in 1981 by Jerry Fiddler and David Wilner.
Contents
* 1 Company
* 2 History
* 3 Acquisitions
* 4 References
* 5 External links
* 6 See also
Company
Wind River concentrates on middleware: software and operating systems, for information appliances and devices. Their products are used in cellular phones, auto braking systems, routers, digital cameras, projectors, set-top boxes, traffic signals, Mars Rovers MER-A and MER-B and more. They were the final proprietors of BSD/OS, the commercial BSD operating system.
Among their flagship products are the VxWorks real-time operating system (which began as an add-on to the VRTX operating system in the early 1980s), the Eclipse-based Wind River Workbench IDE (which has superseded the previous Tornado environment) and the Wind River Compiler (formerly the DIAB compiler, bought from the Swedish company Dataindustrier AB). Wind River’s head offices are located at 500 Wind River Way, Alameda, California. As of 2004[update], their strategic theme is device software optimization.
History
In 1999 Wind River bought one of their major competitors, Integrated Systems Inc., makers of pSOS. Wind River has since discontinued the pSOS product line and has recommended existing pSOS customers transition to VxWorks.
Wind River acquired the software assets of Berkeley Software Design Inc. (BSDI) in 2001. These comprised the BSD/OS operating system, plus involvement in the FreeBSD and Slackware Linux open source projects.[1] Wind River dropped sponsorship of Slackware soon afterwards,[2] while the FreeBSD unit was divested as a separate entity in 2002 as FreeBSD Mall, Inc..[3]
Faced with competition from the open source FreeBSD and Linux-based operating systems, Wind River discontinued BSD/OS in December 2003. However, by this time some technology from BSD/OS had been contributed to the open source BSD community.[4]
In 2004 Wind River announced a partnership with Red Hat to create a new Linux-based distribution for embedded devices, and in 2005 Wind River released the first version of its embedded Linux distribution. Wind River has since ended its partnership with Red Hat and now ships its own Linux distribution optimized for embedded Linux development. Wind River Linux supports a variety of embedded device architectures including ARM, MIPS, PPC, in addition to x86. In December 2007 Wind River released Wind River Linux 2.0 a significant update from its previous 1.5 release.
On February 20, 2007, FSMLabs’ embedded market was acquired by Wind River Systems [5]. Wind River maintains the free versions of RTLinux [1] previously offered by FSMLabs; and Wind River committed to continue to offer the FSMLab approach to RTLinux as part of their product line rebranded as Wind River Real-Time Core for Wind River Linux.
On August 7th, 2007, Palm Inc. announced that it had chosen Wind River Systems as the software solution for its (later aborted) Palm Foleo.
In 2008, Wind River cooperated with BMW and Intel to begin development of a Linux-based open-source platform to control in-car electronics.[6]
As of 2008, their competitors include Green Hills Software (makers of the INTEGRITY and velOSity RTOS), QNX Inc. (makers of the QNX Neutrino system), LynuxWorks (makers of the LynxOS RTOS), Mentor Graphics (makers of Nucleus RTOS), and to a lesser extent the real-time and embedded product lines of Microsoft (largely Windows CE and Windows NT Embedded) and various products based on Linux made by MontaVista, TimeSys and others.
Wind River also sponsors the BASIC WonderCup Challenge, a San Francisco Bay Area science knowledge competition for high school students.
Acquisitions
* 1999: Integrated Systems Inc.
* 2000: merge staff of Dragonfly Software Consulting[7]
* 2000: ICEsoft[8] (Bergen, Norway)
* 2000: AudeSi Technologies Inc. (Calgary, Alberta)[9]
* 2001: Berkeley Software Design Inc. (BSDI)
* 2005: ScopeTools business unit from Real-Time Innovations[10]
* 2006: Interpeak AB[11] (Stockholm, Sweden)
* 2007: Assets of FSMLabs (Socorro, New Mexico)
* 2008: MIZI[12] (Seoul, Korea)
* 2009: Tilcon Software Limited[13] (Ottawa, Ontario)
References
1. ^ Wind River to Acquire BSDi Software Assets, Extending Development Platforms to Include Robust UNIX-based Operating Systems for Embedded Devices, Business Wire
2. ^ Slackware Commercial Distribution Left in Doubt as Developers Are Laid Off, Linux Today
3. ^ FreeBSD Mall: Company History
4. ^ Wind River terminating BSD/OS
5. ^ WindRiver press release on RTlinux
6. ^ BMW wants joint effort to develop open-source in-vehicle platform
7. ^ http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Wind-River-Systems-Inc-355080.html
8. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E7DD1131F93BA1575BC0A9669C8B63
9. ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WUB/is_/ai_60478674
10. ^ http://www.windriver.com/news/press/pr.html?ID=1541
11. ^ http://www.eetimes.com/conf/esc/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=183701113&kc=2444
12. ^ http://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS4529876314.html
13. ^ http://www.embedded-computing.com/news/Mergers+and+Acquisitions/15685
External links
* Company page
* http://www.rtlinuxfree.com/
* Lord of the Toasters an article from Wired magazine
* Wind River’s Linux Transformation an article from CNET
See also
* QNX – RTOS competitor to WindRiver
Open Handset Alliance
Mobile Operators
China Mobile A KDDI A NTT docomo A Sprint Nextel A T-Mobile A Telecom Italia A Telefónica A Vodafone A SoftBank A
Software Companies
Ascender Corporation A eBay A Esmertec A Google A LivingImage A NMS Communications A Nuance Communications A PacketVideo A SkyPop A SONiVOX A Borqs
Semiconductor companies
Audience A Broadcom A Intel A Marvell Technology Group A Nvidia A Qualcomm A SiRF Technology Holdings A Synaptics A Texas Instruments A AKM Semiconductor A ARM A Atheros A Ericsson
Handset Manufacturers
HTC A LG A Motorola A Samsung Electronics A Asus A Garmin A Huawei A Sony Ericsson A Toshiba
Commercialization companies
Aplix A Noser Engineering A The Astonishing Tribe A Wind River Systems A Omron Software A Teleca
See also
Android A T-Mobile G1 A Dalvik virtual machine
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Systems
Categories: Software companies of the United States | Linux companies | Computer companies of the United States | Companies based in Alameda County, California
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Systems
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Corporate Bios
Board of Directors Bios
With over 50 years combined experience in embedded technology, our leadership team comprise some of the best minds in the industry. Wind River now has four product divisions to better address the rapidly changing needs of our customers. To successfully move the company and embedded technology into the post-PC era, our executive management team has taken on new responsibilities and challenges as part of this change.
Ken Klein
Chairman, President, and CEO
John Bruggeman
Chief Marketing Officer
Ian Halifax
Senior Vice President of Finance and Administration
Chief Financial Officer and Secretary
Barry Mainz
Chief Operating Officer
Tomas Evensen
Vice President and General Manager, Wind River Tools and Common Technologies Product Division
Chief Technology Officer
Scot Morrison
Senior Vice President and General Manager, VxWorks Product Division
Vincent Rerolle
Senior Vice President and General Manager, Linux Product Division
Amit Ronen
Vice President and General Manager, Device Management Product Division
Damian Artt
Senior Vice President of Worldwide Sales and Services
Jeff Loehr
Vice President, Human Resources
http://www.windriver.com/company/bios/
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Ken Klein
Chairman, President, and CEO
Ken Klein is Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, and President of Wind River. With more than 20 years of experience in the software industry, he is working to further extend Wind River’s leadership position by expanding customer and partner initiatives, continuing to drive the market shift from in-house development to commercial software adoption, and delivering innovative, leading-edge products. Target vertical markets include consumer electronics, aerospace and defense, industrial, automotive, medical, and networking equipment. He is responsible for the management of 1,460 employees in 15 countries.
Before joining Wind River, Klein served as Chief Operating Officer and a board member of Mercury Interactive for 12 years. Klein and his team built Mercury from a pre-revenue startup into a software powerhouse with a peak market capitalization of $15B, 2,150 employees, operations in 35 countries, and membership in the NASDAQ 100 and S&P 500. The team went on to grow the company to nearly $1B in annual revenue and to sell to Hewlett-Packard for $5B. Before his tenure at Mercury, Klein held various engineering, marketing, and management roles at Interactive Development Environments, Daisy Systems, and Hughes Aircraft Company.
Klein earned a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering and biomedical engineering from the University of Southern California. He is a USC Distinguished Alumnus, member of the USC School of Engineering Board of Councilors, and founder of USC’s Klein Institute for Undergraduate Engineering Life (KIUEL). He also serves on the boards of AmberPoint and BigFix.
Wind River’s Board of Directors is a diverse group of seasoned professionals with a combination of technology, financial, and operating backgrounds. Please click on each member’s name for a brief profile highlighting the individual’s industry experience.
John C. Bolger
Private Investor; Retired Vice President of Finance and Administration, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Jerry L. Fiddler
Cofounder, Wind River Systems, Inc.
Dr. Narendra (Naren) K. Gupta
Vice Chairman & Director
Grant M. Inman
President, Inman Investment Management
Harvey C. Jones
Chairman and Cofounder, Tensilica, Inc.
Kenneth R. Klein
Chairman, President and CEO, Wind River Systems, Inc.
Standish H. O’Grady
Senior Managing Director, Granite Ventures
http://ir.windriver.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=91814&p=irol-govboard
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Board of Directors
Gary J. Cotshott
Chairman of Board
Charles Frumberg
Director
Seth W. Hamot
Director
Kent Heyman
Director
General John P. Jumper (USAF Ret.)
Director
James A. Lynch
Director
James A. Lynch
Director
Since 1999, Mr. Lynch has been Managing Director of Draper Atlantic and is responsible for, among other things, managing a portfolio of early-stage technology ventures….
Alok Mohan
Director
Alok Mohan
Director
Alok Mohan served as Chief Executive Officer of Santa Cruz Operations, Inc. ( SCO ) from July 1995 until April 1998, when he was appointed the company’s Chairman of the Board. He served as Chairman of SCO until May 2001 when a portion of SCO’s assets were sold to Caldera International, Inc. He continued as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the remaining business, renamed Tarantella, Inc., until it was sold to Sun Microsystems, Inc in 2005. From May 1994 to July 1995, Mr. Mohan served as S…
James G. Roche
Director
James G. Roche
Director
James G. Roche, DBA served as the 20th Secretary of the United States Air Force from June 2001 through January 2005. For the three years prior to his Air Force service, he was Corporate Vice President and President of the Electronic Sensors and Systems Sector of Northrop Grumman Corporation. Secretary Roche held various other positions with Northrop Grumman, which included Corporate Vice President and Chief Advanced Development, Planning, and Public Affairs Officer responsible for the company…
Andrew R. Siegel
Director
Andrew R. Siegel
Director
Andrew R. Siegel has been a Senior Vice President at Roark, Rearden & Hamot Capital Management LLC, an investment management firm that is the general partner of Costa Brava Partnership III, L.P. Since October 2004, Mr. Siegel has also been the founding Managing Member of White Bay Capital Management, an investment management firm. From July 2003 through February 2004, Mr. Siegel was a Financial Adviser to Professional Television Network, a broadcasting company from October 2002 through March …
Richard R. Widgren
Director
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Richard R. Widgren
Director
Richard R. Widgren has been a director since May 2005. Mr. Widgren is currently Vice President – Finance, Treasurer, and Chief Financial Officer of Urban Science, Inc., a retail sales channel consulting company, where he began employment in August 2001. From April 2001 through August 2001, he was Chief Financial Officer of Presidion, Inc. Previously, Mr. Widgren service as Vice President – Finance and Corporate Controller of Kelly Services, Inc. Mr. Widgren is a member of the Detroit Medical Center Board of Director, where he serves as the chairman of the Audit Committee.
Andrew R. Siegel
Director
Andrew R. Siegel has been a Senior Vice President at Roark, Rearden & Hamot Capital Management LLC, an investment management firm that is the general partner of Costa Brava Partnership III, L.P. Since October 2004, Mr. Siegel has also been the founding Managing Member of White Bay Capital Management, an investment management firm. From July 2003 through February 2004, Mr. Siegel was a Financial Adviser to Professional Television Network, a broadcasting company from October 2002 through March 2003. In 2001 and 2002, he was an investment banker with Deutsche Bank.
James G. Roche
Director
James G. Roche, DBA served as the 20th Secretary of the United States Air Force from June 2001 through January 2005. For the three years prior to his Air Force service, he was Corporate Vice President and President of the Electronic Sensors and Systems Sector of Northrop Grumman Corporation. Secretary Roche held various other positions with Northrop Grumman, which included Corporate Vice President and Chief Advanced Development, Planning, and Public Affairs Officer responsible for the company’s strategy development and mergers and acquisition strategy. Dr. Roche is a retired Captain in the United States Navy with 23 years of service. He is currently a director of the Orbital Sciences Corporation (NYSE: ORB ).
Alok Mohan
Director
Alok Mohan served as Chief Executive Officer of Santa Cruz Operations, Inc. ( SCO ) from July 1995 until April 1998, when he was appointed the company’s Chairman of the Board. He served as Chairman of SCO until May 2001 when a portion of SCO’s assets were sold to Caldera International, Inc. He continued as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the remaining business, renamed Tarantella, Inc., until it was sold to Sun Microsystems, Inc in 2005. From May 1994 to July 1995, Mr. Mohan served as Senior Vice President, Operations and Chief Financial Officer of SCO. Prior to joining SCO, Mr. Mohan was employed with NCR Corporation ( NCR ), where he served as Vice President of Strategic Planning and Controller and Vice President and General Manager of the Workstation Products Division at NCR. Mr. Mohan is also the non-executive Chairman of the Board of Directors of Rainmaker, Inc. (NASDAQ: RMKR ), and he serves on the Board of Directors of Stampede Technologies, Inc. and CrystalGraphics, Inc.
James A. Lynch
Director
Since 1999, Mr. Lynch has been Managing Director of Draper Atlantic and is responsible for, among other things, managing a portfolio of early-stage technology ventures.
General John P. Jumper (USAF Ret.)
Director
General John P. Jumper (USAF Ret.) retired from the United States Air Force effective November 1, 2005. From September 2001 through November 1, 2005, General Jumper was Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, serving as the senior uniformed Air Force officer responsible for the organization, training, and equipage of more than 700,000 active-duty, Guard, Reserve, and civilian forces serving in the United States and overseas. As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the general and other service chiefs function as military advisers to the Secretary of Defense, National Security Council, and the President. Between February 2000 and September 2001, General Jumper was the Commander of Headquarters Air Combat Control. General Jumper serves on the Board of Directors of Goodrich Corporation (NYSE: GR ), and the Board of Directors of Rolls Royce North America.
Kent Heyman
Director
Kent Heyman has been the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Powerhouse Technologies Group, Inc. (OTC: PWHT ), a publicly traded provider of mobile computing software, since September 2005 and January 2006 respectively. Mr. Heyman was the Chief Executive Officer of ServiceWare Technologies, Inc., a provider of customer relationship management software applications that is now known as Knova Software, Inc. (OTC: KNVS ), from September 2001 to February 2005, and now serves as the company’s non-executive Chairman. Prior to joining ServiceWare, Mr. Heyman was a founding officer and General Counsel to MPower Communications, Inc., a competitive telecommunications provider.
Seth W. Hamot
Director
Since 1997, Mr. Hamot has been the Managing Member of Roark, Rearden & Hamot Capital Management, LLC (“RRHCM”) and the owner of its corporate predecessor Roark, Rearden & Hamot, Inc. RRHCM is the investment manager to Costa Brava Partnership III L.P. (“Costa Brava”), an investment fund. Mr. Hamot is also the President of Roark, Rearden & Hamot, LLC, the general partner of Costa Brava. Prior to 1997, Mr. Hamot was one of the partners of the Actionvest entities.
Charles Frumberg
Director
Since May 2002, Mr. Frumberg has held the positions of Founder and Managing General Partner of Emancipation Capital, a hedge fund that proactively invests in the technology industry. From July 1998 through April 2002, Mr. Frumberg held the position of Co-Head/Equities at SG Cowen Securities Corp., a United States investment bank with specialists in technology and healthcare. At SG Cowen Securities Corp, Mr. Frumberg was a member of the Office of the CEO, the management committee, the operating committee and the merchant banking committee. Prior to that, Mr. Frumberg was employed at UBS Securities as the Director of Research and the Co-head of Global Research, from November 1991 through April 1998. Before he was employed at UBS Securities, Mr. Frumberg worked for ten years at Mabon Nugent & Co., as both Director of Research and as a software analyst.
Gary J. Cotshott
Chairman of Board
Mr. Cotshott joined TechTeam in February 2008 as President and Chief Executive Officer and a Director. Prior to joining TechTeam, Mr. Cotshott was Vice President and General Manager of the Dell Services division of Dell Inc. between 1998 and August 2007. As Vice President and General Manager of Dell Services, Mr. Cotshott led the formation, strategy and development of Dell Services, which grew from $250 million to $5.5 billion in worldwide reported revenue over a nine-year period. Mr. Cotshott began his career at NCR Corporation in 1974. His most recent role at NCR was Senior Vice President and General Manager, Worldwide Customer Services, where he had direct worldwide, line management responsibility for its $2.8 billion services division. He led this organization through a period of significant growth as well as a large scale restructuring of U.S., European and Japanese operations that improved profitability and customer satisfaction.
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Insider Transactions: TEAM
Date Name Shares Transaction Type Market Value
03/04/09 ROCHE JAMES G 843 Award of Stock Options $2,247.47
03/04/09 JUMPER JOHN P 743 Award of Stock Options $2,247.47
03/04/09 WIDGREN RICHARD R 843 Award of Stock Options $2,247.47
View All Insider Activity
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Ownership Breakdown : TEAM
Large Block Holder Type Number
Institutions 43.00
Mutual Fund 79.00
Other Major 13.00
http://finance.aol.com/company/techteam-global-inc/team/nas
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3.55 -0.1899 -5.08%
as of 03:59 PM EST on 03/06/2009 in USD (NASDAQ Delay: 15 mins.)
http://finance.aol.com/company/techteam-global-inc/team/nas/insider-trends
Sentiment for TEAM is POSITIVE
Total dollar value of all insider purchases and sales over 12 months.
TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC
TEAM
August 2008 insider purchases – $80,000
http://finance.aol.com/company/techteam-global-inc/team/nas/insider-trends
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Homeland Security
A June 28, 2007 Washington Post article related how a U.S. Department of Homeland Security contract with Booz Allen increased from $2 million to more than $70 million through two no-bid contracts, one occurring after the DHS’s legal office had advised DHS not to continue the contract until after a review. A Government Accountability Office (GAO) report on the contract characterized it as not well-planned and lacking any measure for assuring valuable work to be completed.
According to the article,
A review of memos, e-mail and other contracting documents obtained by The Washington Post show that in a rush to meet congressional mandates to establish the information analysis and infrastructure protection offices, agency officials routinely waived rules designed to protect taxpayer money. As the project progressed, the department became so dependent on Booz Allen that it lost the flexibility for a time to seek out other contractors or hire federal employees who might do the job for less.
Elaine C. Duke, the department’s chief procurement officer, acknowledged the problems with the Booz Allen contract. But Duke said those matters have been resolved. She defended a decision to issue a second no-bid contract in 2005 as necessary to keep an essential intelligence operation running until a competition could be held.[64]
SWIFT
In 2006 at the request of the Article 29 Working Group, an advisory group to the European Commission (EC), the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Privacy International (PI) investigated the U.S. government’s SWIFT surveillance program and Booz Allen’s role therein. The ACLU and PI filed a memo at the end of their investigation which called into question the ethics and legality of a government contractor (in this case Booz Allen) acting as auditors of a government program, when that contractor is heavily involved with those same agencies on other contracts. The basic statement was that a conflict of interest may exist. Beyond that, the implication was also made that Booz Allen may be complicit in a program (electronic surveillance of SWIFT) that may be deemed illegal by the EC.[60][61]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton
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SWIFTNet Mail
SWIFT also offer a secure person-to-person messaging service, SWIFTNet Mail, which went live on 16 May 2007.[7] SWIFT clients can configure their existing email infrastructure to pass email messages through the highly secure and reliable SWIFTNet network instead of the open Internet. SWIFTNet Mail is intended for the secure transfer of sensitive business documents, such as invoices, contracts and signatories, and is designed to replace existing telex and courier services, as well as the transmission of security-sensitive data over the open Internet. Eight financial institutions, including HSBC, FirstRand Bank, Clearstream, DnB NOR, Nedbank, Standard Bank of South Africa and Bear Stearns, as well as SWIFT piloted the service.[8]
Terrorist Finance Tracking Program
Main article: Terrorist Finance Tracking Program
A series of articles published on June 23, 2006, by The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and The Los Angeles Times revealed that the Treasury Department and the CIA, United States government agencies, had a program to access the SWIFT transaction database after the September 11th attacks called the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program.[9]
After these publications SWIFT quickly came under pressure for scrutinizing data privacy of its customers by letting a foreign government agency access sensitive personal data. In September 2006, the Belgian government declared that the SWIFT dealings with U.S. government authorities were, in fact, a breach of Belgian and European privacy laws.[citation needed]
In response, SWIFT is in the process of improving its architecture to satisfy member privacy concerns by implementing the new Distributed Architecture with a two-zone model for storing messages (see Operations centers).
# EU concern at US data transfers BBC News 2007-01-31
# EU press release Swift Affair: European Data Protection Authorities joining efforts
The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication ( SWIFT ) operates a worldwide financial messaging network which exchanges messages between banks and other financial institutions. SWIFT also markets software and services to financial institutions, much of it for use on the SWIFTNet Network, and ISO 9362 bank identifier codes (BICs) are popularly known as SWIFT codes .
The majority of international interbank messages use the SWIFT network. As of November 2008[update], SWIFT linked 8,740 financial institutions in 209 countries.[1] SWIFT transports financial messages in a highly secure way, but does not hold accounts for its members and does not perform any form of clearing or settlement.
SWIFT does not facilitate funds transfer. Financial institutions would need a corresponding banking relationship for financial transactions.[clarification needed] Not all financial institutions have banking business relationships, but rather peripheral. Each financial institution, to exchange banking transactions, must have a banking relationship by either being a bank or affiliating itself with one (or more) so as to enjoy those particular business features.
SWIFT is a cooperative society under Belgian law and it is owned by its member financial institutions. SWIFT has offices around the world. SWIFT headquarters are located in La Hulpe, Belgium, near Brussels. An average of 2.4 million messages, with aggregate value of $2 trillion, were processed by SWIFT per day in 1995.
It was founded in Brussels in 1973, supported by 239 banks in 15 countries. It started to establish common standards for financial transactions and a shared data processing system and worldwide communications network. Fundamental operating procedures, rules for liability etc., were established in 1975 and the first message was sent in 1977.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT
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(Redirected from Pioneer Groundbreaker)
For the related controversy about data-mining of domestic call records see NSA call database.
National Security Agency logo
The NSA warrantless surveillance controversy concerns surveillance of persons within the United States incident to the collection of foreign intelligence by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) allegedly as part of the war on terror. Under this program, referred to by the Bush administration as the terrorist surveillance program ,[1] the NSA is authorized by executive order to monitor, without warrants, phone calls, e-mails, Internet activity, and text messaging, and other communication involving any party believed by the NSA to be outside the U.S., even if the other end of the communication lies within the U.S. The exact scope of the program is not known, but the NSA is or was provided total, unsupervised access to all fiber-optic communications going between some of the nation’s major telecommunication companies’ major interconnect locations, including phone conversations, email, web browsing, and corporate private network traffic. Shortly before Congress passed a new law in August 2007 that legalized warrantless surveillance, the Protect America Act of 2007, critics stated that such domestic intercepts required FISC authorization under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.[2] The Bush administration maintained that the authorized intercepts are not domestic but rather foreign intelligence integral to the conduct of war and that the warrant requirements of FISA were implicitly superseded by the subsequent passage of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF).[3] FISA makes it illegal to intentionally engage in electronic surveillance under appearance of an official act or to disclose or use information obtained by electronic surveillance under appearance of an official act knowing that it was not authorized by statute; this is punishable with a fine of up to $10,000 or up to five years in prison, or both.[4] In addition, the Wiretap Act prohibits any person from illegally intercepting, disclosing, using or divulging phone calls or electronic communications; this is punishable with a fine or up to five years in prison, or both. [5]
Attorney General Alberto Gonzales confirmed the existence of the program, first reported in a December 16, 2005 article in The New York Times.[6][7] The Times had posted the exclusive story on their website the night before, after learning that the Bush administration was considering seeking a Pentagon-Papers-style court injunction to block its publication.[8] Critics of The Times have openly alleged that executive editor Bill Keller had knowingly withheld the story from publication since before the 2004 Presidential election, and that the story that was ultimately first published by The Times was essentially the same one that reporters James Risen and Eric Lichtblau had first submitted at that time.[9] In a December 2008 interview with Newsweek, former Justice Department employee Thomas Tamm revealed himself to be the initial whistle-blower to The Times.[10]
Gonzales stated that the program authorizes warrantless intercepts where the government has a reasonable basis to conclude that one party to the communication is a member of al Qaeda, affiliated with al Qaeda, or a member of an organization affiliated with al Qaeda, or working in support of al Qaeda. and that one party to the conversation is outside of the United States .[11] The revelation raised immediate concern among elected officials, civil right activists, legal scholars and the public at large about the legality and constitutionality of the program and the potential for abuse. Since then, the controversy[12] has expanded to include the press’s role in exposing a classified program, the role and responsibility of Congress in its executive oversight function and the scope and extent of Presidential powers under Article II of the Constitution.
Contents
* 1 Developments
* 2 Background
o 2.1 FISA
o 2.2 NSA surveillance program
o 2.3 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) Resolution
* 3 Legal issues
o 3.1 Statutory interpretation issues
+ 3.1.1 FISA exclusivity provision
+ 3.1.2 Domestic versus foreign intelligence
+ 3.1.3 Administration’s statutory position
+ 3.1.4 Duty to notify Congress
o 3.2 Constitutional law issues
+ 3.2.1 Article I and II
+ 3.2.2 Fourth Amendment issues
# 3.2.2.1 Border search exception
# 3.2.2.2 Criminal prosecution under the NSA program
# 3.2.2.3 Presidential findings
+ 3.2.3 District Court findings
o 3.3 Corporate confidentiality analysis
o 3.4 Third-party legal analytical arguments
+ 3.4.1 Program is legal or probably legal
+ 3.4.2 Arguing that the program is illegal or probably illegal
* 4 Technical and operational details
* 5 Related issues
o 5.1 Warrantless wiretaps and the history of FISA
o 5.2 Sufficiency of FISA in the war on terror
o 5.3 FISA exclusivity controversy
o 5.4 Separation of powers and Unitary Executive theory
o 5.5 Classified information
+ 5.5.1 Leaking of classified information
+ 5.5.2 Publication of classified information
* 6 Responses and analyses
o 6.1 Administration response to press stories
o 6.2 Congressional response
* 7 Legal developments
o 7.1 Congressionally proposed FISA amendments
o 7.2 FISA court order
o 7.3 FISCR Ruling of August 2008
* 8 See also
o 8.1 References
o 8.2 External links
Developments
In mid-August 2007, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit heard arguments in two lawsuits challenging the surveillance program. The appeals were the first to reach the court after dozens of civil suits against the government and telecommunications companies over NSA surveillance were consolidated last year before the chief judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, Vaughn R. Walker. One of the cases is a class action against AT&T, focusing on allegations that the company provided the NSA with its customers’ phone and Internet communications for a vast data-mining operation. Plaintiffs in the second case are the al-Haramain Foundation Islamic charity and two of its lawyers.[13][14]
On November 16, 2007, the three judges – M. Margaret McKeown, Michael Daly Hawkins, and Harry Pregerson – issued a 27-page ruling[15] that the charity, the Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation, could not introduce a key piece of evidence in its case because it fell under the government’s claim of state secrets, although the judges said that In light of extensive government disclosures, the government is hard-pressed to sustain its claim that the very subject matter of the litigation is a state secret. [16]
In an August 14, 2007 question-and-answer session with the El Paso Times newspaper which was published on August 22, Director of National Intelligence Mike McConnell confirmed for the first time that the private sector assisted with the warrantless surveillance program. Now if you play out the suits at the value they’re claimed, it would bankrupt these companies, McConnell said, arguing that they deserve immunity for their help.[17] Plaintiffs in the AT&T suit subsequently filed a motion with the court to have McConnell’s admission of corporate cooperation with the NSA admitted as evidence in their case.[18]
The program may face an additional legal challenge in the appeal of two Albany, New York men convicted of criminal charges in an FBI anti-terror sting operation. Their lawyers contend that they have evidence the men were the subjects of NSA electronic surveillance, which was used to obtain their convictions but not made public at trial or made available in response to discovery requests by defense counsel at that time.[19]
In an unusual related legal development, on October 13, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Joseph P. Nacchio, the former CEO of Qwest Communications, is appealing an April 2007 conviction on 19 counts of insider trading by alleging that the government withdrew opportunities for contracts worth hundreds of millions of dollars after Qwest refused to participate in an unidentified National Security Agency program that the company thought might be illegal. According to court documents unsealed in Denver in early October as part of Nacchio’s appeal, the NSA approached Qwest about participating in a warrantless surveillance program more than six months before the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks which have been cited by the government as the main impetus for its efforts. Nacchio is using the allegation to try to show why his stock sale should not have been considered improper.[20] According to a lawsuit filed against other telecommunications companies for violating customer privacy, AT&T began preparing facilities for the NSA to monitor phone call information and Internet traffic seven months before 9/11.[21]
On August 17, 2007, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court said it would consider a request filed by the American Civil Liberties Union which asked the intelligence court to make public its recent, classified rulings on the scope of the government’s wiretapping powers. Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, presiding judge of the FISC, signed an order[22] calling the A.C.L.U.’s motion “an unprecedented request that warrants further briefing.” The FISC ordered the government to respond on the issue by Aug. 31, saying that anything involving classified material could be filed under court seal.[23][24] On the August 31 deadline, the National Security Division of the Justice Department filed a response in opposition to the ACLU’s motion with the court.[25]
In previous developments, the case ACLU v. NSA was dismissed on July 6, 2007 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.[26] The court did not rule on the spying program’s legality. Instead, its 65-page opinion[27] declared that the American Civil Liberties Union and the others who brought the case – including academics, lawyers and journalists – did not have the legal standing to sue because they could not demonstrate that they had been direct targets of the clandestine surveillance. Detroit District Court judge Anna Diggs Taylor had originally ruled on August 17, 2006 that the program is illegal under FISA as well as unconstitutional under the First and Fourth Amendments of the United States Constitution.[28][29][30] Judicial Watch, a watchdog group, discovered that at the time of the ruling Taylor serves as a secretary and trustee for a foundation that donated funds to the ACLU of Michigan, a plaintiff in the case. [31] On February 19, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court, without comment, turned down an appeal from the American Civil Liberties Union, letting stand the earlier decision dismissing the case.[32]
On September 28, 2006 the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Electronic Surveillance Modernization Act (H.R. 5825).[33] That bill now has been passed to the U.S. Senate where three competing, mutually-exclusive, bills — the Terrorist Surveillance Act of 2006 (S.2455) (the DeWine bill), the National Security Surveillance Act of 2006 (S.2455) (the Specter bill), and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Improvement and Enhancement Act of 2006 (S.3001) (the Specter-Feinstein bill) — were themselves referred for debate to the full Senate by the Senate Judiciary Committee on September 13, 2006.[34] Each of these bills would in some form broaden the statutory authorization for electronic surveillance, while still subjecting it to some restrictions. The Specter-Feinstein bill would extend the peacetime period for obtaining retroactive warrants to seven days and implement other changes to facilitate eavesdropping while maintaining FISA court oversight. The DeWine bill, the Specter bill, and the Electronic Surveillance Modernization Act (passed by the House) would all authorize some limited forms or periods of warrantless electronic surveillance subject to additional programmatic oversight by either the FISC (Specter bill) or Congress (DeWine and Wilson bills).
On January 17, 2007, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales informed U.S. Senate leaders by letter [3] that the program would not be reauthorized by the President. Any electronic surveillance that was occurring as part of the Terrorist Surveillance Program will now be conducted subject to the approval of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, according to his letter.[35]
On September 18, 2008, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), an Internet-privacy advocacy group, filed a new lawsuit against the NSA, President George W. Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, Cheney’s chief of staff David Addington, former Attorney General and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales and other government agencies and individuals who ordered or participated in the warrantless surveillance. They sued on behalf of AT&T customers to seek redress for what the EFF alleges to be an illegal, unconstitutional, and ongoing dragnet surveillance of their communications and communications records. An earlier, ongoing suit by the EFF may be bogged down by the recent changes to FISA provisions, but these are not expected to impact this new case.[36][37]
On January 23, 2009, the administration of President Barack Obama adopted the same position as his predecessor when it urged U.S. District Judge Vaughn Walker to set aside a ruling in Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation et al. v. Obama, et al.[38] The Obama administration also sided with the former administration in its legal defense of July, 2008 legislation that immunized the nation’s telecommunications companies from lawsuits accusing them of complicity in the eavesdropping program, according to testimony by Attorney General Eric Holder.[39]
Background
FISA
Main article: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
The 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) regulates U.S. government agencies’ carrying out of physical searches, and electronic surveillance, wherein the main purpose is the gathering of foreign intelligence information. Foreign intelligence information is defined in 50 U.S.C. § 1801 as information necessary to protect the U.S. or its allies against actual or potential attack from a foreign power, sabotage or international terrorism. FISA defines a foreign power as a foreign government or any faction(s) of a foreign government not substantially composed of US persons, or any entity directed or controlled by a foreign government. FISA provides for both criminal and civil liability for intentional electronic surveillance under color of law except as authorized by statute.
FISA provides two documents for the authorization of surveillance. First, FISA allows the Justice Department to obtain warrants from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) before or up to 72 hours after the beginning of the surveillance. FISA authorizes a FISC judge to issue a warrant for the electronic cameras if there is probable cause to believe that… the target of the electronic surveillance is a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power. 50 U.S.C. §1805(a)(3). Second, FISA permits the President or his delegate to authorize warrantless surveillance for the collection of foreign intelligence if there is no substantial likelihood that the surveillance will acquire the contents of any communication to which a United States person is a party . 50 U.S.C. §1802(a)(1).[40]
NSA surveillance program
Main article: NSA electronic surveillance program
Soon after the September 11, 2001 attacks U.S. President George W. Bush issued an executive order that authorized the National Security Agency (NSA) to conduct surveillance of certain telephone calls without obtaining a warrant from the FISC as stipulated by FISA (see 50 U.S.C. § 1802 50 U.S.C. § 1809 ). The complete details of the executive order are not known, but according to statements by the administration,[41] the authorization covers telephone calls originating overseas from or to a person suspected of having links to terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda or its affiliates even when the other party to the call is within the US. The legality of surveillance involving US persons and extent of this authorization is at the core of this controversy which has steadily grown to include:
* Constitutional issues concerning the separation of powers and the Fourth Amendment immunities.
* The effectiveness[42] and scope[43] of the program.
* The legality of the leaking and publication of classified information and the implications for U.S. national security arising from the disclosure.
* Adequacy of FISA as a tool for fighting terrorism
Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) Resolution
Main article: Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists
About a week after the 9/11 attacks, Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF) which authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.
The administration has argued[3] that the language used in the AUMF implicitly authorized the President to exercise those powers incident to the waging of war , including the collection of enemy intelligence, FISA provisions notwithstanding.
Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT), the ranking Democrat on the Senate Judiciary Committee along with lone co-sponsor Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) introduced S. Res. 350, a resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that Senate Joint Resolution 23 (107th Congress), as adopted by the Senate on September 14, 2001, and subsequently enacted as the Authorization for Use of Military Force does not authorize warrantless domestic surveillance of United States citizens. [44][45] This non-binding resolution died in the Senate without being brought up for debate or being voted upon. [46]
Legal issues
The NSA surveillance controversy involves legal issues that fall into two broad disciplines: statutory interpretation and Constitutional law. Statutory interpretation is the process of interpreting and applying legislation to the facts of a given case. Constitutional law is the body of law that governs the interpretation of the United States Constitution and covers areas of law such as the relationship between the federal government and state governments, the rights of individuals, and other fundamental aspects of the application of government authority in the United States.[47]
Statutory interpretation issues
A court of law faced with determining the legality of the NSA program would have to first grapple with the statutory interpretation of FISA itself[48] Since FISA has the potential to raise certain Constitutional conflicts relating to the powers assigned to Congress and the Executive in Articles I and II respectively, the canon of constitutional avoidance requires a court to first determine if the FISA statutes can be fairly read to avoid Constitutional conflict.[49] Assuming such an interpretation can be found, the question then turns to whether or not the NSA wiretap authorizations were violative of the statute as so read. Without knowing how a court would resolve the first issue and the classified specifics of the program itself, it is not possible to predict the outcome.
FISA exclusivity provision
18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(f) provides in relevant part that the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 shall be the exclusive means by which electronic surveillance, as defined in 50 U.S.C. § 1801(f)… and the intercept of domestic [communications] may be conducted. The interpretation of this clause is central to the controversy because both sides agree that the NSA program operates outside of the procedural framework provided by FISA. The interpretive conflict arises because other provisions of FISA, including the criminal sanctions subpart 50 U.S.C. § 1809 include an unless authorized by statute provision, raising the issue of statutory ambiguity. The administration’s position is that the AUMF is an authorizing statute which satisfies the FISA criteria. Critics contend that by the canon of Ejusdem generis (the doctrine that if ambiguity exists, generic legislative language must yield to specific provisions), the specific provisions of the FISA restrictions supersede the general authority granted by the AUMF. In their letter to the Senate Judiciary Committee[50] a group of law professors and former government officials addressed this issue directly:
the DOJ’s argument rests on an unstated general “implication” from the AUMF that directly contradicts express and specific language in FISA. Specific and “carefully drawn” statutes prevail over general statutes where there is a conflict. Morales v. TWA, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 384-85 (1992) (quoting International Paper Co. v. Ouelette, 479 U.S. 481, 494 (1987)). In FISA, Congress has directly and specifically spoken on the question of domestic warrantless wiretapping, including during wartime, and it could not have spoken more clearly.
The U.S. Supreme Court faced a similar issue in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld where the government claimed that the AUMF authorized the President to detain U.S. citizens designated as an enemy combatant despite its lack of specific language to that intent and notwithstanding the provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 4001(a) which requires that the United States government cannot detain an American citizen except by an act of Congress. In that case, the Court ruled:
[B]ecause we conclude that the Government’s second assertion [ that §4001(a) is satisfied, because Hamdi is being detained “pursuant to an Act of Congress”–the AUMF ] is correct, we do not address the first. In other words, for the reasons that follow, we conclude that the AUMF is explicit congressional authorization for the detention of individuals .. and that the AUMF satisfied §4001(a)’s requirement that a detention be “pursuant to an Act of Congress”
In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld however, the court rejected the government’s argument that the AUMF implicitly authorized the President to establish military commissions in violation of the UCMJ. The opinion of the Court held:
Neither of these congressional Acts, [AUMF or ATC] however, expands the President’s authority to convene military commissions. First, while we assume that the AUMF activated the President’s war powers, see Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U. S. 507 (2004) (plurality opinion), and that those powers include the authority to convene military commissions in appropriate circumstances, see id., at 518; Quirin, 317 U. S., at 28–29; see also Yamashita, 327 U. S., at 11, there is nothing in the text or legislative history of the AUMF even hinting that Congress intended to expand or alter the authorization set forth in Article 21 of the UCMJ. Cf. Yerger, 8 Wall., at 105 (“Repeals by implication are not favored”)
Determining when explicit congressional authorization is and is not required appears by this decision to require a court to first determine whether an implicit authorization would amount to a repeal by implication of the governing Act.
The exclusivity clause also raises a separation of powers issue. (See Constitutional law issues below)
Domestic versus foreign intelligence
The arguments against the legality of the NSA fall into two broad categories, those who argue that FISA raises no Constitutional issues and therefore the NSA program is illegal on its face[51][52] and those who argue that FISA (perhaps purposefully) raises a Constitutional conflict which should be resolved in Congress’ favor.[53]
Common to both of these views is the argument that the participation of US persons as defined in FISA 50 U.S.C. § 1801 renders the objectional intercepts domestic in nature.[54] Those advocating the no constitutional issue position, argue that Congress has the authority it needs to legislate in this area under Article I and the Fourth Amendment[55] while those who see a constitutional conflict[53] acknowledge that the existing delineation between Congressional and Executive authority in this area is not clear[56] but that Congress, in including the exclusivity clause in FISA, meant to carve out a legitimate role for itself in this arena.
The administration holds that an exception to the normal warrant requirements exists when the purpose of the surveillance is to prevent attack from a foreign threat. Such an exception has been upheld at the Circuit Court level when the target was a foreign agent residing abroad[57][58] a foreign agent residing in the US[59][60][61][62]and a US citizen abroad.[63] The warrantless exception was struck down when both the target and the threat was deemed domestic.[64] The legality of targeting US persons acting as agents of a foreign power and residing in this country has not been addressed by the US Supreme Court, but has occurred at least once, in the case of Aldrich Ames.[65]
Administration’s statutory position
The Administration’s position with regard to statutory interpretation, as outlined in the DOJ whitepaper, is to avoid what it has termed the difficult Constitutional questions by
* interpreting the FISA except as authorized by statute clause to mean that Congress allowed for future legislative statute(s) to provide exceptions to the FISA warrant requirements,[66]
* that the AUMF was such a statute, and
* as such, implicitly provided executive authority to authorize warrantless interception of enemy communication.
This argument, as outlined in the DOJ whitepaper, is based on the language of the AUMF, specifically, the acknowledgment of the President’s Constitutional authority contained in the preamble; Whereas, the President has authority under the Constitution to take action to deter and prevent acts of international terrorism against the United States , and the language in the resolution itself;
[Be it resolved] [t]hat the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.
The administration also adds that the program is legal under Title II of the USA PATRIOT Act entitled Enhanced Surveillance Procedures,[citation needed] although it is not relying upon the domestic law enforcement provisions of the PATRIOT Act for authorization of any of the NSA program activities.[citation needed] The President had said prior to this, that Americans’ civil liberties were being protected and that purely domestic wiretapping was being conducted pursuant to warrants under applicable law, including the Patriot Act.[4]
These arguments must be compared to the language of the FISA itself, which states:
Notwithstanding any other law, the President, through the Attorney General, may authorize electronic surveillance without a court order under this subchapter to acquire foreign intelligence information for a period not to exceed fifteen calendar days following a declaration of war by the Congress.
—[67]
Because the law specifically limits the President’s authority to bypass the FISA court in time of war to the first 15 days of the war, the administration’s argument rests on the assumption that the AUMF give the President more power than would a standard declaration of war.
Duty to notify Congress
Under the National Security Act of 1947, §501-503, codified as 50 USC §413-§413b,[68] the President is required to keep Congressional intelligence committees fully and currently informed of U.S. intelligence activities, consistent with … protection from unauthorized disclosure of classified information relating to sensitive intelligence sources and methods or other exceptionally sensitive matters. For covert actions, from which intelligence gathering activities are specifically excluded in §413b(e)(1), the President is specifically permitted to limit reporting to the so-called Gang of Eight.[69]
The administration contends that with regard to the NSA surveillance program, the administration fulfilled its notification obligations by briefing key members of Congress (thirteen individuals in this case between the 107th and 109th Congressional sessions) have been briefed on the NSA program more than a dozen times[citation needed] but they were forbidden from sharing information about the program with other members or staff.[citation needed]
On January 18, 2006, the Congressional Research Service released a report, Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions .[70][71] That report found that [b]ased upon publicly reported descriptions of the program, the NSA surveillance program would appear to fall more closely under the definition of an intelligence collection program, rather than qualify as a covert action program as defined by statute , and, therefore, concluded there was no specific statutory basis for limiting briefings on the terrorist surveillance program to the Gang of Eight[72] However, the report goes on to note in its concluding paragraph[73]that limited disclosure is also permitted under the statute in order to protect intelligence sources and methods .
Thus, although the specific statutory Gang of Eight notification procedure for covert action would not seem to apply to the NSA program, it is not clear if a limited notification procedure intended to protect sources and methods is expressly prohibited. Additionally, should the sources and methods exception apply it will require a factual determination as to whether it should apply to disclosure of the program itself or only to specific sensitive aspects.
Constitutional law issues
The constitutional debate surrounding executive authorization of warrantless surveillance is principally about separation of powers ( checks and balances ). If, as discussed above, no fair reading of FISA can be found in satisfaction of the canon of avoidance, these issues will have to be decided at the appellate level, by United States courts of appeals.
Article I and II
Article I vests Congress with the sole authority To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces and To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. . The U.S. Supreme Court has used the necessary and proper clause of Article I to affirm broad Congressional authority to legislate as it sees fit in the domestic arena[citation needed] but has limited its application in the arena of foreign affairs. In the landmark Curtiss-Wright decision, Justice Sutherland writes in his opinion of the Court:
The [ powers of the federal government in respect of foreign or external affairs and those in respect of domestic or internal affairs ] are different, both in respect of their origin and their nature. The broad statement that the federal government can exercise no powers except those specifically enumerated in the Constitution, and such implied powers as are necessary and proper to carry into effect the enumerated powers, is categorically true only in respect of our internal affairs.
Article II vests the President with power as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and requires that he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed .
The U.S. Supreme Court has historically used Article II to justify wide deference to the President in the arena of foreign affairs, but is it 100% relevant? Two historical and recent Supreme Court cases define the secret wiretapping by the NSA. Quoting again from the Curtiss-Wright decision:
It is important to bear in mind that we are here dealing not alone with an authority vested in the President by an exertion of legislative power, but with such an authority plus the very delicate, plenary and exclusive power of the President as the sole organ of the federal government in the field of international relations-a power which does not require as a basis for its exercise an act of Congress, but which, of course, like every other governmental power, must be exercised in subordination to the applicable provisions of the Constitution.
The extent of the President’s power as Commander-in-Chief has never been fully defined, but two U.S. Supreme Court cases are considered seminal in this area.[74][75] -Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer and Curtiss-Wright.
In addition, two relatively new cases, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, have clarified, and in the case of Hamdan limited, the scope of executive power to detain and try suspected terrorists as enemy combatants.
In Hamdan, the Court’s opinion in footnote 23, rejected the notion that Congress is impotent to regulate the exercise of executive war powers:
Whether or not the President has independent power, absent congressional authorization, to convene military commissions, he may not disregard limitations that Congress has, in proper exercise of its own war powers, placed on his powers. See Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U. S. 579, 637 (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring). The Government does not argue otherwise.
Whether proper exercise of Congressional war powers includes authority to regulate the gathering of foreign intelligence, which in other rulings[citation needed] has been recognized as fundamentally incident to the waging of war , is a historical point of contention between the Executive and Legislative branches.[76][3]
As noted in Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information , published by The Congressional Research Service:
A review of the history of intelligence collection and its regulation by Congress suggests that the two political branches have never quite achieved a meeting of the minds regarding their respective powers. Presidents have long contended that the ability to conduct surveillance for intelligence purposes is a purely executive function, and have tended to make broad assertions of authority while resisting efforts on the part of Congress or the courts to impose restrictions. Congress has asserted itself with respect to domestic surveillance, but has largely left matters involving overseas surveillance to executive self-regulation, subject to congressional oversight and willingness to provide funds.
The same report makes clear the Congressional view that intelligence gathered within the U.S. and where one party is a U.S. person qualifes as domestic in nature and as such completely within their purview to regulate, and further that Congress may tailor the President’s use of an inherent constitutional power :
The passage of FISA and the inclusion of such exclusivity language reflects Congress’s view of its authority to cabin the President’s use of any inherent constitutional authority with respect to warrantless electronic surveillance to gather foreign intelligence.
The Senate Judiciary Committee articulated its view with respect to congressional power to tailor the President’s use of an inherent constitutional power:
* The basis for this legislation [FISA] is the understanding — concurred in by the Attorney General — that even if the President has an “inherent” constitutional power to authorize warrantless surveillance for foreign intelligence purposes, Congress has the power to regulate the exercise of this authority by legislating a reasonable warrant procedure governing foreign intelligence surveillance
Fourth Amendment issues
The Supreme Court held in Katz v. United States (1967), that the monitoring and recording of private conversations within the United States constitutes a search for Fourth Amendment purposes, and therefore the government must generally obtain a warrant before undertaking such domestic wiretapping.
(The law in fact countenances searches without warrant in numerous circumstances, among them (see below): the persons, property, and papers of individuals crossing the border of the United States and those of paroled felons; in prisons, public schools and government offices; and of international mail.)
The protection of private conversations has been held to apply only to conversations where the participants have not merely a desire but a reasonable expectation that the conversation is indeed private to themselves and that no party whatsoever is listening in.
In the absence of such a reasonable expectation, the Fourth Amendment does not apply, and surveillance without warrant does not violate it. Privacy is clearly not a reasonable expectation in communications to persons in the many countries whose governments openly intercept electronic communications, and is of dubious reasonability in countries against which the United States is waging war.
The law also recognizes a distinction between domestic surveillance taking place within U.S. borders and foreign surveillance of non-U.S. persons either in the U.S. or abroad.[77] In United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the principle that the Constitution does not extend protection to non-U.S. persons located outside of the United States, so no warrant would be required to engage in even physical searches of non-U.S. citizens abroad.
The U.S. Supreme Court has never ruled on the constitutionality of warrantless searches targeting foreign powers or their agents within the US. There have been, however, a number of Circuit Court rulings[78] upholding the constitutionality of such warrantless searches. In USA v. Osama bin Laden, the Second Circuit noted that no court, prior to FISA, that was faced with the choice, imposed a warrant requirement for foreign intelligence searches undertaken within the United States. Assistant Attorney General William Moschella in his written response to questions from the House Judiciary Committee explained that in the administration’s view, this unanimity of pre-FISA Circuit Court decisions vindicates their argument that warrantless foreign-intelligence surveillance authority existed prior to FISA and since, as these ruling indicate, that authority derives from the Executive’s inherent Article II powers, they may not be encroached by statute.[79] In 2002, the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review (Court of Review) met for the first time and issued an opinion (In Re Sealed Case No. 02-001) which seems to echo that view. They too noted all the Federal courts of appeal having looked at the issue had concluded that there was constitutional power for the president to conduct warrantless foreign intelligence surveillance. Furthermore, based on these rulings it took for granted such power exits and ruled that under this presumption, FISA could not encroach on the president’s constitutional power. Professor Orin Kerr argues in rebuttal that the part of In Re Sealed Case that dealt with FISA (rather than the Fourth Amendment) was nonbinding obiter dicta and that the argument does not restrict Congress’s power to regulate the executive in general.[80]
Harold Koh, dean of Yale Law School, Suzanne Spaulding, former general counsel for the Intelligence Committees of the House and Senate, and former Counsel to the President John Dean, contend that FISA clearly makes the wiretapping illegal,[52] and that the president’s own admissions already constitute sufficient evidence of a violation of the Fourth Amendment (and the criminal penalties of FISA), without requiring further factual evidence. Professor John Eastman, in his analysis, prepared at the behest of the House Judiciary Committee, comparing the CRS and DOJ reports, concluded instead that under the Constitution and ratified by both historical and Supreme Court precedent, the President clearly has the authority to conduct surveillance of enemy communications in time of war and of the communications to and from those he reasonably believes are affiliated with our enemies. Moreover, it should go without saying that such activities are a fundamental incident of war. [81]
Border search exception
Orin S. Kerr, associate professor of law at The George Washington University Law School[82] and a leading scholar in the subjects of computer crime law and internet surveillance,[83] points to an analogy between the NSA intercepts and searches allowed by the Fourth Amendment under the border search exception.
The border search exception permits searches at the border of the United States or its functional equivalent. (United States v. Montoya De Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531, 538 (1985)). The idea here is that the United States as a sovereign nation has a right to inspect stuff entering or exiting the country as a way of protecting its sovereign interests, and that the Fourth Amendment permits such searches. Courts have applied the border search exception in cases of PCs and computer hard drives; if you bring a computer into or out of the United States, the government can search your computer for contraband or other prohibited items at the airport or wherever you are entering or leaving the country. See, e.g., United States v. Ickes, 393 F.3d 501 (4th Cir. 2005) (Wilkinson, J.)…At the same time, I don’t know of a rationale in the case law for treating data differently than physical storage devices. The case law on the border search exception is phrased in pretty broad language, so it seems at least plausible that a border search exception could apply to monitoring at an ISP or telephone provider as the functional equivalent of the border, much like airports are the functional equivalent of the border in the case of international airline travel…the most persuasive case on point: United States v. Ramsey, [held] that the border search exception applies to all international postal mail, permitting all international postal mail to be searched.
Criminal prosecution under the NSA program
Evidence gathered without warrant may raise significant Fourth Amendment issues which could preclude its use in a criminal trial. As a general rule of law, evidence obtained improperly without lawful authority, may not be used in a criminal prosecution.[citation needed] The U.S. Supreme Court has never addressed the constitutionality of warrantless searches (which has been broadly defined by SCOTUS to include surveillance) targeting foreign powers or their agents, the admissibility of such evidence in a criminal trial nor whether it is permissible to obtain or use evidence gathered without warrant against US persons acting as agents of a foreign power.[citation needed]
Presidential findings
The National Security Act of 1947[84] requires Presidential findings for covert acts. SEC. 503. [50 U.S.C. 413b] (a) (5) of that act states: A finding may not authorize any action that would violate the Constitution or any statute of the United States.
District Court findings
On August 17, 2006, Judge Anna Diggs Taylor of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan ruled in ACLU v. NSA that the Terrorist Surveillance Program was unconstitutional under the Fourth and First Amendments and enjoined the NSA from using the program to conduct electronic surveillance in contravention of [FISA or Title III] .[29] In her ruling,[85] she wrote:
The President of the United States, a creature of the same Constitution which gave us these Amendments, has indisputably violated the Fourth in failing to procure judicial orders as required by FISA, and accordingly has violated the First Amendment Rights of these Plaintiffs as well.
Even some legal experts who agreed with the outcome have criticized the reasoning set forth in the opinion[86] Others have argued that the perceived flaws in the opinion in fact reflect the Department of Justice’s refusal to argue the legal merits of the program (they chose to focus solely on arguments about standing and state secrets grounds).[87]
On October 4, 2006, a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit unanimously ruled[88] that the government can continue the program while it appeals the lower court decision.[89]
On July 6, 2007 the Sixth Circuit dismissed the case, finding that the plaintiffs had no standing.
The Court found that:[90]
[T]he plaintiffs do not — and because of the State Secrets Doctrine cannot — produce any evidence that any of their own communications have ever been intercepted by the NSA, under the TSP, or without warrants. Instead, they assert a mere belief, which they contend is reasonable and which they label a “well founded belief,”…
Implicit in each of the plaintiffs’ alleged injuries is the underlying possibility — which the plaintiffs label a well founded belief and seek to treat as a probability or even a certainty — that the NSA is presently intercepting, or will eventually intercept, communications to or from one or more of these particular plaintiffs, and that such interception would be detrimental to the plaintiffs’ clients, sources, or overseas contacts. This is the premise upon which the plaintiffs’ entire theory is built.
But even though the plaintiffs’ beliefs — based on their superior knowledge of their contacts’ activities — may be reasonable, the alternative possibility remains that the NSA might not be intercepting, and might never actually intercept, any communication by any of the plaintiffs named in this lawsuit.
Corporate confidentiality analysis
Corporate secrecy is also an issue. Wired reported: In a letter to the EFF, AT&T objected to the filing of the documents in any manner, saying that they contain sensitive trade secrets and could be used to ‘hack’ into the AT&T network, compromising its integrity. [91] However, Chief Judge Vaughn Walker stated, during the September 12, 2008 hearing in the class-action lawsuit filed by the EFF, that the Klein evidence could be presented in court, effectively ruling that AT&T’s trade secret and security claims were unfounded.
Third-party legal analytical arguments
Program is legal or probably legal
* John Eastman, Chapman Law professor and Director of the Claremont Institute Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence, wrote in a letter to House Judiciary Committee Chairman James Sensenbrenner on January 27, 2006, that the Congressional Research Service’s assessment was institutionally biased against the President, ignored key constitutional text and Supreme Court precedent, and that the case made by the Department of Justice in support of the President’s authority to conduct surveillance of enemy communications in time of war was compelling.[81]
* Robert Turner, Associate Director of the Center for National Security Law at the University of Virginia, testified before Congress on March 31, 2006, that I believe the President has this authority by virtue of his “executive Power” vested in him by Article II, Section 1, of the Constitution. And if he needed any additional authority, the AUMF statute—enacted with but a single dissenting vote in the entire Congress—clearly empowers him to exercise the intelligence-gathering component of his Commander in Chief power as well. [5]
* Michael Stokes Paulsen, Associate Dean, University of Minnesota Law School, in a debate with Professors Heidi Cross and Dale Carpenter entitled Presidential Powers in Time of War
The president’s power as military commander in chief, in time of constitutionally authorized war, of course includes the power to intercept enemy communications, including enemy communications with persons here in the United States who may be in league with the enemy, and to follow the chain of such communications where it leads, in order to wage the war against the enemy and, of vital importance, to protect the nation against further attacks.
* Letter from Senator Pat Roberts to Senator Arlen Specter Senator defending NSA program legality, February 3, 2006
Arguing that the program is illegal or probably illegal
The arguments against the legality of the NSA fall into two broad categories, those who argue that FISA raises no Constitutional issues and therefore the NSA program is illegal on its face[52] and those who argue that FISA (perhaps purposefully) raises a Constitutional conflict which should be resolved in Congress’ favor.[53]
* On February 13, 2006, the American Bar Association (ABA) denounced the warrantless domestic surveillance program, accusing the President of exceeding his powers under the Constitution. The ABA also formulated a policy opposing any future government use of electronic surveillance in the United States for foreign intelligence purposes without obtaining warrants from a special secret court as required by the 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.[6]
* According to a report in The Boston Globe on February 2, 2006 three law professors, David D. Cole (Georgetown University), Richard Epstein (University of Chicago), and Philip Heymann (Harvard), said that what Bush is doing is unprecedented. Bush’s claim that other presidents asserted that wartime powers supersede an act of Congress, is either intentionally misleading or downright false, Cole said. He said Bush is misstating the In Re Sealed Case No. 02-001 ruling which supported Congressional regulation of surveillance. Epstein believes the United States Supreme Court would reject the Administration’s argument and said, I find every bit of this legal argument disingenuous…The president’s position is essentially that (Congress) is not doing the right thing, so I’m going to act on my own. Professor Heymann, a former deputy US attorney general said, The bottom line is, I know of no electronic surveillance for intelligence purposes since the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act was passed that was not done under the . . . statute. [92]
* Cole, Epstein, Heynmann and eleven other prominent legal scholars (Beth Nolan, Curtis Bradley, Geoffrey Stone, Harold Hongju Koh, Kathleen Sullivan, Laurence Tribe, Martin Lederman, Ronald Dworkin, Walter Dellinger, William S. Sessions and William Van Alstyne) wrote a letter to Congress that appeared in the New York Review of Books on February 9, 2006.[7] They wrote that the Justice Department’s defense of what it concedes was secret and warrantless electronic surveillance of persons within the United States fails to identify any plausible legal authority for such surveillance. Accordingly the program appears on its face to violate existing law. They summarized:
In conclusion, the DOJ letter fails to offer a plausible legal defense of the NSA domestic spying program. If the administration felt that FISA was insufficient, the proper course was to seek legislative amendment, as it did with other aspects of FISA in the Patriot Act, and as Congress expressly contemplated when it enacted the wartime wiretap provision in FISA. One of the crucial features of a constitutional democracy is that it is always open to the President—or anyone else—to seek to change the law. But it is also beyond dispute that, in such a democracy, the President cannot simply violate criminal laws behind closed doors because he deems them obsolete or impracticable.
* Professor Peter Swire, the C. William O’Neill Professor of Law at the Ohio State University Moritz College of Law and Visiting Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress, wrote a detailed Legal FAQs on NSA Wiretaps concluding that [b]ased on the facts available to date, the wiretap program appears to be clearly illegal. [93] Prof. Swire has previously written a very detailed history and analysis of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, published in Volume 72 of the George Washington Law Review, at 1306 (2004) and previously chaired a White House Working Group, including the intelligence agencies, on how to update electronic surveillance law for the Internet Age.
* Robert Reinstein, dean of the law school at Temple University, has asserted that the warrantless domestic spying program is
a pretty straightforward case where the president is acting illegally… When Congress speaks on questions that are domestic in nature, I really can’t think of a situation where the president has successfully asserted a constitutional power to supersede that… This is domestic surveillance over American citizens for whom there is no evidence or proof that they are involved in any illegal activity, and it is in contravention of a statute of Congress specifically designed to prevent this.
*
o Mr. Reinstein asserted that the broad consensus among legal scholars and national security experts is similar to his own analysis, and he predicted that the courts will rule that the program is unconstitutional. New York Times
* Edward Lazarus, author, law professor and former U.S. Supreme Court clerk and federal prosecutor, has argued in articles such as Warrantless Wiretapping: Why It Seriously Imperils the Separation of Powers, And Continues the Executive’s Sapping of Power From Congress and the Courts , that Unilateral executive power is tyranny, plain and simple .[94]
* Orin S. Kerr, a professor at The George Washington University Law School, prominent blogger and scholar of the legal framework of electronic surveillance has opined that the issues are complex, but that after his first analysis he concluded that the wiretapping probably does not infringe on Fourth Amendment constitutional rights, though it probably does violate FISA. President Bush has maintained he acted within legal authority derived from the constitution and that Congress granted [him] additional authority to use military force against al Qaeda .[95] However, while the President may argue that the necessary statutory authority to override FISA’s warrant provisions is provided by the authorization to use all necessary force in the employment of military resources to protect the security of the United States, and that the use of wiretapping is a qualifying use of force (under the terms of the authorization for the use of military force against al-Qaida as found in Senate Joint Resolution 23, 2001), Kerr believes that this justification is ultimately unpersuasive, as is the argument that the President’s power as the Commander-in-Chief (as derived from Article Two of the United States Constitution) provides him with the necessary constitutional authority to circumvent FISA during a time of war.[96] Kerr cautiously estimates that about eight of the nine Supreme Court justices would agree with him that Article Two cannot trump statutes like FISA.[97]
* Robert M. Bloom, Professor of Law at Boston College, says this in a paper entitled The Constitutional Infirmity of Warrantless NSA Surveillance: The Abuse of Presidential Power and the Injury to the Fourth Amendment, published on February 19, 2007, which he co-authored with William J. Dunn, a former Defense Department intelligence analyst, also of BC Law School:[8]
President Bush argues that the surveillance program passes constitutional inquiry based upon his constitutionally delegated war and foreign policy powers, as well as from the congressional joint resolution passed following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. These arguments fail to supersede the explicit and exhaustive statutory framework provided by Congress and amended repeatedly since 2001 for judicial approval and authorization of electronic surveillance. The specific regulation by Congress based upon war powers shared concurrently with the President provides a constitutional requirement that cannot be bypassed or ignored by the President. The President’s choice to do so violates the Constitution and risks the definite sacrifice of individual rights for the speculative gain from warrantless action.
* Glenn Greenwald, constitutional lawyer, author and prominent blogger (Greenwald’s legal blog) arguing that the NSA program is illegal summarized:[9]
Ultimately, though, the entire legal debate in the NSA scandal comes down to these few, very clear and straightforward facts: Congress passed a law in 1978 making it a criminal offense to eavesdrop on Americans without judicial oversight. Nobody of any significance ever claimed that that law was unconstitutional. The Administration not only never claimed it was unconstitutional, but Bush expressly asked for changes to the law in the aftermath of 9/11, thereafter praised the law, and misled Congress and the American people into believing that they were complying with the law. In reality, the Administration was secretly breaking the law, and then pleaded with The New York Times not to reveal this. Once caught, the Administration claimed it has the right to break the law and will continue to do so.
*
o After the Supreme Court’s judgment in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, Greenwald wrote: The administration’s theories to justify the President’s lawbreaking have always been frivolous. But for those pretending not to recognize that fact, the Supreme Court has so ruled. [10]
* Jordan Paust, Mike and Teresa Baker College Professor of Law at the University of Houston Law Center, rejected the administration’s legal arguments for the NSA program writing:[11]
George W. Bush and US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales claim that domestic spying in manifest violation of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was authorized by Congress in broad language in the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) regarding persons responsible for the 9/11 attacks. Similar claims have been made in a December 22 letter from Assistant Attorney General William Moschella to the leaders of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees. The claims are patently false…
Moreover, any so-called inherent presidential authority to spy on Americans at home (perhaps of the kind denounced in Youngstown (1952) and which no strict constructionist should pretend to recognize), has been clearly limited in the FISA in 18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(f) and 50 U.S.C. § 1809(a)(1), as supplemented by the criminal provisions in 18 U.S.C. § 2511(1).
* William C. Banks, Professor of Law and Director of the Institute for National Security and Counterterrorism at Syracuse University argued that the NSA program is unconstitutional, writing that in the unlikely event that legal authority for the NSA program can be found, this domestic spying violates the Fourth Amendment. [12]
* John Dean, Author and former White House Counsel to President Richard Nixon testified before Congress on March 31, 2006, on the issue of censuring George Bush for authorizing the NSA wiretap program, saying I hope… you will not place the president above the law by inaction. As I was gathering my thoughts yesterday to respond to the hasty invitation, it occurred to me that had the Senate or House, or both, censured or somehow warned Richard Nixon, the tragedy of Watergate might have been prevented. Hopefully the Senate will not sit by while even more serious abuses unfold before it. [13]
Technical and operational details
Because of its highly classified status, little is publicly known about the actual implementation of the NSA domestic electronic surveillance program. Mark Klein, a retired AT&T communications technician, submitted an affidavit including limited technical details known to him personally in support of a class-action lawsuit filed by the Electronic Frontier Foundation in federal district court in San Francisco in January 2006 on behalf of AT&T customers who alleged that they had been damaged by the telecommunications corporation’s cooperation with the NSA. [98] [99]
A January 16, 2004 statement by Mr. Klein includes additional technical details regarding the secret 2003 construction of an NSA-operated monitoring facility in Room 641A of 611 Folsom Street in San Francisco, the site of a large SBC phone building, three floors of which are occupied by AT&T. [100] [101]
According to Klein’s affidavit, the NSA-equipped room uses equipment built by Narus Corporation to intercept and analyze communications traffic, as well as perform data-mining functions.[14]
In an article appearing in the January/February 2008 issue of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers journal of Security and Privacy, noted technology experts from academia and the computing industry analyzed potential security risks posed by the NSA program, based on information contained in Klein’s affidavits as well as those of expert witness J. Scott Marcus, a designer of large-scale IP-based data networks, former CTO at GTE Internetworking and at Genuity, and former senior advisor for Internet Technology at the US Federal Communications Commission.[102] They concluded that the likely architecture of the system created serious security risks, including the danger that such a surveillance system could be exploited by unauthorized users, criminally misused by trusted insiders, or abused by government agents. [103]
Related issues
[edit] Warrantless wiretaps and the history of FISA
Main article: Warrantless searches in the United States
The administration has compared the NSA warrantless surveillance program with historical wartime warrantless searches in the United States, going back to George Washington.[41]
Critics have pointed out that Washington’s surveillance occurred before the existence of the U.S. Constitution, and the other historical precedents cited by the administration were before the passage of FISA, and therefore did not directly contravene federal law.[53] Abuses of electronic surveillance by the federal government such as Project SHAMROCK led to reform legislation in the 1970s.[104] Advancing technology began to present questions not directly addressed by the legislation as early as 1985.[105]
Executive orders by previous administrations including Clinton’s and Carter’s authorized the attorneys general to exercise authority with respect to both options under FISA.[106][107] In Clinton’s executive order, he authorized his attorney general [pursuant] to section 302(a)(1) to conduct physical searches without court order if the Attorney General makes the certifications required by that section .
Sufficiency of FISA in the war on terror
On December 19, 2005, U.S. Dept. of Justice Assistant Attorney General for Legislative Affairs, William Moschella, wrote a letter to the Chairs and Ranking Members of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, defending the NSA program:
As explained above, the President determined that it was necessary following September 11 to create an early warning detection system. FISA could not have provided the speed and agility required for the early warning detection system. In addition, any legislative change, other than the AUMF, that the President might have sought specifically to create such an early warning system would have been public and would have tipped off our enemies concerning our intelligence limitations and capabilities. Nevertheless, I want to stress that the United States makes full use of FISA to address the terrorist threat, and FISA has proven to be a very important tool, especially in longer-term investigations. In addition, the United States is constantly assessing all available legal options, taking full advantage of any developments in the law.
U.S. District Judge Dee Benson of Utah, also of the FISC, stated that he was unclear on why the FISC’s emergency authority would not meet the administration’s stated need to move quickly. He and fellow judges on the court attended a briefing in January, called by presiding Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly.[108][109] Reportedly, the court was also concerned about whether the administration had misled their court about its sources of information on possible terrorism suspects . . . [as this] could taint the integrity of the court’s work. [110]
In part to address this problem, several commentators have raised the issue of whether, regardless how one feels about the authorization issue, FISA needs to be amended to address specific foreign intelligence needs, current technology developments, and advanced technical methods of intelligence gathering, in particular to provide for programmatic approvals of general or automated surveillance of foreign terrorist communications, the results of which could then legally be used as predicate for FISA warrants. In a recent essay, Judge Richard A. Posner opined that FISA “retains value as a framework for monitoring the communications of known terrorists, but it is hopeless as a framework for detecting terrorists. [FISA] requires that surveillance be conducted pursuant to warrants based on probable cause to believe that the target of surveillance is a terrorist, when the desperate need is to find out who is a terrorist.”[111] For other examples, see Fixing Surveillance;[112] Why We Listen,[113] The Eavesdropping Debate We Should be Having;[114] A New Surveillance Act;[115] and A historical solution to the Bush spying issue[116] (the latter setting out a historical perspective on the need for programmatic approval in foreign intelligence surveillance generally). And see Whispering Wires and Warrantless Wiretaps[117] (discussing how FISA is inadequate to address certain technology developments).
During the investigational phase of the 9/11 Commission, a letter[118] written by Special Agent Coleen Rowley, in her capacity as legal council to the FBI’s Minneapolis Field Office, to FBI Director Robert Mueller came to the attention of the committee. In that letter and in subsequent testimony before the commission and the Senate Judiciary Committee, SA Rowley recounted among other things, the manner in which FISA procedural hurdles had hampered the FBI’s investigation of Zacarias Moussaoui (the so called 20th hijacker ) prior to the 9/11 attacks. Among the factors she cited were the complexity of the application and the detailed information required and confusion by field operatives about the standard of probable cause required by the FISC and the strength of the required link to a foreign power. At his appearance before the Senate Judiciary Committee in June, 2002, Director Mueller in response to questions[119] about the Rowley allegations testified that unlike normal criminal procedures, FISA warrant applications are complex and detailed , requiring the intervention of FBI Headquarters (FBIHQ) personnel trained in a specialized procedure (the Woods procedure) to ensure accuracy.
FISA exclusivity controversy
On January 19, 2006 the Department of Justice published a memorandum that stated in part:
For the foregoing reasons, the President—in light of the broad authority to use military force in response to the attacks of September 11 and to prevent further catastrophic attack expressly conferred on the President by the Constitution and confirmed and supplemented by Congress in the AUMF—has legal authority to authorize the NSA to conduct the signals intelligence activities he has described. Those activities are authorized by the Constitution and by statute, and they violate neither FISA nor the Fourth Amendment.
The following day, Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT), the ranking Democrat on the Senate Judiciary Committee along with lone co-sponsor Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) introduced S. Res. 350, a resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that Senate Joint Resolution 23 (107th Congress), as adopted by the Senate on September 14, 2001, and subsequently enacted as the Authorization for Use of Military Force does not authorize warrantless domestic surveillance of United States citizens. An excerpt of the proposed Leahy-Kennedy resolution follows:[44][45]
Whereas Congress created the FISA court to review wiretapping applications for domestic electronic surveillance to be conducted by any Federal agency;
Whereas the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 provides specific exceptions that allow the President to authorize warrantless electronic surveillance for foreign intelligence purposes (1) in emergency situations, provided an application for judicial approval from a FISA court is made within 72 hours; and (2) within 15 calendar days following a declaration of war by Congress;
Whereas the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 makes criminal any electronic surveillance not authorized by statute;
Whereas the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 has been amended over time by Congress since the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States;
Whereas President George W. Bush has confirmed that his administration engages in warrantless electronic surveillance of Americans inside the United States and that he has authorized such warrantless surveillance more than 30 times since September 11, 2001;
On February 2, 2006 the same 14 constitutional scholars and former government officials responded:
In sum, we remain as unpersuaded by the DOJ’s 42-page attempt to find authority for the NSA spying program as we were of its initial five-page version. The DOJ’s more extended discussion only reaffirms our initial conclusion, because it makes clear that to find this program statutorily authorized would requires rewriting not only clear specific federal legislation, but major aspects of constitutional doctrine. Accordingly, we continue to believe that the administration has failed to offer any plausible legal justification for the NSA program.
On June 29, 2006, in a detainee case Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, the Supreme Court rejected an analogous AUMF argument. Writing for the majority, Justice Stevens, while ruling that the AUMF activated the President’s war powers, and that those powers include the authority to convene military commissions in appropriate circumstances (citations omitted), held there was nothing in the AUMF language even hinting that Congress intended to expand or alter the authorization set forth in Article 21 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. The distinction drawn by J. Stevens in Hamdan between that case and Hamdi, where the AUMF language was found to override the explicit language regarding detention in 18 U.S.C. § 4001(a) is that the instant case would require a Repeal by implication of the UCMJ. How this distinction would be drawn in future cases involving the NSA program is unclear.
Separation of powers and Unitary Executive theory
Further information: Unitary Executive theory, Commander-in-Chief, and Separation of powers
The administration argues that the power to conduct the warrantless surveillance within U.S. borders was granted by the Constitution and by a statutory exemption, as is advocated by the Unitary Executive theory using the interpretation of John Yoo et al. He argues that the President had the inherent authority to conduct warrantless searches to obtain foreign intelligence information. [120][121]
Article II of the Constitution of the United States of America makes the President Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and also mandates that he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed , where the Laws refer to federal statutes passed by Congress. Article I vests Congress with the sole authority To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces and To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. The president is an officer of the government of the United States,[citation needed] so is subject to Congress’s sole authority to make all laws for carrying the powers of the president into execution, while the president is specifically charged with the duty to take care that those laws be faithfully executed.
The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has ruled that the President’s authority as commander-in-chief extends to the independent authority to repel aggressive acts…without specific congressional authorization and without court review of the level of force selected. [122] Whether such declarations applying to foreign intelligence are in compliance with FISA has been examined by few courts since the passage of the act in 1978.
It is also uncertain whether the allegation that surveillance involves foreign parties suffices to extend law governing the president’s military and foreign affairs powers to cover domestic activities. The Supreme Court voiced this concern in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, ruling that a state of war is not a blank check for the President when it comes to the rights of the Nation’s citizens.
The Congressional Research Service, a nonpartisan research arm of the Library of Congress, released a detailed report on NSA electronic surveillance, Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information, on January 5, 2006, which concluded:
From the foregoing analysis, it appears unlikely that a court would hold that Congress has expressly or impliedly authorized the NSA electronic surveillance operations here under discussion, and it would likewise appear that, to the extent that those surveillances fall within the definition of “electronic surveillance” within the meaning of FISA or any activity regulated under Title III, Congress intended to cover the entire field with these statutes. To the extent that the NSA activity is not permitted by some reading of Title III or FISA, it may represent an exercise of presidential power at its lowest ebb, in which case exclusive presidential control is sustainable only by “disabling Congress from acting upon the subject.” While courts have generally accepted that the President has the power to conduct domestic electronic surveillance within the United States inside the constraints of the Fourth Amendment, no court has held squarely that the Constitution disables the Congress from endeavoring to set limits on that power. To the contrary, the Supreme Court has stated that Congress does indeed have power to regulate domestic surveillance, and has not ruled on the extent to which Congress can act with respect to electronic surveillance to collect foreign intelligence information.
—[76][123][124]
Classified information
Leaking of classified information
Disclosure of classified information is governed by federal statute, 18 USCS §798 (2005). This statute says that
… whoever knowingly and willfully communicates, furnishes, transmits, or otherwise makes available to an unauthorized person, [including by publication,] classified information [relating to] the communication intelligence activities of the United States or any foreign government, [shall be fined or imprisoned for up to ten years.]
This statute is not limited in application to only federal government employees. However, the Code of Federal Regulations suggests the statute may apply primarily to the [c]ommunication of classified information by Government officer or employee . 50 USCS §783 (2005).
There is a statutory procedure for a whistleblower in the intelligence community to report concerns with the propriety of a secret program, The Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protection Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105-272, Title VII, 112 Stat. 2413 (1998). Essentially the Act provides for disclosure to the agency Inspector General, and if the result of that is unsatisfactory, appeal to the Congressional Intelligence Committees. A former official of the NSA, Russ Tice, has asked to testify under the terms of the Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protection Act, in order to provide information to these committees about highly classified Special Access Programs, or SAPs, that were improperly carried out by both the NSA and the Defense Intelligence Agency. (Washington Times)
Executive Order 13292, which sets up the U.S. security classification system, provides (Sec 1.7) that [i]n no case shall information be classified in order to conceal violations of law .
Given doubts about the legality of the overall program, the classification of its existence may not have been valid under E.O. 13292.
Publication of classified information
It is unlikely that the New York Times could be held liable for publishing its article under established Supreme Court precedent. In Bartnicki v. Vopper, 532 U.S. 514, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment precluded liability for a media defendant for publication of illegally obtained communications that the media defendant itself did nothing illegal to obtain if the topic involves a public controversy. The high court in Bartnicki accepted due to the suit’s procedural position, that interception of information which was ultimately broadcast by the defendant radio station was initially illegal (in violation of ECPA), but nonetheless gave the radio station a pass because it did nothing itself illegal to obtain the information.
Nor could the government have prevented the publication of the classified information by obtaining an injunction. In the Pentagon Papers case, (New York Times Co. v. U.S. (403 US 713)), the Supreme Court held in a 6-3 decision that injunctions against the New York Times publication of classified information (United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945-1967: A Study Prepared by The Department of Defense, a 47 volume, 7,000-page, top-secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States’ political and military involvement in the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1971) were unconstitutional prior restraints and that the government had not met the heavy burden of proof required for prior restraint.
The 1917 Espionage Act as amended in 1950 forbids unauthorized possession of classified information. Although the Justice Department as a matter of law sees no exemption for the press, as a matter of fact it has refrained from prosecuting:
A prosecution under the espionage laws of an actual member of the press for publishing classified information leaked to it by a government source would raise legitimate and serious issues and would not be undertaken lightly, indeed, the fact that there has never been such a prosecution speaks for itself.
On the other hand, Bill Keller, New York Times Executive Editor, told the Washington Post,
There’s a tone of gleeful relish in the way they talk about dragging reporters before grand juries, their appetite for withholding information, and the hints that reporters who look too hard into the public’s business risk being branded traitors.
—[125]
Responses and analyses
Administration response to press stories
On December 17, 2005, President George W. Bush addressed the growing controversy in his weekly radio broadcast.[15] He stated that he was using his authority as President, as Commander in Chief of the US military, and such authority as the United States Congress had given him, to intercept international communications of people with known links to al Qaeda and related terrorist organizations . He added that before intercepting any communications, the government must have information that establishes a clear link to these terrorist networks. He speculated that had the right communications been intercepted, perhaps the 9/11 attacks could have been prevented. He said the NSA program was re-authorized every 45 days, having at that time been reauthorized more than 30 times ; it was reviewed by the Justice Department and NSA lawyers including NSA’s general counsel and inspector general , and Congress leaders had been briefed more than a dozen times . [16]
In a speech in Buffalo, New York on April 20, 2004, he had said that:
Secondly, there are such things as roving wiretaps. Now, by the way, any time you hear the United States government talking about wiretap, it requires — a wiretap requires a court order. Nothing has changed, by the way. When we’re talking about chasing down terrorists, we’re talking about getting a court order before we do so. It’s important for our fellow citizens to understand, when you think Patriot Act, constitutional guarantees are in place when it comes to doing what is necessary to protect our homeland, because we value the Constitution.
—[126]
And again, during a speech[127] at Kansas State University on January 23, 2006, President Bush mentioned the program, and added that it was what I would call a terrorist surveillance program , intended to best… use information to protect the American people , and that:
What I’m talking about is the intercept of certain communications emanating between somebody inside the United States and outside the United States; and one of the numbers would be reasonably suspected to be an al Qaeda link or affiliate. In other words, we have ways to determine whether or not someone can be an al Qaeda affiliate or al Qaeda. And if they’re making a phone call in the United States, it seems like to me we want to know why.
This is a — I repeat to you, even though you hear words, domestic spying, these are not phone calls within the United States. It’s a phone call of an al Qaeda, known al Qaeda suspect, making a phone call into the United States […] I told you it’s a different kind of war with a different kind of enemy. If they’re making phone calls into the United States, we need to know why — to protect you.
During a speech[128] in New York on January 19, 2006 Vice President Dick Cheney commented on the controversy, stating that a vital requirement in the war on terror is that we use whatever means are appropriate to try to find out the intentions of the enemy, that complacency towards further attack was dangerous, and that the lack of another major attack since 2001 was due to round the clock efforts and decisive policies , and more than luck. He stated that:
[B]ecause you frequently hear this called a ‘domestic surveillance program.’ It is not. We are talking about international communications, one end of which we have reason to believe is related to al Qaeda or to terrorist networks affiliated with al Qaeda.. a wartime measure, limited in scope to surveillance associated with terrorists, and conducted in a way that safeguards the civil liberties of our people.
General Michael Hayden.
In a press conference on December 19 held by both Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and General Michael Hayden, the Principal Deputy Director for National Intelligence, General Hayden claimed, This program has been successful in detecting and preventing attacks inside the United States. He stated that even an emergency authorization under FISA required marshaling arguments and looping paperwork around . Hayden also implied that decisions on whom to intercept under the wiretapping program were being made on the spot in real time by a shift supervisor and another person, but refused to discuss details of the specific requirements for speed.[129]
Beginning in mid-January 2006 there was an increase in public discussion on the legality of the terrorist surveillance program by the Administration.[130]
The United States Department of Justice sent a 42 page white paper to Congress on January 19, 2006 stating the grounds upon which it was felt the NSA program was entirely legal, which restates and elaborates on reasoning Attorney General Alberto Gonzales used at the December press conference when the legality of the program was questioned.[131] Gonzales spoke further at Georgetown University January 24, claiming that Congress had given the President the authority to order the surveillance without going through the courts, and that normal procedures to order surveillance were too slow and cumbersome.[132]
General Hayden stressed the NSA respect for the Fourth Amendment, stating at the National Press Club on January 23, 2006 that, Had this program been in effect prior to 9/11, it is my professional judgment that we would have detected some of the 9/11 al Qaeda operatives in the United States, and we would have identified them as such. [133]
Some sources state that despite the NSA program, [t]he agency … still seeks warrants to monitor entirely domestic communications. [134] An article from February 5, 2006 in the Washington Post reported that the program had netted few suspects.[43]
In a speech on January 25, 2006, Bush said, I have the authority, both from the Constitution and the Congress, to undertake this vital program, [135] telling the House Republican Caucus at their February 10 conference in Maryland that I wake up every morning thinking about a future attack, and therefore, a lot of my thinking, and a lot of the decisions I make are based upon the attack that hurt us. [136]
President Bush reacted to a May 10 domestic call records article in USA Today by restating his position, that it is not mining or trolling through the personal lives of millions of innocent Americans. [137]
Congressional response
Main article: Congressional response to the NSA warrantless surveillance program
Three days after news broke about the warrantless wiretapping program, a bipartisan group of Senators–Democrats Dianne Feinstein of California, Carl Levin of Michigan, Ron Wyden of Oregon and Republicans Chuck Hagel of Nebraska and Olympia Snowe of Maine, sent a letter dated December 19, 2005 to Judiciary and Intelligence Committees chairmen and ranking members requesting the two committees to seek to answer the factual and legal questions about the program.
On January 25, 2006, in response to the administration’s asserted legal justification of the NSA program being based in part on the AUMF, Senators Leahy (D-VT) and Kennedy (D-MA) introduced Resolution 350 to the Judiciary Committee that purported to express a sense of the Senate that the AUMF does not authorize warrantless domestic surveillance of United States citizens . Resolution 350 has not been reported out of committee and has no effect.
In introducing their resolution to committee,[138] they quoted Justice O’Connor’s opinion that even war is not a blank check for the President when it comes to the rights of the Nation’s citizens.
Additionally, they asserted their opinion that the US DOJ legal justification for the NSA program was a manipulation of the law similar to other overreaching and twisted interpretations in recent times. Leahy and Kennedy also asserted that Attorney General Gonzales admitted at a press conference on December 19, 2005, that the Administration did not seek to amend FISA to authorize the NSA spying program because it was advised that it was not something we could likely get. (However, as noted below under Proposed Amendments to FISA , Gonzales has made clear that what he actually said was that such an amendment was not something [they] could likely get without disclosing the nature of the program and operational limitations and that it was believed that such disclosure would be damaging to national security.)
Leahy and Kennedy also asserted that in their view the procedures being followed in the NSA program, specifically, the ongoing 45 day reapproval by the Attorney General, the White House Counsel and the Inspector General of the National Security Agency, was not good enough because each of these is an executive branch appointees who in turn report directly to the Executive. Finally, they concluded that Congressional and Judicial oversight were fundamental and should not be unilaterally discarded. Resolution 350 has not been reported out of committee.
Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Arlen Specter, in a three-page letter dated June 7, 2006 to Vice President Dick Cheney, to prompt the Administration to provide: input on his proposed legislation, briefings to his committee about the program, and more cooperation with Congressional oversight. Specter also wrote about the Vice President lobbying the other Republican members of the Judiciary Committee about compelling telephone companies to testify about classified information.
More recently, in February, 2008, the Bush Administration backed a new version of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) that would grant telecom companies retroactive immunity from lawsuits stemming from the alleged surveillance. On March 13, 2008 the U.S. House of Representatives held a secret session to discuss classified information relating to the new FISA. On March 14, the House passed a bill that would not grant the immunity sought by the Bush administration.
Legal developments
Congressionally proposed FISA amendments
The Administration has contended that amendment was unnecessary because they believe that the President had inherent authority to approve the NSA program, and that the process of amending FISA might require disclosure of classified information that could harm national security. In response, Senator Leahy said, If you do not even attempt to persuade Congress to amend the law, you must abide by the law as written. [139] President Bush claims that he can ignore the law because he claims that the Constitution gives him inherent authority to do so.[140][141]
However, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales has stated that the Bush administration chose not to ask Congress for an amendment to FISA to authorize such wiretaps explicitly because it would have been difficult to get such an amendment without compromising classified information relating to operational details. This is not a backdoor approach. We believe Congress has authorized this kind of surveillance. We have had discussions with Congress in the past — certain members of Congress — as to whether or not FISA could be amended to allow us to adequately deal with this kind of threat, and we were advised that that would be difficult, if not impossible. [142] Some politicians and commentators have used this statement — “would be difficult, if not impossible” — to argue that the Administration declined to seek a specific amendment to FISA because the administration believed Congress would have rejected it. However, later in the same briefing Gonzales clarified his earlier remark to say that the administration had been advised that amendment was something they were not likely to get without jeopardizing the existence of the program. At another briefing, two days later, Gonzales made this point again:[143]
What I said, or what I surely intended to say, if I didn’t say, is that we consulted with leaders in the congress about the feasibility of legislation to allow this type of surveillance. We were advised that it would be virtually impossible to obtain legislation of this type without compromising the program. And I want to emphasize the addition of, without compromising the program. That was the concern.
Finally, in his written Responses to Questions from Senator Specter in which Specter specifically asked why the administration had not sought to amend FISA to accommodate the NSA program,[144] Gonzales wrote:
[W]e were advised by members of Congress that it would be difficult, if not impossible to pass such legislation without revealing the nature of the program and the nature of certain intelligence capabilities. That disclosure would likely have harmed our national security, and that was an unacceptable risk we were not prepared to take.
Nevertheless, competing legislative proposals to authorize the NSA program subject to Congressional or FISA court oversight have been proposed and have been the subject of Congressional hearings throughout the summer.[145]
On March 16, 2006, Senators Mike DeWine (R-OH), Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Chuck Hagel (R-NE), and Olympia Snowe (R-ME) introduced the Terrorist Surveillance Act of 2006 (S.2455),[146][147] under which the President would be given certain additional limited statutory authority to conduct electronic surveillance of suspected terrorists in the United States subject to enhanced Congressional oversight. Also on March 16, 2006, Senator Arlen Specter (R-PA) introduced The National Security Surveillance Act of 2006 (S.2453),[148][149] which would amend FISA to grant retroactive amnesty[150] for warrantless surveillance conducted under presidential authority and provide FISA court (FISC) jurisdiction to review, authorize, and oversight electronic surveillance programs. On May 24, 2006, Senator Specter and Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) introduced the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Improvement and Enhancement Act of 2006 (S.3001) asserting FISA as the exclusive means to conduct foreign intelligence surveillance.
On September 13, 2006, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted to approve all three mutually exclusive bills, thus, leaving it to the full Senate to resolve.[34]
On July 18, 2006, U.S. Representative Heather Wilson (R-NM) introduced the Electronic Surveillance Modernization Act (H.R. 5825). Wilson’s bill would give the President the authority to authorize electronic surveillance of international phone calls and e-mail linked specifically to identified terrorist groups immediately following or in anticipation of an armed or terrorist attack on the United States. Surveillance beyond the initial authorized period would require a FISA warrant or a presidential certification to Congress. On September 28, 2006 the House of Representatives passed Wilson’s bill and it was referred to the Senate.[33]
Each of these bills would in some form broaden the statutory authorization for electronic surveillance, while still subjecting it to some restrictions. The Specter-Feinstein bill would extend the peacetime period for obtaining retroactive warrants to seven days and implement other changes to facilitate eavesdropping while maintaining FISA court oversight. The DeWine bill, the Specter bill, and the Electronic Surveillance Modernization Act (already passed by the House) would all authorize some limited forms or periods of warrantless electronic surveillance subject to additional programmatic oversight by either the FISC (Specter bill) or Congress (DeWine and Wilson bills).
FISA court order
On January 18, 2007, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales told the Senate Judiciary Committee Court orders issued last week by a Judge of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court will enable the government to conduct electronic surveillance – very specifically, surveillance into or out of the United States where there is probable cause to believe that one of the communicants is a member or agent of al Qaeda or an associated terrorist organization – subject to the approval of the FISA Court. We believe that the court’s orders will allow the necessary speed and agility the government needs to protect our Nation from the terrorist threat. [151] The ruling by the FISA Court was the result of a two-year effort between the White House and the court to find a way to obtain court approval that also would allow the necessary speed and agility to find terrorists, Gonzales said in a letter to the top committee members. The innovative court order on Jan. 10 will do that, Gonzales wrote. Senior Justice department officials would not say whether the orders provided individual warrants for each wiretap or whether the court had given blanket legal approval for the entire NSA program. The American Civil Liberties Union said in a statement that without more information about what the secret FISA court has authorized, there is no way to determine whether the NSA’s current activities are lawful. [152] Chip Pitts of Stanford Law School argues that substantial legal questions remain regarding the core NSA program as well as the related data mining program (and the use of National Security Letters), despite the government’s apparently bringing the NSA program within the purview of the FISA law.[153]
FISCR Ruling of August 2008
In August 2008, the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review (FISCR) affirmed the constitutionality of the Protect America Act of 2007 in a heavily redacted opinion released on January 15, 2009, which is only the second such public ruling since the enactment of the FISA Act.[154][155][156][157][158]
See also
* Congressional response to the NSA warrantless surveillance program
* Criticisms of the War on Terrorism
* Data mining
* Deep packet inspection
* ECHELON
* Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
* NSA call database
* Room 641A
* Secure Communication
* Terrorist surveillance program – details of the program itself
References
1. ^ Fox still echoing administration’s terrorist surveillance program label; regional newspapers follow suit Media Matters for America, February 08, 2006
2. ^ Article 50 United States Code, Section 1809 (In FISA, subchapter 1)
3. ^ a b c U.S. Department of Justice White Paper on NSA Legal Authorities Legal Authorities Supporting the Activities of the National Security Agency Described by the President (pdf) January 19, 2006.
4. ^ US CODE: Title 50, section 1809. Criminal sanctions . http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/50/usc_sec_50_00001809—-000-.html.
5. ^ US CODE: Title 18, section 2511. Interception and disclosure of wire, oral, or electronic communications prohibited . http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/usc_sec_18_00002511—-000-.html.
6. ^ Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts . NYT’s Risen & Lichtblau’s December 16, 2005 Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts . http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/1216-01.htm. Retrieved on February 18. via commondreams.org
7. ^ Eavesdropping and the Election: An Answer on the Question of Timing – New York Times
8. ^ Lichtblau, Eric (2008-03-26). The Education of a 9/11 Reporter: The inside drama behind the Times’ warrantless wiretapping story. . Slate. http://www.slate.com/toolbar.aspx?action=print&id=2187498. Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
9. ^ Grieve, Tim (2006-08-14). What the Times knew, and when it knew it . Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/politics/war_room/2006/08/14/times/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-06-22.
10. ^ Isikoff, Michael (2008-12-13). The Fed Who Blew the Whistle . Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/174601/page/1. Retrieved on 2008-12-13.
11. ^ Press Briefing by Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and General Michael Hayden
12. ^ Debate on warrantless wiretapping legality . http://www.cruxlux.com/debate/50/the-warrantless-wiretapping-of-americans-by-the-bush-adminis. Retrieved on 2007-01-23.
13. ^ Liptak, Adam (August 16, 2007). U.S. Defends Surveillance to 3 Skeptical Judges . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/washington/16nsa.html.
14. ^ Egelko, Bob (August 16, 2007). [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/08/16/BAPCRJEFN.DTL&type=printable Classified evidence debated: Court likely to allow suit against AT&T, reject wiretap case ]. San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/08/16/BAPCRJEFN.DTL&type=printable.
15. ^ For Publication United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. November 16, 2007. http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/ca9/newopinions.nsf/99D0C2963ED15AB288257394007C1F36/$file/0636083.pdf?openelement.
16. ^ Lichtblau, Eric (November 17, 2007). Court Bars Secret Papers in Eavesdropping Case . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/17/washington/17nsa.html?pagewanted=print.
17. ^ Roberts, Chris (August 22, 2007). Transcript: Debate on the foreign intelligence surveillance act . El Paso Times. http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_6685679.
18. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (September 1, 2007). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/31/AR2007083101873.html AT&T Plaintiffs Cite McConnell Remarks – Admission of Telecom Firms’ Involvement in Warrantless Wiretaps Sought as Evidence ]. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/31/AR2007083101873.html.
19. ^ Liptak, Adam (August 26, 2007). Spying Program May Be Tested by Terror Case . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/us/26wiretap.html.
20. ^ Ellen Nakashima and Dan Eggen (October 13, 2007). Former CEO Says U.S. Punished Phone Firm – Qwest Feared NSA Plan Was Illegal, Filing Says . The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202485_pf.html.
21. ^ Shane, Scott (2007-10-14). Former Phone Chief Says Spy Agency Sought Surveillance Help Before 9/11 . The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/14/business/14qwest.html?ref=todayspaper. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
22. ^ IN RE MOTION FOR RELEASE OF COURT RECORDS Docket Number MISC 07-01 (PDF). United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. August 17, 2007. http://www.aclu.org/pdfs/safefree/fisc_order_08162007.pdf.
23. ^ Lichtblau, Eric (August 18, 2007). Court Weighs Making Public Rulings on U.S. Wiretapping . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/18/us/nationalspecial3/18fisa.html.
24. ^ Eggen, Dan (August 18, 2007). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/17/AR2007081701923_pf.html Secret Court Asks For White House View on Inquiry – ACLU Seeking Rulings Issued On Warrantless Wiretapping ]. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/17/AR2007081701923_pf.html.
25. ^ OPPOSITION TO THE AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION’S MOTION FOR RELEASE OF COURT RECORDS Docket Number: MISC. 07-01 (PDF). United States Department of Justice National Security Division. August 31, 2007. http://www.aclu.org/pdfs/safefree/dojresponse_fisc_request.pdf.
26. ^ Lawsuit Against Wiretaps Rejected; Case’s Plaintiffs Have No Standing, Appeals Court Rules . The Washington Post. 2007-07-07. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/06/AR2007070600779.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-20.
27. ^ \\ca6cin4\opinions\OPINS.TXT7a0253p-06.txt
28. ^ Findlaw: PDF archive of judicial ruling
29. ^ a b Wired News: Judge Halts NSA Snooping
30. ^ U.S. Judge finds Wiretap Actions Violate the Law (requires subscription)
31. ^ US District Judge Who Presided Over Government Wiretapping Case May Have Had Conflict of Interest . Judicial Watch. 2006-08-21. http://www.judicialwatch.org/printer_5862.shtml. Retrieved on 2008-02-20.
32. ^ Court Rejects ACLU Challenge to Wiretaps . Associated Press. 2008-02-19. http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jyusZ2V1ACKGV2iJuGVmuPUERi_QD8UTICG00. Retrieved on 2008-02-20.
33. ^ a b House Passes Wilson FISA Bill, Press Release, September 29, 2006.
34. ^ a b Conflicting Bills on Warrantless Surveillance Advance in Senate, Secrecy News, September 14, 2006
35. ^ Congressional Record: January 17, 2007, Congressional Record: January 17, 2007
36. ^ http://www.eff.org/files/filenode/jewel/jewel.complaint.pdf
37. ^ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/09/18/eff_sues_bush/
38. ^ Obama Sides With Bush in Spy Case
39. ^ Obama to Defend Telco Spy Immunity
40. ^ Cornell Law . 50 U.S.C. §1802(a)(1). http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sec_50_00001802—-000-.html#a_1. Retrieved on January 2006.
41. ^ a b US Department of Justice, archived by the Federation of American Scientists (February 6, 2006). Prepared Statement of Hon. Alberto R. Gonzales, Attorney General of the United States. Press release. http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2006_hr/020606gonzales.html.
42. ^ Bergman, Lichtblau, Shane, and Van Natta Jr. (January 17, 2006). Spy Agency Data After 11 September Led F.B.I. to Dead Ends . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/17/politics/17spy.html.
43. ^ a b Barton Gellman, Dafna Linzer and Carol D. Leonnig (February 5, 2006). Surveillance Net Yields Few Suspects – NSA’s Hunt for Terrorists Scrutinizes Thousands of Americans, but Most Are Later Cleared . The Washington Post. pp. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/04/AR2006020401373.html.
44. ^ a b Proposed Resolution (PDF). Authorization for Use of Military Force (Public Law 107-40) does not authorize warrantless domestic surveillance of United States citizens. http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200601/UpdatedAUMF%20Resolution%201-19.pdf. Retrieved on January 20.
45. ^ a b U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy (January 20, 2006). Leahy On Friday Introduces Resolution Underscoring That Congress Did Not Authorize Illegal Spying On Americans. Press release. http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200601/012006.html.
46. ^ Search Results – THOMAS (Library of Congress)
47. ^ Cornell University – Constitutional law
48. ^ This is a fundamental axiom of jurisprudence. As Justice Marshall put it in Marbury v Madison, It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is .
49. ^ ‘When the validity of an act of the Congress is drawn in question, and even if a serious doubt of constitutionality is raised, it is a cardinal principle that this Court will first ascertain whether a construction of the statute is fairly possible by which the question may be avoided.’ Crowell v. Benson, 285 U.S. 22, 62, 52 S.Ct. 285, 296.8
50. ^ A Response to the Justice Department from Law Professors and Former Government Officials
51. ^ Fourteen constitutional scholars and former government officials wrote a response dated January 9, 2006 to the Department of Justice letter, and transmitted it to Chairs and Ranking Members of the House and Senate concluding that the Bush administration’s National Security Agency domestic spying program… appears on its face to violate existing law. Signatories: Beth Nolan, Curtis Bradley, David Cole, Geoffrey Stone, Harold Hongju Koh, Kathleen M. Sullivan, Laurence H. Tribe, Martin Lederman, Philip B. Heymann, Richard Epstein, Ronald Dworkin, Walter Dellinger, William S. Sessions, and William Van Alstyne [1]
52. ^ a b c Spaulding, Suzanne E. (December 25, 2005). Power Play – Did Bush Roll Past the Legal Stop Signs? . The Washington Post. pp. B01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/23/AR2005122302050.html.
53. ^ a b c d Legal memorandum of David S. Kris, former Deputy Attorney General for national security (PDF). The Washington Post. January 25, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/documents/NSAProgramQuestions.pdf.
54. ^ That Congress sees this as domestic intelligence can be inferred from the CRS position paper, Congress has asserted itself with respect to domestic surveillance, but has largely left matters involving overseas surveillance to executive self-regulation, subject to congressional oversight and willingness to provide funds.
55. ^ See for example,[2]|Cole, Epstein, Heynmann Open Letter to Congress]
Congress indisputably has authority to regulate electronic surveillance within the United States, as it has done in FISA. Where Congress has so regulated, the President can act in contravention of statute only if his authority is exclusive, that is, not subject to the check of statutory regulation.
56. ^ The CRS report itself notes A review of the history of intelligence collection and its regulation by Congress suggests that the two political branches have never quite achieved a meeting of the minds regarding their respective powers.
57. ^ United States v. Duggan, 743 F.2d 59, 72 (2d Cir. 1984) (citing cases)
58. ^ Justice Dept Supplemental Brief to the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Court of Review
59. ^ CLAY v. UNITED STATES, 403 U.S. 698 (1971)
60. ^ United States v. Brown, 484 F.2d 418 (5th Cir. 1973)
61. ^ United States v. Butenko, 494 F.2d 593 (3rd Cir. 1974)
62. ^ United States v. Truong Dinh Hung, 629 F.2d 908 (4th Cir. 1980)
63. ^ United States v. Bin Laden, 126 F.Supp.2d 264 (S.D.N.Y. 2000)
64. ^ United States v. U.S. District Court
65. ^ York, Byron (December 20, 2005). Clinton Claimed Authority to Order No-Warrant Searches – Does anyone remember that? . National Review Online. http://www.nationalreview.com/york/york200512200946.asp.
66. ^ fact sheet:The NSA Program to Detect and Prevent Terrorist Attacks – Myth vs Reality
67. ^ 50 U.S.C. sec. 1811 — Authorization during time of war
68. ^ Title 50, Chapter 15, Subchapter III ACCOUNTABILITY FOR INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School
69. ^ 50 USC §413b.
70. ^ FindLaw (PDF). Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions. http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/nsa/crs11806rpt.pdf. Retrieved on January 2006.
71. ^ Cumming, Alfred (January 18, 2006). Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions (PDF). FAS. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/m011806.pdf.
72. ^ If the NSA surveillance program were to considered an intelligence collection program, limiting congressional notification of the NSA program to the Gang of Eight, which some Members who were briefed about the program contend, would appear to be inconsistent with the law, which requires that the ‘congressional intelligence committees be kept fully and currently informed of all intelligence activities,’ other than those involving covert actions. – excerpted from the Congressional Research Service publication,Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions
73. ^ The executive branch may assert that the mere discussion of the NSA program generally could expose certain intelligence sources and methods to disclosure, thus making it necessary to limit the number of those knowledgeable of the program in order to reduce the risk of such disclosure occurring. – excerpted from the Congressional Research Service publication,Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions
74. ^ Any neutral assessment of the important separation of powers questions at issue here warranted a thorough consideration of Curtiss-Wright and the theory of presidential power it recognized (as well as the even more long-standing precedent on which the decision in Curtiss-Wright relied, including The Prize Cases, 67 U.S. (2 Black) 635 – PROFESSOR JOHN C. EASTMAN in his solicited letter to the Senate Judiciary Committee
75. ^ The Steel Seizure Case12 is frequently cited as providing a framework for the courts to decide the extent of the President’s authority, particularly in matters involving national security. CRS, Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information
76. ^ a b Congressional Research Service (January 5, 2006) (PDF). Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information. Press release. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/m010506.pdf.
77. ^ David Alan Jordan. Decrypting the Fourth Amendment: Warrantless NSA Surveillance and the Enhanced Expectation of Privacy Provided by Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol. Boston College Law Review. May, 2006. Last access date January 23, 2007
78. ^ Circuit courts applying Keith to the foreign intelligence context have affirmed the existence of a foreign intelligence exception to the warrant requirement for searches conducted within the United States which target foreign powers or their agents. See United States v. Clay, 430 F.2d 165, 171 (5th Cir.1970); United States v. Brown, 484 F.2d 418, 426 (5th Cir.1973); United States v. Butenko, 494 F.2d 593, 605 (3d Cir.1974); United States v. Buck, 548 F.2d 871, 875 (9th Cir.1977); United States v. Truong Dinh Hung, 629 F.2d 908, 913 (4th Cir.1980)
79. ^ DOJ/Attorney General Gonzales’ responses to the House Judiciary Committee’s oversight questions regarding the NSA Terrorist Surveillance Program, March 24, 2006
80. ^ The Volokh Conspiracy Blog . The NSA Surveillance Program and the Article II Argument. http://volokh.com/posts/1135893533.shtml. Retrieved on December 29.
81. ^ a b House Judiciary Committee (January 27, 2006) (PDF). NSA Eastman Letter. Press release. http://judiciary.house.gov/media/pdfs/nsaeastmanltr.pdf.
82. ^ George Washington Law School Profile
83. ^ Orin Kerr Bibliography at GWU
84. ^ U.S. INTELLIGENCE Community . NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947. http://www.intelligence.gov/0-natsecact_1947.shtml. Retrieved on January 2006.
85. ^ RulingThe quote is from page 33.
86. ^ Experts Fault Reasoning in Surveillance Decision, N.Y. Times, August 19, 2006.
87. ^ [http://glenngreenwald.blogspot.com/2006/08/grading-law-professors-apologies-due.html Grading the law professors; apologies due Judge Taylor by Glenn Greenwald, August 22, 2006.
88. ^ 6th Circuit Court Order
89. ^ Court allows NSA surveillance program during appeal, CNN.com, October 4, 2006
90. ^ http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/nytimes/docs/nsa/aclunsa70607opn.pdf 6th Circuit Court of Appeals Decision [July 6, 2007]
91. ^ http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/04/70619
92. ^ Savage, Charlie (February 2, 2006). Specialists doubt legality of wiretaps . The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2006/02/02/specialists_doubt_legality_of_wiretaps/.
93. ^ Legal FAQs on NSA Wiretaps by Peter Swire, Law Professor at Ohio State University and Visiting Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress January 26, 2006.
94. ^ Warrantless Wiretapping Why It Seriously Imperils the Separation of Powers, And Continues the Executive’s Sapping of Power From Congress and the Courts; Edward Lazarus, FindLaw; Thursday, 22 December 2005.
95. ^ Transcript of Bush Press Conference; White House Office of the Press Secretary; December 19, 2005.
96. ^ Legal Analysis of the NSA Domestic Surveillance Program; Orin S. Kerr, The Volokh Conspiracy blog; December 19, 2005.
97. ^ The NSA Surveillance Program and the Article II Argument; Orin S. Kerr, The Volokh Conspiracy Blog; December 29, 2005.
98. ^ Ryan Singel (2006-04-07). Whistle-Blower Outs NSA Spy Room . Wired. http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/04/70619. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
99. ^ Frontline (2007-01-09). Spying on the Home Front – Interview with Mark Klein . Public Broadcasting System. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/homefront/interviews/klein.html. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
100. ^ AT&T Whistle-Blower’s Evidence . CommonDreams.org Newscenter. 2006-05-17. http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0517-10.htm. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
101. ^ Klein’s 2004 Package (PDF). PBS Frontline. 2007-05-17. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/homefront/etc/kleindoc.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
102. ^ DECLARATION OF J. SCOTT MARCUS IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION (PDF). 2006-03-29. http://www.eff.org/files/filenode/att/SER_marcus_decl.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
103. ^ Steven M. Bellovin, Matt Blaze, Whitfield Diffie, Susan Landau, Peter G. Neumann, and Jennifer Rexford (2008-02-05). Risking Communications Security: Potential Hazards of the Protect America Act (PDF). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Security and Privacy. http://www.crypto.com/papers/paa-ieee.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-02-05.
104. ^ National Security Archive at George Washington University . Wiretap Debate Déjà Vu. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB178/index.htm. Retrieved on 4 February.
105. ^ Princeton University . The OTA Legacy. http://www.wws.princeton.edu/ota/. Retrieved on February 2006.
106. ^ FAS . EXERCISE OF CERTAIN AUTHORITY RESPECTING ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE – EO 12139. http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo12139.htm. Retrieved on January 2006.
107. ^ FAS . FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE PHYSICAL SEARCHES – EO 12949. http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo-12949.htm. Retrieved on January 2006.
108. ^ Judges of secret court briefed on NSA activity . Associated Press. January 10, 2006. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/custom/attack/bal-te.court10jan10,1,4401538.story?coll=bal-attack-headlines.
109. ^ Leonnig, Carol D.; Linzer, Dafna (December 22, 2005). Judges on Surveillance Court To Be Briefed on Spy Program . The Washington Post. pp. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/21/AR2005122102326.html.
110. ^ Leonnig, Carol D. (January 5, 2006). Surveillance Court Is Seeking Answers – Judges Were Unaware of Eavesdropping . The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/04/AR2006010401864.html.
111. ^ A New Surveillance Act, Wall Street Journal February 15, 2006
112. ^ K.A. Taipale, James Jay Carafano (January 25, 2006). Fixing surveillance . The Washington Times. http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed012706a.cfm.
113. ^ Bobbitt, Phillip (January 30, 2006). Why We Listen . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/30/opinion/30bobbitt.html.
114. ^ Bryan Cunnigham, Daniel B. Prieto (February 5, 2006). The Eavesdropping Debate We Should be Having . The Denver Post. http://bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu/publication.cfm?program=CORE&ctype=article&item_id=1373.
115. ^ Posner, Richard A. (February 15, 2006). A New Surveillance Act . The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB113996743590074183-search.html.
116. ^ A historical solution to the Bush spying issue; John Schmidt, The Chicago Tribune; February 12, 2006.
117. ^ Taipale, K. A. ((forthcoming, June 2006)). Whispering Wires and Warrantless Wiretaps: Data Mining and Foreign Intelligence Surveillance . N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Security, No. 8. http://ssrn.com/abstract=889120.
118. ^ Coleen Rowley’s Memo to FBI Director Robert Mueller
119. ^ FBI Director Mueller Explains the Significance of the Woods Procedures
120. ^ Unitary executive theory
* The Unitary Executive: Is The Doctrine Behind the Bush Presidency Consistent with a Democratic State? By JENNIFER VAN BERGEN, Findlaw, January 09, 2006
* The President Does Not Know Best By Elizabeth de la Vega, Tomdispatch.com. Posted January 19, 2006
* Guest Opinion by Roger A. White, Arizona Daily Star, January 22, 2006
* Bush on Trial for Crimes against Humanity By Marjorie Cohn, Truthout, January 24, 2006
* How Much Authority Does the President Possess When He Is Acting as Commander In Chief ? Evaluating President Bush’s Claims Against a Key Supreme Court Executive Power Precedent By EDWARD LAZARUS, FindLaw, January 5, 2006
* George Bush’s rough justice – The career of the latest supreme court nominee has been marked by his hatred of liberalism by Sidney Blumenthal, The Guardian, January 12, 2006
* Vice President Cheney and The Fight Over Inherent Presidential Powers: His Attempt to Swing the Pendulum Back Began Long Before 9/11By John W. Dean, FindLaw,February 10, 2006
* No Checks, Many Imbalances By George F. Will, Washington Post, 16 February 2006
* An Imperial Presidency Based on Constitutional Quicksand By Ivan Eland, January 10, 2006
* How Close Are We to the End of Democracy? by Martin Garbus, Huffington Post, January 20, 2006
* Administration Paper Defends Spy Program Detailed Argument Cites War Powers By Carol D. Leonnig, Washington Post, January 20, 2006
* Scholar Stands by Post-9/11 Writings On Torture, Domestic Eavesdropping By Peter Slevin, Washington Post, December 26, 2005.
121. ^ Ignoring FISA
* George W. Bush as the New Richard M. Nixon: Both Wiretapped Illegally, and Impeachable; Both Claimed That a President May Violate Congress’ Laws to Protect National Security By JOHN W. DEAN, FindLaw, December 30, 2005
* The President’s End Run, Washington Post, January 23, 2006
122. ^ Campbell v. Clinton, 203 F.3d 19 (D.C. Cir. 2000
123. ^ Eggen, Dan (January 19, 2006). Congressional Agency Questions Legality of Wiretaps . The Washington Post. pp. A05. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/18/AR2006011802158.html.
124. ^ Holtzman, Elizabeth (January 11, 2006). The Impeachment of George W. Bush . The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060130/holtzman.
125. ^ Eggen, Dan (March 5, 2006). White House Trains Efforts on Media Leaks – Sources, Reporters Could Be Prosecuted . The Washington Post. pp. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/04/AR2006030400867.html.
126. ^ The White House (April 20, 2004). President Bush: Information Sharing, Patriot Act Vital to Homeland Security. Press release. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/04/20040420-2.html.
127. ^ The White House (January 23, 2006). President Discusses Global War on Terror at Kansas State University. Press release. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060123-4.html.
128. ^ The White House (January 19, 2006). Vice President’s Remarks on Iraq and the War on Terror at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Press release. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060119-5.html.
129. ^ The White House (December 19, 2005). Press Briefing by Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and General Michael Hayden, Principal Deputy Director for National Intelligence. Press release. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/12/20051219-1.html.
130. ^ Administration Lays Out Legal Case for Wiretapping Program . The New York Times. January 19, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/19/politics/19cndnsa.html.
131. ^ hotlineblog (PDF). US Department of Justice White Paper on NSA Legal Authorities. http://hotlineblog.nationaljournal.com/archives/White%20Paper%20on%20NSA%20Legal%20Authorities.pdf. Retrieved on January 19.
132. ^ Attorney General Alberto Gonzales’ speech at Georgetown University January 24, 2006.
133. ^ General Hayden’s address to the National Press Club on January 23, 2006
134. ^ James Risen, Eric Lichtblau (December 16, 2005). Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html.
135. ^ The White House (January 25, 2006). President Visits National Security Agency. Press release. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060125-1.html.
136. ^ Loven, Jennifer (February 10, 2006). Update 19: Bush Reveals Rationale Behind Surveillance . Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/technology/ebusiness/feeds/ap/2006/02/10/ap2517004.html.
137. ^ Bush says U.S. not ‘trolling through personal lives’ . CNN. May 11, 2006. http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/05/11/nsa.phonerecords/index.html.
138. ^ The following statements are taken from the Library of Congress records, pages S137 – S139. Online versions: p.137, p.138, p.139 (PDF).
139. ^ U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (February 6, 2006). Statement of The Honorable Patrick Leahy. Press release. http://judiciary.senate.gov/member_statement.cfm?id=1727&wit_id=2629.
140. ^ http://www.aclu.org/privacy/spying/23279res20051229.html
141. ^ http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060122.html
142. ^ Gonzales; Press Briefing by Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and General Michael Hayden, Principal Deputy Director for National Intelligence; December 19, 2005.
143. ^ Remarks by Homeland Security Secretary Chertoff and Attorney General Gonzales on the USA PATRIOT Act, December 21, 2005.
144. ^ Responses to Questions from Senator Specter, February 2005.
145. ^ FIS linking to 2006 FISA Congressional Hearings material
146. ^ Press Release of Senator DeWine
147. ^ Dewine Bill as introduced
148. ^ Specter Floor Statement
149. ^ Specter Bill as introduced
150. ^ Specter Offers Compromise on NSA Surveillance, Washington Post, June 9, 2006
151. ^ Prepared Opening Remarks of Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales at the Justice Department Oversight Hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee . Department of Justice. January 18, 2007. http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/speeches/2007/ag_speech_070118.html.
152. ^ Siobhan Gorman (January 18, 2007). Bush cedes authority on spy program . Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0701180074jan18,1,3952800.story?track=rss.
153. ^ Chip Pitts (March 15, 2007). The End of Illegal Domestic Spying? Don’t Count on It . Wash. Spec.. http://www.washingtonspectator.com/articles/20070315surveillance_1.cfm. .
154. ^ Court Affirms Wiretapping Without Warrants . New York Times, January 15, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/washington/16fisa.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved on January 16 2009.
155. ^ Court Backs U.S. Wiretapping . Wall Street Journal, January 16, 2009. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123206893587088395.html?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieved on January 16 2009.
156. ^ Intelligence Court Releases Ruling in Favor of Warrantless Wiretapping . Washington Post, January 15, 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/15/AR2009011502311.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved on January 16 2009.
157. ^ Court ruling endorses Bush surveillance policy . Associated Press, January 15, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g9Q7M6scz4PEW8SuEo_bpOer6ZAQD95NRD1G0. Retrieved on January 16 2009.
158. ^ No. 08-01 IN RE: DIRECTIVE (Redacted) * PURSUANT TO SECTION 105B OF THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT (redacted tect) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE UNITED STATES FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE COURT . United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review. August 22,2008. http://www.uscourts.gov/newsroom/2009/FISCR_Opinion.pdf?WT.cg_n=FISCROpinion_WhatsNew_homepage. Retrieved on 2009-01-16.
External links
* Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information, Congressional Research Service, January 5, 2006 (HTML)
* U.S. Department of Justice White Paper on NSA Legal Authorities, Legal Authorities Supporting the Activities of the National Security Agency Described by the President,January 19,2006
* Department of Justice Letter to the Senate Select Intelligence Committee 22 December (PDF) via Federation of American Scientists
* Justice Dept Supplemental Brief to the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Court of Review
* The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: An Overview of the Statutory Framework and Recent Judicial Decisions – Congressional Research Service – April 2005 via Federation of American Scientists
* Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions, Congressional Research Service , January 18, 2006 (HTML)
* FindLaw News Document Archive for National Security Agency (NSA)
* Cornell Law: US CODE Title 50, Chapter 36—Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
* FAS FISA Resource Page
* FISA and Immunity
* Presidential Powers in Time of War, a written exchange between professors at the Univ. of Minnesota School of Law
* Large Cruxlux debate on legality of wiretapping program
* Surveillance law resources, JURIST
* ACLU Complaint (Initial Filing) against the NSA Central Security Serice and Lieutenant General Keith B. Alexander (HTML)
* House Judiciary 20 January 2006 Briefing Statements, Transcript, EFF and ACLU Complaints and Related Action Documents in HTML
* Response by the American Bar Association:
o Letter to George W. Bush (pdf) from ABA President Michael S. Greco, dated 13 February 2006
o Resolution (26-page pdf) from the ABA denouncing the warrantless wiretaps
* David Alan Jordan, Decrypting the Fourth Amendment: Warrantless NSA Surveillance and the Enhanced Expectation of Privacy Provided by Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol – Boston College Law Review, Vol. 47, 2006
* Commentary Magazine March, 2006 Has the New York Times Violated the Espionage Act?
* Of Bugs, the President, and the NSA– Douglas C. McNabb and Matthew R. McNabb, The Champion.
* EFF Class Action Complaint (Initial Filing) against AT&T (HTML)
* Not Authorized By Law: Domestic Spying and Congressional Consent, JURIST
* Washington Monthly blog post on an opposed conservative reaction
* An Open Letter to George Bush partly on this issue
* T.J. Rodgers. U.S. gets closer to Orwell’s Big Brother, San Jose Mercury News, December 29, 2005.
* FindLaw News Document Archive for National Security Agency (NSA)
* The New York Review of Books: ON NSA SPYING: A LETTER TO CONGRESS(Volume 53, Number 2 A February 9, 2006)
* ALEXANDER COCKBURN and JEFFREY ST. CLAIR, Time-Delayed Journalism: the NYT and the NSA’s Illegal Spying Operation December 17, 2005
* Gabriel Sherman, Why Times Ran Wiretap Story, Defying Bush The New York Observer, December 26, 2005
* Morrison, Trevor W., Constitutional Avoidance in the Executive Branch . Columbia Law Review, Vol. 106, October 2006
* JENNIFER VAN BERGEN, The Unitary Executive: Is The Doctrine Behind the Bush Presidency Consistent with a Democratic State? Findlaw (Monday, 9 January 2006)
* Swire, Peter P., The System of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Law – George Washington Law Review, Vol. 72, 2004
* No Oil for Pacifists, Wiretap Law–Debate and Answer, blog post providing legal and policy analysis, extensively hyperlinked to cases, statutes and articles (30 January 2006)
* C-SPAN videos (require RealPlayer)
* Whistleblower says NSA violations bigger United Press International, February 14, 2006
* Letter from Senator Pat Roberts to Senator Arlen Specter Senator defends NSA program legality, February 3, 2006 via Federation of American Scientists
* Presidential Secrecy and the NSA Spying Controversy, JURIST
* NSA Eavesdropping and the Fourth Amendment, JURIST
* Washington Post’s overview: NSA: Spying at Home
* ACLU v. NSA ruling, which held that the NSA warrantless surveillance program is illegal and unconstitutional and must be halted immediately.
* John St. Clair Akwei VS The National Security Agency
* NSA warrantless wiretapping is illegal argument diagram at HonestArgument.com
* So Judge, How Do I Get That FISA Warrant? : The Policy and Procedure for Conducting Electronic Surveillance, The Army Lawyer, October 1997
* Technician Mark Klein discussing Room 641A on Countdown , November 7, 2007
* Amicus Filed in NSA Wiretapping Case
* Swedish FRA granted the right to intercept all traffic at exchange points that exchange traffic that crosses Swedish borders
Sister project Wikinews has related news: Bush authorized NSA surveillance of citizens, bypassing court warrants
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Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_controversy
Categories: Anti-terrorism policy of the United States | Emergency laws | Espionage | George W. Bush administration controversies | National Security Agency | Privacy of telecommunications | National security | United States national security policy | Surveillance scandals | Mass surveillance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Groundbreaker
***
Room 641A
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Room 641A is an alleged intercept facility operated by AT&T for the U.S. National Security Agency, beginning in 2003. Room 641A is located in the SBC Communications building at 611 Folsom Street, San Francisco, three floors of which were occupied by AT&T before SBC purchased AT&T. The room was referred to in internal AT&T documents as the SG3 [Study Group 3] Secure Room. It is fed by fiber optic lines from beam splitters installed in fiber optic trunks carrying Internet backbone traffic and, therefore, presumably has access to all Internet traffic that passes through the building.
The room measures about 24 by 48 feet (7.3 m H 15 m) and contains several racks of equipment, including a Narus STA 6400, a device designed to intercept and analyze Internet communications at very high speeds.[1]
The existence of the room was revealed by a former AT&T technician, Mark Klein, and is the subject of a 2006 class action lawsuit by the Electronic Frontier Foundation against AT&T.[2] Klein claims he was told that similar black rooms are operated at other facilities around the country.
Room 641A and the controversies surrounding it were subjects of an episode of Frontline , the current affairs documentary program on PBS. It was originally broadcast on May 15, 2007. It was also featured on PBS’s NOW on March 14, 2008.
Contents
* 1 Lawsuit
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links
Lawsuit
Main article: Hepting v. AT&T
The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) filed a class-action lawsuit against AT&T on January 31, 2006, accusing the telecommunication company of violating the law and the privacy of its customers by collaborating with the National Security Agency (NSA) in a massive, illegal program to wiretap and data-mine Americans’ communications. On July 20, 2006, a federal judge denied the government’s and AT&T’s motions to dismiss the case, chiefly on the ground of the States Secrets Privilege, allowing the lawsuit to go forward. On August 15, 2007, the case was heard by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.
An additional case by the EFF was created on September 18, 2008, titled Jewel v. NSA.
See also
* Cabinet noir
* NSA warrantless surveillance controversy
* Signals intelligence
References
1. ^ AT&T Whistle-Blower’s Evidence . Wired. May 17, 2006. http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/05/70908. Retrieved on February 27, 2009.
2. ^ NSA Multi-District Litigation . Electronic Frontier Foundation. http://www.eff.org/cases/att. Retrieved on February 27, 2009.
External links
* Electronic Frontier Foundation’s web page about NSA’s domestic spying
* Spying on the Home Front , Frontline episode from May 15, 2007
* Technician Mark Klein discussing Room 641A, Countdown episode from November 7, 2007
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_641A
Categories: AT&T | George W. Bush administration controversies | History of cryptography | Locations in the history of espionage | National Security Agency | Privacy of telecommunications
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_641A
***
athenahealth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
athenahealth, Inc. Type Public (NASDAQ: ATHN)
Founded 1997
Headquarters Flag of the United States Watertown, MA, USA
Key people Jonathan S. Bush, CEO, President and Chairman
Carl B. Byers, CFO, Senior Vice President and Treasurer
Industry Healthcare Technology
Products Healthcare Billing and Records
Market cap 873 million USD[1]
Revenue US$100.8 million (2007)
Employees 648 (2008)
Website athenahealth.com
athenahealth, Inc., (NASDAQ: ATHN) is a publicly traded American company that provides web-based practice management, electronic medical records (EMR), and medical billing services to healthcare practices. It is headquartered in Watertown, Massachusetts, with operational sites in Belfast, and Chennai, India.[2]
Contents
* 1 History
* 2 Products
* 3 Key People[10]
* 4 See also
* 5 External links
* 6 References
History
In 1997, athenahealth co-founders Jonathan Bush and Todd Park started a women’s health and birthing practice in San Diego, California, called Athena Healthcare. Unprepared for how difficult it would be to get reimbursed by insurance companies, they soon faced serious cash flow problems.[3] After searching unsuccessfully for an existing EMR and practice management solution to meet their needs, they decided to form athenahealth, Inc. in order to create their own product. Enlisting the help of Todd’s brother, software developer Ed Park, they began to develop an EMR and financial revenue cycle system with a rules engine of dynamic billing rules data.[4]
In 2000, athenahealth introduced athenaCollector, their physician billing and practice management service. In 2006, it launched athenaClinicals, touted as the first economically sustainable, service-based electronic medical records (EMR) system.[5] And in August 2008, it announced the acquisition of MedicalMessaging.net.[6]
athenahealth also entered the area of healthcare reform in 2006, working with Physician’s Practice Journal to provide an industry report card for the major insurance companies in the United States.[7] The annual PayerView reports cull billing statistics from athenahealth’s rules engine to deliver performance analysis and insurance company rankings based on payment times, denial rates, transparency, and other metrics.
After years of rapid growth, athenahealth, Inc. announced an initial public offering of its common stock on June 22, 2007.[8], [9] The offering was completed on September 20, 2007, at an offering price of $18 per share. It now trades on the NASDAQ exchange under the symbol ATHN.
Products
* athenaCollector
Physician billing and practice management service combining award-winning software, proprietary claims knowledge, and business services.
* athenaClinicals
Integrated electronic medical records (EMR) service, combining software with clinical and payer intelligence.
Key People[10]
* Jonathan Bush, Chairman and CEO
* Carl B. Byers, Senior Vice President, CFO and Treasurer
* Daniel H. Orenstein, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
* Robert M. Hueber, Senior Vice President, Sales
* Nancy G. Brown, Senior Vice President, Business Development and Government Relations
* Leslie Locke, Senior Vice President of People and Process
* Rob Cosinuke, Senior Vice President and CMO
See also
* Jonathan Bush, Chairman and CEO
External links
* athenahealth, Inc.
* athenahealth PayerView
References
1. ^ Company Profile for athenahealth Inc (ATHN) . http://www.zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=ATHN&page=quotesearch. Retrieved on 2008-10-21.
2. ^ athenahealth, Inc. Factsheet . athenahealth, Inc.. http://www.athenahealth.com/about-us/fact-sheet.php. Retrieved on 2008-10-07.
3. ^ Fights Over Health Claims Spawn a New Arms Race – Insurers and Doctors Try for Upper Hand; Firms Help Both Sides . Wall Street Journal. http://s.wsj.net/public/article/SB117141549626107896-search.html?KEYWORDS=athenahealth+Fights+Over+Health+Claims+Spawn+a+New+Arms+Race+-+Insurers+and+Doctors+Try+for+Upper+Hand+Firms+Help+Both+Sides+&COLLECTION=wsjie/6month. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
4. ^ The Bush Health-Care Solution . Fast Company. http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/96/health-care.html. Retrieved on 2005-07-01.
5. ^ athenahealth Introduces Healthcare Industry’s First Economically Sustainable, Service-Based EMR Offering for Medical Practices . Business Wire. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2006_July_25/ai_n26934679. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.
6. ^ athenahealth to Acquire MedicalMessaging.net Assets, Gaining New Patient Communications Service Capabilities . Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/businesswire/feeds/businesswire/2008/08/04/businesswire20080804006081r1.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-04.
7. ^ The Check Is Not in the Mail . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/25/business/25insure.html. Retrieved on 2006-05-25.
8. ^ Health Care’s Electronic Elixer? . Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jan2006/tc20060131_011101.htm. Retrieved on 2006-01-31.
9. ^ athenahealth Named One of America’s Fastest Growing Private Companies for the Second Straight Year . Business Wire. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2006_August_29/ai_n26969643. Retrieved on 2006-08-29.
10. ^ athenahealth Management . athenahealth, Inc.. http://investors.athenahealth.com/management.cfm. Retrieved on 2008-11-15.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenahealth
Categories: Companies listed on NASDAQ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenahealth
***
Jonathan S. Bush
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jonathan S. Bush is the co-founder, Chief Executive Officer, and President of Athenahealth, Inc., a health care technology company founded in 1997.[1]
In 2000, Bush raised more than $10M in venture capital funding to support the company.[2] Athenahealth launched a successful IPO in 2007.[3]
Before founding Athenahealth, Bush served as an associate of J. Bush & Company, Inc, and a consultant at Booz Allen Hamilton, where he was a member of its Managed Care Strategy Group. Bush holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Wesleyan University and a master’s degree in business administration from Harvard University.[1]
He is the son of Jonathan Bush, making him the first cousin of U.S. President George W. Bush[4] and the nephew of U.S. President George H. W. Bush.
References
1. ^ a b Official Athenahealth biography.
2. ^ Oliver Ryan. Jan 22, 2007. The Bush who pays the bills. Fortune. Vol. 155, Issue 1.
3. ^ Lynn Cowan. Sep. 21, 2007. Athenahealth IPO Soars 97%; Year’s Best Debut Adds Some Zest To Slow September. Wall Street Journal. p. C3.
4. ^ Jennifer Reingold. July 2005. The Bush [health-care] solution . Fast Company, issue 96.
External links
* Official Athenahealth biography
Bush family
Prescott Bush ancestors
Dorothy Walker Bush ancestors
Samuel Prescott Bush (1863–1948) • James Smith Bush (1825–1889) • Obadiah Newcomb Bush
George Herbert Walker (1875–1953) • David Davis Walker (1840–1918) • George E. Walker (1797–1864) • Thomas Walker (1758–1799)
Samuel P. Bush & Flora Sheldon
Prescott Sheldon Bush (m.) Dorothy Wear Walker • Robert Bush • Mary House Bush • Margaret Clement Bush • James Bush
Prescott Bush (1895–1972)
Prescott Bush Jr. • George Herbert Walker Bush (m.) Barbara Pierce • Nancy Walker Bush Ellis • Jonathan James Bush • William Henry Trotter Bush
George H. W. Bush (1924–)
Jonathan Bush (1931–)
George Walker Bush (m.) Laura Lane Welch • Pauline Robinson Bush • Jeb Bush (m.) Columba Garnica Gallo • Neil Mallon Bush (m.) Sharon Smith • Marvin Pierce Bush (m.) Margaret Molster • Dorothy Walker Bush (m. 2nd) Robert P. Koch
Billy Bush (m.) Sydney Davis • Jonathan S. Bush
George W. Bush (1946–)
Jeb Bush (1953–)
Neil Bush (1955–)
Dorothy Koch (1959-)
Barbara Pierce Bush • Jenna Welch Bush (m.) Henry Hager
George Prescott Bush • Noelle Bush
Lauren Bush
Sam LeBlond • Ellie LeBlond • Robert Koch • Gigi Koch
See also
David Davis
The Bush Compound • Buckeye Steel Castings • G. H. Walker & Co. • The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty • Political line
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_S._Bush
Categories: 1969 births | Living people | American chief executives | Bush family | Wesleyan University alumni | Harvard Business School alumni
***
SPARTA Inc., Lake Forest, Calif.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from SPARTA, Inc.)
SPARTA, Inc. is a United States defense contractor based in Lake Forest, California. It was started in 1979 and has more than 20 offices around the United States. The acronym, SPARTA, stands for Systems Planning Analysis Research and Technology Associates.
SPARTA was unusual for a U.S. defense contractor in that it was publicly held but privately traded; it was more than 98% owned by its 1,300 employees. Employees were granted stock options based on various criteria, including corporate profit and individual contribution to bringing in new business. Employees could sell stock back to the company when their options vested, at a price determined by a formula for valuing the company.
Some benefits and company procedures are decided upon by a council of employees which meets usually annually. Slightly fewer than one third of the representatives to the council are elected by the employees.
In January 2008 Cobham plc released that it will purchase SPARTA for USD$416 million.[1] The purchase was approved by SPARTA shareholders in April 2008, but was at that time still subject to U.S. Government approval.[2]
References
1. ^ News Release from Cobham plc website
2. ^ SPARTA SEC 8-K filing, April 11, 2008
External links
* SPARTA, Inc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARTA,_Inc.
***
About SPARTA
SPARTA’s core business areas include strategic defense and offense systems, tactical weapons systems, space systems. SPARTA’s major intelligence credentials include intelligence production, computer network operations, and information assurance. We have been recognized nationally in all these areas for our commitment to technical excellence, our innovative approaches, and our dedication to both our employees and customers.
http://www.sparta.com/
***
SPARTA, Inc.
Officers & Directors
Tim Heely
President
J Lowder
Ethics Officer
John Dyer
Chief Technical Officer
David Schreiman
Chief Financial Officer
Ray Gretlein
Chief Information Officer
Jerry Fabian
Director of Business Administration
Jody Chiaro
Director of Human Resources
Missile Defense Sector
Randy Morgan
President
Biff Lyons
Advanced Systems & Technology Operation
Mike Byers
Defense Programs Operation
Jim Snaman
Systems Acquisition Support Operation
Pete Schofield
Technology & Acquisition Support Operation
National Security Systems Sector
Maureen Baginski
President
Doug Price
Applied Comm Tech Operation
Carl Muckenhirn
Information Systems Security Operation
Bill Goodner
Military Systems Operation
Mission Systems Sector
Troy Crites
President
Jim Hansen
Defense Systems & Technology Operation
Alan Johnson
Space & Missile Defense Operation
Composite Products
Paul Oppenheim
Operations Manager
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ISSO: Information Systems Security Operation
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***
Cobham plc
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cobham plc
Type Public (LSE: COB)
Founded 1934
Headquarters Wimborne Minster, England, UK
Key people David Turner, Chairman
Allan Cooke, CEO
Industry Defence
Revenue £1,466.5 million (2008)
Operating income £128.5 million (2008)
Net income £95.5 million (2008)
Website www.cobham.com
Cobham plc (LSE: COB) is a British manufacturing company based in Wimborne Minster, Dorset, England. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.
Contents
* 1 History
* 2 Operations
* 3 Sports club
* 4 References
* 5 External links
History
Cobham was founded as Flight Refuelling Limited in 1934 by Sir Alan Cobham, who remained chairman until 1969.
Flight Refuelling Limited was the first contractor to join the Berlin airlift in 1948.[1] The following year the Company developed the ‘probe and drogue’ method of air-to-air refuelling.[1]
In February 2008 Cobham bought the sensor and antenna systems division of BAe Systems for $240 million.[2]
In June 2008 Cobham acquired Sparta Inc., a US defence business, for $416 million.[3]
In September 2008 Cobham completed the purchase of the radio frequency components business of M/A-COM for $425 million.[4]
Operations
The Company is organised into four core technology divisions: Mission Systems, Defence Systems, Avionics and Surveillance, and Aviation Services divisions.
Sports club
The company created Cobham Sports and Social Club, a members club in Merley, near to the main manufacturing site.
References
1. ^ a b Cobham: Our heritage
2. ^ Cobham buys BAe Systems Division The Engineer, 25 February 2008
3. ^ Cobham to purchase Sparta for $416m RF Globalnet, 16 January 2008
4. ^ Tyco Electronics Announces Agreement to Sell Its RF Components and Subsystem Business To Cobham Plc Tyco Press Release, 13 May 2008
External links
* Official site
* Yahoo profile
Companies portal
FTSE 100 companies of the United Kingdom
As of 19 January 2009.
3i A Admiral Group A Alliance Trust A AMEC A Amlin A Anglo American A Antofagasta A Associated British Foods A AstraZeneca A Autonomy Corporation A Aviva A BAE Systems A BG Group A BHP Billiton A BP A BT Group A Balfour Beatty A Barclays A British Airways A British American Tobacco A British Land Company A British Sky Broadcasting Group A Bunzl A Cable & Wireless A Cadbury A Cairn Energy A Capita Group A Carnival A Centrica A Cobham A Compass Group A Diageo A Drax Group A Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation A Experian A FirstGroup A Friends Provident A G4S A GlaxoSmithKline A HSBC A Hammerson A Home Retail Group A ICAP A Imperial Tobacco A Inmarsat A InterContinental Hotels Group A International Power A Invensys A Johnson Matthey A Kazakhmys A Kingfisher A Land Securities Group A Legal & General A Liberty International A Lloyds Banking Group A London Stock Exchange Group A Man Group A Marks & Spencer A Wm Morrison Supermarkets A National Grid A Next A Old Mutual A Pearson A Pennon Group A Prudential A RSA Insurance Group A Randgold Resources A Reckitt Benckiser A Reed Elsevier A Rexam A Rio Tinto Group A Rolls-Royce Group A Royal Bank of Scotland Group A Royal Dutch Shell A SABMiller A Sage Group A J Sainsbury A Schroders A Scottish and Southern Energy A Serco Group A Severn Trent A Shire A Smith & Nephew A Smiths Group A Standard Chartered Bank A Standard Life A Tate & Lyle A Tesco A Thomas Cook Group A Thomson Reuters A TUI Travel A Tullow Oil A Unilever A United Utilities A Vedanta Resources A Vodafone A WPP Group A Whitbread A Wolseley A Xstrata
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Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobham_plc
Categories: Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange | Companies established in 1934 | Aerospace companies of the United Kingdom | Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom | Wimborne Minster | Manufacturing company stubs | United Kingdom company stubs | Guided missile stubs
Wikimedia Foundation
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***
http://www.cobham.com/home.aspx
***
Schlesinger Study
In 1970 the White House—spurred by House of Representatives Appropriations Committee Chairman George Mahon (D-TX) to find ways to cut intelligence spending—asked James Schlesinger, an assistant director of OMB, to conduct a review of the Intelligence Community. Schlesinger finished his study on 10 March 1971 and sent it out within the executive branch for review. His report stressed the rising costs of collection efforts. He was not concerned about duplication of analytic production (partly because he felt that competition between analytic ideas was a good thing and partly because the monetary costs involved were relatively small), but he believed that there was duplication in collection activities resulting from helter-skelter growth that had not been subjected to sufficiently rigorous cross-program management. The increase in substantive knowledge about the world had not been commensurate with this growth in collection, Schlesinger believed, and indeed he saw the latter as having been substituted for the former. The community had outgrown the structure laid out for it in 1947, Schlesinger judged, and had not carefully enough shaped its activities to achieve its objectives.
The report thus defined the problem as one of inadequacies in decisionmaking about intelligence programs, including a lack of DCI authority and of mechanisms for “governing” the Intelligence Community. The study cited the DCI’s NIPE Staff and the NIRB in positive terms, but also pointedly noted that they could be ignored without penalty. It called USIB a governing body, but one that was not useful in practical management or leadership terms. Finally, it claimed there was inadequate centralization of DOD intelligence programs despite the steps Secretary Laird had taken. The study readily acknowledged that its recommendations on reorganization were, in and of themselves, not solutions to the problems cited. But it did argue that, as had been the case with the 1958 reorganization of DOD, organizational change was a necessary initial step in reaching solutions.
The report’s main recommendation was to redefine and thereby strengthen the DCI’s leadership of the community as a whole. DCIs traditionally had taken the position that they needed to head CIA even if they also wanted to strengthen their community role. Even John McCone, the most community-minded DCI up to the 1970s, depended on the new science and technology directorate he had created within CIA to sustain his role in shaping national reconnaissance programs. And all DCIs depended on CIA’s analysts to provide the substantive products supplied to senior policymakers.
Schlesinger mounted an assault on this viewpoint. He acknowledged that DCIs had too little authority to do the kind of community-wide management he envisaged. But he argued that they had not even used the authority they had, and he depicted them as fatally flawed because of their ties to CIA. Running CIA was, by itself, a fulltime job; indeed, accomplishing just the covert action part of CIA’s mission was a “heavy burden.” Beyond that, the DCI’s multiple roles conflicted with each other. Finally, and perhaps of greatest importance to Schlesinger, the DCI, by virtue of heading and advocating CIA’s collection programs, was part of the problem by being a competitor for resources within a process he supposedly headed: “he cannot be wholly objective in providing guidance for community-wide collection.”
In a May 1971 conversation with Lawrence K. “Red” White, CIA’s executive director-comptroller, and Edward Proctor, CIA’s deputy director for intelligence, Schlesinger made clear that, in this regard, he was not especially concerned with CIA’s clandestine collection efforts. It was the big NRO programs backed by CIA’s Directorate of Science and Technology that were the problem. He cited two major satellite programs developed by CIA as creating problems between the DCI and DOD. He viewed one program as “a complete disaster”; DOD had never been convinced of its value, and yet it was being built. He acknowledged that CIA had been technically justified in advocating the other program, but he still felt the friction caused with DOD was unhelpful. Indeed, in cases like this one, Schlesinger asserted, it was CIA’s withholding of information from DOD that was part of the problem (thus reversing the traditional NIPE Staff complaint that DOD denied the DCI adequate visibility into data on its intelligence programs). In effect, Schlesinger was saying that not only were DCIs ineffectual in containing or managing collection program growth, they were major culprits in pushing it.[11]
The study presented three alternative models for DCI leadership of the Intelligence Community. One was to create a new director of national intelligence who would directly control all national foreign intelligence resources. This option represented centralization in its most complete form. The second was a redefined DCI who would be separated from the duty of running CIA’s clandestine activities (he would retain its analytic production capability in order to fulfill his responsibility of providing national intelligence to the NSC) and would serve as the supreme resource decisionmaker within the community. This option aimed at advancing in the right direction without inviting fears of a too powerful czar. The third alternative was a coordinator of national intelligence who would be a White House or NSC overseer of the Intelligence Community. This option would strengthen the hand of the consumers of intelligence products but would probably not adequately address the study’s concerns regarding community resource management. The pros and cons laid out in the study made clear that the first option had no hope of gaining DOD support, and the third option frankly stated it would not solve the resource management issue. The study also took up the issue of DOD intelligence program management and recommend options for centralizing it, thus adding its weight to the Froehlke and Fitzhugh reports. But communitywide, it concentrated on its new leadership options and mentioned possibly more involvement by high-level consumers of intelligence.
When Schlesinger circulated his report, Helms felt he was under pressure from PFIAB and the White House. In April, Kissinger raised the issue of presidential dissatisfaction with estimates, and he also told Helms that the investigation of intelligence ordered by the president would examine USIB-centered activities as well as potential reductions in budget expenditures. Helms supported his analysts’ work and had confidence in his orderly administrative style, so the White House dissatisfaction may have puzzled as well as pressured him. Perhaps the missing link was the lack of any real personal “connection” between Helms and Nixon, an element vital to the former and difficult for the latter.
Reactions to Study
On 20 April 1971, Helms gave Schlesinger a brief set of CIA comments on the study’s draft DCI leadership options. Overall, the comments suggested that some kind of formal boost to the DCI from the president would be the best practical outcome of the study effort. CIA officers believed the first two options for a new DCI would require congressional action, a bad idea as far as they were concerned. The study itself indicated option three would not be effective, CIA commented, so that meant that none of the options were workable as they stood. Since a true “command” system was out of the question, some sort of a “coordination” solution seemed in order. The CIA comments thus concluded that the best outcome—if supported by the White House and other major players—would be presidential direction to the DCI to this effect. CIA concluded its views with an unsurprising plea not to separate the DCI from CIA (the reasoning was that CIA’s analysis and operations should not be separated from each other and the DCI could not do without its analytic support, hence he needed to remain CIA’s head, although he could delegate more agency leadership to his deputy).
These comments followed closely the inputs received by Helms from his principal subordinates. Bronson Tweedy, by then his deputy for community matters, and Executive Director-Comptroller White had advised Helms not to argue with anything in the report but rather simply accept that improvement in managing the community was needed. “Essentially,” they told Helms, what was needed was “a strong DCI, as in Option 2, with clear and explicit Presidential authority and community staff mechanisms to assist him.” The point was that, as Schlesinger had explained in the report, the charter legislation had established the DCI’s community-based substantive role well but left unaddressed his community-wide resource management role. A presidential directive could make up that gap without brooking the risks of seeking legislation. They also advised the DCI to not tip his hand on any future actions he might wish to take: “you should not get into this until you know what direction the President is going to take.”
The directorate heads at CIA also argued for a positive, general response that did not address the detailed findings. Thomas H. Karamessines, Helms’s operations chief, provided views in line with what was eventually given to Schlesinger. The deputy director for intelligence (in comments signed by both the current DDI, R. J. Smith, and his deputy, Edward Proctor, who became DDI in less than a month) believed that some version of option two was the most logical solution and that the DCI could do little without more help from the president. Carl E. Duckett, the deputy director for science and technology (DDS&T), defended CIA’s NRO work as well managed and made his own radical reorganization suggestion, which CIA did not pass on to OMB.[12]
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/chapter_4.htm
***
http://www.cobham.com/home.aspx
Cobham plc announces that on 6 March 2009 Peter Hooley, Non-executive Director, purchased 5,000 ordinary shares in the company at 185.3 pence per share and that the shares were registered in joint names with his wife, Marianne Hooley. This total amount of shares purchased by Mr and Mrs Hooley represents 0.0004% of the issued ordinary share capital in the company.
Cobham plc – total voting rights
In accordance with the Transparency Directive’s provisions, the company advises that as at the date of this announcement it has:
Ordinary shares
1,141,789,262 ordinary shares of 2.5p nominal value each with voting rights admitted to trading. No ordinary shares are held in treasury. The total number of voting rights in respect of the ordinary shares is 1,141,789,262.
Preference shares
19,700 preference shares of £1 nominal value each with voting rights admitted to trading. No preference shares are held in treasury. The total number of voting rights in respect of the preference shares is 19,700.
The above figures may be used by shareholders (and others with notification obligations) as the denominator for the calculations by which they will determine whether they are required to notify their interest in, or a change to their interest in, Cobham plc under the FSA’s Disclosure and Transparency Rules.
This information is provided by RNS
The company news service from the London Stock Exchange
http://www.cobhaminvestors.com/
***
Allan E Cook CBE – (also spelled Allan Cooke, in some places)
Chief Executive
Please click here to read our 2007 CR Report detailing our performance and progress in our Corporate Responsibility activities.
Please direct all feedback to:
James Streater
Director, Corporate Responsibility & Sustainability
(james.streater@cobham.com)
http://www.cobham.com/corporate-responsibility.aspx
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6. In-Service Support
7. Radio Systems
8. Digital Systems
9. Signal Processing
10. Software
11. Mechanical and PCB Design
3. Approvals
4. Contact Us
4. Hartley Wintney
1. MMI Research Limited
2. Products and Services
3. Contact Us
5. Carlsbad
1. GMS Inc
6. Grenaa
1. Spectronic
2. Company Profile
3. Products and Services
1. Law Enforcement and Intelligence Solutions
2. Mission Critical Electronic Surveillance Equipment
4. Research & Development
5. Vacancies
6. News
1. Spectronic turns into Cobham Surveillance (Spectronic Products)
2. Preliminary injunction
7. Contacts
8. Restricted Area
4. SATCOM
1. Orlando
1. About Us
2. TracStar
3. Our Products and Services
1. Vehicle Mount
1. .75 Meter Vehicle Mount
1. TracStar750 Specification (pdf 151Kb)
2. .96 Meter Vehicle Mount
1. TracStar960 Specification (pdf 66Kb)
3. 1.2 Meter Vehicle Mount
1. TracStar1200 Specification (pdf 63Kb)
4. 1.6 Meter Vehicle Mount
1. TracStar1600 Specification (pdf 187Kb)
5. 1.8 Meter Vehicle Mount
1. TracStar1800C Specification (pdf 254Kb)
2. TracStar1800K Specification (pdf 60Kb)
6. 2 Meter Vehicle Mount
1. TracStar2000 Specification (pdf 59Kb)
2. Fly Away
1. .75 Meter Fly Away
1. TracStar750P Specification (pdf 67Kb)
2. TracStar750P5 Specification (pdf 59Kb)
2. .96 Meter Fly Away
1. TracStar960P-1 Specification (pdf 59Kb)
2. TracStar960P-2 Specification (pdf 59Kb)
3. 1 Meter Fly Away
1. Tracstar1000P2K Specification (pdf 67Kb)
4. 1.2 Meter Fly Away
1. TracStar1200P2 Specification (pdf 64Kb)
2. TracStar1200P4 Specification (pdf 60Kb)
3. TracStar1200P4K Specification (pdf 61Kb)
5. 2 Meter Fly Away
1. TracStar2000P9 Specification (pdf 64Kb)
3. Fly and Drive
1. .96 Meter Fly and Drive
1. TracStar960 Specification (pdf 234Kb)
2. 1.2 Meter Fly and Drive
1. TracStar1200 Specification (pdf 61Kb)
4. COMM on the Move
1. .45 Meter COMM on the Move
1. TracStari450M Specification (pdf 74Kb)
5. InMotion TV
1. TracStarSV360 Specification
6. Connectivity
7. TracComm
1. TracComm Information (pdf 138Kb)
4. News
5. Contact Us
1. How to find us
2. Fullerton
1. Comant
2. About Us
1. What is WAAS GPS?
2. ComDat Antennas
3. Products
1. Attenuators & Splitters
1. CI 511 (pdf 51Kb)
2. CI 5120 (pdf 53Kb)
2. ComDat GPS
1. CI 401-220 (pdf 54Kb)
2. CI 401-221 (pdf 54Kb)
3. CI 401-230 (pdf 52Kb)
4. CI 408-20 (pdf 54Kb)
5. CI 420-220 (pdf 52Kb)
6. CI 420-221 (pdf 51Kb)
7. CI 420-230 (pdf 50Kb)
8. CI 428-200 (pdf 54Kb)
9. CI 429-200 (pdf 58Kb)
10. CI 419-200 (pdf 52Kb)
3. ComDat GPS/XM
1. CI 401-460 (pdf 56Kb)
2. CI 420-420 (pdf 54Kb)
3. CI 420-421 (pdf 53Kb)
4. CI 428-410 (pdf 56Kb)
5. CI 429-410 (pdf 58Kb)
4. ComDat VHF/GPS
1. CI 2480-200 (pdf 53Kb)
2. CI 2480-201 (pdf 52Kb)
3. CI 2580-200 (pdf 53Kb)
4. CI 2680-200 (pdf 56Kb)
5. CI 2680-201 (pdf 58Kb)
5. ComDat VHF/GPS/XM
1. CI 2480-400 (pdf 54Kb)
2. CI 2680-400 (pdf 59Kb)
3. CI 2680-500 (pdf 60Kb)
4. CI 2728-410 (pdf 57Kb)
6. ComDat VHF/XM
1. CI 2480-216 (pdf 51Kb)
2. CI 2680-216 (pdf 56Kb)
7. ComDat XM
1. CI 420-1 (pdf 50Kb)
2. CI 420-10 (pdf 51Kb)
3. CI 420-16 (pdf 51Kb)
8. Couplers
1. CI 502 (pdf 47Kb)
2. CI 503 (pdf 47Kb)
3. CI 507 (pdf 54Kb)
4. CI 509 (pdf 52Kb)
5. CI 1114 (pdf 51Kb)
9. Datalink & SATCOM
1. CI 150-250-L (pdf 49Kb)
2. CI 248-30 (pdf 52Kb)
3. CI 248-180 (pdf 52Kb)
4. CI 268-10 (pdf 57Kb)
5. CI 268-30 (pdf 51Kb)
6. CI 480-1 (pdf 52Kb)
7. CI 490-22 (pdf 58Kb)
8. CI 2680-1 (pdf 54Kb)
9. CI 5500 (pdf 56Kb)
10. Diplexers
1. CI 505 (pdf 50Kb)
2. CI 601 (pdf 56Kb)
3. CI 1115 (pdf 52Kb)
4. CI 1125 (pdf 53Kb)
11. DME/Transponder
1. CI 100 (pdf 54Kb)
2. CI 101 (pdf 49Kb)
3. CI 105 (pdf 52Kb)
4. CI 105-3 (pdf 51Kb)
5. CI 105-6 (pdf 52Kb)
6. CI 105-7 (pdf 52Kb)
7. CI 105-9 (pdf 57Kb)
8. CI 105-16 (pdf 51Kb)
9. CI 110-40-30 (pdf 51Kb)
10. CI 110-41-30 (pdf 51Kb)
11. CI 110-60-30 (pdf 51Kb)
12. CI 110-61-30 (pdf 52Kb)
13. CI 305 (pdf 49Kb)
12. FM Band & AM/FM
1. CI 177 (pdf 50Kb)
2. CI 177-1 (pdf 51Kb)
3. CI 177-3 (pdf 50Kb)
4. CI 177-13 (pdf 50Kb)
5. CI 222 (pdf 50Kb)
6. CI 222-1 (pdf 51Kb)
7. CI 292-3 (pdf 50Kb)
8. CI 292-4 (pdf 49Kb)
13. Marker Beacon
1. CI 102 (pdf 50Kb)
2. CI 118 (pdf 49Kb)
3. CI 118-1 (pdf 50Kb)
4. CI 118-9 (pdf 54Kb)
5. CI 118-10 (pdf 49Kb)
6. CI 164 (pdf 51Kb)
7. CI 165 (pdf 51Kb)
14. Power Combiners
1. CI 120-3 (pdf 63Kb)
2. CI 120-4 (pdf 66Kb)
3. CI 120-5 (pdf 66Kb)
15. Radiophone/DME
1. CI 105-20 (pdf 53Kb)
2. CI 105-25 (pdf 52Kb)
3. CI 106 (pdf 47Kb)
4. CI 177-20 (pdf 51Kb)
5. CI 200 (pdf 51Kb)
6. CI 271 (pdf 49Kb)
7. CI 273 (pdf 49Kb)
8. CI 275 (pdf 51Kb)
9. CI 275-2 (pdf 51Kb)
10. CI 275-5 (pdf 50Kb)
11. CI 285 (pdf 50Kb)
12. CI 306 (pdf 47Kb)
13. CI 310-20 (pdf 52Kb)
14. CI 310-22 (pdf 52Kb)
16. VHF Comm
1. CI 121 (pdf 51Kb)
2. CI 109 (pdf 50Kb)
3. CI 119 (pdf 52Kb)
4. CI 122 (pdf 50Kb)
5. CI 138 (pdf 52Kb)
6. CI 139 (pdf 52Kb)
7. CI 175 (pdf 49Kb)
8. CI 196 (pdf 52Kb)
9. CI 211 (pdf 55Kb)
10. CI 211-1 (pdf 55Kb)
11. CI 211-16 (pdf 55Kb)
12. CI 248-5 (pdf 52Kb)
13. CI 268-5 (pdf 59Kb)
14. CI 268-60 (pdf 58Kb)
15. CI 291 (pdf 51Kb)
16. CI 292-1 (pdf 51Kb)
17. CI 292-2 (pdf 51Kb)
18. CI 108 (pdf 53Kb)
19. CI 108-1 (pdf 187Kb)
17. VOR/LOC/GS
1. CI 120G/S (pdf 54Kb)
2. CI 120-200G/S (pdf 54Kb)
3. CI 120-200G/S-L (pdf 57Kb)
4. CI 120-400 (pdf 56Kb)
5. CI 157P (pdf 53Kb)
6. CI 158C (pdf 53Kb)
7. CI 158C-2 (pdf 54Kb)
8. CI 158C-3 (pdf 53Kb)
9. CI 159C (pdf 53Kb)
10. CI 193 (pdf 47Kb)
11. CI 205-3 (pdf 57Kb)
12. CI 212-2 (pdf 51Kb)
13. CI 215 (pdf 53Kb)
14. CI 259E (pdf 52Kb)
4. Distributors
1. Adams Aviation Supply
2. Avionics International Supply
3. Chelton Antennas SA
4. Cobham Advanced Technologies
5. Dallas Avionics
6. Edmo Distributors
7. Kaigai Aviotech
8. Aviall, Inc.
9. B/K Navigational Equipment
10. Chelton Limited
11. DAC International
12. Edmo Aisa Pacific
13. J3 Aviation
14. Sun Aviation
5. Trade Shows
1. Heli Expo
2. NBAA Light
3. Aircraft Electronics Association
4. Sun ‘N Fun
5. EAA Airventure
6. NBAA
7. AOPA Expo
6. News
7. Installation Guide
8. FAQs
9. Contact Us
3. Cape Town
1. Omnipless Manufacturing (Pty) Limited
2. Products
1. Aero Antennas
1. IGA 5001 (pdf 218Kb)
2. IGA 5006 (pdf 179Kb)
3. HGA 6000 (pdf 126Kb)
4. HGA 6500 (pdf 128Kb)
5. HGA 7000 (pdf 290Kb)
6. HGA 7001 (pdf 316Kb)
2. Aero Components
1. BSU-7100
2. DAU-7060
3. MSU-7250
4. SRU-7200
3. Aero Systems
1. SwiftBroadband Multi-Channel (pdf 133Kb)
2. SwiftBroadband Compact (pdf 48Kb)
3. Swift64 (pdf 236Kb)
3. Careers
4. Contact Us
4. Concord
1. SeaTel
2. Products
1. Satellite Communications
1. Model USAT 24 Antenna (pdf 698Kb)
2. Model 2406 Antenna (pdf 74Kb)
3. Model 4006 Antenna (pdf 73Kb)
4. Model 6006 RZA C (pdf 74Kb)
5. Model 6006 RZA Ku (pdf 73Kb)
6. Model 9707 Antenna (pdf 68Kb)
7. Model 9797 Antenna (pdf 69Kb)
2. TV-at-Sea
1. Model ST 14 Antenna (pdf 64Kb)
2. Coastal 14 Antenna (pdf 67Kb)
3. Coastal 18 Antenna (pdf 69Kb)
4. Coastal 20EL Antenna (pdf 776Kb)
5. Coastal 24 Antenna (pdf 774Kb)
6. Coastal 30 Antenna (pdf 64Kb)
7. Model 3004 Antenna (pdf 71Kb)
8. Model 4004 Antenna (pdf 72Kb)
9. Model 5004 Antenna (pdf 71Kb)
10. Model 6004 Antenna (pdf 74Kb)
11. Model 8897 Antenna (pdf 76Kb)
12. Model 9497 Antenna (pdf 698Kb)
13. Model 14400 Antenna (pdf 714Kb)
14. Model DTV04 HD Antenna (pdf 776Kb)
3. Distributors
4. Locations
5. About Sea Tel
6. Media and Press
1. Press Releases
2. High Resolution Images
7. Support
1. Training Schedule
2. Footprints
3. Radome Drawings
4. FAQ’s
5. Owner’s Manuals
6. Quick Start Guides
7. Satellite Resources
8. Dealer’s Support Site
5. Albion
1. Patriot Antenna Systems Inc
2. Products
1. Flyaway VSAT Systems
1. 1.0m Back-Pack Flyaway Antenna System
1. Ku Band (pdf 47Kb)
2. Ka-Band (pdf 47Kb)
2. 1.2m Back-Pack Flyaway Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 50Kb)
2. Ka-Band (pdf 49Kb)
3. 1.0m Flyaway Antenna Systems
1. Ku-Band (pdf 79Kb)
2. Ka-Band (pdf 78Kb)
3. C-Band (pdf 79Kb)
4. 1.2m Flyaway Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 60Kb)
2. Ka-Band (pdf 59Kb)
3. C-Band (pdf 59Kb)
5. 1.8m Flyaway Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 98Kb)
2. C-Band (pdf 97Kb)
6. 2.4m Flyaway Antenna System
1. Ka Band (pdf 49Kb)
2. Ku Band (pdf 54Kb)
3. C Band (pdf 50Kb)
2. Transmit / Receive VSAT Systems
1. .66m TxRx Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 67Kb)
2. .75m TxRx Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 51Kb)
2. Ka-Band (pdf 52Kb)
3. .84m TxRx Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 68Kb)
4. .90m TxRx Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 51Kb)
2. Ka-Band (pdf 52Kb)
5. 1.0m TxRx Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 65Kb)
2. Ka-Band (pdf 64Kb)
6. 1.2m TxRx Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 71Kb)
2. Ka-Band (pdf 81Kb)
3. C-Band (pdf 84Kb)
7. 1.2m TxRx Inclined Orbit Antenna System
1. Ka-Band (pdf 49Kb)
2. Ku-Band (pdf 49Kb)
3. C-Band (pdf 48Kb)
8. 1.8m TxRx Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 46Kb)
2. C-Band (pdf 45Kb)
9. 1.8m TxRx Inclined Orbit Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 54Kb)
2. 1.8m TxRx Inclined Orbit C-Band (pdf 55Kb)
10. 2.4m TxRx Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 59Kb)
2. Ka-Band (pdf 52Kb)
3. C-Band (pdf 52Kb)
11. 3.8m TxRx Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 79Kb)
2. C-Band (pdf 78Kb)
12. 3.8m TxRx Trailer Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 56Kb)
2. C-Band (pdf 50Kb)
13. 4.8m TxRx Trailer Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 58Kb)
2. C-Band (pdf 58Kb)
3. Large Aperture Antennas
1. 4.8m Earth Station Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 48Kb)
2. C-Band (jpg 107Kb)
3. X-Band (jpg 107Kb)
2. 6.3m Earth Station Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 37Kb)
2. C-Band (pdf 37Kb)
3. X-Band (pdf 37Kb)
3. 9.4m Earth Station Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 63Kb)
2. C-Band (pdf 63Kb)
3. X-Band (pdf 63Kb)
4. 11.1m Earth Station Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 53Kb)
2. C-Band (pdf 53Kb)
5. 12.0m Earth Station Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 53Kb)
2. C-Band (pdf 54Kb)
3. X-Band (pdf 53Kb)
6. 13.2m Earth Station Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 54Kb)
2. C-Band (pdf 54Kb)
7. 16.4m Earth Station Antenna System
1. Ku-Band (pdf 54Kb)
2. C-Band (pdf 54Kb)
8. 18.3m Earth Station Antenna System
1. C-Band (pdf 54Kb)
4. RF Accessories
1. LNBs
1. LNBs Patriot
2. LNBs Norsat
3. LNBs California Amplifier
2. BUCs
1. KU Band BUCs
2. C Band BUCs
3. Ku Band High Power Booster/Amplifiers
4. C Band High Power Booster/Amplifier
3. TI Filters
1. C-Band Filters
2. KU-Band Filters
4. Actuators (pdf 35Kb)
5. Test Equipment
1. AVCOM Portable Spectrum Analyzer AVC PSA 37 D (pdf 25Kb)
2. AVCOM Portable Spectrum Analyzer AVC PSA 37 XP (pdf 25Kb)
3. AVCOM Portable Spectrum Analyzer AVA PSA 45 D (pdf 23Kb)
4. AVCOM Portable Spectrum Analyzer AVC MSA 4570D (pdf 22Kb)
5. Accessories
6. Compass and Inclinometer
7. RG 6 11 Hex Crimp Tool
6. Receivers
7. Controllers
8. Fiber Optics
9. Splitters & Power Dividers (pdf 30Kb)
10. Cable & Connectors
1. Cable (pdf 31Kb)
2. Connectors
3. Tools
4. Accessories
11. Power Inserters/Line Amplifiers
1. Line Amplifier (pdf 27Kb)
2. Dual DC Power Block (pdf 21Kb)
3. Satellite Inline Power Inserter (pdf 22Kb)
12. Snow Covers (pdf 30Kb)
13. De-Icing Systems (pdf 237Kb)
14. Feed Covers
1. Standard Feed Covers (pdf 33Kb)
2. Seavey Feed Cover
15. Non-Penetrating Mounts
1. PTX NP 238 S (D) / 300 (pdf 168Kb)
2. PTX NP 400 /500/ 658 (pdf 1252Kb)
3. Ballast Data Sheet (pdf 168Kb)
16. Universal Mounts (pdf 2319Kb)
1. Installation Manual (pdf 439Kb)
2. Spec Sheets (pdf 1252Kb)
17. Pipe and Mount Options
1. Universal Roof Mounts
2. Antenna Pipes
3. Antenna Mounts
18. MMDS & Wireless (pdf 342Kb)
19. Hardware
1. Installation Kits
2. Stainless Steel Hardware Kits
3. Standard Hardware Kits
4. Bolt Template Kits
20. Feeds & OMTs
1. Patriot Feeds
2. ADL Feeds
3. Seavey Feeds
4. Multibeam Feed Systems
5. Chaparral Feeds
6. Feedhorn Accessories
21. Prime Focus Feeds
5. Broadcast / Prime Focus Antennas
1. 3.1m Prime Focus Antenna System
1. KU Band (pdf 2282Kb)
2. C Band (pdf 2289Kb)
2. 3.8m Prime Focus Antenna System
1. KU Band (pdf 2307Kb)
2. C Band (pdf 2306Kb)
3. 4.5 m Prime Focus Antenna System
1. C Band (pdf 2335Kb)
2. KU Band (pdf 2303Kb)
4. 5.0m Prime Focus Antenna System
1. KU Band (pdf 737Kb)
2. C Band (pdf 37Kb)
3. X Band (pdf 744Kb)
5. 6.3 m Band Prime Focus Antenna System
1. C Band (pdf 744Kb)
2. KU Band (pdf 37Kb)
3. X Band (pdf 37Kb)
6. 7.5 m Band Prime Focus Antenna System
1. C Band (pdf 37Kb)
2. KU Band (pdf 736Kb)
3. X – Band (pdf 805Kb)
6. DBS / DTH / Offset Antennas
1. 46cm (pdf 50Kb)
2. 60cm (pdf 53Kb)
3. 76cm
1. 76cm Ku-Band (pdf 603Kb)
4. 90cm
1. 90cm Ku-Band (pdf 83Kb)
5. 1.2 m
1. Ka Band (pdf 81Kb)
2. Ku Band (pdf 81Kb)
6. 1.5 m
1. Ku Band (pdf 49Kb)
7. 1.8 m
1. C Band (pdf 73Kb)
2. Ku Band (pdf 72Kb)
3. X Band (pdf 72Kb)
7. Mobile VSAT Systems
1. 1.8m Mobile VSAT
1. Ku Band (pdf 72Kb)
2. C Band (pdf 73Kb)
3. X Band (pdf 72Kb)
8. Transmit-Receive Micro Terminals Antennas
3. Media
1. News
1. Patriot Antenna Systems Receives GSA Schedule (pdf 61Kb)
2. Satellite Today reports Patriot’s GSA Schedule (pdf 32Kb)
2. Gallery
4. Distributors
1. Broadband Design and Engineering, Inc
2. Procomsat
3. Allen Communications
4. VEC S.R.L.
5. InterTronic Solutions, Inc.
6. Jonsa Ellies (Aust.) Pty Ltd
7. Spectrum Communication Systems, Inc.
8. Electronica Industrial Columbia S.A.
9. M & J Communications Ltd.
10. Cobham France – Salies
11. Elexo
12. V C Gaur
13. PT TeleNet
14. Militram
15. COMTELSAT de MEXICO, S.A. de C.V.
16. NICE New International Communications Electronics
17. Channel Tek
18. SATCAB – Satellite E Cabo TV, LDA.
19. BIP Corporation
20. TTA Telecom LLC
21. Richardson Electronics Pte. Ltd. (1)
22. Space TV
23. ESSA, Equipos y Sistemas S.A.
24. MEconnect
25. Mega Hertz
26. Arris/Telewire
27. Abraham Antenna Service
28. Advanced Media Technologies
29. Broadcasters General Store
30. Multicom
31. Broadcast Richardson
32. Nickless Schirmer & Co.
33. Pivotal Satellite
34. Superior Satellite Engineers
35. Power & Telephone Supply
36. Harris Corporation
37. Tulsat
38. Toner Cable
39. TVC Communications
40. IsoTropic
41. Global Communications
5. FAQ
6. Type Approvals
7. Tradeshows
8. Contact Us
6. Pretoria
1. Cobham Advanced Technologies
2. Capability
1. Engineering and Marketing
7. Products and Services
8. Contact Us
5. Technology
2. Products and Services
2. Defence Systems
1. About Us
1. Antenna Systems
1. Heinävaara
1. Mast Systems
2. About Us
3. Products and Services
1. EXL-masts
1. EXL195
2. EXL167
2. EXB-Masts
3. EX-Masts
1. EX141
2. EX128
3. EX105
4. TR-masts
5. TM-masts
6. Tripods
7. Accessories
8. Ancillaries
1. Antenna Pointing Devices
2. Antenna Brackets
3. Transportation kits
9. Telescopic Masts
4. Contacts
5. News and Events
1. IDEX 2009, Abu Dhabi
2. LAAD 2009, Rio de Janeiro
2. Marlow
1. Chelton Limited
2. Products and Services
1. Airborne Antenna Solutions
2. Airborne Cockpit Avionics
3. Airborne Comms Systems
4. Airborne Discharges
5. Airborne Intercom Avionics
6. Airborne Interference Cancellation
7. Airborne Nav Systems
8. Airborne SAR
9. Airborne SATCOM Systems
10. Land Interference Cancellation
11. Land Manpack Antennas
12. Land Masts
13. Land Radio Relay Antennas
14. Land Vehicle Antennas
15. Land Wire Antennas
3. About Us
4. Contact Us
3. Lewisville
1. Chelton Inc
2. Products and Services
1. Engineering and Marketing Support in the USA
3. Contact Us
2. Defence Communications
1. Blackburn
1. cdc
2. Products and Services
1. Tactical C4I
1. IDSS
1. IDSS brochure (pdf 1761Kb)
2. Eagle Radio
1. Eagle Radio brochure (pdf 1657Kb)
2. Vehicle Intercom Systems
1. ROVIS (AN/VIC-3) – Medium and Heavy Armour
1. ROVIS (AN/VIC-3) brochure (pdf 1687Kb)
2. LV2 – Light Vehicles and Armour
1. LV2 brochure (pdf 1670Kb)
3. Contact Us
3. Microwave Systems
2. Products and Services
3. Mission Systems
1. About Us
1. Life Support
2. Mission Equipment
1. Products and Services
2. Contact Us
3. Wimborne
1. Flight Refuelling Limited
2. Products and Services
1. Mission Equipment Customer Support Services
2. Air-to-Air Refuelling
1. Refuelling Systems
1. 90X Series Pods & 80X Series Fuselage Refuelling Units (pdf 219Kb)
2. 500 and 700 Series Refuelling Pods (pdf 248Kb)
3. 754 Series Buddy Refuelling System (pdf 271Kb)
4. 900E Series Wing Air Refuelling Pods (pdf 232Kb)
2. Probes
1. Telescopic and Actuated Probes (pdf 257Kb)
3. Drogues
3. Weapons Carriage and Release
1. Air-to-Ground
1. Twin Rail Air to Ground Missile Launcher – AGML II (pdf 249Kb)
2. Triple Rail Air to Ground Missile Launcher – AGML III (pdf 236Kb)
3. Carrier Bomb Light Stores – CBLS 2000 (pdf 82Kb)
4. Heavy Duty Ejector Release Unit – ERU-120 (pdf 205Kb)
5. Light Duty Ejector Release Unit – ERU-119 (pdf 1819Kb)
2. Air-to-Air Capability
1. Advanced Missile Launcher – AML (pdf 192Kb)
2. Missile Eject Launcher – MEL (pdf 242Kb)
3. Multi-Missile Launcher – MML (pdf 255Kb)
3. Auxillary Mission Equipment
4. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
3. Customer Support Services
4. Contact Us
2. Products and Services
3. Media
1. News
1. #261 COBHAM ESTABLISHES MISSION EQUIPMENT CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE (pdf 34Kb)
4. Aviation Services
1. About Us
1. Aviation Services Australia
1. Capabilities
2. Adelaide
1. National Jet
2. National Air Support
3. Surveillance Australia
4. Products and Services
1. Turnkey aerial surveillance
2. Law enforcement and national security
3. Homeland security
4. Qantas regional jet fleet
5. Start-up passenger airlines
6. Australia air Express
7. BAE 146QT
8. High capacity air transport services
9. Fly in / fly out operations
3. Contact Us
2. Aviation Services Joint Ventures
1. Capabilities
3. Aviation Services UK
1. Braunschweig
1. AFI Flight Inspection Gmbh
2. About Us
3. Products and Services
2. Christchurch
1. FR Aviation Ltd
2. FRA Services Ltd
3. Products and Services
1. Electronic Warfare Training
2. Threat Simulation
3. Military aircraft maintenance and support
4. Air-land integration
5. Mission rehearsal
6. Aerospace Concept, design and certification
7. On-site Technical Aviation Services
8. Flight trials equipment/flight test aircraft
9. Target Towing
10. Air traffic management
11. Aviation Platform modification and fleet embodiment
4. Maintenance Facilities
1. Castle Donnington
2. Forres
3. Lincoln
4. Perth
3. Darlington
1. FR Aviation Limited
2. Products and Services
4. Darlington DTV
1. Cobham Flight Inspection Limited
2. Products and Services
1. Flight Inspection Services
1. Services
2. Systems
3. Benefits
3. Contact Us
5. Capabilities
6. Contact Us
2. Capabilities
3. Media
1. News
1. #251 COBHAM SELECTED BY AGUSTAWESTLAND FOR JOINT MODIFICATION SERVICE (PDF 100Kb)
5. Key Facts
6. Capabilities
7. Global Locations
8. Company Structure
9. Our Brand
10. Heritage
11. Suppliers
1. About SC21
2. Investor Relations
3. Media
1. News
1. #276 PRELIMINARY RESULTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2008 (pdf 232Kb)
2. #275 COBHAM SECURES RESOURCE INDUSTRY CONTRACTS WORTH AUD$90M (pdf 52Kb)
3. #274 Change of Joint Broker (pdf 42Kb)
4. #273 COBHAM PLC LONDON INVESTOR SEMINAR (pdf 49Kb)
5. #272 COBHAM WINS $8.6M AWARD TO DEVELOP CYBERSECURITY TEST AND EVALUATION TECHNOLOGY WITH DARPA (pdf 58Kb)
6. #271 COBHAM SECURES US$26M SMALL DIAMETER BOMB CARRIAGE ORDER (pdf 32Kb)
7. #270 COBHAM HELICOPTER JOINT VENTURE SECURES CONTRACT WORTH £29M (pdf 61Kb)
8. #269 COBHAM SECURITY SPECIALIST APPOINTED TO OBAMA-BIDEN TRANSITION TEAM (pdf 45Kb)
9. #268 COBHAM APPOINTS MICHAEL HAGEE NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR (pdf 59Kb)
10. #267 RETIREMENT OF NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR GORDON PAGE CBE (pdf 42Kb)
11. #266 INTERIM MANAGEMENT STATEMENT (pdf 81Kb)
12. #265 COBHAM PLC LONDON INVESTOR SEMINAR
13. #264 COBHAM SECURES US$37M CONTRACT FOR US NAVY EW TRANSMITTERS (pdf 58Kb)
14. #263 COBHAM COMPLETES PURCHASE OF GMS IN THE USA FOR US$26 MILLION (PDF 100Kb)
15. #262 COBHAM COMPLETES PURCHASE OF M/A-COM, A GLOBAL LEADER IN MICROWAVE SYSTEMS FOR US$425 MILLION (PDF 100Kb)
16. #260 APPOINTMENT OF PRESIDENT COBHAM DEFENCE ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DIVISION (PDF 100Kb)
17. #259 COBHAM REACHES AGREEMENT TO ACQUIRE US INTELLIGENCE AND SURVEILLANCE COMPANY FOR $26 MILLION (PDF 100Kb)
18. #258 COBHAM TO PROVIDE RADIO AND AUDIO INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A350 XWB (PDF 100Kb)
19. COBHAM 2008 INTERIM RESULTS PRESENTATION (PDF 100Kb)
20. #257 INTERIM RESULTS FOR THE HALF YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2008 (PDF 100Kb)
21. #256 COBHAM TECHNOLOGY HELPS BLOCK 60 F-16 SCORE DIRECT HIT IN TESTING (PDF 100Kb)
22. #255 COBHAM AWARDED KOREA AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES KT-1 OBOGS CONTRACT (PDF 100Kb)
23. #254 COBHAM SELECTED FOR CH-53K FUEL TANK INERTING SYSTEM (PDF 100Kb)
24. #253 400th SMALL DIAMETER BOMB CARRIAGE SYSTEM ENTERS SERVICE (PDF 100Kb)
25. #252 GORDON PAGE HONOURED WITH CURTIS SWORD BY AVIATION WEEK (PDF 100Kb)
26. #248 COBHAM COMPLETES NEGOTIATIONS FOR US NAVY TRANSMITTER CONTRACTS (PDF 100Kb)
27. #250 COBHAM SECURES USAF VARIABLE SPEED DROGUE CONTRACT (PDF 100Kb)
28. #249 COBHAM SECURES US$20M LAUNCH ORDER FOR PHANTOM PARACHUTIST OXYGEN SYSTEM (PDF 100Kb)
29. #247 COBHAM TEAMS WITH GA-ASI TO PROVIDE UAV WHOLE LIFE SUPPORT TO UK MOD (PDF 100Kb)
30. #246 COBHAM PREFERRED BIDDER FOR MFTS FIXED WING REAR CREW TRAINING (PDF 100Kb)
31. #245 COBHAM BUSINESS UNIT RECEIVES US DOD VALUE ENGINEERING AWARD (PDF 100Kb)
32. #244 COBHAM HELICOPTER JOINT VENTURE SECURES CONTRACTS WORTH £55M (PDF 100Kb)
33. #243 COBHAM COMPLETES PURCHASE OF US INTELLIGENCE AND MISSILE DEFENCE COMPANY (PDF 100Kb)
34. #242 COBHAM REACHES AGREEMENT TO PURCHASE M/A-COM, A GLOBAL LEADER IN RADIO FREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE, FOR US$425 MILLION (PDF 100Kb)
35. #241 INTERIM MANAGEMENT STATEMENT (PDF 100Kb)
36. #240 COBHAM ACQUIRES MMI RESEARCH FOR UP TO £16.6 MILLION (PDF 100Kb)
37. #239 COBHAM DELIVERS FINAL SENTINEL AIRCRAFT TO BORDER PROTECTION COMMAND (PDF 100Kb)
38. #238 COBHAM AWARDED FSTA AIR TO AIR REFUELLING CONTRACTS WORTH £150M (PDF 100Kb)
39. #237 COBHAM ENTERS FTSE 100 (PDF 100Kb)
40. #236 COBHAM AWARDED US$54M CONTRACT FOR DIGITAL VEHICLE INTERCOM SYSTEMS (pdf 27Kb)
41. #235 PRELIMINARY RESULTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2007 (pdf 145Kb)
42. #234 COBHAM EQUIPMENT SELECTED FOR USAF TANKER PROGRAMME (pdf 27Kb)
43. #233 COBHAM COMPLETES US$240 MILLION PURCHASE OF SURVEILLANCE AND ATTACK BUSINESS (pdf 32Kb)
44. #232 COBHAM REACHES AGREEMENT TO PURCHASE US INTELLIGENCE AND MISSILE DEFENCE COMPANY FOR $416 MILLION (pdf 49Kb)
45. #231 COBHAM COMPLETES PURCHASE OF S-TEC IN THE USA FOR US$38 MILLION (pdf 28Kb)
46. #230 ALLAN COOK APPOINTED CBE (pdf 26Kb)
47. #229 COBHAM REACHES AGREEMENT TO PURCHASE US SURVEILLANCE AND ATTACK BUSINESS FOR US$240 MILLION (pdf 35Kb)
48. #228 Trading Update (pdf 93Kb)
49. #227 £9M ROYAL MALAYSIAN AIR FORCE ORDER FOR SU-30 REFUELLING
50. #226 COBHAM REACHES AGREEMENT TO PURCHASE S-TEC IN THE USA FOR US$38 MILLION (pdf 29Kb)
51. #225 DEPUTY CHAIRMAN APPOINTED (pdf 43Kb)
52. EADS North America and Cobham Select Bridgeport, West Virginia for an Aerial Refueling Center of Excellence (pdf 44Kb)
53. #224 WALLOP DEFENSE SYSTEMS CONTINGENT CONSIDERATION (pdf 27Kb)
54. #223 COBHAM SELECTED BY BOEING FOR KC-767 ADVANCED TANKER TEAM (pdf 28Kb)
55. #222 COBHAM AWARDED CONTRACTS FOR DIGITAL VEHICLE INTERCOM SYSTEMS AND NAVAL ANTENNAS (pdf 30Kb)
56. COBHAM 2007 INTERIM RESULTS REPORT (pdf 712Kb)
57. #221 COBHAM LAUNCHES EAGLE CLOSE COMBAT RADIO (pdf 29Kb)
58. COBHAM 2007 INTERIM RESULTS PRESENTATION (pdf 3884Kb)
59. #220 COBHAM 2007 INTERIM RESULTS (pdf 158Kb)
60. #219 COBHAM COMPLETES PURCHASE OF PATRIOT ANTENNA SYSTEMS IN THE USA FOR UP TO $45M
61. #218 COBHAM DEFENSE COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVES QUEEN’S AWARD FOR ENTERPRISE
62. #217 COBHAM SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNA SYSTEM SELECTED FOR B787
63. #216 COBHAM TO SUPPLY OXYGEN SYSTEM FOR C-27J JOINT CARGO AIRCRAFT
64. #215 COBHAM CARRIAGE SYSTEM ACHIEVES FIRST SUCCESSFUL SDB II WEAPON DROP
65. #214 COBHAM CONTINUES INVESTMENT IN 2nd GENERATION PNEUMATIC WEAPON SYSTEM
66. #212 COBHAM DELIVERS FIRST AIR REFUELLNG PROBE FOR F-35 LIGHTNING II
67. #213 COBHAM WINS US$8M ORDER FOR STRYKER VEHICLE MICROCLIMATE COOLING
68. #211 COBHAM GPS/WAAS RECEIVER SUCCESSFULLY PASSES EXTREME FLIGHT TESTS
69. #210 COBHAM DELIVERS 1,000th POD
70. #209 AGM STATEMENT
71. #208 COBHAM ACQUIRES PATRIOT ANTENNA SYSTEMS
72. #207 COBHAM SECURES £9M CONTRACT EXTENSION FOR CYPRUS
OPERATION
2. Exhibitions
1. 2008 AUSA Annual Meeting & Exposition
2. Farnborough International 2008
3. AUSA Winter Symposium 2008
4. Satellite 2008
5. Heli-Expo 2008
6. Singapore Airshow 2008
7. Defexpo India 2008
8. AFCEA West 2008
9. NBAA 2008
10. European Microwave Week
3. Image Library
4. Products and Services
5. Corporate Responsibility
1. Our Approach
2. Our Performance
6. Careers
1. Graduates
Last Modified: Tuesday, September 16, 2008:7:52 PM
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© Cobham plc, Brook Road, Wimborne, Dorset, BH21 2BJ, UK.
Telephone: +44 (0) 1202 882020 Fax: +44 (0) 1202 849401
Registered in England & Wales: Number 30470
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http://www.cobham.com/about-cobham/site-map.aspx
***
[prime directives are not coming from here – they are coming from UK or EU? Or Saudi?]
***
Company information
Updated monthly
Company address Brook Road, Wimborne, BH21 2BJ, United Kingdom
Company website http://www.cobham.com/
Market cap (in millions)* £2,089.47
Listing/Admission to trading 20 December 1954
Trading system SETS
Market UK Main Market
*The market capitalisation of companies reflects the London listed element only. These figures are approximate and are subject to change. Last updated: 06-Mar-2009
Trading information
06-Mar-2009
FTSE Index FTSE 100; FTSE 350; FTSE ALL-SHARE; FTSE techMARK 100; FTSE techMARK All-Share; FTSE 350 EX INVESTMENT TRUSTS; FTSE 350 LOW YIELD; FTSE ALL-SHARE EX INVESTMENT TRUSTS;
FTSE Sector Aerospace & Defense
FTSE Sub-sector Aerospace
Country of share register GB
Segment SET1
MiFID status Regulated Market
Exchange market size 20000
SEDOL B07KD36
ISIN number GB00B07KD360
COB COBHAM PLC
http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/pricesnews/prices/system/detailedprices.htm?sym=GB00B07KD360GBGBXSET1B07KD36COB
***
Executive directors
Name Job title
Cook, Mr Allan E Chief Executive
Stevens, Mr Andrew J Chief Operating Officer
Tucker, Mr Warren G Finance Director
Non-executive directors
Name Job title
Beresford, Mr Marcus D
Hagee, Mr Michael W
Hooley, Mr Peter
Patterson, Dr John S
Ronald, Mr Mark H
Turner, Mr David J Chairman
Recent director dealings for COB
Date Director Action Cur Price Number dealt Amount
06-Mar-2009 Mr P Hooley Buy GBP 1.85 5,000 9,250.00
04-Sep-2008 Mr G Francis Page Sell GBP 2.30 700,000 1,610,000.00
07-Jul-2008 Mr G Francis Page Buy GBP 1.87 476 890.12
21-May-2008 Mr G Francis Page Buy GBP 2.13 1,700,000 3,621,000.00
01-Apr-2008 Mr A E Cook Award GBP 0.00 281,439 0.00
01-Apr-2008 Mr A E Cook Award GBP 2.02 278,619 562,810.38
01-Apr-2008 Mr A J Stevens Award GBP 0.00 208,112 0.00
01-Apr-2008 Mr A J Stevens Award GBP 2.02 205,058 414,217.16
Date Director Action Cur Price Number dealt Amount
01-Apr-2008 Mr W G Tucker Award GBP 0.00 193,285 0.00
01-Apr-2008 Mr W G Tucker Award GBP 2.02 190,450 384,709.00
31-Mar-2008 Mr G Francis Page Sell GBP 2.00 1,776,580 3,553,160.00
10-Mar-2008 Mr A E Cook Award GBP 2.01 78,157 157,095.57
10-Mar-2008 Mr W G Tucker Award GBP 2.01 48,723 97,933.23
10-Mar-2008 Mr A J Stevens Award GBP 2.01 28,761 57,809.61
06-Mar-2008 Mr D John Turner Buy GBP 1.93 20,000 38,600.00
18-Dec-2007 Mr G Francis Page Buy GBP 1.91 250 477.50
15-Oct-2007 Dr J S Patterson Buy GBP 2.06 5,000 10,300.00
01-Oct-2007 Mr G Francis Page Buy GBP 1.94 372 721.68
13-Sep-2007 Mr W G Tucker Buy GBP 1.89 13,250 25,042.50
13-Sep-2007 Mr A E Cook Buy GBP 1.88 5,277 9,920.76
10-Jul-2007 Mr A E Cook Buy GBP 2.11 711 1,500.21
10-Jul-2007 Mr W G Tucker Buy GBP 2.11 711 1,500.21
10-Jul-2007 Mr A J Stevens Buy GBP 2.11 711 1,500.21
02-Jul-2007 Mr G Francis Page Div re GBP 2.03 17 34.51
12-Jun-2007 Mr A E Cook Award GBP 0.00 251,174 0.00
12-Jun-2007 Mr A J Stevens Award GBP 0.00 184,859 0.00
12-Jun-2007 Mr W G Tucker Award GBP 0.00 171,690 0.00
10-May-2007 Mr A J Hannam Buy GBP 2.13 704 1,499.52
26-Mar-2007 Mr A E Cook Award GBP 2.05 261,164 534,080.38
26-Mar-2007 Mr A J Stevens Award GBP 2.05 192,543 393,750.44
26-Mar-2007 Mr W G Tucker Award GBP 2.05 178,826 365,699.17
08-Jan-2007 Mr A J Hannam Buy GBP 1.98 15,000 29,700.00
18-Dec-2006 Mr G Francis Page Buy GBP 1.88 158 297.04
04-Dec-2006 Mr A J Stevens Lapsed GBP 0.00 253,810 0.00
06-Nov-2006 Mr A E Cook Award GBP 1.53 4,620 7,068.60
06-Nov-2006 Mr A E Cook Award GBP 1.53 4,620 7,068.60
02-Oct-2006 Mr G Francis Page Buy GBP 1.83 309 565.47
21-Sep-2006 Mr A J Stevens Buy GBP 1.81 6,500 11,765.00
07-Aug-2006 Mr W G Tucker Lapsed GBP 0.00 162,170 0.00
07-Jul-2006 Mr A J Stevens Buy GBP 1.70 5,850 9,945.00
09-Jun-2006 Mr A J Stevens Buy GBP 1.56 2,850 4,446.00
24-May-2006 Mr W G Tucker Buy GBP 1.63 15,384 24,999.00
10-May-2006 Mr W G Tucker Buy GBP 1.92 788 1,510.99
10-May-2006 Mr A E Cook Buy GBP 1.92 788 1,510.99
10-May-2006 Mr A J Stevens Buy GBP 1.92 788 1,510.99
10-May-2006 Mr A J Hannam Buy GBP 1.92 788 1,510.99
20-Apr-2006 Mr A E Cook Award GBP 1.85 269,789 499,999.95
20-Apr-2006 Mr A J Stevens Award GBP 0.00 208,021 0.00
Date Director Action Cur Price Number dealt Amount
20-Apr-2006 Mr A J Stevens Award GBP 1.85 202,341 374,998.58
20-Apr-2006 Mr W G Tucker Award GBP 1.85 186,154 344,999.21
20-Apr-2006 Mr A E Cook Award GBP 0.00 138,681 0.00
20-Apr-2006 Mr W G Tucker Award GBP 0.00 95,690 0.00
27-Mar-2006 Mr A E Cook Lapsed GBP 0.00 351,600 0.00
27-Mar-2006 Mr A J Hannam Lapsed GBP 0.00 196,010 0.00
22-Dec-2005 Mr G Francis Page Div re GBP 1.70 158 268.60
03-Oct-2005 Mr G Francis Page Buy GBP 1.58 336 529.94
***
5 day volume history for COB
Date Volume (000s) Value (£000s) Number of Trades
02-Mar-2009 4,481.48 8,577.23 2,575
03-Mar-2009 7,968.45 14,692.47 4,475
04-Mar-2009 6,412.89 12,012.07 3,386
05-Mar-2009 7,836.32 14,725.97 4,157
06-Mar-2009 5,706.38 10,535.35 3,590
Total 32,405.51 60,543.08 18,183
Average (dialy) 6,481.10 12,108.62 3,637
5 year volume history for COB
Date Volume (000s) Value (£000s) Number of Trades
09-Mar-2003 – 08-Mar-2004 108,734.88 125,331.06 16,260
09-Mar-2004 – 08-Mar-2005 150,745.82 198,428.74 61,862
09-Mar-2005 – 08-Mar-2006 866,390.45 1,357,930.27 101,758
09-Mar-2006 – 08-Mar-2007 1,356,926.66 2,491,740.92 173,219
09-Mar-2007 – 08-Mar-2008 1,601,298.72 3,198,010.72 346,644
09-Mar-2008 – 08-Mar-2009 1,454,914.60 2,877,198.97 532,604
Total 5,539,011.13 10,248,640.67 1,232,347
Average (yearly) 923,168.52 1,708,106.78 205,391
Profit and loss account 2008 (£m) 2007 (£m) 2006 (£m) 2005 (£m) 2004 (£m)
Operating Income
Group turnover & share of
J.V.
1,466.50 1,061.10 1,012.10 970.30 832.30
Share of J.V sales – – – – –
Group turnover 1,466.50 1,061.10 1,012.10 970.30 832.30
Gross profit 458.00 343.80 332.90 288.10 238.90
Other operating income – – – – –
Net other gains -59.50 -5.70 10.80 – –
Total operating income 1,407.00 1,055.40 1,022.90 970.30 832.30
Operating Expenses (by
function)
Cost of sales -1,008.50 -717.30 -679.20 -682.20 -593.40
Selling, marketing &
distribution
-76.00 -61.30 -57.10 -54.70 -46.10
Administrative expenses -200.00 -116.80 -102.60 -83.40 -53.30
Research & development -71.00 -55.00 -49.10 -41.20 -37.90
Depreciation (property,
plant & equipment)
-32.60 -35.30 -36.00 -44.50 -42.60
Amortisation of intangibles -48.40 -14.70 -9.60 -18.20 -3.30
Impairment of goodwill – – – – –
One-off items (by function) – – – – –
Other operating costs (by
function)
– – – – –
Total operating expenses
(by function)
-1,284.50 -895.40 -838.90 -820.30 -692.80
Operating Profit
Operating profit (as
calculated)
122.50 160.00 184.00 150.00 139.50
Operating profit (as
stated)
128.50 165.80 188.70 153.10 142.10
EBIT (as calculated) 122.50 160.00 184.00 150.00 139.50
Interest & other financial
income
56.50 49.00 47.20 31.60 23.40
Interest & other financial
expense
-64.30 -41.30 -50.70 -58.70 -31.10
Net interest -7.80 7.70 -3.50 -27.10 -7.70
Share of profit from
associates
6.00 5.80 4.70 3.10 2.60
One-off items (previously
exceptionals)
– – – – –
Profit on ordinary
activities before tax
120.70 173.50 185.20 126.00 134.40
Tax -28.10 -47.30 -50.70 -35.30 -38.10
Profit on ordinary
activities after tax
92.60 126.20 134.50 90.70 96.30
Profit attributable to minority
interests
0.10 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.30
Profit and loss account 2008 (£m) 2007 (£m) 2006 (£m) 2005 (£m) 2004 (£m)
Profit attributable to equity
shareholders
95.40 131.70 148.10 97.60 100.30
Ordinary dividends -52.70 -43.80 -39.70 -35.80 -32.30
Other dividends – – – – –
Retained profit 42.70 87.90 108.40 61.80 68.00
EPS basic 8.38 11.61 13.13 8.71 9.00
EPS diluted 8.34 11.55 13.00 8.66 8.94
Dividend per share 4.96 4.50 3.75 3.41 3.10
Balance sheet 2008 (£m) 2007 (£m) 2006 (£m) 2005 (£m) 2004 (£m)
Fiscal year end 31-12-08 31-12-07 31-12-06 31-12-05 31-12-04
Duration (months) 12 12 12 12 12
Accounting format IFRS IFRS IFRS IFRS IFRS
Non-Current Assets
Intangible assets – 94.30 100.80 104.10 25.00
Goodwill – 381.80 381.80 424.00 380.60
Total intangible assets 1,211.80 476.10 482.60 528.10 405.60
Property, plant and
equipment
291.10 203.80 187.60 202.80 237.80
Retirement benefit assets – – – – –
Deferred tax assets 9.00 8.30 6.90 6.80 –
Assets held for sale – – – – –
Available-for-sale financial
assets
– – – – –
Derivative financial assets 0.70 7.00 8.60 4.50 –
Financial assets held at fair
value through P&L
– – – – –
Financial assets held to
maturity
– – – – –
Trade and other receivables 22.20 10.70 9.20 8.50 7.30
Investments in
JVs/associates
16.90 18.80 15.70 14.70 14.20
Other non-current asset
investments
13.00 7.20 6.40 4.00 4.10
Total non-current assets 1,564.70 731.90 717.00 769.40 669.00
Current Assets
Inventories 246.80 170.10 160.20 167.20 183.90
Trade and other receivables 357.40 236.60 182.60 208.50 221.90
Cash and cash equivalents 311.00 444.50 364.30 251.80 176.00
Assets held for sale 66.00 – – 18.10 –
Available-for-sale financial
assets
– – – – –
Derivative financial assets 1.10 4.90 7.00 1.70 0.00
Financial assets held at fair
value through P&L
– – – –
Balance sheet 2008 (£m) 2007 (£m) 2006 (£m) 2005 (£m) 2004 (£m)
Financial assets held to
maturtiy
– – – – –
Available for sale assets – – – – –
Other fair value assets – – – – –
Other current assets – – – – –
Total current assets 994.90 858.90 717.30 649.40 584.00
Total assets 2,559.60 1,590.80 1,434.30 1,418.80 1,253.00
Equity
Share capital 28.50 28.40 28.30 28.10 27.90
Share premium account 103.90 98.80 94.20 87.50 81.60
Revaluation reserve – – – – –
Other reserves 37.20 19.30 7.10 24.30 -6.60
Retained earnings 678.60 657.20 585.30 445.70 430.30
Equity shareholders funds 848.20 803.70 714.90 585.60 533.20
Minority interests 0.10 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.30
Total equity 848.80 804.10 715.00 587.10 534.50
Non-Current Liabilities
Long term borrowings -128.40 -123.50 -132.20 -151.60 -151.30
Deferred tax liabilities -58.00 -22.50 -25.60 -8.80 -16.10
Derivative financial
instruments
-67.10 -1.90 -2.50 -2.00 0.00
Financial liabilities held at
fair value through P&L
– – – – –
Other financial instruments – – – – –
Retirement benefit
obligations
-51.20 -37.20 -29.60 -81.00 -69.10
Other liabilities/provisions -63.40 -40.90 -30.70 -28.70 -36.10
Total non-current
liabilities
-368.10 -226.00 -220.60 -272.10 -272.60
Current Liabilities
Short term borrowings -823.90 -243.10 -231.20 -276.90 -188.60
Trade creditors -333.80 -220.60 -182.60 -174.20 -209.70
Current tax payables -45.10 -65.30 -45.10 -48.10 -45.40
Derivative financial
instruments
– – – – –
Financial liabilities held at
fair value through P&L
– – – – –
Other financial instruments -19.40 – – -14.20 –
Other liabilities/provisions -75.20 -29.50 -38.00 -42.70 -2.20
Total current liabilities -1,342.70 -560.70 -498.70 -559.60 -445.90
Net current assets -347.80 298.20 218.60 89.80 138.10
Total assets less current
liabilities
1,216.90 1,030.10 935.60 859.20 807.10
Total liabilities -2,559.60 -1,590.80 -1,434.30 -1,418.80 -1,253.00
Balance sheet 2008 (£m) 2007 (£m) 2006 (£m) 2005 (£m) 2004 (£m)
Pension surplus/deficit
(including prepayment)
– -37.20 -29.60 -81.00 -69.10
Pension surplus/deficit
(excluding prepayment)
– – – – –
Cash flow 2008 (£m) 2007 (£m) 2006 (£m) 2005 (£m) 2004 (£m)
Fiscal year end 31-12-08 31-12-07 31-12-06 31-12-05 31-12-04
Duration (months) 12 12 12 12 12
Accounting format IFRS IFRS IFRS IFRS IFRS
Cash Flows from Operating
Activities
Cash generated from
operations
315.50 199.20 192.40 210.30 164.70
Interest paid -39.60 -16.50 -27.60 -23.60 -11.60
Income tax paid -58.20 -23.30 -46.20 -39.20 -22.90
Other inflow/outflow from
operating activities
– – – – –
Net cash generated from
operating activities
217.70 159.40 118.60 147.50 130.20
Cash Flows from Investing
Activities
Acquisition of subsidiary,
net of cash acquired
-610.30 -14.30 -23.70 -191.30 -69.50
Disposal of subsidiary, net
of cash acquired
-6.30 5.10 86.40 149.40 –
Net acquisitions, &
disposals, net of cash
required
-616.60 -9.20 62.70 -41.90 -69.50
Purchases of property, plant
and equipment
-52.00 -67.40 -52.90 -38.90 -40.60
Proceeds from sale of
property, plant and
equipment
3.40 25.50 15.20 6.40 1.10
Net cash from investments
in property, plant &
equipment
-48.60 -41.90 -37.70 -32.50 -39.50
Purchases of intangible
assets
-6.40 -0.70 -1.70 -5.70 -0.30
Purchases of short term
securities
– – – – –
Purchases of available for
sale financial assets
– – – – –
Total purchases of
investments
– – – – –
Proceeds from sale of
available for sale financial
assets
– – – – 0.20
Proceeds from sale of
investments in other
companies
– – – 1.00 -4.30
Total proceeds from sales
of investments
– – – 1.00 -4.10
Loans granted to related
parties
– – – –
Cash flow 2008 (£m) 2007 (£m) 2006 (£m) 2005 (£m) 2004 (£m)
Loan repayments received
from related parties
– – – – –
Interest received 33.50 17.60 20.30 11.90 4.30
Dividends received 8.90 3.20 4.30 1.20 5.00
Other inflow/ outflow from
investing activities
-2.20 -12.20 -11.50 -24.00 –
Net cash generated from
investing activities
-631.40 -43.20 36.40 -90.00 -104.10
Cash Flows from Financing
Activities
Proceeds from borrowings 388.30 89.30 78.60 136.10 4.50
Repayments of borrowings -48.80 -97.00 -82.10 -12.80 -4.40
Dividends paid to
company’s shareholders
-52.70 -43.80 -39.70 -35.80 -32.30
Dividends paid to minority
interests
– – – -0.30 -0.30
Other inflow/ outflow from
financing activities
4.10 4.70 6.90 6.10 4.90
Net cash generated from
financing activities
290.90 -46.80 -36.30 93.30 -27.60
Cash Flows for the Year
Net increase in cash and
bank overdrafts
-122.80 69.40 118.70 150.80 -1.50
Exchange gains and losses
on cash and bank
overdrafts
-4.80 2.20 -4.90 2.00 -3.20
Net increase in cash for the
year
-127.60 71.60 113.80 152.80 -4.70
Cash and bank overdrafts
at beginning of period
432.00 360.40 246.60 93.80 106.10
Cash and bank overdrafts at
end of period
304.40 432.00 360.40 246.60 101.40
Performance ratios 2008 (£m) 2007 (£m) 2006 (£m) 2005 (£m) 2004 (£m)
Fiscal year end 31-Dec-2008 31-Dec-2007 31-Dec-2006 31-Dec-2005 31-Dec-2004
Duration 12 12 12 12 12
Market Capitalisation 2,333.16 2,372.89 2,190.56 1,903.25 13,727.09
Enterprise value – – – – –
Closing price 205.50 209.00 193.75 169.50 –
P/E ratio – – – – –
P/FCF ratio – – – – –
P/BV ratio – – – – –
Return on assets(%) – – – – –
Debt/equity ratio 1.12 0.46 0.51 0.73 0.64
Current ratio 0.74 1.53 1.44 1.16 1.31
Operating margin 8.35 15.08 18.18 15.46 16.76
Book value per share 74.71 70.79 63.23 52.15 48.05
Capital employed 1,216.90 1,030.10 935.60 859.20 807.10
Performance ratios 2008 (£m) 2007 (£m) 2006 (£m) 2005 (£m) 2004 (£m)
Return on Capital
employed(%)
– – – – –
Gearing 52.89 31.33 33.70 42.25 38.93
Net gearing 43.05 -10.73 -0.13 23.18 23.51
Quick ratio – – – – –
Beta 0.56 0.50 1.52 0.90 0.70
The information contained in this report is supplied by the London Stock Exchange and by additional information providers (identified in
the report). While all reasonable efforts have been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in the report, it cannot be
guaranteed. No liability is accepted by the London Stock Exchange and/or by any of the additional information providers for any errors or
omissions and no third parties have any rights or remedies in respect of this information against the London Stock Exchange and/or the
additional information providers. This report does not constitute financial or investment advice. The use of the information contained in this
report is subject to the terms and conditions of the contract with the London Stock Exchange pursuant to which this report was supplied to
you. You should consult the provisions of the contract before making further use of this report. This report is subject to the copyright of the
London Stock Exchange and of the additional information providers – each for the information identified in this report as provided by it.
Company Profile for
COBHAM PLC ORD 2.5P
Generated on 09-Mar-2009 at 05:10
Time/date Headline Source
07:00 05-Mar-2009 Preliminary Results RNS
12:17 03-Mar-2009 Holding(s) in Company RNS
07:32 26-Feb-2009 BRIEF-Cobham wins resource industry contracts worth A$90M AFX
07:00 26-Feb-2009 Contract Wins RNS
16:22 20-Feb-2009 Holding(s) in Company RNS
09:29 19-Feb-2009 Holding(s) in Company RNS
Last 10 trades for COB (up to yesterdays close)
Time/date Price Volume Trade value Type
17:07:16 06-Mar-2009 186.92 2080 3,887.85 Ordinary Trade
17:07:00 06-Mar-2009 183.00 227041 415,485.03 Ordinary Trade
16:37:40 06-Mar-2009 183.63 71012 130,400.76 Negotiated Trade
16:35:05 06-Mar-2009 183.00 489620 896,004.60 Uncrossing Trade
16:29:54 06-Mar-2009 183.20 680 1,245.76 Automatic Trade
16:29:54 06-Mar-2009 183.20 3383 6,197.66 Automatic Trade
16:29:49 06-Mar-2009 182.70 700 1,278.90 Automatic Trade
16:29:48 06-Mar-2009 182.70 800 1,461.60 Automatic Trade
16:29:46 06-Mar-2009 182.90 150 274.35 Automatic Trade
16:29:46 06-Mar-2009 182.70 200 365.40 Automatic Trade
Executive directors
Name Job title
Cook, Mr Allan E Chief Executive
Stevens, Mr Andrew J Chief Operating Officer
Tucker, Mr Warren G Finance Director
Non-executive directors
Name Job title
Beresford, Mr Marcus D
Hagee, Mr Michael W
Hooley, Mr Peter
Patterson, Dr John S
Ronald, Mr Mark H
Turner, Mr David J Chairman
Price data for COB (up to yesterdays close)
Cur +/- % +/- Open Volume High Low Last close
GBX 0.50 0.27 184.20 5,706,379 187.40 182.40 183.00 on 06-Mar-2009
Latest 10 news stories for COB
Time/date Headline Source
10:20 05-Mar-2009 Total Voting Rights RNS
10:03 05-Mar-2009 Holding(s) in Company RNS
09:23 05-Mar-2009 Glance-STOCKS NEWS EUROPE-Cobham up after 2008 results AFX
07:28 05-Mar-2009 BRIEF-Cobham 2008 profit up 18 pct, markets robust AFX
Company information for COB
Company address Brook Road, Wimborne, BH21 2BJ, United Kingdom
Company website http://www.cobham.com/
Market cap (in millions)* £2,089.47
Listing/Admission to trading 20-Dec-1954
Trading system SETS
Market UK Main Market
Activities A group engaged in the development; delivery and support of
advanced aerospace and defence systems in the air; on land; at sea
and in space
Auditor PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Financial advisor Merrill Lynch & Co Inc
Broker UBS; Merrill Lynch & Co Inc
Solicitor Allen & Overy LLP
Registrar Equiniti Ltd
Trading information for COB
FTSE index FTSE 100; FTSE 350; FTSE ALL-SHARE; FTSE techMARK 100;
FTSE techMARK All-Share; FTSE 350 EX INVESTMENT TRUSTS;
FTSE 350 LOW YIELD; FTSE ALL-SHARE EX INVESTMENT
TRUSTS;
FTSE sector Aerospace & Defense
FTSE sub-sector Aerospace
Country of share register GB
Segment SET1
MiFID status Regulated Market
Exchange market size 20000
SEDOL B07KD36
ISIN GB00B07KD360
***
http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/pricesnews/investorcentre/companyprofile/CompanyProfileResults.htm?token=755E5B13030B4D3448445A4B415E770B08134C574B63535D58171545745E5D46590B1F36
***
Allen Communications
Whittier, CA
Tel: +562 902-7691
http://www.cobham.com/about-cobham/avionics-and-surveillance/about-us/satcom/albion/distributors/allen-communications.aspx
http://www.alncom.com/
a subsidiary of Allen Holdings, Inc.
Welcome to Allen Communications Satellite Uplink Services
Allen Communications is a California based contractor providing a wide range of professional communication services to the broadcast, satellite, Maintenance and private industries. Allen Communications is a licensed and bonded contractor, CA 753254. Our personnel offer over 60 years of combined experience in the industry.Broadcast Centers We take pride in our ability to provide our customers with quality products and excellent service.
Services include: full turn key systems, site development, system design, Construction engineering, permitting, project management, installation and sales of new, used and reconditioned equipment, equipment rental & maintenance, relocation, appraisals, and FCC licensing assistance.
Photo Gallery
Allen Communications specializes in satellite systems for International and Domestic use, professional video and audio systems, television distribution systems, microwave systems, subcontract services, RF and private radio networks.
Consulting
Weither it is a small VSAT terminal or a Full Turnkey Teleport Project, we can assist you with the development of any or all aspect(s) of your project.
Engineering
We have the resources required for the research, analysis and development of today’s satellite communications systems.
Project Management
Allen Communications has an experienced management team to assist you in coordinating your next satellite communications project.
Construction
From permitting, civil works, excavation & grading, electrical work to complete antenna installations, we have the experience in all aspects of the contruction portion of your next project
Broadcast Centers
Allen Communications is a pioneer in TV and Video broadcast centers. We have designed and deployed many major video and broadcast facilities.
Integration
When your network demand a multi-vendor or multi-protocol, multi-service integrated solutions, count on Allen Communications to make all the pieces fit.
Satellite Uplink Services
When circumstance demand data services in remote areas or when you organization needs a uplink provider, Allen Communications can provide you with uplink facilities almost anywhere on earth.
Maintenance/Field Services
Your network is only as good as the people who service it, why risk expensive hardware and network outages to sub standard maintenance and field service. Trust the experienced professional at Allen Communications to manage and maintain your network in the most demanding environments
Founded in 1988, Allen Communications has designed, deployed and maintained turn key Satellite and VHF/UHF systems for over 16 years. We provide outstanding service to organizations and companies with an unparalleled commitment to excellence. It is this commitment that has helped us grow to one of the world’s leaders in satellite communications.
Our goal is to work closely with our clients and apply our technical expertise to their challenges, and provide the best possible solution. We pride ourselves on our ability to listen and ask questions, to understand your business and your needs.
Experience has taught us, although technology changes, our core values of premier customer service and leading edge technical expertise will always remain the heart of our business.
Our clients are as diverse as their applications; we provide services for government, private sector corporations as well as internet service providers and global telecoms. No matter the size of the customer we provide them the solution they need within their budget.
http://www.alncom.com/company.asp
***
Allen communications clientele ranges from small start up companies, to Satellite Teleport Facilities and the US Department of Defense. We’ve provided services from simple installations of 2.4 meter antenna’s to construction & integration of full turn key teleports to deinstallation, relocation and reinstallation of customer antenna’s from one part of the world to the other. Our customers know once they’ve chosen Allen Communications for their project, they have the confidence and peace of mind we will serve their every need.
***
ALLEN HOLDINGS INC
10813 EL ARCO DR
WHITTIER, CA 90603
2003 Government Contracts
Awarded to this Contractor/Location
Defense Department
Government Contractor Info
Download the entire list of Defense Contracts for this contractor from 2000 – 2007
To a Spreadsheet or Other File Type
Government Contractor/
Address ALLEN HOLDINGS INC
10813 EL ARCO DR
WHITTIER, CA 90603
Dollar Amount of Defense Contracts Awarded to this Contractor from 2000 to 2007 $291,015
Number of Defense Contracts Awarded to this Contractor from 2000 to 2007 2
Industry Classification Satellite Telecommunications
Type of Business Entity Other Small Business (SB) Performing in the United States
Women-Owned Business No
HUB Zone Representation No
Ethnic Group No Representation
Veteran-Owned Small Business —
Govt Contracts (Defense) – Count/$ Dollar Amount
2007 0/$0
2006 0/$0
2005 0/$0
2004 0/$0
2003 2/$291,015
2002 0/$0
2001 0/$0
2000 0/$0
Download the entire list of Defense Contracts for this contractor from 2000 – 2007
To a Spreadsheet or Other File Type
Defense Contract List
for the Year 2003
for this Contractor (* Contract Dollar Amounts and Defense Dept Contract IDs are available with data download)
Contract Dollar Amount *
Defense Dept Contract ID/Number *
Product/Service Miscellaneous Communication Equipment
Government Contracting Office T-ASA, March Contracting Office Principal Place of Performance Hauppauge, New York
(Suffolk County)
Claimant Program ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
Weapon System NOT DISCERNABLE OR CLASSIFIED
From Date 4/3/2003 To Date 4/3/2003
Contract Dollar Amount *
Defense Dept Contract ID/Number *
Product/Service Telephone and Telegraph Equipment
Government Contracting Office FLEET & INDUSTRIAL SUPPLY CENTER Principal Place of Performance Whittier, California
(Los Angeles County)
Claimant Program ALL OTHER SUPPLIES AND EQUIPME
Weapon System NOT DISCERNABLE OR CLASSIFIED
From Date 9/30/2003 To Date 9/30/2003
(* Contract Dollar Amounts and Defense Dept Contract IDs are
available with data download)
Search
Defense Contractors:
Contractors by Name
Contractors by Zip Code
Contractors by City
Contractors by County
Contractors by State
Defense Contracts:
Contracts by
Product/Service
Contracts by
Weapon System
Contracts by
Place of Performance
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Contracting Office
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Defense Contracts:
Contractors by Name
Contractors by Zip Code
Contractors by City
Contractors by County
Contracts by
Product/Service
Contracts by
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Contracts by
Place of Performance
Contracts by
http://www.governmentcontractswon.com/department/defense/allen_holdings_inc_603232224.asp?yr=03
***
Results 11 – 20 of about 448 for Allen Holdings, Inc. . (0.29 seconds)
Search Results
1.
SEC Info – Allen & Co Inc/Allen Holding Inc – SC 13D/A – Cypress …
AND ALLEN & COMPANY INCORPORATED Principal Occupation (i.e., Business Position with Allen Holdings Inc. Name xx Address and Allen & Company Incorporated) …
http://www.secinfo.com/dSeTg.61s.htm – 61k – Cached – Similar pages
2.
Tampa Bay Investor Group to Make Significant Investment in Gunn …
Sep 4, 2008 … Incorporated, has signed an agreement to purchase a significant interest in Gunn Allen Holdings, Inc., the parent company of Tampa-based …
http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS232461+04-Sep-2008+BW20080904 – 56k – Cached – Similar pages
3.
Gunn Allen Holdings, Inc. in Tampa, Florida, USA
Gunn Allen Holdings, Inc., Tampa, Florida, USA, Investment holding companies, except banks, Offices of Other Holding Companies.
finance.zibb.com/profile/gunn+allen+holdings,+inc./us/florida/tampa/336341313/20483459 – Similar pages
4.
Mint Portal – ALLEN HOLDINGS, INC.
ALLEN HOLDINGS, INC. … ALLEN HOLDINGS, INC. Private company. Also known as name. ALLEN COMMUNICATIONS. CONTACT INFORMATION. Location, WHITTIER, California …
mintportal.bvdep.com/MintPortal-FKDKGIAINHDICIDINHCICICIEI.urk – Similar pages
5.
Mint Portal – GUNN ALLEN HOLDINGS, INC.
GUNN ALLEN HOLDINGS, INC. … GUNN ALLEN HOLDINGS, INC. Private company. CONTACT INFORMATION. Location, TAMPA, Florida, United States of America …
mintportal.bvdep.com/MintPortal-FKDKAIHINHAIAIJINHFIBICIFI.urk – Similar pages
6.
Allen Holdings Inc – Whittier, CA
Allen Holdings Inc – Whittier, CA. … Allen Holdings Inc. Address. 10813 El Arco Drive 6337. Whittier, CA 90603. Contact. (562) 902-7691; Official Website …
http://www.contractspot.com/contractor/Allen_Holdings_Inc/1/871180 – 10k – Cached – Similar pages
7.
Business Name Search
DBA, ALLEN HOLDINGS INC, 753254, WHITTIER, Active. DBA, ALLEN HOME BUILDERS INC, 439171, PALO ALTO, Active. DBA, ALLEN HOMER, 300412, LE GRAND, Expired …
www2.cslb.ca.gov/CSLB_LIBRARY/Name+Search.asp?… – 32k – Cached – Similar pages
8.
E-Cruiter.com To Acquire U.S. Human Resources Firm Allen And …
Inc. (NASDAQ:ECRU) – a leading provider of human capital management solutions – today announced that it has acquired Paula Allen Holdings Inc., …
http://www.allbusiness.com/company-activities-management/company-structures-ownership/6093644-1.html – 75k – Cached – Similar pages
9. [PDF]
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR …
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
Allen Holdings, Inc., 9 OCAHO no. 1059 (2000), 2000 WL. 33113959, I observed that OCAHO case law had not yet elucidated the specific requirements of the …
http://www.usdoj.gov/eoir/OcahoMain/publisheddecisions/Looseleaf/Volume9/1078.pdf – Similar pages
10.
CRYSTAL ALLEN HOLDING INC.–CONTACT–
CRYSTAL ALLEN HOLDINGS INC. HUNTLAW BUILDING , GEORGE TOWN, GRAND CAYMAN, CAYMAN ISLANDS Overseas Agents: UK@crystal-holding.com A USA@crystal-holding.com …
http://www.crystal-holding.com/index5.htm – Similar pages
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS258US258&q=%22Allen+Holdings,+Inc.%22&start=10&sa=N
***
SPARTA.com Site Map
About SPARTA
* About SPARTA
* Organization
* Awards & Publications
* Locations
* Contracts
* Shareholder Information
* Contact Us
Careers
* Careers at SPARTA
Products
* Aerospace Composite Components
* Commander’s Analysis Planning Simulation (CAPS)
* CC Toolbox
* Embedded and Real Time Computer Systems
* Ops Center
* LogMAIT
* ShareIT
Services
* Information Security Systems
* Logistic Software Verification & Validation
* Modeling and Simulation
* Net Centric Warfare
* SeaPort-e
* Software Development
* System Analysis
* System Engineering
* Homeland Security
* Unmanned Aerial Systems
Operations
ISSO: Information Systems Security Operation
About ISSO
* About ISSO
* Locations
* Contracts
* Documents
Programs and Services
* Main Page
Technologies
* Main Page
* Research Areas
* Projects
* Finished Projects and Archive
* Opensource Projects
http://www.sparta.com/sitemap/
***
SPARTA?s Ops Center group designs, constructs, and supports operations centers, where software, interoperability, and security are important requirements.
http://www.opscenter.sparta.com/
***
Barco
Control Room & Surveillance Equipment
Axis Design Group
Space Planning & Interior Design
Global Majic Software
3D Modeling and Visualization
Viewcast
Video Teleconference Equipment
Dockside
Emergency Notification Software
SPARTA leads a team, tailored to each customer?s requirements, strengthened by our partners? specialized products and services. Some of our partners include:
SPARTA?s Ops Center group designs, constructs, and supports operations centers, where software, interoperability, and security are important requirements.
Secure Operations Centers Analysis Centers
Command & Control Centers Emergency Operations Centers
The facilities we design and support ?
? are designed for big picture understanding and management of complex information
? may have a one-of-a-kind capability
? typically support 24/7 mission-critical operations
? require extensive system integration and custom software development.
http://www.opscenter.sparta.com/ops%20centers.htm
***
http://www.sparta.com/sitemap/
SPARTA was unusual for a U.S. defense contractor in that it was publicly held but privately traded; it was more than 98% owned by its 1,300 employees. Employees were granted stock options based on various criteria, including corporate profit and individual contribution to bringing in new business. Employees could sell stock back to the company when their options vested, at a price determined by a formula for valuing the company.
Some benefits and company procedures are decided upon by a council of employees which meets usually annually. Slightly fewer than one third of the representatives to the council are elected by the employees.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARTA,_Inc.
***
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Revision history of SPARTA Inc.
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***
Gary J. Cotshott
* President and Chief Executive Officer
* TechTeam Global, Inc.
Professional Biography
Organization Position Status
TechTeam Global, Inc. President and Chief Executive Officer Current
TechTeam Global, Inc. Board of Directors Current
Dell Inc. Vice President and General Manager, Dell Services Former
Recent News About Gary J. Cotshott
* TechTeam Positioned by Leading Analyst Firm in Leaders Quadrant for both 2009 Help Desk Outsourcing and Desktop Outsourcing Magic Quadrants [PR Newswire]
* TechTeam Positioned by Leading Analyst Firm in Leaders Quadrant for both 2009 Help… [Reuters]
**All Executive profile data provided by Dow Jones & Co., Inc.
http://phoenix.bizjournals.com/gen/executive.html?excode=bce2b0620b744c19a84a2864407232b9
***
People Filing Results – GARY J. COTSHOTT
Form Type Company Name Received
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 2/24/2009
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 1/15/2009
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 12/30/2008
10-Q TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 11/10/2008
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 11/5/2008
4 TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 11/5/2008
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 10/7/2008
N-PX LORD ABBETT SECURITIES TRUST 8/25/2008
N-PX TOUCHSTONE STRATEGIC TRUST 8/25/2008
4 TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 8/22/2008
N-PX TAMARACK FUNDS TRUST 8/20/2008
N-PX LOTSOFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT TRUST 8/20/2008
10-Q TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 8/11/2008
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 8/8/2008
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 8/6/2008
10-K/A TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 6/25/2008
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 6/18/2008
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 6/5/2008
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 5/28/2008
10-Q TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 5/12/2008
http://google.brand.edgar-online.com/PeopleFilingResults.aspx?PersonID=2407016&PersonName=GARY%20J.%20COTSHOTT
People Filing Results – GARY J. COTSHOTT
Form Type Company Name Received
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 5/9/2008
DEF 14A TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 4/4/2008
10-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 3/17/2008
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 2/20/2008
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 2/20/2008
3 TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 2/14/2008
8-K TECHTEAM GLOBAL INC 2/14/2008
10-K405 NCR CORP 3/19/1997
10-K NCR CORP 3/18/1998
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Orange County is the headquarters of many Fortune 500 companies including Ingram Micro (#69) and First American Corporation (#312) in Santa Ana, Western Digital (#439) in Lake Forest and Pacific Life (#452) in Newport Beach. Irvine is the home of numerous start-up companies and also is the home of Fortune 1000 headquarters for Allergan, Broadcom, Epicor, Standard Pacific and Sun Healthcare Group. Other Fortune 1000 companies in Orange County include Beckman Coulter in Fullerton, Quiksilver in Huntington Beach and Apria Healthcare Group in Lake Forest. Irvine is also the home of notable technology companies like PC-manufacturer Gateway Inc., router manufactuer Linksys and Activision Blizzard, one of the biggest video game developers in the country. Many regional headquarters for international businesses reside in Orange County like Mazda, Toshiba, and Hyundai. Fashion is another important industry to Orange County. Oakley, Inc., the renowned sunglasses company, is headquartered in the Foothill Ranch area of Orange County. The sexy shoe company Pleaser USA, Inc. is located in Fullerton. St. John is headquartered in Irvine. Wet Seal is headquarted in Lake Forest. Restaurants such as Del Taco, Wahoo’s Fish Tacos, Taco Bell, In-N-Out Burger, Claim Jumper, and Carls Jr. have headquarters in Orange County.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California
SPARTA Inc.
Lake Forest, Calif. – Orange, County
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Lake Forest, California
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
City of Lake Forest, California
Official seal of City of Lake Forest, California
Seal
Location of Lake Forest within Orange County, California.
Location of Lake Forest within Orange County, California.
Coordinates: [show location on an interactive map] 33°38?30?N 117°41?27?W? / ?33.64167°N 117.69083°W? / 33.64167; -117.69083
Country United States
State California
County Orange
Government
– Mayor Mark Tettemer
Area
– Total 12.6 sq mi (32.7 km2)
– Land 12.5 sq mi (32.3 km2)
– Water 0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2)
Elevation 400 ft (148 m)
Population (2007)
– Total 78,243
– Density 6,274/sq mi (2,422.4/km2)
Time zone PST (UTC-8)
– Summer (DST) PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP codes 92609, 92610, 92630, 92679
Area code(s) 949
FIPS code 06-39496
GNIS feature ID 1656503
Website city-lakeforest.com
El Toro, California redirects here. For the decommissioned military base, see Marine Corps Air Station El Toro. For other uses of El Toro , see El Toro.
Lake Forest is a city in Orange County, California, United States. The population was 78,243 as of 2007.[1] With 6,274 inhabitants per square mile (2,422 /km2), it is currently the most densely populated city in South Orange County.
Lake Forest incorporated as a city on December 20, 1991. Since being incorporated, it has expanded its limits to include the communities of Foothill Ranch and Portola Hills. Foothill Ranch and Portola Hills are master planned developments that brought new homes and commercial centers to the Eastern boundary of Lake Forest throughout the 1990s. Lake Forest (along with its neighboring cities Mission Viejo and Irvine) is ranked as one of the safest cities in the country. The private research firm Morgan Quitno ranked Lake Forest as the 15th safest city and another firm later ranked Lake Forest 10th in 2007 in the United States.
The city has two lakes from which the city gets its name. The lakes are man-made, and condominiums and custom homes ranging from large to small line their shores. The Lake Forest Beach and Tennis Club and Sun and Sail Club feature tennis courts, gyms, basketball courts, barbecue pits, volleyball courts, multiple swimming pools, saunas, hot tubs and club houses for social events. The forest for which the city is also named lies in the area between Ridge Route, Jeronimo, Lake Forest and Serrano roads, and consists mostly of Eucalyptus trees. It began in the 1900s when a local landowner, Dwight Whiting, planted 400 acres of Eucalyptus groves in the vicinity of Serrano Creek as part of a lumber operation. In the late 1960s, the Occidental Petroleum company developed a residential community in and around the Eucalyptus groves which had long since expanded and grown much more dense.
Contents
* 1 EL Toro Road Business Corridor Revitalization
* 2 Notable Businesses and Organizations
* 3 Parks and Education
* 4 Geography
* 5 Demographics
* 6 Government & Politics
* 7 Notable residents
* 8 References
* 9 External links
EL Toro Road Business Corridor Revitalization
El Toro Road at the Interstate 5 Freeway was the epicenter of the Saddleback Valley from the late 1800s to the end of the twentieth century. However, the area gradually deteriorated, and most of the shops closed or moved to other cities. After years of planning, the City has worked with the property owners of some aging strip malls and developed the Arbor at Lake Forest commercial district. The new center can now compete with large shopping centers in cities that surround Lake Forest.
Notable Businesses and Organizations
The city is home to the headquarters of eyewear manufacturer Oakley, Inc.; in flight entertainment provider Panasonic Avionics; hard-drive maker Western Digital; telecommunications software developer Greenlight Wireless Corp.; barbecue retailer Barbeques Galore; medical equipment maker Apria Healthcare; and skateboarding companies Sole Technology, Inc., Etnies, and Tilly’s; among others. In addition, one of the county’s most famous churches and the largest independent church in California, Saddleback Church (pastor, Rick Warren), is located in Lake Forest.
Parks and Education
Lake Forest is also home to two county parks. Whiting Ranch in the eastern part of the city was the site of an infamous mountain lion mauling in 2004 that captured the West Coast news media.[2]
Heritage Hill historical park is home to some of the oldest buildings in the county, including the Serrano Adobe, the old El Toro School House, and St. Georges Episcopal Church.
Lake Forest has one high school, El Toro High School. The high school was opened in 1973. It has established itself as one of the top schools in Southern California, along with the other three comprehensive high schools in the Saddleback Valley Unified School District. The mascot is a bull and its teams are known as the Chargers. School colors are blue and gold.
Lake Forest is served by two libraries of the Orange County Public Library.
Geography
Lake Forest is located at [show location on an interactive map] 33°38?30?N 117°41?27?W? / ?33.64167°N 117.69083°W? / 33.64167; -117.69083 (33.641642, -117.690733)[3].
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 32.7 km² (12.6 mi²). 32.3 km² (12.5 mi²) of it is land and 0.3 km² (0.1 mi²) of it (0.95%) is water.
El Toro/Lake Forest/Portola is located in the heart of the Saddleback Valley. It is also in the northern section of South Orange County.
It has two man-made lakes identified by the clubhouses on the lakes: the Beach and Tennis Club (Hidden Lakes, formerly Lake I) and the Sun and Sail Club (Lake II).
Demographics
As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 58,707 people, 20,008 households, and 14,745 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,814.8/km² (4,698.8/mi²). There were 20,486 housing units at an average density of 633.3/km² (1,639.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 76.02% White, 1.83% African American, 0.50% Native American, 9.70% Asian, 0.20% Pacific Islander, 7.51% from other races, and 4.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.59% of the population.
There were 20,008 households out of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.1% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.3% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.31.
In the city the population was spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.
According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $90,084, and the median income for a family was $100,829.[5] Males had a median income of $52,019 versus $37,100 for females. The per capita income for the city was $28,583. About 3.2% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.
Government & Politics
Marine Corps Air Station El Toro was located one mile (1.6 km) from the city of Lake Forest in the city of Irvine. At one time, El Toro was considered a military town, but the city blossomed independently in the 1980s and 1990s and the base closed in 1999.
Of the 40,352 registered voters in Lake Forest; 25.8% are Democrats and 53.4% are Republicans. The remaining 20.8% either declined to state political affiliation or are registered with one of the many minor political parties. Richard Dixon serves as Lake Forest’s mayor and Mark Tettemer is Mayor Pro Tem. The three other city council members are Kathryn McCullough, Marcia Rudolph, and Peter Herzog.
In the state legislature Lake Forest is located in the 33rd Senate District, represented by Republican Dick Ackerman, and in the 70th Assembly District, represented by Republican Chuck DeVore. Federally, Lake Forest is located in California’s 48th congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of R +8[6] and is represented by Republican John Campbell.
Notable residents
* Erika Cook, Winner of the reality television show Endurance 4
* Ginger Reyes, American rock bassist with the bands Smashing Pumpkins and Halo Friendlies
* Chris Jacobsen (CJ), Season 3 contestant of the reality television show Top Chef
* Kathryn McCullough, in 1994 became the first African American mayor in Orange County.
References
1. ^ Gives information on 2007 populations of cities.
2. ^ CBS news article on the attack.
3. ^ US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990 . United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
4. ^ American FactFinder . United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
5. ^ 2005-2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates . US Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US0633000&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US06%7C16000US0633000&_street=&_county=lake+forest&_cityTown=lake+forest&_state=04000US06&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2006_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null®=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=.
6. ^ Will Gerrymandered Districts Stem the Wave of Voter Unrest? . Campaign Legal Center Blog. http://www.clcblog.org/blog_item-85.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-10.
External links
* Official City of Lake Forest Homepage
* Friends of Portola is a website that discusses issues affecting the Portola Hills area of the City of Lake Forest
* Lake Forest Hills is a weblog about the communities of Foothill Ranch, Lake Forest, and Portola Hills
* The Etnies Skatepark Of Lake Forest
* Lake Forest, California is at coordinates [show location on an interactive map] 33°38?30?N 117°41?27?W? / ?33.641642°N 117.690733°W? / 33.641642; -117.690733? (Lake Forest, California)Coordinates: [show location on an interactive map] 33°38?30?N 117°41?27?W? / ?33.641642°N 117.690733°W? / 33.641642; -117.690733? (Lake Forest, California)
Municipalities and communities of
Orange County, California
County seat: Santa Ana
Cities
Aliso Viejo | Anaheim | Brea | Buena Park | Costa Mesa | Cypress | Dana Point | Fountain Valley | Fullerton | Garden Grove | Huntington Beach | Irvine | La Habra | La Palma | Laguna Beach | Laguna Hills | Laguna Niguel | Laguna Woods | Lake Forest | Los Alamitos | Mission Viejo | Newport Beach | Orange | Placentia | Rancho Santa Margarita | San Clemente | San Juan Capistrano | Santa Ana | Seal Beach | Stanton | Tustin | Villa Park | Westminster | Yorba Linda
Orange County map
CDPs
Coto de Caza | Las Flores | Rossmoor | Tustin Foothills
Unincorporated communities
Ladera Ranch | Midway City | Modjeska Canyon | Orange Park Acres | Santa Ana Heights | Santiago Canyon | Silverado | Sunset Beach | Trabuco Canyon
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Forest,_California
Categories: Cities in Orange County, California | Lake Forest, California
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Forest,_California
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San Clemente is a city in Orange County, California, United States. As of 2005, the city population was 65,900. Located six miles (10 km) south of San Juan Capistrano at the southern tip of the county, it is roughly equidistant from San Diego and Los Angeles. The north entrance to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton (known as the Christianitos Gate ) is located in San Clemente.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Clemente,_California
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Government
* George Allen, Former United States Senator (Virginia)
* Louis Caldera, Former United States Secretary of the Army
* Ronald B. Cameron, Congressman
* James Ferguson, Air Force General
* Jacob F. Gerkens – First Chief of the LAPD
* Gabriel Green, Write-in United States presidential candidate
* Lou Henry Hoover, Wife of President Herbert Hoover
* Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States Played football at Whittier High School and Whittier College
* Pat Nixon, Wife of President Richard Nixon
* Pío Pico, Last Mexican Governor of Alta California
Miscellaneous
* Milo Burcham, Aviator/Test Pilot
* Tricia Nixon Cox – Daughter of President Nixon
* Francis A. Nixon, Father of President Richard Nixon
* Nadya Suleman, mother of the Suleman octuplets (born January 26, 2009)
* Kerry Thornley, Founder of Discordianism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier,_California
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[ also in Whittier, Calif. – Allen Communications subsidiary of Allen Holdings, Inc. Which is owned by Cobham – UK]
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Coast Guard continues search near San Clemente Island for possible plane crash survivors
10:33 AM | March 7, 2009
Rescue crews on the water and in the air continued their search this morning for possible survivors of a plane that crashed into the ocean Friday afternoon about 25 miles east of San Clemente Island.
Boaters on a civilian vessel, the Good Samaritan, contacted the Coast Guard on Friday, reporting that they had seen a plane crash into the water, authorities said.
Coast Guard rescues teams conducted a search of the area and discovered an oil slick and a debris field that appeared to be pieces of an aircraft.
It is unclear how many passengers may have been on the plane, but a spokesman with the Federal Aviation Administration said that a pilot had checked out a single-engine Cessna 172 from the Golden Wings Flying Club at Montgomery Field in San Diego.
The pilot said he was taking a round trip to French Valley but did not file a flight plan. The FAA said no mayday calls were reported in the San Diego area.
Coast Guard officials were planning an 11 a.m. news conference.
— Kimi Yoshino
http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=en
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http://www.techteam.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton
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<a href= http://companies.jrank.org/pages/604/Booz-Allen-Hamilton-Inc.html >Booz Allen & Hamilton Inc. Business Information, Profile, and History</a>
Other Free Encyclopedias :: Company History :: Company Profiles Vol 13
Booz Allen & Hamilton Inc. Business Information, Profile, and History
8283 Greensboro Drive
McLean, Virginia 22102
U.S.A.
Booz Allen & Hamilton Inc., a pioneer in the development of the consulting industry, is recognized as an international management and technology consulting firm offering business strategy, operations, technology, and systems consulting services through more than 50 offices worldwide. Involved in such areas as environmental services, computer systems, space research, transportation, weapons technology, human resources, telecommunications systems, health care, and management, the firm has two major businesses: the Worldwide Commercial Business provides management consulting services to major corporations, and the Worldwide Technology Business provides technology consulting and systems development services primarily to government clients, but also to some commercial clients.
Booz Allen & Hamilton traces its roots to Edwin G. Booz. A student at Chicago’s Northwestern University in the early 1900s, Booz received a bachelor’s degree in economics and a master’s degree in psychology, upon completion of his thesis ‘Mental Tests for Vocational Fitness.’ In 1914, Booz established a small consulting firm in Chicago, and, two years later, he and two partners formed the Business Research and Development Company, which conducted studies and performed investigational work for commercial and trade organizations. This service, which Booz labeled as the first of its kind in the Midwest, soon attracted such clients as Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Chicago’s Union Stockyards and Transit Company, and the Canadian & Pacific Railroad.
During World War I, Booz was drafted as a private but moved quickly through the ranks by performing personnel work and helping the Army reorganize its bureaus’ business methods. Booz left the service in March 1919 as a major in the Inspector General’s Office and returned to Chicago to start a new firm, Edwin G. Booz, Business Engineering Service. One of Booz’s first clients after the war was Sewell Avery of the State Bank & Trust Company of Evanston, Illinois, who helped Booz get a loan for his new venture. In return, Booz conducted a bank survey for Avery.
During the early 1920s, Booz’s client list grew to include Harris Trust and Savings Bank in Chicago, the Walgreen Company, and Booz’s alma mater, Northwestern University. In 1924, Booz changed the name of his firm to Business Surveys, to more accurately reflect his firm’s focus: business surveys and subsequent analysis and recommendations. Unlike other early ‘efficiency-engineering’ consulting firms, Booz adopted a personnel-oriented, applied-psychology approach that included interviewing employees as part of the process of studying the organizational structures of companies.
In 1925, Booz hired his first permanent, full-time assistant, George Fry, another Northwestern alumnus. That year, Business Surveys began working for U.S. Gypsum Company (then under the direction of Sewell Avery), which remained a staple client throughout the decade. Other Business Surveys clients during the latter half of the 1920s included the Chicago Tribune, Hart Schaffner & Marx, The Chicago Association of Commerce, Eversharp, Inc., Stock Yards National Bank, and Chicago Daily News publisher Walter Strong, who agreed on Booz’s recommendation to build a newspaper office across the river from the Civic Opera House.
In 1929, Booz moved his own office into the new Chicago Daily News Building and hired a third consultant, James L. Allen, who had just graduated from Northwestern. By 1931, Avery was back on Business Surveys’ client list, this time as chairperson of Montgomery Ward, which was losing sales to the new retail operations of Sears, Roebuck and Company. Booz took an office just down the hall from Avery, where he worked full-time and pioneered the ‘multi-vector’ executive appraisal method, which used cross-checking independent criteria in evaluating and hiring managers.
By 1936, Booz had helped push Montgomery Ward back in the black. Informing the company that Avery had been its central problem, Booz resigned from the assignment and returned to his firm’s office, where Allen had recently resigned and Booz Surveys itself was in need of organization. By February of that year, Booz had persuaded Allen to return and had hired another consultant, Carl Hamilton. The firm then became a partnership and adopted a new name: Booz, Fry, Allen & Hamilton. The following year, the firm moved into the new Field Building in Chicago, where it would remain for the next 44 years before relocating its headquarters to New York City and taking more modern space for its Chicago operations.
By the late 1930s, the firm’s marketing brochure was promising ‘independence that enables us to say plainly from the outside what cannot always be said safely from within.’ The firm was also providing executive recruiting services for its clients, which during the late 1930s included the Chicago Title and Trust Company, the University of Chicago, General Mills, and the Washington Post. During this period, Booz personally conducted the first-ever study of a nationwide institution, the American National Red Cross, which propelled the firm into institutional consulting.
Booz, Fry, Allen & Hamilton entered the 1940s with a significant midwestern client base and a newly established New York branch office. In 1940, the firm expanded into military consulting, when U.S. Navy Secretary Frank Knox, former publisher of the Chicago Daily News, hired the company to assess the Navy’s preparedness for a major war and to evaluate the Navy’s shipyards, telephone systems, and intelligence operations.
After the United States entered the war, the firm continued to work for the Navy, as well as for the Army and the War Production Board. By 1942, a growing percentage of the firm’s billings came from government and military assignments. The firm’s increasing interest in work for the government, which Fry denounced as the wrong market for a consulting service, led to friction with Booz and in the midst of the feud a frustrated Allen again left the firm. Fry resigned from the partnership in December 1942 to start his own consulting business, and Allen returned early the following year to a renamed partnership–Booz Allen & Hamilton, where he was asked to help mold the firm’s organizational structure and chair a newly established executive committee.
By war’s end, Booz Allen had nearly 400 clients throughout the country being served by offices in Chicago, New York, and a new Los Angeles location. In 1946, Hamilton died, and, the following year, Booz retired, leaving Allen as chairperson of the firm’s governing board. The firm’s early postwar work included assignments for S.C. Johnson (known as Johnson Wax) and Radio Corporation of America (RCA), whose chairperson, General David Sarnoff, initially hired Booz Allen to do an organizational survey of RCA. During the late 1940s, Booz Allen also worked for RCA’s subsidiary, National Broadcasting Company (NBC), conducting studies of NBC’s radio/record division and the young television industry.
Booz Allen’s work for the federal government and its military organizations continued in peacetime, and, in 1947, the firm received an Air Force contract to conduct the government’s original production management study on guided missiles. Between 1949 and 1955, Booz Allen landed nearly two dozen of these so-called Wright Field assignments, which included a study of Air Force contractors’ missile production capabilities.
Booz Allen entered the 1950s as one of only a few management consultant firms in the United States. During the early 1950s, the firm continued to build on its traditional midwestern manufacturing client base, which grew to include Maytag, Parker Pen, Johnson Wax, and Cessna, a small-airplane manufacturer. In 1951, Edwin G. Booz died, leaving behind a pioneering company on the verge of international expansion and diversification.
In 1953, Booz Allen landed its first international contract, an assignment to study and help reorganize land-ownership records for the newly established Philippine government. About the same time, the firm began helping reorganize the government of Egypt’s customs operations and a government-owned Egyptian textile manufacturer. By the mid-1950s, Booz Allen had created an international subsidiary and moved into Italy to conduct studies of a nationalized steel company and state-owned oil company.
In 1955, a group of key Booz Allen partners formed Booz Allen Applied Research, Inc. (BAARINC) as a separate corporate entity. Utilizing the Wright Field studies on missile production as a foundation, BAARINC was designed to launch the firm’s diversification into the intelligence arena and was formed around a Booz Allen team of guided missile specialists. BAARINC was soon hired by the federal government to help determine where the Soviet Union was manufacturing missiles and to compile a so-called Red Book, which outlined technical problems Soviets experienced in developing weaponry. During the late 1950s, Booz Allen also worked with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)–helping to determine the best way to reach the moon–and served on a Navy task force which developed PERT, or the Program Evaluation and Review Technique designed to improve the planning and production of the Polaris submarine missile.
By the close of the decade, Booz Allen was, in the words of a 1959 Time article, ‘the world’s largest, most prestigious management consultant firm,’ having served three-fourths of the country’s largest businesses, two-thirds of the federal government’s departments, and most types of nonprofit institutions during its first 46 years. During the 1950s, the firm’s number of partners grew from 12 to 60, while its total professional staff increased to more than 500, one-third of which were spe-cialists.
In 1962, in order to establish profit sharing and retirement plans for its partners, Booz Allen became a private corporation, and the partnership that had governed the firm legally was dissolved (although the term ‘partner’ continued to be used). That year, James Allen became the new corporations’s chairperson and passed the reigns of active leadership to Charlie Bowen, who was named president. Between 1962 and 1964, BAARINC acquired two subsidiaries, Designers for Industry (renamed Design & Development) and Foster D. Snell Laboratory. Shortly thereafter, BAARINC also became a Booz Allen subsidiary, bringing to the firm a client list that included IBM, Abbott Labs, United Airlines, and the U.S. Department of the Interior.
During this time, Booz Allen’s nonfederal government work included a study on the efficiency of the Nassau County, Louisiana, government and a study of the Chicago public school system. In the corporate arena, Booz Allen helped Johnson Wax expand in Europe, aided Deere & Company in a restructuring, and orchestrated the merger of Rockwell Standard and North American Aviation, resulting in formation of North American Rockwell Corp.
Overseas expansion continued as well, with Booz Allen deployed to evaluate a variety of European industries, including British heavy industry and consumer goods manufacturers and West German and Scandinavian steel producers. Booz Allen was also engaged in a series of assignments for the World Bank to help the governments of Brazil, Argentina, and Venezuela develop steel industries. Moreover, Booz Allen was hired by the Algerian government to help it develop an integrated oil operation which could operate in the world marketplace; similar assignments soon followed in Iran, Abu Dhabi, and Saudi Arabia.
During the Vietnam War, Booz Allen conducted studies for Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, including a series of feasibility studies involving the so-called Supersonic Transport plane. Booz Allen also provided the U.S. military with assessments of communications equipment during the firm’s first ‘field work’ assignment, in which consultants accompanied military patrols in gathering information on the use of American communications equipment by Vietnamese allies.
By 1969, Booz Allen–the largest consulting firm in the United States–had more than 15 major or project offices on five continents, generating annual revenues of $55 million and earnings of $3.5 million. Having experienced explosive growth during the decade, Booz Allen considered going public, launching a brief debate regarding the ethics of public ownership of a business that stressed confidentiality.
The following year, James Allen retired, Bowen was named chairperson and chief executive, and James W. Taylor became president. In January 1970, the firm went public, following the lead of Arthur D. Little, Inc., which had initiated public ownership of large consulting firms a year earlier. The Booz Allen public offering was designed to help the company diversify by giving the firm the ability to acquire specialized companies through stock swaps. Between 1969 and 1972, Booz Allen purchased several small specialty consulting firms. These acquisitions included firms involved in transportation, household chemicals, airport management, real estate, market research, and television advertising testing. The market research, airport, and chemicals operations were later spun off. In 1972, the firm also established a Japanese subsidiary.
During the early 1970s, BAARINC was hired by NASA to assess the ability of a $100 million satellite to orbit the earth for one year. BAARINC predicted the satellite would fail within four days, which it did, building BAARINC’s reputation in space systems work and leading to a subsequent assignment to test a redesigned satellite, which met Booz Allen specifications and stayed in orbit for 18 months.
During this time, Booz Allen’s government assignments leveled off and then declined, as did commercial work during this ‘energy crisis’ period when consultants became a discretionary budget item for many companies. As a result, Booz Allen’s profit margins suffered, and its stock prices slid, as government billings were cut in half and profits from Europe became nearly nonexistent.
In 1973, with the firm in decline, Taylor was asked to resign and Bowen named James Farley as Taylor’s successor. Farley formed a cabinet of advisors comprised of unit business heads, and then expanded that team concept with the establishment of a larger operating council, which included the firm’s principal managers. The company then made its officers owners, allowing each officer to buy a certain percent of Booz Allen stock. The firm also stepped up its push into international markets–via such avenues as a new Italian subsidiary–and increased its diversification into specialized markets.
In 1976, after four years of gradually buying back its stock, Booz Allen again became a private company in a final buyout that paid outside shareholders $7.75 a share, considerably less than the $24 per share price Booz Allen’s stock debuted at earlier in the decade. Farley was named chairperson and chief executive, and John L. Lesher became president. The retirement of Bowen that year marked the close of a quick turnaround for Booz Allen, which saw its billings rise from $54 million in 1972 to $100 million by the end of 1976.
During the mid and late 1970s, Booz Allen conducted studies of the telecommunications market and the Bell telephone system for AT&T and was engaged in a seven-year assignment for the city of Wichita, Kansas, to help establish a prototype municipal computer information system, which brought the firm national recognition. Booz Allen’s expanded work in communications electronics and commercial telecommunications led the firm into new, specialized markets, including communications security, strategic and national command and control systems, and intelligence systems. One result of this increasing technological diversification was a contract to work on the Tri-Service Tactical Communications Program, which involved the coordination of U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force communications.
In 1978, BAARINC changed its name to Public Management & Technology Center (later becoming known simply as the Technology Center) and refocused its office automation, manufacturing technology, and space systems services, leading to work on the commercialization of space stations. PMTC diversified into new markets–including nuclear survivability, electronic systems engineering, avionics, and software verification and validations–and began offering clients cost containment and flexible pricing options. Key contracts for PMTC during the late 1970s included Navy assignments to help develop the Trident missile and help rebuild Saudi Arabia’s navy.
During this time, Booz Allen also helped Chrysler Corporation in its historic turnaround by devising a plan to secure federal loan guarantees for the automaker and then by serving as a troubleshooter after the federal bailout, monitoring the company’s performance for the federal loan guarantee board. Booz Allen also helped orchestrate Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation’s acquisition of Marine Midland after providing HSBC with a comprehensive study of the American banking network.
By 1980, Booz Allen’s annual revenues had climbed to $180 million, having more than tripled in a decade, and the company was running a close second in U.S. consulting service billings to Arthur Andersen. The Navy remained one of Booz Allen’s principal clients during the 1980s, while Warner-Lambert Company also became an important corporate client, helping to launch the firm into health care consulting. Overseas, Booz Allen entered the decade engaged in oil and steel industry work in West Africa, Indonesia, and Nigeria, while also employed in Zambia to help consolidate that country’s copper mining industry.
By 1983, recessionary conditions and an oil glut led to a profit slump for Booz Allen. The following year, Farley stepped down from his posts as chairperson and chief executive, returning to client work before becoming president of MONY Financial Services. Before leaving Booz Allen, however, Farley established a firm-wide competition to select his successor in what proved to be, according to a 1988 Forbes article, a divisive and distracting ten-month process. Ultimately, Michael McCullough, president of PMTC since its 1978 reorganization, was chosen to succeed Farley. Under McCullough, PMTC had remained a bright spot in Booz Allen operations as commercial consulting lagged, generating annual billings of more than $100 million by 1984, while developing information systems for such clients as the U.S. Postal Service and the U.S. House of Representatives.
Also in the early 1980s, Booz Allen provided extensive services to AT&T, helping develop a strategic repositioning program for its divestiture of the local Bell operating companies.
During the mid-1980s, Booz Allen’s commercial consulting work began to wane, and rival McKinsey & Company became the powerhouse of general management consulting, and Arthur D. Little grew into a leader in technology consulting. Booz Allen relied increasingly on government work. By 1987, government accounts–with the lowest profit margin in the consulting field–represented nearly one-third of Booz Allen’s $340 in annual revenues at a time when defense spending was increasingly being targeted for budget cuts.
McCullough responded to Booz Allen’s mid-1980s slump by restructuring the firm around industries rather than traditional geographic boundaries and emphasizing a multi-disciplinary approach to business problems, utilizing technical specialists in tandem with management consulting experts. McCullough’s approach at the time was relatively untried, with most firms specializing in either management or technology. In 1989, the company launched a major expansion program of its computer systems integration (CSI) services for commercial clients, in an effort to expand its presence in the commercial computer systems and technology market. Booz Allen entered the commercial systems integration field at a time when CSI was the fastest growing segment of the consulting field, and also one of the toughest to crack; Booz Allen had to compete with both computer manufacturers and technology consulting firms.
In 1990, William F. Stasior, a senior executive from Booz Allen’s technology business, was named president of the firm. The following year, Stasior assumed the additional duties of chairperson and chief executive, after McCullough returned to consulting as a senior partner, having spearheaded a six-year transition from a regional strategy to one increasingly focused on international operations and technology.
In 1991, Booz Allen acquired the major assets of Advanced Decision Systems Inc., a California-based artificial intelligence company, which became a Booz Allen division. By this time, Booz Allen’s multi-disciplinary approach to business problems had become known in the firm as ‘Theory P.’ Named for its emphasis on integrating people and process, Theory P represented a problemsolving approach concerned less with how departments operated independently and more with how they worked together to produce goods and services. This strategy was adopted by other major companies, including Hewlett-Packard, Corning Glass Works, and Ford Motor Company.
During the early 1990s, Booz Allen also began offering its clients a type of corporate war game that simulated competition among companies and served as a business strategy tool. In 1993, Booz Allen was hired by the U.S. Agency for International Development to devise a strategy to lead a consortium of firms in the privatization of civilian and defense industries in 11 newly independent states of the former Soviet Union.
That year, two reports prepared by Booz Allen took center stage in the Delaware Supreme Court. The first, which Paramount Communications had used to inform their decision on whether to be acquired by Viacom Inc., revealed that Paramount and Viacom together would generate nearly ten times more profit than a Paramount merger with QVC Network Inc., which was also vying to acquire Paramount. In December 1993, the Booz Allen report on possible merger combinations–which included confidential data from Viacom but not QVC–was introduced as evidence in a legal battle between Viacom and QVC over the Paramount acquisition; Paramount sought a reversal of a court decision ruling that it had illegally rejected a QVC offer. Following the Delaware Supreme Court ruling in favor of QVC, Booz Allen prepared a subsequent report with confidential information from QVC, which resulted in the same conclusions as the first study.
As it moved into the mid-1990s, Booz Allen’s business was equally split between technology services and systems development and commercial management consulting. While the firm had remained profitable (even in the sluggish 1980s, when its ranking among the top U.S. consulting firms fell from second to sixth or seventh), its percentage of the consulting industry’s market in the future appeared to be dependent upon Booz Allen’s ongoing merger of high-tech consulting and general management consulting.
Principal Subsidiaries: Booz Allen & Hamilton Health Care Inc; Booz Allen & Hamilton Acquisition Services.
Related information about Booz Allen Hamilton
Booz Allen is a private company with corporate headquarters in McLean, Virginia.
Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. is one of the oldest strategy consulting firms in the world. competes with strategy firms like McKinsey & Company, The Boston Consulting Group, Bain & Company, Arthur D.
Booz Allen Hamilton Inc., is incorporated in Delaware as a privately held corporation, wholly owned by its approximately 250 officers. The Firm was once public in the 1970s during its height of fame (Time magazine named it the most prestigious management firm in the world), but the Partners took the Firm private again through one of the first management buyouts (MBO) after realizing that meeting quarterly numbers was not necessarily good for client relationships. Booz Allen has numerous geographic subsidiaries around the world, with a concentration in the United States, Europe, and the Far East, notably in Japan and Greater China.
With more than 17,000 employees on six continents, and double digit growth rates over the past six years thanks to its solid public sector business, the firm generated annual total sales of over $3.5 billion in FY2005. Booz Allen’s notable breakthrough ideas include the PERT management technique and the product lifecycle theory. It was also responsible for coining the phrase ‘supply chain management’
History
Upon graduating from Northwestern University in 1914, Edwin G. and the firm that would bear his name, Booz Allen Hamilton (from the BoozAllen.com website).
Mr. Booz was soon joined by his co-founder, James L. Bradlees
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<a href= http://companies.jrank.org/pages/3013/Nichols-Research-Corporation.html >Nichols Research Corporation Business Information, Profile, and History</a>
Nichols Research Corporation Business Information, Profile, and History
4040 S. Memorial Parkway
P.O. Box 400002
Huntsville, Alabama 35802-1326
U.S.A.
Company Perspectives:
To stand the test of time, a structure must rest on a firm foundation and contain the other support structures necessary to withstand stress and accept future changes. The building of Nichols Research Corporation (NRC) has created a financially sound and nationally recognized company with firm and growing business bases in information technology and traditional technology services markets.
Our foundation is built on a vision of the future, detailed planning by our management team, and commitment to quality. This foundation provides the solid structure for continued growth and diversification in the government and commercial information technology markets, especially healthcare information services, while maintaining our commitment to, and success in, our traditional government and systems technology services markets.
Nichols Research Corporation has diversified beyond its core business of providing technology services to the defense industry and to U.S. military and government agencies, including the Department of Defense (DoD) and intelligence agencies. With the slowdown on defense spending in the 1990s, Nichols has expanded its business to include commercial and civilian clients such as Federal Express, AT&T, and the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta. Through a series of acquisitions, Nichols has also applied its technology expertise to the burgeoning information technology (I/T) needs of the health care market. Nichols’s emphasis on systems technology, however, has enabled the company to continue to improve its defense-related revenues, despite defense-spending slowdowns, and build a more than $1 billion backlog by 1996. In that year, Nichols surprised the defense community by winning two of four DoD High Performance Computing Modernization major shared resource center contracts, together worth more than $300 million over eight years. Nevertheless, increases in Nichols’s commercial business has enabled the company to decrease its reliance on defense spending. Of the company’s $242 million in 1996 revenues, defense work accounted for some 55 percent, down from more than 90 percent in the mid-1980s. The company’s health care business already accounts for seven percent of revenues, with that segment expected to grow by 30 percent before the turn of the century. Founders Chris Horgen and Roy Nichols continue to play active roles in the company’s leadership. Horgen is chairman and chief executive officer; Nichols is vice-chairman, senior vice-president, and chief technical officer. Michael Mruz, with a background in computer services, joined the company as president and chief operating officer in 1994.
In keeping with its diversification, Nichols operates under four business units. Nichols Federal oversees the company’s defense contracts, including sensor systems and technology; missile and air defense systems and technologies; space surveillance and avionics; army tactical systems and technologies; and intelligence programs. Major clients include the U.S. Army, Air Force, and Navy and NASA, as well as the Australian Defense Force. Nichols guidance systems, for example, could be seen in action during the Persian Gulf War, controlling the Patriot air defense missile system. Nichols is also actively involved in upgrading the Patriot system. The other Nichols units are involved in I/T work. Nichols InfoFed works with nondefense government agencies at the federal and state levels. Nichols InfoTec pursues contracts from commercial telecommunications and transportation firms. Nichols Select specializes in the health care and insurance industries.
Star Wars Success in the 1980s
Nichols Research Corporation was founded by former McDonnel Douglas employees Chris Horgen and Roy Nichols in 1976. The pair set up shop in a 1,200-square-foot office in Huntsville, Alabama, the site of the Army Strategic Defense Command and the Army’s Redstone Arsenal, and a city with a history as a defense center going back to World War I. Starting with about $30,000 in capital (most of which went to purchasing a desktop computer), the company’s initial focus was on providing research and development of optical technology and sensor systems for the military and for the space program. With the signing of the Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty in the early 1970s, the country’s defense initiatives turned toward a greater reliance on surveillance systems. Nichols’s optical technology expertise quickly enabled the company to win contracts. In 1976, Nichols won its first DoD contract, as well as subcontracts with six prime defense contractors engaged in the growing strategic defense area. The company’s first-year revenues were $300,000.
Nichols’s optical expertise positioned the company for steady growth into the 1980s. By then, with the inauguration of President Ronald Reagan, the DoD’s thrust turned to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), also known as the Star Wars program. This effort, which called for the deployment of a space-based surveillance and weapons system, was part of an overall acceleration of defense spending designed to secure the United States’ lead in the long-standing Cold War. Hundreds of companies, large and small, lined up to participate in the initial development phase of the SDI program, which was budgeted at $19 billion for its first five years, with full deployment eventually expected to be worth more than $1 trillion. Nichols’s optical sensor expertise placed it in a prime position to take part in the SDI gold rush.
In 1983, when SDI funding began, the company won a contract to study the use of optical sensors for tracking missile launchings and for determining whether a missile actually carried an armed warhead or was merely launched as a decoy. SDI helped launch Nichols’s revenues into orbit: In 1983, the company posted slightly less than $7 million in sales and a net profit of $315,000. By 1986, the company’s revenues had grown to $28 million, and Nichols posted net earnings of $1.34 million. As Roy Nichols told Newsweek, Our growth would be 10 to 15 percent less without SDI. By then, SDI contracts and subcontracts with other SDI contractors, such as Sparta, Inc., a Huntsville neighbor competing to become principal architect of the SDI system, contributed about 86 percent to Nichols’s annual sales.
Nichols went public in 1987 after a year that saw the company’s revenues jump by 38 percent. Nominal contract awards reached $38 million, with options worth $55 million, raising the company’s backlog to $78 million with options. Three new SDI contracts with the U.S. Army contributed to the company’s growth that year. Nichols was awarded prime contractor status for the Defense System Survivability Analysis contract, worth $7.8 million with options; prime contractor for the $6.3 million Wide Field of View Optical Technology Program; and subcontractor for Teledyne Brown Engineering for a Systems Engineering and Technical Assistance contract worth $9 million with options. By then, however, Nichols began to take its first steps to lessen its reliance on SDI, which was coming under increasing attack by a skeptical Congress. Beyond Star Wars, the company was also gaining new customers among the government’s defense agencies, with tactical business contracts with White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico and Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. In addition, the company was profiting from the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program, which directed crucial defense dollars to smaller companies while also introducing these companies to new customers among government agencies, winning 15 contract awards in 1987.
The following year, Nichols recorded still stronger growth. Contract awards totaled $118 million, and its backlog reached $136 million with options. By then, the company’s staff had grown to 500, and the company had moved to new headquarters in Huntsville. Nichols also made its first acquisition, of Radiometrics, Inc., which added prototype development and measurement capacity to the company’s base of expertise, as well as new customers, including the Army Missile Command and NASA. SDI continued to play a major role in the company’s growth and included subcontractor awards with Martin Marietta and General Electric worth more than $28 million.
The company’s revenues neared $43 million in 1988 and continued the company’s unbroken string of profitability, with a net income of $2.3 million. Nichols’s growth was also enabling it to bid on, and win, larger contracts, both as prime contractor and as subcontractor. The company expanded its conventional defense business, with the U.S. Army providing four major contracts in tactical and theater weapons. Nichols’s contributions included work on the Fiber Optic Guided Missile Program; Foreign Missile Subsystems and Technology Analysis; Guidance and Control Support; and a contract under the Combined Allied Defense Experiment. Three years later the company’s work would gain worldwide recognition with the outbreak of the Persian Gulf War, as Patriot missiles, controlled by Nichols’s guidance systems, took out Iraqi Scud missiles.
Post-Cold War Growth
The acceleration of U.S. defense spending in the 1980s was responsible, directly or indirectly, for the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Communist Era in 1989. Although SDI itself became a casualty of the ending of the Cold War, its threat or promise, although never actually fulfilled, spurred the Eastern Bloc on its own spending program, bankrupting the Soviet economy and opening the way to demands for greater freedoms and free market systems. The spending spree had also taken its toll on the U.S. economy, pushing the country into the red to the tune of more than $1 trillion. With the collapse of the Cold War, the DoD came under increasing budget pressures and the 1990s presented a picture of massive cuts in defense spending.
By the start of the 1990s, however, Nichols’s diversification efforts were well under way. Unlike larger companies such as Rockwell and Martin Marietta, Nichols’s emphasis was on software, over hardware, and the company was taking a leading role in setting many technical standards in the defense market. The company had successfully extended its business beyond SDI into the tactical arena, with contracts with the Army, Air Force, Navy, NASA, and the intelligence agencies providing more than one-third of the company’s $54 million in 1989 revenues; by 1990, the company’s tactical contract awards totaled more than its strategic awards for the first time in Nichols’s history. The company was also winning larger awards than ever before, including $63 million in intelligence contracts, an area of DoD spending that was less likely to become a victim of the budget cuts. Nichols also enjoyed success in picking up options on its existing contracts. In 1990, the company placed nearly $500 million in contract bids, and its revenues swelled to $75 million, providing a net income of $3.8 million. Adding to the company’s stability as the defense industry faced the uncertainty of the new decade was Nichols’s strong backlog of nearly $270 million in contracts in 1990.
That backlog grew to $467 million by 1992, including the company’s largest contract award in its history, of $66 million to provide systems engineering and technical support to the SDI Organization’s Ground-Based Interceptor program. Defense spending continued to form 95 percent of the company’s revenues, which topped $90 million in 1991. Already, however, SDI contracts formed only 50 percent of Nichols’s total revenues, which climbed past $117 million in 1992. Net income neared $6 million. The company made a new acquisition that year, of Utah-based Astech, which boosted the company’s intelligence software capability. Nichols was poised for even stronger growth. As one analyst told Defense News, This is one of the few defense companies out there for whom you could say business is booming.
Despite its strong defense performance, boosting revenues to $159 million in 1993, Nichols was already making plans to move the company into the civilian and commercial arena, particularly by leveraging its I/T experience into contracts for commercial computer services. Toward this end, the company eyed the health care industry, which, in terms of information technology, lagged some 20 years behind the banking and finance industries, offering Nichols the opportunity to gain strong market share in what would inevitably become a multibillion dollar business. Information technology was also seen as an important factor in Nichols’s defense growth, as I/T was becoming an increasingly significant factor in government defense spending.
The company’s diversification moves came at the right time. In 1994, Nichols recorded its first declines in its history, with revenues dropping to $143 million and net income falling to $6.5 million. To step up its I/T growth, Nichols set out to expand the company with a series of acquisitions that would bring additional, and crucial, I/T capacity. In July 1994, the company announced its intention to acquire Communications and Systems Specialists, a $6 million company based in Maryland that specialized in computer simulations and I/T services for NASA and the intelligence agencies. Nichols followed that acquisition with that of Computer Services Corporation, based in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1995, adding that company’s base of health care information services. A third acquisition followed soon after, when the company picked up another Alabama firm, Conway Computer Group, which provided software and I/T services to the insurance industry, including workers’ compensation cases, risk management, underwriting, and other insurance areas. These acquisitions helped raised Nichols’s revenues to $170 million in 1995; they also helped the company secure prime commercial contracts, including a more than $10 million contract with Federal Express for multimedia training services and a $35.8 million contract with the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta for computer support services.
Entering its 1996 fiscal year, Nichols had already raised its I/T capacity to 35 percent of the company’s revenues. Its defense work, however, continued to be strong: In April 1996, the company won the first of four DoD contracts for upgrading the agency’s consolidated supercomputing centers. One month later, the company surprised the defense industry by winning the second of the four contracts. Together, the two contracts were worth more than $300 million over eight years. Meanwhile, Nichols was continuing to expand through acquisitions. In June 1996, the company purchased Advanced Marine Enterprises, Inc., a maker of advanced simulation and virtual reality technology for naval and marine applications. The company also picked up 20 percent of TXEN, Inc., a database management provider for the health care, insurance, and third-party administrator markets. Nichols announced its intention to purchase the rest of TXEN in June 1997. Nichols also teamed with Medifinancial Solutions, Inc. of New Jersey to form Healthshares L.L.C, a joint venture engaged in providing integrated information systems and support services to the health care industry.
Nichols’s expansion efforts quickly proved profitable. The company ended its 1996 fiscal year with $242.3 million, up 42 percent over the year before, generating $9.4 million in net income. And, with a backlog of $1 billion in contracts and another $500 million in options as well as plans to make more than $1 billion in new bids in its 1997 fiscal year, Nichols’s growth seemed certain to continue beyond the turn of the century.
Principal Subsidiaries: Communications & Systems Specialists, Inc.; Conway Computer Group; Computer Services Corporation; TXEN, Inc. (19.9%); Healthshares L.L.C (50%).
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<a href= http://companies.jrank.org/pages/3710/Science-Applications-International-Corporation.html >Science Applications International Corporation Business Information, Profile, and History</a>
SAIC
Science Applications International Corporation Business Information, Profile, and History
10260 Campus Point Drive
San Diego, California 92121
U.S.A.
Science Applications International Corporation is a leading U.S. specialty technology company. Its activities have traditionally been related primarily to the defense industry, but the organization also develops technology and provides research for a wide range of environmental, security, data processing, transportation, and other applications. The unique enterprise boasts a long track record of success as a high-tech hothouse and brain trust. Science Applications has played a pivotal role in the development of many of the technologies that have made the U.S. defense complex the most advanced in the world. From atomic weapons systems designed in the 1970s to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or Star Wars ) launched in the 1980s, the company has supplied important brain power. Largely because of its focus on defense, but also because it is has always been privately owned, Science Applications has traditionally operated as a very secretive, low-profile company that shunned publicity and diffused little information about its operations or activities. Only since the late 1980s, when it began to diversify away from the defense sector, did the organization gradually allow greater public exposure.
Science Applications was founded in 1969 by Dr. J. Robert Beyster, a nuclear physicist. Beyster was working at General Atomic Co. (later called GA Technologies Inc.) before he jumped ship to establish his own venture. He and a team of about 20 employees managed to generate revenues from research and development contracts during their first year of about $250,000. Beyster and his associates would parlay that early success into a $1 billion-plus company with thousands of employees around the world by the 1980s. Although little is known about the specifics of the company’s early projects, it is clear that its technological expertise was sought by U.S. defense and energy establishments. For two decades after the startup, in fact, Science Applications’ stock price rose at an impressive compound annual rate of 27 percent.
Beyster attributed his company’s stunning growth during the 1970s and 1980s to a simple set of management principles to which he adhered: hire the smartest people; give employees authority and a voice in company operations; build business in areas where the company is most capable; and get out of areas where the company is weak. That guiding philosophy had evolved over time, as Beyster observed his competitors and labored to avoid the pitfalls that brought them down. Specifically, Beyster noted that many companies in high-tech industries languished after following the traditional route of attracting venture capital and then taking the company public by selling stock in the market.
Beyster saw that those companies, after going public, typically suffered a loss of talent, because the entrepreneurial atmosphere that had attracted that talent was effectively obliterated by the oppressive influence of outside investors. Thus, he decided early to resist the temptation of outside investment. Beyster was able to get financial backing during the startup from a local lending manager at Bank of America in La Jolla, California. In addition, Science Application raised about $200,000 in capital through a private placement of stock, a move that Beyster later regretted. He learned from the experience and later bought back all of the shares for a pricey $2 million. I began to learn, if you don’t need the money, it’s much better to have the equity stand in the hands of the people of the company, Beyster remarked.
Thus, an important element of Science Application’s strategy became its compensation system, whereby employees were granted ownership in the company, in addition to salaries and benefits. Beyster started out using the compensation system to reward people who brought in new business. He soon realized that he could also use the system to motivate engineers, technicians, secretaries, and others. Every quarter, employees were rewarded, according to their performance, with the opportunity to buy more stock in the company. The net result was that all of the company’s employees had a vested interested in the performance of the overall organization and were therefore willing to work to ensure its success.
In addition to giving talented employees a reason to stay at the company (they had to sell their stock if they quit), Beyster profited by adhering to a philosophy of employee empowerment that would become the hallmark of the top management gurus beginning in the mid-1980s. Science Applications became a company made up almost entirely of engineers and technicians, having no marketing department or outside sales force, and only a thin top layer of management. The lack of a traditional management structure forced employees to become their own bosses and create their own profit centers. They basically had to find and bring jobs into the company, and then organize and complete the projects. One employee described the company as a farmers market with central heat, meaning that Science Applications supplied the financial, administrative, and management support, while individuals and groups within the company autonomously operated their own ventures.
By the early 1980s Science Applications was generating about $300 million in annual sales and capturing healthy profits. Sales jumped to $420 million in 1985–a 19 percent gain over the previous year–and net income grew to $14.5 million. Those gains were partly the result of increased spending by the Federal Government, particularly on defense. Indeed, in 1985 Science Applications was garnering nearly 90 percent of its total revenue from federal contracts and about two-thirds just from the Department of Defense. By category, the company’s projects were roughly broken down into national security (65 percent of company sales), energy (15 percent), and environmental protection (ten percent), with miscellaneous projects accounting for the remainder of sales.
Science Applications’ growth by the mid-1980s was impressive, particularly given the fact that it was primarily a service company that developed, rather than manufactured, technology. The company did produce a few products. It built some high-tech military items like a personal computer adapted for battlefield use, and even tried to sell shrink-wrapped software products in the consumer market (the effort failed partly because of a weak marketing and distribution system). But its emphasis was on the research, design, and development of cutting-edge systems and software for clients ranging from the Central Intelligence Agency to the Department of Energy.
Examples of projects for which Science Applications had been hired included the design of nuclear submarines and subsystems, research into artificial intelligence, nuclear energy systems, and the locating and construction of toxic waste disposal sites. Among the company’s biggest contracts by the mid-1980s was the $191 million job of packaging an electronic warfare system for an undisclosed foreign navy. Illustrating the wide scope of the organization’s activities was its contract to design the yacht that American Dennis Connor sailed to victory to recapture the America’s Cup. Science Applications designed and tested more than 40 scale models of 12-meter ship hulls before settling on the design for the famed Stars & Stripes.
Among the more intriguing projects with which Science Applications was involved were a bevy of high-tech, futuristic undertakings reminiscent of James Bond techno-frills. For example, the company operated a Soviet studies institute in Denver, Colorado, that was designed to aid the Pentagon in developing war strategies and plans. Various endeavors at the center included the research of military uses for the Arctic, designing a flight simulator for the B-1B bomber, and developing a space/air craft (the transatmospheric vehicle) that could fly along the fringes of space and reach any point on the globe within 90 minutes.
While Beyster’s simple operating strategy was still producing stellar results in the mid-1980s, he realized that the organization was going to have to adapt if it was going to succeed in the late 1980s and 1990s. Part of the change was being forced by the evolving nature of some federal contracts, which were becoming larger in scope. For example, the massive Star Wars project, for which Science Applications was hired, required that the company suspend its entrepreneurial team approach and bring together several groups to work in a more structured environment. To that end, Beyster felt the need to add a new chief financial officer and a controller to the executive ranks, and to focus on developing more skilled managers that could oversee huge projects.
Furthermore, Beyster realized that the company’s system of marketing was becoming obsolete. In the past, the company had secured most of its projects directly from government officials. It didn’t have to bid on the jobs because it was often the only company that possessed the technology necessary to complete a particular project. That situation began to change in the 1980s when more companies started vying for lucrative government contracts, and when the Federal Government started clamping down on the contracting process and requiring companies like Science Applications to submit fixed-price, competitive bids for jobs.
While Beyster tweaked operating and management systems, he left the proven compensation system intact. Furthermore, he continued to evade publicity; even by the late 1980s the company’s main offices (in La Jolla, California, and McLean, Virginia) bore no outside mark or reference disclosing the company’s name or purpose. The overall strategy seemed to work, as Science Application’s sales rose to 43 percent in 1986 to $600 million. Revenues continued to rise rapidly in 1987, by which time the company was employing 7,000 workers in 17 cities around the United States. Those workers owned about 90 percent of Science Applications’ stock.
The defense contracting industry was stifled beginning in the late 1980s and throughout the early 1990s by marked reductions in federal spending, particularly on defense. It was that slowdown that proved the value of Science Applications’ flexible and entrepreneurial management system. When the defense contracts began drying up, the large but nimble Science Applications organization quickly adapted. To sustain its federal contracts, the company began emphasizing technologies that complemented the governments new cost-cutting and efficiency approach. At the same time, it began to aggressively market its services to the private sector, often drawing on technology developed for the government.
Among the new contracts secured during the early 1990s, was a $200 million contract to develop a hospital information system for the Veteran’s Administration, and a $150 million agreement with NASA to study natural and human-induced changes (including global warming) in the global environment. It also won a job to provide a workstation-based score-reporting system for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Ballard Power Systems, of Canada, hired Science Applications to develop the world’s first fuel-cell-powered transit bus. And IBM and J.B. Hunt Transport Inc. contracted the company to help design a system that communicated, via satellite and hand-held bar code readers, the status of freight on the road. At the same time, Science Applications was able to land a few of the major military contracts that were still available, such as a $200 million deal to help design a system for the U.S. Army’s Missile Command (MICOM).
Science Applications’ spate of new civilian and military contracts allowed it to increase sales substantially to $1.29 billion in 1992, about $33 million of which was netted as income. Its work force by that time had grown to 14,500 worldwide. While it made impressive advances in the marketplace, the company was less successful in court. The year 1992, in particular, brought a string of temporary legal setbacks. First, a former executive filed a bias suit against the firm. Then, a former rocket scientist was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison for illegally exporting Star Wars technology to Japan and South Africa. Finally, another Science Applications ex-employee won a $3.17 million wrongful termination and gender-bias suit against the company.
Despite those hurdles, Science Applications achieved strong growth going into the mid-1990s. Sales rose to a record $1.7 billion in 1994 (fiscal year ended January 31, 1994) and profits hit $41.5 million, as the company’s work force increased to 17,000. In 1995, moreover, revenues grew to $1.9 billion and net income increased to $49 million. Those figures represented 26 successive years of revenue and profit growth, thus solidifying Science Applications’ status as one of the most successful employee-owned companies in the United States.
A diversity of new projects at Science Applications in the mid-1990s included: the development of combat simulators that integrated virtual reality technology for the U.S. Army; the creation of a new office in Mexico to provide environmental protection services; the creation of an inspection systems designed to detect smuggled explosives and drugs; and a $1 billion contract to computerize military health records. Beyster, the company’s founder, was still chairman of the board going into 1996.
Related information about Science Applications International Corporation
Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) is the largest
employee-owned research and engineering firm in the United States. As of 2006, SAIC employed over 43,000 employees and reported $7.8 billion in revenue, making it number 285 on the Fortune 500 list.
Although SAIC is a large technology firm with numerous federal, state, and private sector clients, its traditional expertise has been supporting the United States Department of Defense and the Intelligence Community, including the National Security Agency. Other large contracts include their lead on a contract for information technology for the 2004 Olympics in Greece and from 2001 to 2005, SAIC was the primary contractor for the FBI’s failed Virtual Case File project http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/17/AR2006081701485.html.
Dr. Beyster founded SAIC on the principles of employee ownership: that those who care about the value of a company (the shareholders) should be the same as the people responsible for producing that value (the employees). In May 2005, under the new CEO, the company changed its external tagline from An Employee-Owned Company to From Science to Solutions, retaining the former for internal communications.
On September 1, 2005, SAIC announced that its Board of Directors had decided to conduct an initial public offering (IPO) of common stock worth in excess of US$1.7 billion, with a proposed NYSE listing under the symbol SAI.
http://companies.jrank.org/pages/3710/Science-Applications-International-Corporation.html
***
Ken Dahlberg
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Elected 2003
Ken Dahlberg was named the chief executive officer of Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) on November 3, 2003 and chairman of the board on July 16, 2004. Prior to joining SAIC, Dahlberg served as executive vice president of General Dynamics where he was responsible for the company’s Information Systems and Technology Group.
Dahlberg began his career with Hughes Aircraft in June 1967. He held various engineering, program management and leadership positions with Hughes. At Hughes, he served as president of the division that produced air traffic control hardware, systems and radar; then was president of the division that produced weapons systems, naval systems and tank systems, and later was president of the Sensors and Communications division. When Raytheon acquired Hughes Aircraft in 1997, he became president and chief operating officer of Raytheon Systems Company and oversaw operations of the defense business units. Three years later, he assumed the duties of executive vice president for business development and president of Raytheon International. In this role, he was Raytheon’s principal liaison with its defense customers and directed its international and domestic business development.
Dahlberg received a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Drexel University in 1967, a master’s degree in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California in 1969 and attended the University of California business school for advanced education for executives. He is a director of Teledyne Technologies and the National Defense Industrial Association, and a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, the Surface Navy Association, the Association of the United States Army, and a lifetime member of the United States Navy League.
Member Member of the Classified Business Oversight Committee
Member Member of the Ethics & Corp Responsibility Committee
Member Member of the Stock & Acquisition Transactions Committee
http://investors.saic.com/directors.cfm
Kenneth C. Dahlberg is an American engineer and corporate executive. Dahlberg is CEO, chairman of the board, and president of Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). He became CEO on November 3, 2003 and chairman of the board on July 16, 2004.[1]
Dahlberg majored in electrical engineering at Drexel University and the University of Southern California, where he received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in 1967 and 1969, respectively.[1][2]
In 1967 he started his career with Hughes Aircraft, where he held various engineering, program management and leadership positions and served successively as president of three different corporate divisions. After Raytheon acquired Hughes in 1997, he became president and chief operating officer of Raytheon Systems Company. In 2000, he became executive vice president for business development and president of Raytheon International.[1]
Before joining SAIC, he was a vice president at General Dynamics.
References
1. ^ a b c Ken Dahlberg, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, SAIC website, accessed March 4, 2009
2. ^ CEO Compensation #314 Kenneth C Dahlberg, Forbes.com, 04.30.08, accessed March 4, 2009
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_C._Dahlberg
***
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SAIC: From Science to Solutions®
SAIC is a leading provider of scientific, engineering, systems integration and technical services and solutions.
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News results for SAIC
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SAN DIEGO – Science Applications International Corp. said Thursday it received a contract from the U.S. Strategic Command for technical assistance and support services.
The multiple-award, indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract has a one-year base period, four one-year options and is capped at a maximum of $900 million, SAIC said.
Under the contract, SAIC said it will provide technical analysis and studies for programs and strategies as needed to U.S. Strategic Command.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29527039/
***
Sociological factors
People experiencing homelessness living in cardboard boxes in Los Angeles, California.
Some poverty in the United States is the result of social institutions which contribute to and sustain poverty. [41] Some claim that poverty is also the product of deindustrialization. As the U.S. shifts from a manufacturing, industrial society to a service-oriented, high-tech society, many of the blue-collar jobs that required little education but paid well are disappearing or being outsourced.[41] Rural areas, such as Appalachia, suffer losses of mining jobs.
Controversy
There has been significant disagreement about poverty in the United States; particularly over how poverty ought to be defined. Using radically different definitions, two major groups of advocates dispute whether or not more resources are needed to help lessen poverty. Liberals consistently claim that more resources are needed to alleviate poverty. Conservatives often argue that the condition of the poor does not presently require more resources but rather an allocation that encourages a temporary dependence upon the American social safety net.
Much of the debate about poverty focuses on statistical measures of poverty and the clash between advocates and opponents of welfare programs and government regulation of the free market.
Concerns regarding accuracy
In recent years, there have been a number of concerns raised about the official U.S. poverty measure. In 1995, the National Research Council’s Committee on National Statistics convened a panel on measuring poverty. The findings of the panel were that the official poverty measure in the United States is flawed and does not adequately inform policy-makers or the public about who is poor and who is not poor.
Understating poverty
Many sociologists and government officials have argued that poverty in the United States is understated, meaning that there are more households living in actual poverty than there are households below the poverty threshold.[48] A recent NPR report states that as much as 30% of Americans have trouble making ends meet and other advocates have made supporting claims that the rate of actual poverty in the US is far higher than that calculated by using the poverty threshold.[48] While the poverty threshold is updated for inflation every year, the basket of goods used to determine what constitutes being deprived of a socially acceptable miniumum standard of living has not been updated since 1955. As a result, the current poverty line only takes goods into account that were common more than 50 years ago, updating their cost using the Consumer Price Index. Mollie Orshansky, who devised the original goods basket and methodology to measure poverty, used by the U.S. government, in 1963-65, updated the goods basket in 2000, finding that the actual poverty threshold, i.e. the point where a person is excluded from the nation’s prevailing consumption patterns, is at roughly 170% of the official poverty threshold.[1] According to John Schwarzt, a political scientist at the University of Arizona,
The official poverty line today is essentially what it takes in today’s dollars, adjusted for inflation, to purchase the same poverty-line level of living that was appropriate to a half century ago, in 1955, for that year furnished the basic data for the formula for the very first poverty measure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States
***
Cabinet of President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
Vice President
George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)
Ronald Reagan, fortieth President of the United States
Secretary of State
Alexander M. Haig, Jr. (1981–1982) • George P. Shultz (1982–1989)
Secretary of the Treasury
Donald T. Regan (1981–1985) • James A. Baker, III (1985–1988) • Nicholas F. Brady (1988–1989)
Secretary of Defense
Caspar W. Weinberger (1981–1987) • Frank C. Carlucci (1987–1989)
Attorney General
William French Smith (1981–1985) • Edwin Meese III (1985–1988) • Richard L. Thornburgh (1988–1989)
Secretary of the Interior
James G. Watt (1981–1983) • William P. Clark, Jr. (1983–1985) • Donald P. Hodel (1985–1989)
Secretary of Agriculture
John R. Block (1981–1986) • Richard E. Lyng (1986–1989)
Secretary of Commerce
Malcolm Baldrige, Jr. (1981–1987) • C. William Verity, Jr. (1987–1989)
Secretary of Labor
Raymond J. Donovan (1981–1985) • William E. Brock (1985–1987) • Ann Dore McLaughlin (1987–1989)
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Richard S. Schweiker (1981–1983) • Margaret M. Heckler (1983–1985) • Otis R. Bowen (1985–1989)
Secretary of Education
T. H. Bell (1981–1985) • William J. Bennett (1985–1988) • Lauro F. Cavazos (1988–1989)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Samuel R. Pierce, Jr. (1981–1989)
Secretary of Transportation
Andrew L. Lewis, Jr. (1981–1983) • Elizabeth H. Dole (1983–1987) • James H. Burnley IV (1988–1989)
Secretary of Energy
James B. Edwards (1981–1983) • Donald P. Hodel (1983–1985) • John S. Herrington (1985–1989)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Haig
***
34. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER 1953-1961
Bringing to the Presidency his prestige as commanding general of the victorious forces in Europe during World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower obtained a truce in Korea and worked incessantly during his two terms to ease the tensions of the Cold War. He pursued the moderate policies of Modern Republicanism, pointing out as he left office, America is today the strongest, most influential, and most productive nation in the world.
Born in Texas in 1890, brought up in Abilene, Kansas, Eisenhower was the third of seven sons. He excelled in sports in high school, and received an appointment to West Point. Stationed in Texas as a second lieutenant, he met Mamie Geneva Doud, whom he married in 1916.
In his early Army career, he excelled in staff assignments, serving under Generals John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur, and Walter Krueger. After Pearl Harbor, General George C. Marshall called him to Washington for a war plans assignment. He commanded the Allied Forces landing in North Africa in November 1942; on D-Day, 1944, he was Supreme Commander of the troops invading France.
After the war, he became President of Columbia University, then took leave to assume supreme command over the new NATO forces being assembled in 1951. Republican emissaries to his headquarters near Paris persuaded him to run for President in 1952.
I like Ike was an irresistible slogan; Eisenhower won a sweeping victory.
Negotiating from military strength, he tried to reduce the strains of the Cold War. In 1953, the signing of a truce brought an armed peace along the border of South Korea. The death of Stalin the same year caused shifts in relations with Russia.
New Russian leaders consented to a peace treaty neutralizing Austria. Meanwhile, both Russia and the United States had developed hydrogen bombs. With the threat of such destructive force hanging over the world, Eisenhower, with the leaders of the British, French, and Russian governments, met at Geneva in July 1955.
The President proposed that the United States and Russia exchange blueprints of each other’s military establishments and provide within our countries facilities for aerial photography to the other country. The Russians greeted the proposal with silence, but were so cordial throughout the meetings that tensions relaxed.
Suddenly, in September 1955, Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in Denver, Colorado. After seven weeks he left the hospital, and in February 1956 doctors reported his recovery. In November he was elected for his second term.
In domestic policy the President pursued a middle course, continuing most of the New Deal and Fair Deal programs, emphasizing a balanced budget. As desegregation of schools began, he sent troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, to assure compliance with the orders of a Federal court; he also ordered the complete desegregation of the Armed Forces. There must be no second class citizens in this country, he wrote.
Eisenhower concentrated on maintaining world peace. He watched with pleasure the development of his atoms for peace program–the loan of American uranium to have not nations for peaceful purposes.
Before he left office in January 1961, for his farm in Gettysburg, he urged the necessity of maintaining an adequate military strength, but cautioned that vast, long-continued military expenditures could breed potential dangers to our way of life. He concluded with a prayer for peace in the goodness of time. Both themes remained timely and urgent when he died, after a long illness, on March 28, 1969.
For more information about President Eisenhower, please visit
Dwight D. Eisenhower Library and Museum
http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower/
***
Dwight D. Eisenhower
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Semi-protected
Eisenhower redirects here. For The Slip’s album, see Eisenhower (album).
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower
34th President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
Vice President Richard Nixon
Preceded by Harry S. Truman
Succeeded by John F. Kennedy
1st Supreme Allied Commander Europe
In office
April 2, 1951 – May 30, 1952
Preceded by Post Created
Succeeded by Gen. Matthew Ridgway
1st Military Governor of the American Occupation Zone in Germany
In office
May 8 – November 10, 1945
Preceded by Post Created
Succeeded by Gen. George Patton (acting)
Born October 14, 1890(1890-10-14)
Denison, Texas, United States
Died March 28, 1969 (aged 78)
Washington, D.C., United States
Birth name David Dwight Eisenhower
Nationality United States
Political party Republican
Spouse Mamie Doud Eisenhower
Children Doud Dwight Eisenhower,
John Sheldon David Doud Eisenhower
Alma mater U.S. Military Academy
West Point, New York, United States
Occupation Soldier
Religion Presbyterian
Signature Dwight D. Eisenhower’s signature
Military service
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service 1915–1953, 1961–1969
Rank General of the Army
Commands Europe
Battles/wars World War II
Awards Army Distinguished Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters,
Legion of Merit,
Order of the Bath,
Order of Merit,
Legion of Honor
(partial list)
Eisenhower with his wife Mamie on the steps of St. Mary’s University of San Antonio, Texas in 1916, where Eisenhower was at the time a football coach.
Part of the 1912 West Point football team. Cadet Eisenhower 2nd from left; Cadet Omar Bradley 2nd from right.
Dwight David “Ike” Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general in the United States Army. During the Second World War, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.[1]
As President, he oversaw the cease-fire of the Korean War, kept up the pressure on the Soviet Union during the Cold War, made nuclear weapons a higher defense priority, launched the Space Race, enlarged the Social Security program, and began the Interstate Highway System. He was the last World War I veteran to serve as U.S. president.
Contents
* 1 Early life and family
o 1.1 Religion
o 1.2 Education
o 1.3 Athletic career
* 2 Early military career
* 3 World War II
* 4 Aftermath of World War II
o 4.1 Occupation of Germany
o 4.2 Columbia University and NATO
o 4.3 Entry into politics
* 5 Presidency 1953–1961
o 5.1 Interstate Highway System
o 5.2 Eisenhower Doctrine
o 5.3 Civil rights
o 5.4 Judicial appointments
+ 5.4.1 Supreme Court
+ 5.4.2 Other courts
o 5.5 States admitted to the Union
o 5.6 End of presidency
* 6 Post-presidency
o 6.1 Death and funeral
o 6.2 Legacy
* 7 Tributes and memorials
* 8 Awards and decorations
o 8.1 United States awards
o 8.2 International awards
o 8.3 Other honors
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 Further reading
o 11.1 Military career
o 11.2 Civilian career
o 11.3 Primary sources
* 12 External links
Early life and family
Eisenhower family home, Abilene, Kansas
Eisenhower was born David Dwight Eisenhower in Denison, Texas,[2] the first president born in that state. He was the third of seven sons[3] born to David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Elizabeth Stover, of German, English and Swiss ancestry. The house in which he was born has been preserved as Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site and is operated by the Texas Historical Commission.
He was named David Dwight and was called Dwight; he reversed the order of his given names when he entered West Point,[4], which is also where he received his nickname, Ike .[5]
Eisenhower’s paternal ancestors can be traced back to Hans Nicolas Eisenhauer, whose surname is German for iron worker. [6] Hans Eisenhauer and his family emigrated from Karlsbrunn (Saarland), Germany to Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1741. Descendants made their way west. Eisenhower’s family settled in Abilene, Kansas in 1892. His father David Eisenhower was a college-educated engineer.[7] Eisenhower graduated from Abilene High School in 1909.[8]
Eisenhower married Mamie Geneva Doud (1896–1979) of Denver, Colorado on July 1, 1916. The couple had two sons. Doud Dwight Eisenhower was born September 24, 1917, and died of scarlet fever on January 2, 1921, at the age of three.[9] Their second son, John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower, was born the following year on August 3, 1922; John served in the United States Army (retiring as a brigadier general from the Army reserve), became an author, and served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971. John, coincidentally, graduated from West Point on D-Day, June 6, 1944, and was married to Barbara Jean Thompson in a June wedding in 1947. John and Barbara had four children: Dwight David II David , Barbara Ann, Susan Elaine and Mary Jean. David, after whom Camp David is named, married Richard Nixon’s daughter Julie in 1968.
Religion
Eisenhower’s paternal ancestor, Hans Nicholas Eisenhauer, was probably of Lutheran or Reformed Protestant practice.[citation needed] Eisenhower’s mother, Ida E. Stover Eisenhower, previously a member of the River Brethren sect of the Mennonites, joined the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (now more commonly known as Jehovah’s Witnesses) between 1895 and 1900, when Eisenhower was a child.[10] The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915.
When Eisenhower joined the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1911, his ties to Jehovah’s Witnesses were weakened because of the group’s anti-militarist stance.[11][12] By 1915, his parents’ home no longer served as the meeting hall. All the men in the household abandoned the Witnesses as adults. Some hid their previous affiliation.[13][14] At his death in 1942, Eisenhower’s father was given funeral rites as though he remained a Jehovah’s Witness. Eisenhower’s mother continued as an active Jehovah’s Witness until her death. Despite their differences in religious beliefs, Eisenhower enjoyed a close relationship with his mother.
Eisenhower was baptized, confirmed, and became a communicant in the Presbyterian Church in a single ceremony on February 1, 1953, just 12 days after his first inauguration.[15] He is the only president known to have undertaken these rites while in office. Eisenhower was instrumental in the addition of the words under God to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954, and the 1956 adoption of In God We Trust as the motto of the US, and its 1957 introduction on paper currency. In his retirement years, he was a member of the Gettysburg Presbyterian Church.[16] The chapel at his presidential library is intentionally inter-denominational.
He questioned Billy Graham about how people can be certain they are going to Heaven after death.[17]
Eisenhower was sworn into office with his personal West Point Bible, open to Psalm 33:12, at both his 1953 and 1957 inaugural ceremonies. Additionally for 1953, he included the Bible that George Washington had used in 1789 (belonging to St. John’s Masonic Lodge No. 1), opened to II Chronicles 7:14.[18][19]
Education
Dwight D. Eisenhower attended Abilene High School in Abilene, Kansas and graduated with the class of 1909.[8] He then took a job as a night foreman at the Belle Springs Creamery.[20]
After Dwight worked for two years to support his brother Edgar’s college education, a friend urged him to apply to the Naval Academy. Though Eisenhower passed the entrance exam, he was beyond the age of eligibility for admission to the Naval Academy.[21]
Kansas Senator Joseph L. Bristow recommended Dwight for an appointment to the Military Academy in 1911, which he received.[21] Eisenhower graduated in the upper half of the class of 1915.[22] The 1915 class was known as the class the stars fell on , because 59 members eventually became general officers.
Athletic career
Eisenhower long had aspirations of playing professional baseball:
“ When I was a small boy in Kansas, a friend of mine and I went fishing and as we sat there in the warmth of the summer afternoon on a river bank, we talked about what we wanted to do when we grew up. I told him that I wanted to be a real major league baseball player, a genuine professional like Honus Wagner. My friend said that he’d like to be President of the United States. Neither of us got our wish.[23] ”
At West Point, Eisenhower tried out for the baseball team but did not make it. He would later say that not making the baseball team at West Point was one of the greatest disappointments of my life, maybe my greatest. [23] But Eisenhower did make the football team. He started as a varsity running back and linebacker in 1912. In a bit of a fabled match-up, he even tackled the legendary Jim Thorpe in a 1912 game.[24] The next week however, Eisenhower would hurt his knee after being tackled around the ankles, which he would soon worsen and permanently damage on horseback and in the boxing ring.[25] He would later serve as junior varsity football coach and yell leader.
Controversy persists over whether Eisenhower played minor league (semi-professional) baseball for Junction City in the Central Kansas League the year before he attended West Point and played amateur football there.
In 1916, while stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Eisenhower was football coach for St. Louis College, now St. Mary’s University.[26][27]
Early military career
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See also: Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower
Eisenhower enrolled at the United States Military Academy at West Point in June 1911. His parents were against militarism, but did not object to his entering West Point because they supported his education. Eisenhower was a strong athlete and enjoyed notable successes in his competitive endeavors. In 1912, a spectacular Eisenhower touchdown won praise from the sports reporter of the New York Herald, and he even managed, with the help of a linebacker teammate, to tackle the legendary Jim Thorpe. In the very next week, however, his promising sports career ended when he incurred a severe knee injury.
Memorial To Eisenhower at West Point.
Eisenhower graduated in 1915. He served with the infantry until 1918 at various camps in Texas and Georgia. During World War I, Eisenhower became the #3 leader of the new tank corps and rose to temporary (Bvt.) Lieutenant Colonel in the National Army. He spent the war training tank crews in Pennsylvania and never saw combat. After the war, Eisenhower reverted to his regular rank of captain (and was promoted to major a few days later) before assuming duties at Camp Meade, Maryland, where he remained until 1922. His interest in tank warfare was strengthened by many conversations with George S. Patton and other senior tank leaders; however their ideas on tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors.[28]
Eisenhower became executive officer to General Fox Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where he served until 1924. Under Conner’s tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Karl von Clausewitz’s On War), and later cited Conner’s enormous influence on his military thinking. In 1925–26, he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas,[29] and then served as a battalion commander at Fort Benning, Georgia until 1927.
The Eisenhowers by the Malecón in Manila, Philippines
During the late 1920s and early 1930s Eisenhower’s career in the peacetime Army stagnated; many of his friends resigned for high paying business jobs. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission, directed by General John J. Pershing, then to the Army War College, and then served as executive officer to General George V. Mosely, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to 1933. He then served as chief military aide to General Douglas MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff, until 1935, when he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines, where he served as assistant military adviser to the Philippine government. It is sometimes said that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton and Bernard Law Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower was promoted to lieutenant colonel (in a non-brevet status) in 1936 after sixteen years as a major. He also learned to fly, although he was never rated as a military pilot. He made a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937.
Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in 1939 and held a series of staff positions in Washington, D.C., California and Texas. In June 1941, he was appointed Chief of Staff to General Walter Krueger, Commander of the 3rd Army, at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. He was promoted to brigadier general on October 3, 1941[30]. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command and was far from being considered as a potential commander of major operations.
World War II
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008)
Eisenhower (seated, middle) with other US Army officers, 1945. From left to right, the front row includes Simpson, Patton, Spaatz, Eisenhower, Bradley, Hodges, and Gerow.
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division, General Leonard T. Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Then he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of Operations Division under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall. It was his close association with Marshall that finally brought Eisenhower to senior command positions. Marshall recognized his great organizational and administrative abilities.[31]
In 1942, Eisenhower was appointed Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA) and was based in London. In November, he was also appointed Supreme Commander Allied (Expeditionary) Force of the North African Theater of Operations (NATOUSA) through the new operational Headquarters A(E)FHQ. The word expeditionary was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British 8th Army, commanded by General Bernard Law Montgomery. The 8th Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to be commander of NATOUSA. After the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa, Eisenhower remained in command of the renamed Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO), keeping the operational title and continued in command of NATOUSA redesignated MTOUSA. In this position he oversaw the invasion of Sicily and the invasion of the Italian mainland.
Eisenhower speaks with U.S. paratroopers of the 502d Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division on the evening of June 5, 1944.
In December 1943, it was announced that Eisenhower would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. In January 1944, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. In these positions he was charged with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of western Europe and the invasion of Germany. A month after the Normandy D-Day landings on June 6, 1944, the invasion of southern France took place, and control of the forces which took part in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. From then until the end of the War in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower through SHAEF had supreme command of all operational Allied forces2, and through his command of ETOUSA, administrative command of all U.S. forces, on the Western Front north of the Alps.
As recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He dealt skillfully with difficult subordinates such as Omar Bradley and Patton, and allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He had fundamental disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He negotiated with Soviet Marshal Zhukov[32], and such was the confidence that President Franklin D. Roosevelt had in him, he sometimes worked directly with Stalin, much to the chagrin of the British High Command who disliked being bypassed. During the advance towards Berlin, he was notified by General Bradley that Allied forces would suffer an estimated 100,000 casualties before taking the city. The Soviet Army sustained 80,000 casualties during the fighting in and around Berlin, the last large number of casualties suffered in the war against Nazism.[33][34]
It was never certain that Operation Overlord would succeed. The seriousness surrounding the entire decision, including the timing and the location of the Normandy invasion, might be summarized by a second shorter speech that Eisenhower wrote in advance, in case he needed it. Long after the successful landings on D-Day and the BBC broadcast of Eisenhower’s brief speech concerning them, the never-used second speech was found in a shirt pocket by an aide. It read:
Our landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the Navy did all that bravery and devotion to duty could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt, it is mine alone.
Aftermath of World War II
Occupation of Germany
Eisenhower served as Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army from 1945–48.
Eisenhower as General of the Army.
The Supreme Commanders on June 5, 1945 in Berlin: Bernard Montgomery, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Georgy Zhukov and Jean de Lattre de Tassigny.
Following the German unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based in Frankfurt am Main. Germany was divided into four Occupation Zones, one each for the U.S., Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. Upon full discovery of the death camps that were part of the Final Solution (Holocaust), he ordered camera crews to comprehensively document evidence of the atrocity for use in the war crimes tribunals. He made the decision to reclassify German prisoners of war (POWs) in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs), thus depriving them of the protection of the Geneva convention. As DEFs, their food rations could be lowered and they could be compelled to serve as unfree labor (see Rheinwiesenlager). Eisenhower was an early supporter of the Morgenthau Plan to permanently remove Germany’s industrial capacity to wage future wars. In November 1945 he approved the distribution of 1000 free copies of Morgenthau’s book Germany is Our Problem, which promoted and described the plan in detail, to American military officials in occupied Germany. Historian Stephen Ambrose draws the conclusion that, despite Eisenhower’s later claims the act was not an endorsement of the Morgenthau plan, Eisenhower both approved of the plan and had previously given Morgenthau at least some of his ideas about how Germany should be treated.[35] He also incorporated officials from Morgenthau’s Treasury into the army of occupation. These were commonly called Morgenthau boys for their zeal in interpreting the occupation directive JCS 1067, which had been heavily influenced by Morgenthau and his plan, as strictly as possible.[36]
Columbia University and NATO
In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University.[37] In December 1950, he took leave from the university when he became the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service on May 31, 1952, and resumed the university presidency, which he held until January 1953.
1948 also was the year that Eisenhower’s memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published.[38] It is widely regarded as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs.
Entry into politics
Main article: United States presidential election, 1952
After his many wartime successes, Eisenhower was a great hero in the U.S. He was unusual for a military hero as he never saw the front line in his life. The nearest he came to being under enemy fire was in 1944 when a German fighter strafed the ground while he was inspecting troops in Normandy. Eisenhower dove for cover like everyone else and after the plane flew off, a British brigadier helped him up and seemed very relieved he was not hurt. When Eisenhower thanked him for his solicitude, the brigadier deflated him by explaining my concern was that you should not be injured in my sector. [citation needed]
Not long after his return in 1952, a Draft Eisenhower movement in the Republican party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert Taft. (Eisenhower had been courted by both parties in 1948 and had declined to run then.) Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination but came to an agreement that Taft would stay out of foreign affairs while Eisenhower followed a conservative domestic policy. Eisenhower’s campaign was noted for the simple but effective slogan I Like Ike and was a crusade against the Truman administration’s policies regarding Korea, Communism and Corruption. [39] Truman, formerly a friend of Eisenhower’s, never forgave him for not denouncing Senator Joseph McCarthy during the 1952 campaign.[39] Truman said he had previously thought Eisenhower would be a great President, but he has betrayed almost everything I thought he stood for. [39]
Eisenhower promised during his campaign to go to Korea himself and end the war there. He also promised to maintain both a strong NATO commitment against Communism and a corruption-free frugal administration at home. He and his running mate Richard Nixon, whose daughter later married Eisenhower’s grandson David, defeated Democrats Adlai Stevenson and John Sparkman in a landslide, marking the first Republican return to the White House in 20 years,[39] with Eisenhower becoming the last President born in the 19th century. Eisenhower, at 62, was the oldest man to be elected President since James Buchanan in 1856.[40] Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century, and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency. The other Presidents not to have sought prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Taft, and Herbert Hoover.
Presidency 1953–1961
Main article: Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
From left to right: Nina Kukharchuk, Mamie Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev and Dwight Eisenhower at a state dinner in 1959
Francisco Franco and President Dwight D. Eisenhower in Madrid in 1959
Wernher von Braun briefs President Eisenhower in front of a Saturn 1 vehicle at the Marshall Space Flight Center dedication on September 8, 1960.
Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower preached a doctrine of dynamic conservatism.[citation needed] He continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. His cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, Eight millionaires and a plumber. [41]
Eisenhower won his second term in 1956 with 457 of 531 votes in the Electoral College, and 57.6% of the popular vote.
Interstate Highway System
Main article: Interstate Highway System
One of Eisenhower’s enduring achievements was championing and signing the bill that authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956.[42] He justified the project through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 as essential to American security during the Cold War. It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible future war, and the highways were designed to evacuate them and allow the military to move in.
Eisenhower’s goal to create improved highways was influenced by his involvement in the U.S. Army’s 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast.[43][44] His subsequent experience with German autobahns during World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. Noticing the improved ability to move logistics throughout the country, he thought an Interstate Highway System in the U.S. would not only be beneficial for military operations, but be the building block for continued economic growth.[45]
Eisenhower Doctrine
After the Suez Crisis, the United States became the protector of most Western interests in the Middle East. As a result, Eisenhower proclaimed the Eisenhower Doctrine in January 1957. In relation to the Middle East, the U.S. would be prepared to use armed force…[to counter] aggression from any country controlled by international communism. On July 15, 1958, he sent just under 15,000 soldiers to Lebanon (a combined force of Army and Marine Corps) as part of Operation Blue Bat, a non-combat peace keeping mission to stabilize the pro-Western government. They left in October of the same year.
In addition, Eisenhower explored the option of supporting the French colonial forces in Vietnam who were fighting an independence insurrection there. However, Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary.
Civil rights
Eisenhower supported the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka U.S. Supreme Court decision, in which segregated ( separate but equal ) schools were ruled to be unconstitutional. The very next day he told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children.[46][47] He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 and signed those acts into law. Although both Acts were weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since the 1870s. The Little Rock Nine incident of 1957 involved the refusal by Arkansas to honor a Federal court order to integrate the schools. Under Executive Order 10730, Eisenhower placed the Arkansas National Guard under Federal control and sent Army troops to escort nine black students into an all-white public school. The integration did not occur without violence. Eisenhower and Arkansas governor Orval Faubus engaged in tense arguments.
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Eisenhower appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
* Earl Warren, 1953 (Chief Justice)
* John Marshall Harlan II, 1954
* William J. Brennan, 1956
* Charles Evans Whittaker, 1957
* Potter Stewart, 1958
Other courts
Main article: Dwight D. Eisenhower judicial appointments
In addition to his five Supreme Court appointments, Eisenhower appointed 45 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 129 judges to the United States district courts.
States admitted to the Union
* Alaska – January 3, 1959 49th state
* Hawaii – August 21, 1959 50th state
End of presidency
Eisenhower with President Kennedy on retreat in 1962
Official White House portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower.
In 1961, Eisenhower became the first U.S. president to be constitutionally forced from office, having served the maximum two terms allowed by the 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The amendment was ratified in 1951, during Harry S. Truman’s term, but it stipulated that Truman would not be affected by the amendment.
Eisenhower was also the first outgoing President to come under the protection of the Former Presidents Act (two then living former Presidents, Herbert Hoover and Harry S. Truman, left office before the Act was passed). Under the act, Eisenhower was entitled to receive a lifetime pension, state-provided staff and a Secret Service detail.[48]
In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice-President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. He thoroughly supported Nixon over Kennedy, telling friends: I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy. [39] However, he only campaigned for Nixon in the campaign’s final days and even did Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon’s policy ideas he had adopted, he joked, If you give me a week, I might think of one. Kennedy’s campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon lost narrowly to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was the oldest elected President in history at that time, thus handed power over to the youngest elected President.[39]
On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office.[49] In his farewell speech to the nation, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War saying: We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method… and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex… Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.
Because of legal issues related to holding a military rank while in a civilian office, Eisenhower resigned his permanent commission as General of the Army before entering the office of President of the United States. Upon completion of his Presidential term, his commission on the retired list was reactivated and Eisenhower again was commissioned a five-star general in the United States Army.[50]
Post-presidency
Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. In 1967, the Eisenhowers donated the farm to the National Park Service and since 1980 it has been open to the public as the Eisenhower National Historic Site[51]. In retirement, he did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg.[52]
Eisenhower leaving the White House after a visit with President Johnson in 1967
Death and funeral
Eisenhower died of congestive heart failure on March 28, 1969 at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington D.C. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral’s Bethlehem Chapel where he lay in repose for twenty-eight hours. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. On March 31, Eisenhower’s body was returned to the National Cathedral where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service. That evening, Eisenhower’s body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud who died at age 3 in 1921, and his wife, Mamie, who died in 1979.[53]
Legacy
After Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined and he was seen as having been a do-nothing President. This was partly because of the contrast between Eisenhower and his young activist successor, John F. Kennedy. He was criticized for his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree which activists wanted, his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the international embarrassment,[54][55] the Soviet Union’s perceived leadership in the Arms race and the Space race, and his failure publicly to oppose McCarthyism. In particular, Eisenhower was criticized for failing to defend George Marshall from attacks by Joseph McCarthy, though he privately deplored McCarthy’s tactics and claims.[56] Such omissions were held against him during the liberal climate of the 1960s and 1970s. Since that time, however, Eisenhower’s reputation has risen. In recent surveys of historians, Eisenhower often is ranked in the top 10 among all US Presidents.
Tributes and memorials
The bronze statue of Eisenhower that stands in the rotunda as part of the National Statuary Hall Collection[57]
Eisenhower’s picture was on the dollar coin from 1971 to 1978.[58] Nearly 700 million of the copper-nickel clad coins were minted for general circulation, and far smaller numbers of uncirculated and proof issues (in both copper-nickel and 40% silver varieties) were produced for collectors.[58] He reappeared on a commemorative silver dollar issued in 1990, celebrating the 100th anniversary of his birth, which with a double image of him showed his two roles, as both a soldier and a statesman.[58] The reverse of the commemorative depicted his home in Gettysburg.[58] As part of the Presidential $1 Coin Program, Eisenhower will be featured on a gold-colored dollar coin in 2015.[59]
He is remembered for ending the Korean War. USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, the second Nimitz-class supercarrier, was named in his honor.
The Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290), a 30-mile (48 km) long expressway in the Chicago area, was renamed after him.
The British A4 class steam locomotive No. 4496 (renumbered 60008) Golden Shuttle was renamed Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1946. It is preserved at the National Railroad Museum in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
Eisenhower College was a small, liberal arts college chartered in Seneca Falls, New York in 1965, with classes beginning in 1968. Financial problems forced the school to fall under the management of the Rochester Institute of Technology in 1979. Its last class graduated in 1983.
The Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage, California was named after the President in 1971.
The Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center, located at Fort Gordon near Augusta, Georgia, was named in his honor.[60]
In February 1971, Dwight D. Eisenhower School of Freehold Township, New Jersey was officially opened.[61]
The Eisenhower Tunnel was completed in 1979; it conveys westbound traffic on I-70 through the Continental Divide, 60 miles (97 km) west of Denver, Colorado.
In 1983, The Eisenhower Institute was founded in Washington, D.C., as a policy institute to advance Eisenhower’s intellectual and leadership legacies.
In 1989, U.S. Ambassador Charles Price and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher dedicated a bronze statue of Eisenhower in Grosvenor Square, London. The statue is located in front of the current US Embassy, London and across from the former command center for the Allied Expeditionary Force during World War II, offices Eisenhower occupied during the war. [62]
In 1999, the United States Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, which is in the planning stages of creating an enduring national memorial in Washington, D.C., across the street from the National Air and Space Museum on the National Mall.
On May 7, 2002, the Old Executive Office Building was officially renamed the Eisenhower Executive Office Building. This building is part of the White House Complex, west of the West Wing. It currently houses a number of executive offices, including ones for the Vice President and his or her spouse.[63]
A county park in East Meadow, New York (Long Island) is named in his honor.[64] In addition, Eisenhower State Park on Lake Texoma near his birthplace of Denison is named in his honor; his actual birthplace is currently operated by the State of Texas as Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site.
Many public high schools and middle schools in the U.S. are named after Eisenhower.
There is a Mount Eisenhower in the Presidential Range of the White Mountains in New Hampshire.
A tree overhanging the 17th hole that always gave him trouble at Augusta National, where he was a member, is named in his honor.
The Eisenhower Golf Club at the United States Air Force Academy, a 36-hole facility featuring the Blue and Silver courses and which is ranked #1 among DoD courses, is named in Eisenhower’s honor.
Awards and decorations
United States awards
Stamp issued by the USPS in 1969 commemorating Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dollar coin issued by the United States Mint from 1971–78 commemorating Eisenhower
Eisenhower receiving the Civitan International World Citizenship Award in 1966
In Order of Precedence
* Army Distinguished Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters
* Navy Distinguished Service Medal
* Legion of Merit
* Mexican Border Service Medal
* World War I Victory Medal
* American Defense Service Medal
* American Campaign Medal
* European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one silver and four bronze service stars
* World War II Victory Medal
* Army of Occupation Medal with Germany clasp
* National Defense Service Medal (2 awards)
He was offered the Medal of Honor, but turned it down. He was also an honorary member of the Boy Scouts of America’s Tom Kita Chara Lodge #96.
International awards
List of citations bestowed by other countries.[65]
* Argentine Order of the Liberator San Martin, Great Cross
* Belgian Order of Léopold
* Belgian Croix de Guerre/Belgisch Oorlogskruis
* Brazil Campaign Medal
* Brazil War Medal
* Brazilian Order of Military Merit, Grand Cross
* Brazilian Order of Aeronautical Merit, Grand Cross
* Brazilian National Order of the Southern Cross
* British Order of the Bath, Knight Grand Cross
* British Order of Merit
* British Africa Star with 8 and 1 numerical devices.
* Chilean Chief Commander of the Order of Merit
* Chinese Order of Yun Hui, Grand Cordon
* Chinese Order of Yun Fei, Grand Cordon
* Czechoslovakian Order of the White Lion
* Czechoslovakian Golden Star of Victory
* Danish Order of the Elephant
* Ecuadorian Star of Abdon Calderon
* Egyptian Order of Ismal, Grand Cordon
* Ethiopian Order of Solomon
* French Croix de Guerre
* French Legion of Honor.[66]
* French Order of Liberation
* French Military Medal
* Greek Order of George I with swords
* Guatemalan Cross of Military Merit, First Class
* Haitian Order of Honor and Merit, Grand Cross
* Italy Military Order of Italy, Knight Grand Cross
* Italy Order of Malta
* Luxembourg Medal of Merit
* Luxembourg War Cross
* Mexican Order of the Aztec Eagle, First Class
* Mexican Medal of Civic Merit
* Mexican Order of Military Merit
* Moroccan Order of Ouissam Alaouite
* Netherlands: Order of the Netherlands Lion, Knight Grand Cross
* Norwegian Order of St. Olav
* Pakistani Nishan-e-Pakistan, or Order of Pakistan, First Class
* Panama Order of Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Grand Cross
* Panama Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Grand Master (collar grade)
* Philippines Distinguished Service Star
* Philippines Shield of Honor Medal, Chief Commander
* Philippines Order of Sikatuna, Raja (First Class)
* Polish Cross of Grunwald
* Polish Order of Polonia Restituta
* Polish Virtuti Militari
* Soviet Order of Suvorov
* Soviet Order of Victory
* Tunisian Order of Nichan Iftikhar, Gand Cordon
Other honors
* In 1966, Eisenhower was the second person to be awarded Civitan International’s World Citizenship Award.[67]
* Eisenhower’s name was given to a variety of streets, avenues, etc., in cities around the world, including Paris, France.
* In December 1999, Eisenhower was listed on Gallup’s List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century.
See also
World War I portal
World War II portal
* Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
* Mamie Eisenhower, wife of Dwight D. Eisenhower
* Atoms for Peace, a speech to the U.N. General Assembly in December 1953
* Eisenhower National Historic Site
* Eisenhower Presidential Center
* Historical rankings of United States Presidents
* History of the United States (1945-1964)
* Kay Summersby
* Military-industrial complex, a term made popular by Eisenhower
* Mount Eisenhower
* People to People Student Ambassador Program
* German Americans
* Thomas E. Stephens Portrait painter (Gallery of Presidents, Smithsonian) and friend of Eisenhower
References
Specific references:
1. ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower . Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-2057/Dwight-D-Eisenhower. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
2. ^ Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower . Eisenhower Presidential Center. http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/quick_links/DDE_Mamie_general_bio.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
3. ^ Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower . whitehouse.gov. The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/de34.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
4. ^ Eisenhower, David (May 2007). World War II and Its Meaning for Americans . http://www.pfri.org. Foreign Policy Research Institute. http://www.fpri.org/footnotes/129.200705.eisenhower.ww2meaningamericans.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
5. ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower from the website of the National Portrait Gallery
6. ^ EISENHOWER – Name Meaning & Origin . The New York Times Company. geneaology.about.com. http://genealogy.about.com/library/surnames/e/bl_name-EISENHOWER.htm. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
7. ^ Ambrose 1983, pp. 13–14
8. ^ a b Public School Products . Time. 1959-09-14. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865992,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
9. ^ Berger-Knorr, Lawrence. The Pennsylvania Relations of Dwight D. Eisenhower. p. 8.
10. ^ Smith, Gary Scott, (2006). – Faith and the Presidency: From George Washington to George W. Bush. – Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. – ISBN 0195300602. – Retrieved: 2008-05-24
11. ^ The Watchtower-2002, p.159 | They Are No Part of the World Worship the Only True God | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
12. ^ Reasoning From the Scriptures –1985, p. 138 | “Neutrality” | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
13. ^ Bergman, Jerry (December 1999). Why President Eisenhower Hid His Jehovah’s Witness Upbringing . JW Research Journal 6 (2). http://www.seanet.com/~raines/eisenhower.html.
14. ^ Jehovah Witnesses Abilene Congregation. – Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. – Eisenhower Presidential Center. – (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document). – Retrieved: 2008-05-23
15. ^ Eisenhower Presidential Trivia. – (c/o Archive.org. – Archive Date: 2007-06-12). – Eisenhower Presidential Center. – Retrieved: 2008-05-24
16. ^ Gettysburg Presbyterian Church . Gettysburg. http://www.gettysburg.com/communit/gpc.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
17. ^ Gibbs, Nancy; and Michael Duffy. – Billy Graham, Pastor In Chief . – TIME. – August 9, 2007. – Retrieved: 2008-06-07
18. ^ President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953. – Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. – U.S. Senate.
19. ^ President Dwight David Eisenhower, 1957. – Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. – U.S. Senate.
20. ^ Eisenhower: Soldier of Peace . TIME. 1969-04-04. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839998-3,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
21. ^ a b Biography: Dwight David Eisenhower . Eisenhower Foundation. http://www.dwightdeisenhower.com/biodde.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
22. ^ Dwight David Eisenhower . Internet Public Library. http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/ddeisenhower.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
23. ^ a b President Dwight D. Eisenhower Baseball Related Quotations . Baseball Almanac. http://www.baseball-almanac.com/prz_qde.shtml. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
24. ^ Botelho, Greg (1912-07-15). Roller-coaster life of Indian icon, sports’ first star . CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/07/09/jim.thorpe/. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
25. ^ Ike and the Team . Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial. http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/stories/Ike-and-team.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
26. ^ Eisenhower BOQ 1915 . Fort Sam Houston. http://ameddregiment.amedd.army.mil/fshmuse/tour8.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-24.
27. ^ Lt Eisenhower and Football Team . Fort Sam Houston. http://ameddregiment.amedd.army.mil/fshmuse/eisen_football.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-24.
28. ^ Sixsmith 1973, p. 6
29. ^ Bender, Mark C. (1990). Watershed at Leavenworth . U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/bender/bender.asp. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.
30. ^ The Eisenhowers: The General
31. ^ Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
32. ^ Memoir of Eisenhower’s translator for the Potsdam Conference meetings with Zhukov Paul P. Roudakoff (1955-07-22). Ike and Zhukov . Collier’s Magazine.
33. ^ D’Este 2002, pp. 694–96
34. ^ Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000). Eisenhower and Berlin, 1945: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe.
35. ^ Ambrose, Stephen (1983). Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect (1893–1952). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 422.
36. ^ Petrov, Vladimir (1967). Money and conquest; allied occupation currencies in World War II.. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 228–229.
37. ^ Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower, New York, Touchstone Books, 1990, pp 234–235, ISBN 0-671-70107-X
38. ^ Crusade in Europe, Doubleday; 1st edition (1948), 559 pages, ISBN 1125300914
39. ^ a b c d e f Gibbs, Nancy (November 10, 2008). When New President Meets Old, It’s Not Always Pretty . TIME. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1857862,00.html.
40. ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The ’70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 7. ISBN 0465041957.
41. ^ The Flavor of the New . Time. 1969-01-24. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900543-1,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
42. ^ The cracks are showing . The Economist. 2008-06-26. http://www.economist.com/obituary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8447241. Retrieved on 2008-10-23.
43. ^ The Last Week – The Road to War . USS Washington (BB-56). http://www.usswashington.com/dl30au39h1.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
44. ^ About the Author . USS Washington (BB-56). http://usswashington.com/worldwar2plus55/index.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
45. ^ “Interstate Highway System” . Eisenhower Presidential Center. http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/InterstateHighways/InterstateHighwaysdocuments.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
46. ^ Eisenhower 1963, p. 230
47. ^ Parmet 1972, pp. 438–439
48. ^ Former Presidents Act . National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/about/laws/former-presidents.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
49. ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower Farewell Address . USA Presidents. http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/eisenhower-farewell.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
50. ^ Eisenhower Archives. Post Presidential Years. Quote: President Kennedy reactivated his commission as a five star general in the United States Army. With the exception of George Washington, Eisenhower is the only United States President with military service to reenter the Armed Forces after leaving the office of President.
51. ^ Eisenhower National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)
52. ^ Johnson vs. Goldwater . The Living Room Candidate. http://livingroomcandidate.movingimage.us/election/index.php?nav_action=election&nav_subaction=overview&campaign_id=168. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
53. ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower . Eisenhower Presidential Center. http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/quick_links/funeral/DDE_funeral.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
54. ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The ’70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 27. ISBN 0465041957.
55. ^ Walsh, Kenneth T. (2008-06-06). Presidential Lies and Deceptions . US News and World Report. http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/politics/2008/06/06/presidential-lies-and-deceptions.html.
56. ^ Presidential Politics . Public Broadcasting Service. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/34_eisenhower/eisenhower_politics.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
57. ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower . http://www.aoc.gov. Architect of the Capitol. http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/eisenhower.cfm. Retrieved on November 29, 2008.
58. ^ a b c d Yeoman, R.S. (2007). Kenneth Bressett. ed. 2008 Guide Book of United States Coins (61st ed.). Atlanta: Whitman Publishing. pp. 218, 294. ISBN 0794822673.
59. ^ Presidential Dollar Coin Release Schedule . United States Mint. http://usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=schedule. Retrieved on 2008-05-24.
60. ^ History of Eisenhower Army Medical Center . Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center. Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20070203232831/http://www.ddeamc.amedd.army.mil/Visitor/history.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
61. ^ Eisenhower Middle School History . Freehold Township Elementary and Middle Schools. http://www.freeholdtwp.k12.nj.us/eisenhower/history.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
62. ^ Statue of President Eisenhower in Grosvenor Square . http://www.usembassy.org.uk. US Embassy. http://www.usembassy.org.uk/grsvnrsq/eisen.html. Retrieved on March 2, 2009.
63. ^ The White House. Eisenhower Executive Office Building. Construction Chronology & Historical Events for the Eisenhower Executive Office Building
64. ^ Eisenhower Park . Nassau County, New York. http://www.nassaucountyny.gov/agencies/Parks/WhereToGo/active/eisenhower.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
65. ^ Eisenhower Decorations and Awards . Eisenhower Presidential Center. http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/quick_links/military/decorations_awards_medals/Eisenhower_decorations_awards.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
66. ^ Eisenhower, John S. D.. Allies.
67. ^ Armbrester, Margaret E. (1992). The Civitan Story. Birmingham, AL: Ebsco Media. pp. 97.
General references:
* Ambrose, Stephen (1983), Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect (1893–1952), New York: Simon & Schuster .
* D’Este, Carlo (2002), Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life .
* Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1963), Mandate for Change, 1953–1956 .
* Parmet, Herbert S. (1972), Eisenhower and the American Crusades .
* Sixsmith, E. K. G. (1973), Eisenhower, His Life and Campaigns .
Further reading
Military career
* Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (1983);’
* Bacque, James. Other Losses (2d. rev. ed., 1999)
* Eisenhower, David. Eisenhower at War 1943–1945 (1986), detailed study by his grandson
* Irish, Kerry E. Apt Pupil: Dwight Eisenhower and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan , The Journal of Military History 70.1 (2006) 31–61 online in Project Muse.
* Pogue, Forrest C. The Supreme Command (1996) official Army history of SHAEF
* Weigley, Russell. Eisenhower’s Lieutenants. Indiana University Press, 1981. Ike’s dealings with his key generals in WW2
Civilian career
* Albertson, Dean, ed. Eisenhower as President (1963).
* Alexander, Charles C. Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952–1961 (1975).
* Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (1983); Eisenhower. The President (1984); one volume edition titled Eisenhower: Soldier and President (2003). Standard biography.
* Bowie, Robert R. and Richard H. Immerman; Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy, Oxford University Press, 1998.
* Damms, Richard V. The Eisenhower Presidency, 1953–1961 (2002).
* David Paul T. (ed.), Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952. 5 vols., Johns Hopkins Press, 1954.
* Divine, Robert A. Eisenhower and the Cold War (1981).
* Greenstein, Fred I. The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader (1991).
* Harris, Douglas B. Dwight Eisenhower and the New Deal: The Politics of Preemption Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997.
* Harris, Seymour E. The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy (1962).
* Krieg, Joann P. ed. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soldier, President, Statesman (1987). 24 essays by scholars.
* McAuliffe, Mary S. Eisenhower, the President , Journal of American History 68 (1981), pp. 625–632.
* Medhurst, Martin J. Dwight D. Eisenhower: Strategic Communicator Greenwood Press, 1993.
* Pach, Chester J. and Elmo Richardson. Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1991). Standard scholarly survey.
Primary sources
* Boyle, Peter G., ed. The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953–1955 University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
* Eisenhower, Dwight D. Crusade in Europe (1948), his war memoirs.
* Eisenhower, Dwight D. The White House Years: Waging Peace 1956-1961, Doubleday and Co., 1965.
* Eisenhower Papers 21 volume scholarly edition; complete for 1940–1961.
* Summersby, Kay. Eisenhower was my boss (1948) New York: Prentice Hall; (1949) Dell paperback.
External links
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* Papers and Records of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
* Extensive essay on Dwight D. Eisenhower (with shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs)
* 1952 Ike for President TV Ad
* Full audio of Eisenhower speeches via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)
* Eisenhower’s Secret White House Recordings via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)
* Audio clips of Eisenhower’s speeches
* Dwight David Eisenhower biography
* Eisenhower Chronology World History Database
* Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum, including Home and Tomb
* Essay: Why the Eisenhower administration embraced nuclear weapons (PDF)
* Farewell Address (Wikisource)
* Guardians of Freedom – 50th Anniversary of Operation Arkansas, by ARMY.MIL
* First Inaugural Address
* Original Document: D-Day Statement from Dwight D. Eisenhower
* Original Document: In Case of Failure D-Day Statement from Dwight D. Eisenhower
* Second Inaugural Address
* Spartacus Educational Biography
* The Arms of Dwight David Eisenhower
* The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission
* The Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum
* The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969, CHAPTER XXIX, Former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, State Funeral, March 28-April 2, 1969 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark
* The Presidential Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower (searchable online)
* White House biography
* Thaw in the Cold War: Eisenhower and Khrushchev at Gettysburg, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
* TIME Magazine Cover: Dwight D. Eisenhower, April 4, 1969
* Eisenhower’s report on operation Torch
* Works by Dwight D. Eisenhower at Project Gutenberg
* ‘The American Presidency: Transformation and Change – Dwight Eisenhower’, lecture overview of EIsenhower’s presidency by Vernon Bogdanor, Gresham College, March 18, 2008 (available in text, audio and video formats).
* The Eisenhower Center for American Studies
* Eisenhower Center Studies on War and Peace
* Papers of Pearlie and Michael J. McKeough (Military Aid at AFHQ and SHAEF and Eisenhower’s enlisted aid, respectively), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
* Dr. Thomas W. Mattingly Medical History of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
* Papers of Fannie Belle Taylor Richardson (Eisenhower Family Geneology), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Military offices
Preceded by
Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney Commanding General of U.S. Army Europe
1942 – 1943 Succeeded by
Lt. Gen. Frank M. Andrews
Preceded by
Gen. Jacob L. Devers Commanding General of U.S. Army Europe
1944 – 1945 Succeeded by
Gen. Joseph T. McNarney
New title Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany
1945 Succeeded by
Gen. George S. Patton
Preceded by
Gen. George Marshall Chief of Staff of the United States Army
1945 – 1948 Succeeded by
Gen. Omar Bradley
New title Supreme Allied Commander Europe (NATO)
1949 – 1952 Succeeded by
Gen. Matthew Ridgway
Academic offices
Preceded by
Frank D. Fackenthal¹ President of Columbia University
1948 – 1953 Succeeded by
Grayson L. Kirk
Political offices
Preceded by
Harry S. Truman President of the United States
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 Succeeded by
John F. Kennedy
Party political offices
Preceded by
Thomas Dewey Republican Party presidential candidate
1952, 1956 Succeeded by
Richard Nixon
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Herbert Hoover People who have lain in state or honor
in the United States Capitol rotunda
March 30, 1969 – March 31, 1969 Succeeded by
Everett Dirksen
Notes and references
1. http://www.encyclopedia.com
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Persondata
NAME Eisenhower, Dwight David
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ike (common referent)
SHORT DESCRIPTION United States general and President
DATE OF BIRTH October 14, 1890(1890-10-14)
PLACE OF BIRTH Denison, Texas
DATE OF DEATH March 28, 1969
PLACE OF DEATH Washington, D.C.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower
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* This page was last modified on 8 March 2009, at 05:54.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower
***
Leaders of the United States Army
Senior Officer /
Commanding General
Washington A Knox A Doughty A Harmar A Clair A Wayne A Wilkinson A Washington A Hamilton A Wilkinson A Dearborn A Brown
Macomb A Scott A McClellan A Halleck A Grant A Sherman A Sheridan A Schofield A Miles
Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army
Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army
Chiefs of Staff
Young A Chaffee A Bates A Bell A Wood A Wotherspoon A Scott A Bliss A March A Pershing A Hines A Summerall A MacArthur A Craig A Marshall A Eisenhower A Bradley A Collins A Ridgway A Taylor A Lemnitzer A Decker A Wheeler A Johnson A Westmoreland A Palmer A Abrams A Weyand A Rogers A Meyer A Wickham A Vuono A Sullivan A Reimer A Shinseki A Schoomaker A Casey
Vice Chiefs of Staff
Collins A Haislip A Hull A Bolte A Palmer A Lemnitzer A Decker A Eddleman A Hamlett A Abrams A Haines A Palmer A Haig A Weyand A Kerwin A Kroesen A Vessey A Wickham A Thurman A Brown A RisCassi A Sullivan A Reimer A Peay A Tilelli A Griffith A Crouch A Shinseki A Keane A Casey A Cody A Chiarelli
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway
***
Operation Blue Bat
Tension in the Middle East began to increase in 1957, when it seemed as though Syria was about to fall to communism. Acting on his recent increased commitment to the region, and in order to protect neighboring Turkey, Iraq, and Jordan, President Eisenhower approved the deployment of USAF fighters from Germany to Adana. The crisis quickly abated, but set the stage for the next upheaval the following year in Lebanon.
Lebanese Moslems rebelled and rioted over fears that the delicate balance between Christianity and Islam in the Lebanese government was in peril. Adding to the regional tension, leftist Iraqi officers assassinated their nation’s king and prime minister on 14 July 1958. This prompted the President of Lebanon and the King of Jordan to request military assistance from the US.
The purpose of Operation Blue Bat in Lebanon was to bolster the pro-Western Lebanese government of President Chamoun against internal opposition and threats from Syria and the United Arab Republic. The plan was to occupy and secure the Beirut International Airport, a few miles south of the city, then to secure the port of Beirut and approaches to the city. The operation involved approximately 14,000 men, including 8,509 Army personnel and 5,670 officers and men of the Marine Corps.
Army participation was conducted by USAREUR under the February 1958 revision of its Emergency Plan (EP) 201. The plan called for a task force (Army Task Force 201) to cope with any emergencies in the Middle East. The task force consisted of two airborne battle groups reinforced with minimum essential combat sand service support elements. The task force would comprise five echelons, four of which were actually committed to the operation in Lebanon.
While both Army and Marine forces were ordered to Lebanon on 15 July, only Marine units made assault landings. Army forces from USAREUR did not close in Beirut until 19 July. On this date, Force ALPHA, composed of 1 reinforced airborne battle group and the task force command group (1,720 personnel) arrived at Beirut by air. Since combat did not develop in Lebanon, Force BRAVO, a second airborne battle group and the advance headquarters of the task force (1,723 personnel) never left its station in Germany.
Force CHARLIE, containing combat, combat support and combat service units, left Germany by sea and air on 19 July and closed at Beirut by 25 July. According to EP 201, Force CHARLIE contained the main headquarters, the task force artillery (2 airborne batteries of 105-mm. howitzers), 1 section of a 762-mm. rocket battery, and the headquarters element—an airborne reconnaissance troop, an engineer construction company, the advance party of the task force support command, an evacuation hospital unit, elements of an airborne support group, and an Army Security Agency detachment. Political considerations subsequently eliminated the 762-mm rocket battery from the operations in Lebanon.
Force DELTA comprised the sea-tail of the airborne battle group, including 2 light truck companies, a section of a 762-mm. rocket battery, an engineer construction battalion (-), an antiaircraft artillery (AW) battery, technical service support units, and a military police unit. This echelon left Germany on 26 July and closed in Beirut from 3 to 5 August.
Force ECHO, a 90-mm. gun tank battalion, was to move by sea, according to EP 201. Its embarkation was delayed at Bremerhaven pending a decision whether to send one tank company or the entire battalion. Leaving Germany on 22-23 July, the echelon arrived at Beirut on 3 August 1958.
By 5 August, all major ATF-201 forces had reached Beirut and the bulk of their equipment and initial resupply had arrived or was en route. By 26 July, the Marines had deployed, in and around Beirut, four battalion landing teams and a logistical support group.
Besides authorizing the Navy’s Sixth Fleet to conduct air operations and to land Marines in Beirut, the President ordered Tactical Air Command (TAC) Composite Air Strike Force Bravo to deploy from the US to Incirlik AB. The strike force, under command of Maj Gen Henry Viccellio, was in place by 20 July. It consisted of F-100s, B-57s, RF-101s, RB-66s, and WB-66s. These aircraft and supporting personnel overwhelmed the facilities at Incirlik, which also supported cargo and transport aircraft deploying an Army battalion from Germany to Lebanon. As no ground fighting involving Americans broke out, the strike force flew missions to cover troop movements, show-of-force missions over Beirut, aerial reconnaissance sorties, and leaflet drops. The Air Force had no tactical controllers in Lebanon, therefore the Navy established procedures for all tactical aircraft involved in the operation.
All operations had gone according to plan. Stable conditions were maintained until a new government was installed in Lebanon. American troops left in October, after the tension diminished.
The absence of opposition, and the underlying problem of whether such contingency forces should be supplied by USAREUR or STRAC in the United States, were factors in the Lebanon operation. The major logistical problems developed primarily from the non-combat status of the task force. The airlift of a Marine battalion from the continental United States to the objective area demonstrated that such a movement was both feasible and expeditious. It further pointed up the difficulty of reconciling the need for a USAREUR contingency force for the Middle East when STRAC was being maintained for this very purpose.
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/blue_bat.htm
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Updated USCIS EB-5 Regional Center List – December 2008
The Immigrant Investor (EB-5) Pilot Program is designed to encourage foreign investment by providing a vehicle for investment in the form of an economic unit called a “Regional Center.” The Regional Centers are private or public entities that have received government approval to participate in the program. They enable the amassing and pooling of capital for targeted investment in designated regions in the United States.
For the Investor, these Regional Centers are attractive because they allow for a less restrictive job creation requirement. Instead of having to prove direct job creation, the investor may show indirect job creation through such methods as economic and statistic forecasting tools.
The required investment amount is $1 million, or $500,000 if located in a rural or targeted employment area. In addition, Regional Centers typically charge additional amounts in fees.
In December 2008 USCIS released an updated Regional Center list, with quite a few changes to the participants. Several new regional centers popped up around the country, while others disappeared from the list. In addition, those centers on the list which previously had been flagged due to administrative matters pending with UCSIS, apparently have been rectified. In total, USCIS says it has approved about 32 centers and has 12-15 applications pending.
As the status of these Regional Centers as participants in the Pilot Program can change, before investing any money, verify the center is still approved and active in the Pilot Program.
For more information on the EB-5 Immigrant Investor visa see our other article EB – 5 Permanent Residency through Investment.
Please note that this pilot program expires at the end of September 2008 unless reinstated. The program was temporarily extended until March 6, 2009 as part of Congress’ continuing budge resolution, but is awaiting Congressional approval for reinstatement for beyond that date.
In alphabetical order by state, the Regional Centers deemed “active” include:
ALABAMA
Alabama Center for Foreign Investment Regional Center
Address: RSA Union, 100 North Union Street, Suite 682, Montgomery, AL 36104
Phone/Fax: (334) 954-3111/(334) 954-3112
Website: http://www.eb5alabama.com
Email: director@acfi-alabama.com; gc@acfi-alabama.com
Geographic Area: State of Alabama.
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Heavy and light manufacturing; agriculture; high technology; construction; hospitality, resort and service industries (hotels, restaurants, resorts, golf courses, entertainment, and the like); schools, health care facilities, and infrastructure; and cruise line support services.
Point of Contact: Ronald Drinkard, Executive Director; Boyd Campbell, General Counsel
CALIFORNIA
California Consortium for Agricultural Export
Address: 333 Grand Avenue, 25thFloor, Los Angeles, CA 90071
Phone/Fax: (213) 892-6367/(213) 892-2267
Website: http://www.ccax.com/
Email: sspencer@ccax.com
Geographic Area: Nine Counties in Central California known as the San Joaquin Valley.
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: An agricultural investment program purchasing and converting fallow or row crop lands into permanent commercially viable fruit and/or nut trees and grape vines for the domestic and export markets, wineries, and elevator platform machinery manufacturing.
Point of Contact: Susan Spencer, President; Kelly Spencer, Director of Marketing & Investor Relations
CMB Export LLC
Address: Midwest Executive Offices, 4507 49th Ave. Moline, IL 61265
Phone/fax: 800-238-8022
Website: http://www.cmbeb5visa.com/
Email: Pat@CMBEB5Visa.com
Geographic Area: The development area is related to former military bases located in the counties of Sacramento, San Bernardino and Riverside, CA.
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Export activity related to development of military bases; air cargo, sea port development as export centers.
Point of Contact: Patrick F. Hogan, President, Corona Professional Center, 400 S. Ramona Avenue, Suite 212AA, Corona, CA 91719
El Monte Regional Center
Address: 10501 Valley Blvd., # 1888 El Monte, CA 91731
Website: http://www.InvestmentImmigrationLaw.com
Point of Contact: Jean Lang, Exec. V.P.
Los Angeles Film Regional Center
Address: CanAm Enterprises, LLC, c/o Thomas Rosenfield, 32 Court Street, Suite 1501, Brooklyn, NY 11201
Website: http://www.CanAmenterprises.com
Email: tom@canamenterprises.com
Geographic Area: All projects will be located within the set of contiguous census tracts in Los Angeles County designated as a targeted employment area (TEA) by the California Employment Development Department (EDD) acting as the designated state agency by the Governor of the State of California
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Investments in the motion picture and television industry in Los Angeles County, California.
Point of Contact: Thomas Rosenfield
Imperial Regional Center
Address: 150 N. Santa Ana Ave, Ste. 300, Arcadia, CA 91006
Email: linda@lindalau.net
Point of Contact: James Lo, Pacificland International Development Inc. c/o Linda Lau, Esq.
Southeast Los Angeles Regional Center (SELARC)
Address: SELARC Development, LLC, 2440 Hacienda Blvd. # 223, Hacienda Heights, CA 91745
Email: Dbrearly@SELARC.com
Geographic Area: City of Vernon
Focus of Economic Growth Activity: Food products, apparel manufacturing, transportation and warehousing, household furniture and furnishings.
Point of Contact: David B. Brearley, Esq.
California Investment Immigration Fund, LLC
Address: 12688 Chapman Ave. #3313, Garden Grove, CA 92840
Email: china@great-nation.com
Point of Contact: Tat Chan
Regional Center Management – Los Angeles
Address: 270 S. Hanford St, Ste 100, Seattle, WA 98134
Point of Contact: Henry Liebman
Regional Center Properties, Southern California
Address: 5160 Birch Street, Suite 200, New Port Beach, CA 92660
Point of Contact: Mamey, Paparell & Yale-Loehr
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, (WASHINGTON, DC)
Capital Area Regional Center (CARC)
Address: 1801 K Street NW, Suite 201 L, Washington, DC 20006
Phone/Fax: (202) 349-9848; (202) 355-1399
Website: http://www.cornerstoneia.comGeographic Area: Legal boundaries of the District of Columbia (Washington, DC) and the contiguous adjacent areas of Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties in Maryland, Arlington and Fairfax counties in Virginia, and the city of Alexandria, VA.
Focus of Economic Growth Activity: Mixed hotel, retail, office and residential space; a soccer stadium; conference center space, and industrial space.
Point of Contact: Michael R. Sears; John Tung
EB-5 America
Address: 1806 11th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001
Email: Morris@EB5America.com
Point of Contact: David Morris, Esq.
FLORIDA
Lake Buena Vista Regional Center
Address: 15657 Apopka Vineland Road, Orlando, FL 32821; 1725 University Dr., #420, Coral Springs, FL 33071
Phone/Fax: (407) 238-9301/(407) 238-9716
Website: http://www.eb5greencardusa.com/
Geographic Area: Orange, Osceola, Lake and Seminole Counties.
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Leisure and hospitality
Point of Contact: Samuel Sutton
Palm Beach Regional Center
Address: Phillips Pt., W. Tower, 777 South Fagler Drive, Suite 800, West Palm Beach, FL 33401
Phone: (561) 644-1717
Website: http://wtcpalmbeach.com/
Email: hadd5353@bellsouth.net
Geographic Area: Palm Beach
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Port and cargo warehousing and distribution center; intermodal traffic and cargo distribution center; manufacturing and research facilities; commercial and office space; film and TV production.
Point of Contact: Luis Haddad, President
HAWAII
DBEDT Hawaii Regional Center
Address: DBEDT, No. 1 Capitol District Bldg, 5th Floor, Diamond Head Wing, 250 South Hotel Street, Honolulu, HI 96813
Phone/Fax: 718-624-7850
Website: http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt
Email: Info@hawaiifund.com
Geographic Area: Within the State of Hawaii
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Tourism (Hawaii’s major export); industries identified as export-related.
Point of Contact: Cy Feng, email: cfeng@dbedt.hawaii.gov; Tom Rosenfield, CanAm Enterprises, LLC, 32 Court Street, Ste 1501, Brooklyn, NY 11201
IOWA
Iowa Department of Economic Development (IDED)
Address: 200 East Grand Avenue, Des Moines, Iowa 50309
Phone/Fax: (515)242-4700/(515)242-4809
Website: http://www.iowalifechanging.com/
Geographic Area: 77 Rural and Small Urban Counties in Iowa.
Focus of Economic Growth Activity: Dairy farming
Point of Contact: Mike Tramontina, Director
KANSAS
Kansas Bio-Fuel Regional Center, LLC
Address: Kansas Biofuel Regional Center, LLC, 915 Wilshire Boulevard, #2050, Los Angeles, CA 90017
Phone/Fax: (213) 380-2828/(213) 380-0570
Geographic Area: Twenty-one (21) counties located in the southwest region of the State of Kansas.
Focus of Economic Growth Activity: Building and operation of fuel grade ethanol production facilities within the geographic bounds of the regional center.
Point of Contact: Justin M. Lee and Thomas E. Kent, Esqs.
LOUISIANA
Mayor’s Office of Economic Development (New Orleans)
Address: 3421 N. Causeway Boulevard, Suite 301 New Orleans, LA 70002
Phone/Fax: 504-658-0919
Website: http://www.nobleoutreach.com/
Email: Bhungerford@NobleOutReach.com; Tmilbrath@NobleOutReach.com
Geographic Area: Orleans Parish and the City of New Orleans
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Leasehold Improvements to Fixed Asset Commercial Buildings Sector; Mobile Medical Services Facilities Sector; Commercial Lodging, Hotels, and Hospitality Sector; Mixed-use Real Estate Construction-Reconstruction Sector; Mixed-use Residential Lease and Rental Properties Sector; Arts and Sciences Industry Sector; Harbor Facilities Sector; Gaming and Casinos Sector; and Marine Sector (Commercial Fishing, Processing, Packing, and Shipping Facilities)
Points of Contact: William B. Hungerford Jr., President; Timothy O. Milbrath, V.P.
Noble Coastal Ventures – Louisiana Mississippi Regional Center
Address: 20203 Goshen Rd, Ste 302, Gaithersburg, MD 20879
Email: Bhungerford@NobleOutReach.com; Tmilbrath@NobleOutReach.com
Points of Contact: William B. Hungerford Jr., President; Timothy O. Milbrath, V.P.
Gulf Coast Funds Management, LLC
Address: 202 East State Street, Suite, 700 Ithaca, New York 14850
Point of Contact: Stephen Yale-Loehr; Taylor Berry
NEW YORK
New York City Regional Center, LLC
Address: 299 Broadway Ste 1518 New York, NY 10007
Point of Contact: Paul Levinsohn
PENNSYLVANIA
Philadelphia Industrial Development Corporation
Address: 2600 Centre Square West, 1500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102-2126
Phone/Fax: (215)496-8020; (215)977-9618
Website: http://www.pidc-pa.org/; http://www.canamenterprises.com/
Email: info@www.pidc-pa.org
Geographic Area: Philadelphia County, PA
Focus of Economic Growth Activity: Tourism convention and visitor services through the hotel, restaurant and hospitality industry; commercial office space renovation and leasing; merchandise import and export sales; investment in high-tech start up companies as well as information and bio-tech enterprises; and trucking and warehousing and transportation enterprises.
Point of Contact: Peter Longstreth, President; Thomas Rosenfeld, Attorney
Pennsylvania Department of Community & Economic Development Regional Center
Address: Can Am Enterprises, LLC 32, Court Street, # 1501, Brooklyn, NY 11201
Phone/Fax: 718-624-7850
Website: http://www.CanAmenterprises.com
Geographic Area: The contiguous geographic area encompassing the following 23 counties of western Pennsylvania: Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Venango, Lawrence, Butler, Clarion Beaver, Armstrong, Allegheny, Indiana, Westmoreland, Washington, Greene, Fayette, Somerset, Cambria, Blair, Bedford, Warren, Forest, Jefferson and Clearfield. Also, within the above defined contiguous geographic area, the delineated Targeted Employment Areas (TEAs) within the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA); delineated TEAs within the city of Pittsburgh; and delineated TEAs within the Erie and Johnstown, Pennsylvania SMSAs.
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Concentrating on financing projects and developing commercial enterprises in the following eight target industries: Tourism and hospitality; technology; transportation; manufacturing and trade; health services; agriculture and food production; higher education; and leasehold improvements to commercial office & mixed-use spaces.
Points of Contact: Dennis Yablonsky, Secretary or James Rowley, Deputy Secretary Dept. of Community & Economic Development; Thomas Rosenfeld, Esq., President and Chief Executive Officer, CanAm Enterprises, LLC.
SOUTH CAROLINA
Carolina Center for Foreign Investment RC
Address: P.O. Box 2487, 101 N. Main St., #1400, Greenville, SC 29602
Email: Aballew@furmanco.com
Point of Contact: Allen Ballew
SOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota International Business Institute Dairy Economic Development Region (SDIBI–DEDR)
Address: 1200 South Jay Street, Aberdeen South Dakota 57401-7198
Phone/Fax: (605) 773-5032; (605) 773-3256
Website: http://www.sd-exports.org/eb-5
Geographic Area: The 44 rural counties in eastern South Dakota.
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Projects to date have included agricultural-related development, in particular establishing dairy farms and a beef processing plant.
Point of Contact: Joop Bollen, Director
TEXAS/OKLAHOMA
Southwest Bio-Fuel Regional Center, LLC (SWBRC)
Address: 915 Wilshire Blvd, Suite #2050, Los Angeles, CA 90017
Phone/Fax: (213) 380-2898/(213) 380-0570
Geographic Area: The contiguous geographic area encompasses the 40 counties located in the northwest region of Texas, to include Dallam, Sherman, Hansford, Lipscomb, Ociltree, Hartley, Moore, Hutchinson, Roberts, Hemphill, Oldham, Potter, Carson, Gray, Wheeler, Deaf Smith, Randall, Armstrong, Donley, Collingsworth, Parmer, Castro, Swisher, Briscoe, Hall, Childress, Hardeman, Bailey, Lamb, Hale, Floyd, Motley, Cottle, Foard, Cochran, Hockley, Lubbock, Crosby, Dickens, and King counties, and 9 counties located in the western region of the State of Oklahoma, to include Cimarron, Texas, Beaver, Ellis, Roger Mills, Beckham, Greer, Harmon, and Jackson.
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: The development and operation of fuel grade ethanol production facilities.
Point of Contact: Justin M. Lee, President and CEO
Global Century Development
Address: 11205 Bellaire Blvd. Suite B-33, 77072-2545, Houston, TX
Email: dnip888@sbcglobal.net
Geographic Area: The contiguous geographic area of Houston’s Chinatown encompassing the Tax Increment Reinvestment Zone #15 (TIRZ), a 60-block area bounded by Preston Street on the North, Dowling Street on the East, St. Joseph parkway on the South, and Chartres Street on the West.
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Concentrating on financing and developing commercial and mixed-use real estate in the following five target industries: hotel and hospitality; retail; mixed use residential; commercial office; restaurant & entertainment.
Points of Contact: Mr. Dan Nip, President, Global Century Development Group-I, LP; H. Richard Sindelar III, Esq., Tindall & Foster, P.C.
VERMONT
Vermont Agency of Commerce and Community Development
Address: National Life Bldg., Drawer 20, Montpelier, VT 05620
Phone: (802) 828-5202
Website: http://www.dca.state.vt.us/indexnew.html
Geographic Area: State of Vermont
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Export-related companies; tourism, hospitality and commercial resorts development.
Point of Contact: Kevin L. Dorn, Secretary
WASHINGTON
American Life Seattle RC/Golden Rainbow/ Freedom Fund
Address: American Life Inc., 270 S. Hanford St., Ste. 100, Seattle, WA 98134
Phone/fax: 206-624-5622
Website: http://www.AmLife.us
Email: jo@americanlifeinc.com; henry@americanlifeinc.com
Geographic Area: 1) As Golden Rainbow Freedom Fund, air cargo and manufacturing facility in Jackson County, Oregon; 2) As Gateway: City of Seattle Neighborhood Reinvestment Area in Seattle, Washington
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Air and ocean cargo facilities; and manufacturing; warehouses.
Point of Contact: Henry Liebmann, President – American Life, Inc.
Point of Contact: Henry Liebmann, President – American Life, Inc.
American Life Ventures – Everett, Washington
Address: American Life Inc., 270 S. Hanford St., Ste. 100, Seattle, WA 98134
Website: http://www.AmLife.us
American Life Ventures – Tacoma, Washington
Address: American Life Inc., 3223 Third Ave., South, Ste. 200, Seattle, WA 98134
Website: http://www.AmLife.us
Whatcom Opportunities Regional Center, Inc. (WORC, Inc.)
Address: 1305 11th Street Suite 304 Bellingham, WA 98225
Phone: 360-201-3933
Website: http://www.worc.biz/
Email: info@worc.biz
Geographic Area: The legal boundaries which constitute Whatcom County, Washington.
Focus of Economic Growth Activity: Capital investments and job creation in assisted living facilities for the elderly within Whatcom County.
Point of Contact: K. David Andersson, President
Aero-Space Port International Group [ASPI Group]
Address: 1600 Lind Ave. SW, Suite 220, Renton, WA 98055
Phone/fax: 206-241-8000; 243-3000
Website: http://www.aspigroup.com/
Email: Achen@aspicgroup.com
Geographic Area: Within ASPI Group, located at Grant County International Airport in Moses Lake
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: High tech, agricultural and other export products to Europe and Pacific Rim countries through international air cargo facilities.
Point of Contact: Andy Chin, Executive Vice President & CFO; Kim Foster, Corporate Counsel
WISCONSIN
Metropolitan Milwaukee Association of Commerce (MMAC)
Address: 756 N. Milwaukee Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202
Phone/fax: 414-287-4100
Website: http://www.mmac.org/
Email: Tsheehy@mmac.org
Geographic Area: The seven (7) counties of southeastern Wisconsin: Kenosha, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Racine, Walworth, Washington, and Waukesha (including Targeted Employment Areas within the cities of Racine and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Focus of Export/Economic Growth Activity: Business and professional services; financial activities and business process services; health services and medical technology; manufacturing; printing and printing support; wholesale trade and distribution; and hospitality and entertainment.
Point of Contact: Timothy R. Sheehy, President; Peter Beitzel, Vice President Metropolitan Milwaukee Assoc. of Commerce
Possibly related posts: (automatically generated)
* Revised EB-5 Regional Center List; 2 New Projects in FL
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EB – 5 Permanent Residency through Investment
Overview
Permanent residency (green card) is available to foreign nationals who are investing in a new commercial enterprise that will benefit the U.S. economy and create needed employment opportunities within the United States.
General Requirements
Where must the money be invested?
The foreign national Investor must be investing in a “new commercial enterprise.” The regulations consider any one of the following activities to constitute a “new commercial enterprise:”
• creating a new business;
• investing in a business that was established after Nov. 29, 1990;
• purchasing a business that was established prior to Nov. 29, 1990 and simultaneously or subsequently restructuring or reorganizing the business such that a new commercial enterprise results; or
• investing in a business that was established prior to Nov. 29, 1990 and expanding it by 40 percent of the pre-investment number of employees or net worth.
How much money?
To qualify, the Investor must invest at least:
• $1 million anywhere in the United States; or
• $500,000 in an area where 1) the unemployment rate exceeds the national average unemployment rate by 150% as designated by the State or 2) a rural area. A rural area is an area outside of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) or an area outside of a city or town having a population of 20,000 or more. MSAs are designated by the Office of Management and Budget.
Also, the money must come from a “lawful source of funds,” which means the Investor should have extensive documentation how he or she obtained the money, whether it be earnings, a gift from family, the sale of property, etc.
How many jobs?
The rationale behind providing for this type of immigration is to improve the U.S. economy. As such, the criteria for establishing whether an investment will qualify focuses on job creation. In general, the regulations state that if the Investor is starting a new business, or buying at existing business, at least 10 new full-time positions must be created. In the case, however, of an Investor who is expanding an existing business where a 40 percent increase in employees or net worth must be shown, if the net worth requirement cannot be met, then the Investor mush show a 40 percent increase in employees, meaning potentially more than 10 jobs must be created.
If investing in a “troubled business,” instead of hiring 10 people, the employment criteria can be met by maintaining the number of existing employees at no less than the pre-investment level for a period of at least two years. A “troubled business” is one that has been in existence for at least two years and that has lost 20 percent of its net worth over the past 12 to 24 months.
What is the Investor’s role in the enterprise?
The regulations state the Investor must have more than a passive role in the business. The Investor must be active, either through the exercise of day-to-day managerial control or through policy formulation. The regulations state that serving on the board of directors, as a corporate officer, or as a limited partner meet this criteria.
It should be noted that the Investor is not required to live in the area where the money is being invested.
Other eligibility criteria
The new enterprise must “benefit” the U.S. economy. This fact generally can be established by showing the entity provides goods or services to the U.S. market. If, however, the entity is a consulting firm exclusively serving clients overseas, that activity may not be sufficient to support a petition.
Special Pilot Program/Regional Centers
The Immigrant Investor Pilot Program is designed to encourage foreign investment by providing a vehicle for investment in the form of an economic unit called a “Regional Center.” The Regional Centers are private or public entities that have received government approval to participate in the program. They enable the amassing and pooling of capital for targeted investment in designated regions in the United States.
For the Investor, these Regional Centers are attractive because they allow for a less restrictive job creation requirement. Instead of having to prove direct job creation, the investor may show indirect job creation through such methods as economic and statistic forecasting tools.
Please note that this pilot program expires in November 2008 unless reinstated.
For a list of active Regional Centers, please see our other article on this blog listing the Regional Centers for the EB-5 Immigrant Investor Pilot Program.
Family Members
Dependent family members (spouse and children under age 21) may be included in the Investor’s immigration petition.
Application Process
File Form I-526, Immigrant Petition by Alien Entrepreneur. The Form I-526 must be filed with supporting documentation which clearly demonstrates that the individual’s investment meets all requirements. This documentation will need to be extensive to establish all the program requirements.
If the Investor is already in the United States, once the Form I-526 is approved, Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status must then be filed to obtain conditional permanent residence status.
If outside the United States, upon receiving the approved I-526 petition, the Investor must schedule an appointment with the U.S. embassy and apply for an immigrant visa.
Removing Conditions
In order to become a lawful permanent resident, eligible Investors must file a Form I-829, Petition by Entrepreneur to Remove Conditions. Form I-829 must be filed within 90 days before the second anniversary of the Investor’s admission to the United States as a conditional resident. Failure to file this petition will result in automatic termination of status and initiation of removal proceedings.
Quotas
There are 10,000 investor visas available annually. Of these, 5,000 are set aside for those who apply under the Pilot Program involving the government-designated Regional Centers. To date, the quotas have never been exceeded.
This entry was posted on Sunday, October 21st, 2007 at 8:17 pm and is filed under EB-5 Investor Green Card, Employment/Business Visas, Work Visas – Immigrant. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
2 Responses to “EB – 5 Permanent Residency through Investment”
1. K T Kim Says:
August 12, 2008 at 2:19 pm
Can you send some new information about EB-5 pilot program to me by e-mail? I am really interested in that program.
2. Vonda K. Vandaveer Says:
August 24, 2008 at 3:12 am
Thank you for visiting our site. For information about a specific Regional Center, you should contact that center directly as each has its own, unique investment program. Our site identifies various forms of contact information for each of the Regional Centers to assist you, including phone numbers, emails and websites where available.
http://vkvisalaw.wordpress.com/2007/10/21/eb-5-permanent-residency-through-investment/
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The Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. § 1841, et seq.) is a United States Act of Congress that regulates the actions of bank holding companies.
The original law (subsequently amended), specified that the Federal Reserve Board of Governors must approve the establishment of a bank holding company, and prohibited bank holding companies headquartered in one state from acquiring a bank in another state. The law was implemented in part to regulate and control banks that had formed bank holding companies in order to own both banking and non-banking businesses. The law generally prohibited a bank holding company from engaging in most non-banking activities or acquiring voting securities of certain companies that are not banks.
The interstate restrictions of the Bank Holding Company act were repealed by the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 (IBBEA). The IBBEA allowed interstate mergers between adequately capitalized and managed banks, subject to concentration limits, state laws and Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) evaluations. Other restrictions which prohibited bank holding companies from owning non-financial institutions were repealed in 1999 by Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. In the United States, financial holding companies continue to be prohibited from owning non-financial corporations in contrast to Japan and continental Europe where this arrangement is common.
Source
* FDIC Important Banking Legislation (2004).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act_of_1956
***
http://earth.google.com/thanks.html#p=win
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act_of_1956
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass-Steagall_Act
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollinger_International
Sun-Times Media Group (until recently Hollinger International) NYSE: SVN is the holding company of a Chicago based newspaper group. [own over 400 US newspapers and several international newspapers including the Jerusalem news paper.]
Corporate governance
November 17, 2003
* Conrad Black resigns as Chairman after an internal inquiry alleges that Black had received more than $7 million in unauthorized payments of company funds.
January 14, 2004
* Hollinger International files a US$200 million lawsuit against Conrad Black and David Radler.
October 2005
* Gordon A. Paris, Chairman of the Board of Directors, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
* Paul B. Healy, Vice President, Corporate Development and Investor Relations
* Peter K. Lane, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
* Robert T. Smith, Treasurer
* James R. Van Horn, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
* John Cruickshank, Chief Operating Officer, Head of the Chicago Group
* Members of the board of directors: Gordon Paris, Richard Burt, Daniel Colson, Cyrus Freidheim, Henry Kissinger, Shmuel Meitar, John O’Brien, Richard Perle, Graham Savage, Raymond Seitz, and James R. Thompson.
November 2006
* Cyrus Freidheim is hired as President and CEO.
February 2009
* Cyrus Freidheim resigns as CEO after New York-based hedge fund Davidson Kempner forces the ousting of all but one member of the Board of Directors.
* Jeremy Halbreich becomes the new chairman and interim chief executive.
***
http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS260654+26-Nov-2008+MW20081126
John Cruickshank Appointed Publisher of The Toronto Star
Wed Nov 26, 2008 5:46pm EST
TORONTO, ONTARIO, Nov 26 (MARKET WIRE) —
Torstar Corporation (TSX: TS.B) announced today that John Cruickshank has
been appointed as the Publisher of the Toronto Star, Canada’s largest
newspaper, effective January 1, 2009. Mr. Cruickshank is the 9th
publisher in the newspaper’s 116-year history.
Mr. Cruickshank, age 55, has enjoyed a distinguished career in newspapers
and television in both Canada and the United States.
He has served as Publisher of CBC News since September, 2007, where he
has been responsible for all English language television, radio and
online news. Before joining the CBC, he was Publisher of the Chicago
Sun-Times and Chief Operating Officer of the Sun-Times Media Group, based
in Chicago, from 2003 to 2007. Prior to being named Publisher of the
Sun-Times, he was Vice President, Editorial from 2000 to 2003.
He is also a former managing editor of the Globe and Mail and former
editor-in-chief of the Vancouver Sun. Under his leadership, the Sun won a
record number of National Newspaper Awards. He has also worked for the
Montreal Gazette and started his journalism career with the Kingston Whig
Standard.
About Torstar Corporation
Torstar Corporation is a broadly based media company listed on the
Toronto Stock Exchange (TS.B). Its businesses include the Star Media
Group led by the Toronto Star, Canada’s largest daily newspaper and
digital properties including thestar.com, toronto.com, Wheels.ca,
Workopolis, Olive Canada Network, and eyeReturn; Metroland Media Group,
publishers of community and daily newspapers in Ontario; and Harlequin
Enterprises, a leading global publisher of books for women.
Website: http://www.thestar.com
Copyright 2008, Market Wire, All rights reserved.
***
***
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Robert+F.+Froehlke&start=10&sa=N
Robert Froe
No Retirement For IDS Head
Published: Thursday, July 2, 1987
LEAD: Robert F. Froehlke started his retirement job yesterday -as president and chief executive of the $17 billion IDS Mutual Fund Group, a unit of the American Express Company.
Robert F. Froehlke started his retirement job yesterday -as president and chief executive of the $17 billion IDS Mutual Fund Group, a unit of the American Express Company.
Mr. Froehlke, who will be 65 years old on Oct. 15, has just retired as chairman of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. IDS manages 23 mutual funds.
He said he wanted another full-time job because ”I’m healthy and I guess I’m sort of made that way; I’m just not ready to hang it up.”
At Equitable, Mr. Froehlke faced a mandatory retirement age of 65; at IDS the policy favors older people. Mr. Froehlke’s predecessor, E. Robert Kinney, 69, joined IDS in 1982 after serving as chief executive of General Mills. He is now retiring but will remain a director.
Mr. Froehlke said he hoped to remain at the Minneapolis-based company for at least five years. He said he would be ”making sure that people who pay their money in get good service.” He said he would not be involved in choosing investments ”but I can do a lot of second-guessing.”
A version of this article appeared in print on Thursday, July 2, 1987, on section D page 2 of the New York edition.
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1D91139F931A35754C0A961948260
***
http://www.google.com/search?q=Robert+F.+Froehlke&btnGNS=Search+wikipedia.org&oi=navquery_searchbox&sa=X&as_sitesearch=wikipedia.org&hl=en
Robert Frederick Froehlke
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Robert Frederick Froehlke
Robert Frederick Froehlke (born October 15, 1922) was a United States administrator. He served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Administration from January 1969 to June 1971, and as United States Secretary of the Army from July 1971 until May 1973.
Military offices
Preceded by
Stanley R. Resor United States Secretary of the Army
July 1971–May 1973 Succeeded by
Howard H. Callaway
United States Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army
Cabinet-level
Knox • Pickering • McHenry • Dexter • Dearborn • Eustis • Armstrong • Monroe • W. H. Crawford • Calhoun • Barbour • P. B. Porter • Eaton • Cass • Poinsett • Bell • Spencer • J. M. Porter • Wilkins • Marcy • G. W. Crawford • Conrad • J. Davis • Floyd • Holt • S. Cameron • Stanton • Schofield • Rawlins • Belknap • A. Taft • J. Cameron • McCrary • Ramsey • Lincoln • Endicott • Proctor • Elkins • Lamont • Alger • Root • W. H. Taft • Wright • Dickinson • Stimson • Garrison • Baker • Weeks • D. F. Davis • Good • Hurley • Dern • Woodring • Stimson • Patterson • Royall
Emblem of the Department of War
Flag of the Secretary of the Army
Dept. of Defense
Royall • Gray • Pace • Stevens • Brucker • Stahr • Vance • Ailes • Resor • Froehlke • Callaway • Hoffmann • Alexander • Marsh • Stone • West • Walker • Caldera • Dahlberg • Westphal • White • Brownlee • Harvey • Geren
***
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Callaway
Howard Callaway
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Howard Hollis Bo Callaway
Howard Callaway
11th United States Secretary of the Army
In office
May 15, 1973 – July 3, 1975
President Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford
Preceded by Robert F. Froehlke
Succeeded by Martin R. Hoffmann
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia’s 3rd district
In office
January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1967
Preceded by Tic Forrester
Succeeded by Jack Thomas Brinkley
Born April 2, 1927 (1927-04-02) (age 81)
LaGrange, Georgia
Political party Republican
Howard Hollis Bo Callaway (born April 2, 1927) is a businessman and former politician from the state of Georgia.
Callaway was born in LaGrange west of Atlanta. He attended Georgia Tech and graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. After his term in the Army ended, Callaway returned to Georgia to help his father develop and run Callaway Gardens in western Georgia. The gardens are located near Franklin D. Roosevelt’s famous Warm Springs retreat.
Like most southerners of his time, Callaway grew up as a supporter of the Democratic Party. In 1964, however, he ran as Goldwater Republican for a seat in the House of Representatives. He won, becoming the first Republican elected to the U.S. House from Georgia since the Reconstruction era.[1] Callaway gave up his House seat to run for governor of Georgia in 1966, making him the first Republican nominee for Governor in Georgia since 1876.[2] Go Bo was used as his gubernatorial campaign slogan, and some people unhappy with both major candidates (Lester Maddox was the Democratic candidate) would expand that to say Go Bo, and take Lester with you . Callaway won a plurality over the segregationist Maddox in the general election, but a write-in effort in support of liberal former Governor Ellis Arnall denied Callaway a majority of votes. Under Georgia’s election law then in effect, the state legislature was required to select a governor from the two candidates with the most votes. Dominated overwhelmingly by Democrats, the legislature selected Maddox.
Callaway moved to Colorado in the 1970s. He served as Secretary of the Army from 1973 to 1975 and as Gerald Ford’s first campaign manager in 1976. Callaway was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate in 1980, losing to challenger Mary Buchanan.[3] The seat was retained by the incumbent, Democrat Gary Hart. Callaway then served as the chairman of the Colorado Republican party and as head of GOPAC.
A son-in-law, Terry Considine, also a Republican, ran unsuccessfully for the Senate from Colorado in 1992, losing to Democratic (later Republican) Congressman Ben Nighthorse Campbell.[4]
See also
United States Army portal
References
1. ^ Our Campaigns: Container Detail . http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=122073.
2. ^ Our Campaigns: Georgia District 3 Race, November 3, 1964 . http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=114.
3. ^ Our Campaigns: Colorado Republican Primary for U.S. Senate, September 9, 1980 . http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=259748.
4. ^ Our Campaigns: Colorado Senatorial Race, November 3, 1992 . http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3473.
External links
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Tic Forrester Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Georgia’s 3rd congressional district
January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1967 Succeeded by
Jack Thomas Brinkley
Military offices
Preceded by
Robert F. Froehlke United States Secretary of the Army
May 1973–July 1975 Succeeded by
Martin R. Hoffmann
United States Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army
Cabinet-level
Knox • Pickering • McHenry • Dexter • Dearborn • Eustis • Armstrong • Monroe • W. H. Crawford • Calhoun • Barbour • P. B. Porter • Eaton • Cass • Poinsett • Bell • Spencer • J. M. Porter • Wilkins • Marcy • G. W. Crawford • Conrad • J. Davis • Floyd • Holt • S. Cameron • Stanton • Schofield • Rawlins • Belknap • A. Taft • J. Cameron • McCrary • Ramsey • Lincoln • Endicott • Proctor • Elkins • Lamont • Alger • Root • W. H. Taft • Wright • Dickinson • Stimson • Garrison • Baker • Weeks • D. F. Davis • Good • Hurley • Dern • Woodring • Stimson • Patterson • Royall
Emblem of the Department of War
Flag of the Secretary of the Army
Dept. of Defense
Royall • Gray • Pace • Stevens • Brucker • Stahr • Vance • Ailes • Resor • Froehlke • Callaway • Hoffmann • Alexander • Marsh • Stone • West • Walker • Caldera • Dahlberg • Westphal • White • Brownlee • Harvey • Geren
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Callaway
Categories: 1927 births | Living people | Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state) | United States Secretaries of the Army | United States Military Academy alumni | American military personnel of the Korean War | United States Army officers | People from Troup County, Georgia | Georgia Institute of Technology alumni | Colorado Republicans | Georgia (U.S. state) Republicans
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GOPAC
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
GOPAC is a Republican (GOP) state and local political training organization. Although often thought of as a PAC, or Political Action Committee, it is actually a 527. It is the premier training organization for Republican candidates in elected office on the state and local levels.
GOPAC was founded by Delaware Governor Pierre S. du Pont, IV in 1978 in an effort to build a farm team of Republican officeholders who could then run for congress or higher state offices later. [1] On February 1, 2007, former Maryland Lieutenant Governor Michael Steele became the chairman and served until his election as chairman of the Republican National Committee in January, 2009. The current chairman on GOPAC is Frank Donatelli.
Soon after Steele took over as chairman of GOPAC he said in an interview with Newsmax.com that he wants Republicans to know that the organization will soon be back as the powerful force it once was under Newt Gingrich. Steele told NewsMax that Republicans face a shrewd foe. In effect, he said, Democrats have wheeled themselves out as Trojan horses, ingratiating themselves with voters by pretending to adopt Republican values but then voting as traditional Democrats.[2]
Other past Chairmen of GOPAC include former Oklahoma Governor Frank Keating, former Georgia Congressman and Secretary of the Army Bo Callaway, California Congressman David Dreier, Arizona Congressman John Shadegg, former Oklahoma Congressman J.C. Watts, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich of Georgia.
References
1. ^ http://www.gopac.com/gopac_chairmans_corner.php
2. ^ http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/4/16/171319.shtml
External links
* GOPAC website
This article related to the politics of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOPAC
Categories: Conservative organizations in the United States | Republican Party (United States) organizations | United States political action committees | 527 groups | United States politics stubs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOPAC
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527 group
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)
Lobbying in the
United States
Political action committee
527 group
Campaign finance (reform)
Major industrial and
business lobbies
Agricultural
Energy
Health
Insurance
Organized labor
Software
Transportation
Major single-issue
lobbies
Abortion / Pro-life
Environment
Federal leadership
Foreign / defense policy
Gun politics
Immigration
Israel
Women’s rights
Gay Rights
A 527 group is a type of American tax-exempt organization named after a section of the United States tax code, 26 U.S.C. § 527. A 527 group is created primarily to influence the nomination, election, appointment or defeat of candidates for public office. Although candidate committees and political action committees are also created under Section 527, the term is generally used to refer to political organizations that are not regulated by the Federal Election Commission or by a state elections commission, and are not subject to the same contribution limits as PACs.
Contents
* 1 Current legislation
* 2 2004 election controversy
* 3 Top Twenty Federally Focused and State-Focused 527 groups, 2004 election cycle
* 4 Top Twenty Federally Focused and State-Focused 527 groups, 2006 election cycle
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links
Current legislation
Because 527 organizations do not make expenditures to directly advocate the election or defeat of any candidate for federal elective office, they avoid regulation by the Federal Election Commission. The line between issue advocacy and candidate advocacy is the source of heated debate and litigation.
Many 527s are run by interest groups and used to raise money to spend on issue advocacy and voter mobilization outside of the restrictions on PACs.
Examples of 527s include Americans for Dr. Rice, Americans for Honesty on Issues, Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, Texans for Truth, The Media Fund, America Coming Together, the Progress for America Voter Fund, United American Technologies, American Right To Life Action and the November Fund. MoveOn.org was previously a 527, until they decided to shut down their 527 group as a result of new politics offered by Barack Obama .[1]
During April of 2004, the Federal Election Commission (FEC) held hearings to determine whether or not 527s should be regulated under campaign finance rules. The Commission ultimately decided that the law did not cover these independent 527 organizations unless they directly advocated the election or defeat of a candidate.
Federal Election Commission rulings after the 2004 election put advertisements which questioned a candidate’s character and fitness for office off limits to 527s specifically.[2]
2004 election controversy
Under federal election law, coordination between an election campaign and a 527 group is not allowed. The heavy spending of key 527 groups to attack presidential candidates brought complaints to the Federal Elections Commission of illegal coordination between the groups and rival political campaigns. These formal complaints included:
* On May 5, 2004, the Republican National Committee accused MoveOn.org, The Media Fund, America Coming Together and America Votes of coordinating their efforts with the John Kerry campaign.
* On August 20, 2004, John Kerry’s campaign accused Swift Boat Veterans for Truth of coordinating their efforts with the George W. Bush campaign.
Several people who are involved with both organizations have removed themselves to avoid the appearance of conflict. Attorney Benjamin Ginsberg pointed out that it was not uncommon or illegal for lawyers to represent campaigns or political parties while also representing 527 groups. For example, Washington attorney Joe Sandler simultaneously represents the Democratic National Committee and a 527 group airing anti-Bush ads, the MoveOn.org Voter Fund.
In 2006 and 2007 the FEC fined a number of organizations, including MoveOn and Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, for violations arising from the 2004 campaign. The FEC’s rationale was that these groups had specifically advocated the election or defeat of candidates, thus making them subject to federal regulation and its limits on contributions to the organizations.
Top Twenty Federally Focused and State-Focused 527 groups, 2004 election cycle
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities. Democratic/liberal leaning groups are highlighted in blue, Republican/conservative leaning groups are highlighted in pink.
A total of $439,709,105 was spent by these organizations alone, $307,324,096 of which was spent by Democratic/liberal groups and $132,385,009 of which was spent by Republican/conservative groups.[3][4]
Rank Name 2004 Fundraising 2004 Expenditures
1 America Coming Together $79,795,487 $78,040,480
2 Joint Victory Campaign 2004* $71,811,666 $72,588,053
3 Media Fund $59,414,183 $57,694,580
4 Service Employees International Union $48,385,367 $47,695,646
5 Progress For America $44,929,174 $35,631,378
6 Republican Governors Association $33,848,421 $34,301,889
7 Democratic Governors Association $24,172,761 $24,125,938
8 American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees $22,227,050 $22,332,587
9 Swift Vets and POWs for Truth $17,008,090 $22,565,360
10 MoveOn.org $12,956,215 $21,565,803
11 College Republican National Committee $12,780,126 $17,260,655
12 New Democrat Network $12,726,158 $12,524,063
13 Citizens for a Strong Senate $10,853,730 $10,228,515
14 Republican State Leadership Committee $10,762,907 $10,682,312
15 Club for Growth $10,645,976 $11,943,415
16 Sierra Club $8,727,127 $6,261,811
17 EMILY’s List $7,739,946 $8,100,752
18 Voices for Working Families $7,466,056 $7,202,695
19 AFL-CIO $6,583,572 $6,473,110
20 League of Conservation Voters $6,049,500 $5,078,116
As of June 30, 2008.[3][4]
*Joint Victory Campaign 2004 is a joint fund-raising committee run by America Coming Together and the Media Fund. Money raised by JVC is divided between these two beneficiaries. Combining receipts for these three groups would result in double-counting.
Top Twenty Federally Focused and State-Focused 527 groups, 2006 election cycle
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities. Democratic/liberal leaning groups are highlighted in blue, Republican/conservative leaning groups are highlighted in pink.
A total of $171,045,165 was spent by these organizations alone, $121,665,587 of which was spent by Democrat/liberal groups and $49,379,578 of which was spent by Republican/conservative groups.[5][6]
Rank
Name 2006 Fundraising 2006 Expenditures
1 Republican Governors Association $28,798,367 $15,993,537
2 Service Employees International Union $25,053,546 $28,212,510
3 Democratic Governors Association $18,526,787 $8,508,850
4 America Votes $14,391,893 $14,106,236
5 EMILY’s List $11,776,201 $11,128,005
6 Republican State Leadership Committee $11,340,863 $10,132,510
7 American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees $9,599,404 $8,336,574
8 Club for Growth $7,217,080 $8,157,383
9 Change to Win $7,061,423 $2,592,376
10 Progress for America $6,175,025 $13,000,574
11 International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers $5,538,113 $5,529,067
12 September Fund $5,230,500 $4,950,861
13 Economic Freedom Fund $5,050,450 $4,835,805
14 America Coming Together $4,494,107 $6,998,238
15 Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee $4,365,495 $3,928,487
16 Democratic Attorneys General Association $4,083,576 $2,630,350
17 College Republican National Committee $3,720,110 $10,260,343
18 Laborers’ International Union of North America $3,688,250 $3,762,110
19 Progressive Majority $3,262,427 $4,845,486
20 Bluegrass Freedom Fund $3,150,125 $3,135,863
As of June 30, 2008. Source:[7] Source:[8]
See also
* Political action committee
* Campaign finance in the United States
* campaign finance reform
* 501(c)(4)
* 501(c)(3)
* opposition research
References
1. ^ MoveOn To Close Its 527 In Response To Obama’s Candidacy
2. ^ Luo, Michael (2008-06-12). Ready to Attack Obama, if Some Money Arrives . New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/21/us/politics/21ads.html?hp=&pagewanted=all.
3. ^ a b Top 50 Federally Focused Organizations
4. ^ a b State-Focused 527 Committees Only
5. ^ Top 50 Federally Focused Organizations
6. ^ State-Focused 527 Committees Only
7. ^ Top 50 Federally Focused Organizations
8. ^ State-Focused 527 Committees Only
External links
* 527s: Advocacy Group Spending in the 2008 Elections from OpenSecrets.org
* Silent Partners (527 Organizations) from Center for Public Integrity
* Tax Information for Political Organizations from the Internal Revenue Service
* RNC opens assault on anti-Bush groups , CNN.com, May 6, 2004
* Kerry files FEC complaint against swift boat group , CNN.com, August 21, 2004
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/527_group
Categories: Lobbying | Political advocacy groups in the United States | 527 groups | Internal Revenue Code
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/527_group
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Pages in category 527 groups
The following 24 pages are in this category, out of 24 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
* 527 group –
* AFL-CIO
* America Coming Together
* America Votes
* American Freedom Campaign
* American Leadership Project
* American Solutions for Winning the Future
* Americans for Honesty on Issues
* College Republicans
* Communists for Kerry
* EMILY’s List
* Economic Freedom Fund
* GOPAC
* Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund
* Joint Victory Campaign 2004
* League of Conservation Voters
* Media Fund
* New Democrat Network
* Progress For America
* Rely on Your Beliefs Fund
* Sierra Club
* Swift Vets and POWs for Truth
* Texans for Truth
* Young Democrats of America
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:527_groups
Categories: Political advocacy groups in the United States
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:527_groups
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In the fall of 1970, Rove used a false identity to enter the campaign office of Democrat Alan J. Dixon, who was running for Treasurer of Illinois. He stole 1000 sheets of paper with campaign letterhead, printed fake campaign rally fliers promising free beer, free food, girls and a good time for nothing , and distributed them at rock concerts and homeless shelters, with the effect of disrupting Dixon’s rally. (Dixon eventually won the election). Rove’s role would not become publicly known until August 1973. Rove told the Dallas Morning News in 1999, It was a youthful prank at the age of 19 and I regret it. [10]
[edit] College Republicans, Watergate, and the Bushes
In June 1971, Rove dropped out of college to take a paid position as the Executive Director of the College Republican National Committee. Joe Abate, who was National Chairman of the College Republicans at the time, became a mentor to Rove.[8]
Rove traveled extensively, participating as an instructor at weekend seminars for campus conservatives across the country. He was an active participant in Richard Nixon’s 1972 Presidential campaign. As a protégé of Donald Segretti (later convicted as a Watergate conspirator), Rove painted the Nixon opponent George McGovern as a left-wing peacenik , in spite of McGovern’s World War II stint piloting a B-24.[11]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rove
***
After the convention, both Edgeworth and Rove appealed to Republican National Committee Chairman George H. W. Bush, each contending that he was the new College Republican chairman.
While resolution was pending, Dolan went (anonymously) to the Washington Post with recordings of several training seminars for young Republicans where Rove discussed campaign techniques that included rooting through opponents’ garbage cans. On August 10, 1973, in the midst of the Watergate scandal, the Post broke the story in an article titled Republican Party Probes Official as Teacher of Tricks.
At Nixon’s request, a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent questioned Rove. As part of the investigation, Atwater signed an affidavit, dated August 13, 1973, stating that he had heard a 20 minute anecdote similar to the one described in the Washington Post in July 1972, but that it was a funny story during a coffee break. [12] Former Nixon White House Counsel John Dean, who was implicated in the Watergate break-in and became the star witness for the prosecution, has been quoted as saying that Based on my review of the files, it appears the Watergate prosecutors were interested in Rove’s activities in 1972, but because they had bigger fish to fry they did not aggressively investigate him. [13]
On September 6, 1973, three weeks after announcing his intent to investigate the allegations against Rove, Bush chose Rove to be chairman of the College Republicans. Bush then wrote Edgeworth a letter saying that he had concluded that Rove had fairly won the vote at the convention. Edgeworth wrote back, asking about the basis of that conclusion. Not long after that, Edgeworth has said, Bush sent me back the angriest letter I have ever received in my life. I had leaked to the Washington Post, and now I was out of the Party forever.
For most of his career prior to his employment at the White House, Rove was a political consultant almost exclusively for Republican candidates. Rove’s campaign clients have included Bush (2000 and 2004 presidential elections, 1994 and 1998 Texas gubernatorial elections), Senator John Ashcroft (1994 U.S. Senate election), Bill Clements (1986 Texas gubernatorial election), Senator John Cornyn (2002 U.S. Senate election), Governor Rick Perry (1990 Texas Agriculture Commission election), and Phil Gramm (1982 U.S. House and 1984 U.S. Senate elections).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rove
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Our Firm
Capital Cities, LLC is an investment consulting firm, delivering comprehensive resources, customized planning, and responsive service to clients in order to assist them in meeting their fiduciary duties. Capital Cities’ sole focus is to provide investment consulting solutions to tax-exempt clients (public funds, retirement plans, and foundations/endowments). Our dedicated, disciplined team of professionals has a superb commitment to communication, partnership, and service. Capital Cities is connected to comprehensive institutional analytical tools and information and offers you some of the deepest resources in the middle marketplace. For more information, contact us at 317.475.4500 or 800.743.6010.
http://www.capcities.com/
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Hollinger International Inc.
People related to Hollinger International Inc.:
Allan E. Gotlieb – director
Richard N. Perle – director
Raymond G.H. Seitz – director
Hollinger International Inc. past relationships:
Conrad M. Black – chairman & CEO
Marie-Josee Kravis – director
F. David Radler – deputy chairman & COO
http://www.muckety.com/Hollinger-International-Inc/5005045.muckety
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Hollinger International Inc.
Hollinger owns more than 400 newspapers worldwide. Canadian holdings include the National Post and newspapers in eight provinces.
http://www.hollinger.com/ – Similar pages
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Sun-Times Media Group
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Sun-Times Media Group (until recently Hollinger International) NYSE: SVN is the holding company of a Chicago based newspaper group. Thirty percent (and 78% of the voting share) of the group is owned by Canadian based Hollinger Inc. – an 84% controlling stake was owned by controversial Canadian businessman Conrad Black through his Ravelston Corporation Limited. He attempted to sell this stake to the Barclay brothers in January 2004 and the brothers launched a takeover bid for the rest of Hollinger International. However the sale was blocked by a judge in the United States after the company’s board lodged a court action against the sale. Ravelston is currently in receivership.
The Barclay brothers later bought The Telegraph Group which included The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, and The Spectator. On November 16, 2004 the sale of The Jerusalem Post to Mirkaei Tikshoret, a Tel Aviv-based publisher of Israeli newspapers, was announced. CanWest Global Communications, Canada’s biggest media concern, announced it has agreed to take a 50 percent stake in The Jerusalem Post after Mirkaei buys the property. In February, 2006, Hollinger sold substantially all of its Canadian assets.[1] The corporation’s name was changed to Sun-Times Media Group on July 17, 2006.[2]
Assets now include the Chicago Sun-Times in the United States, and various suburban and neighborhood newspapers in the Chicago area, including the Post-Tribune of Northwest Indiana, the Pioneer Press group, the Daily Southtown, the Beacon News-Sun Publications group in the Aurora-Naperville area, The Star (Tinley Park), The Herald News (Joliet) and the Lake County News Sun. It also owns the Centerstage Chicago entertainment site.
Corporate governance
November 17, 2003
* Conrad Black resigns as Chairman after an internal inquiry alleges that Black had received more than $7 million in unauthorized payments of company funds.
January 14, 2004
* Hollinger International files a US$200 million lawsuit against Conrad Black and David Radler.
October 2005
* Gordon A. Paris, Chairman of the Board of Directors, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
* Paul B. Healy, Vice President, Corporate Development and Investor Relations
* Peter K. Lane, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
* Robert T. Smith, Treasurer
* James R. Van Horn, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
* John Cruickshank, Chief Operating Officer, Head of the Chicago Group
* Members of the board of directors: Gordon Paris, Richard Burt, Daniel Colson, Cyrus Freidheim, Henry Kissinger, Shmuel Meitar, John O’Brien, Richard Perle, Graham Savage, Raymond Seitz, and James R. Thompson.
November 2006
* Cyrus Freidheim is hired as President and CEO.
February 2009
* Cyrus Freidheim resigns as CEO after New York-based hedge fund Davidson Kempner forces the ousting of all but one member of the Board of Directors.
* Jeremy Halbreich becomes the new chairman and interim chief executive.
External links
* Sun-Times Media Group official site
* Suburban Chicago News site, including the Aurora Beacon News, Naperville Sun and Sun Group, Joliet Herald News, and Lake County News Sun
* Guardian Unlimited Special Report – Conrad Black, Hollinger and the Telegraph Ongoing archive collection of news and analysis.
* Ketupa.net – Media Profiles: Hollinger, Black & the Barclays Extensive background information, including past and present media holdings.
* U.S. SEC – Breeden Report Complete 512-page copy of the Report of Investigation by the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of Hollinger International Inc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollinger_International
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EPIC logo
The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
Introduction | What you Can Do to Protect Your Privacy
| News | Resources | Cases
Top News
* Victoria’s Secret and Financial Privacy. Outside the Beltway, it is not well known that a Victoria’s Secret catalog was responsible for a key aspect of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. Read the story here. (Jan. 2005)
Introduction
Information that many would consider private–including bank balances and account numbers–is regularly bought and sold by banks, credit card companies, and other financial institutions. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), which is also known as the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, provides limited privacy protections against the sale of your private financial information. Additionally, the GLBA codifies protections against pretexting, the practice of obtaining personal information through false pretenses.
The GLBA primarily sought to modernize financial services–that is, end regulations that prevented the merger of banks, stock brokerage companies, and insurance companies. The removal of these regulations, however, raised significant risks that these new financial institutions would have access to an incredible amount of personal information, with no restrictions upon its use. Prior to GLBA, the insurance company that maintained your health records was distinct from the bank that mortgaged your house and the stockbroker that traded your stocks. Once these companies merge, however, they would have the ability to consolidate, analyze and sell the personal details of their customers’ lives. Because of these risks, the GLBA included three simple requirements to protect the personal data of individuals: First, banks, brokerage companies, and insurance companies must securely store personal financial information. Second, they must advise you of their policies on sharing of personal financial information. Third, they must give consumers the option to opt-out of some sharing of personal financial information.
* Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA).
* Title V of the GLBA (sections with financial privacy and pretexting protections).
History of the GLBA
The history of the GLBA has its roots in the separation of banks, brokerage companies, and insurance companies. As a result of the financial failures of the Great Depression, Congress in 1933 passed the Glass-Steagall Act prohibiting national and state banks from affiliating with securities companies. In 1956, Congress passed the Bank Holding Company Act that prohibited a bank from controlling a non-bank company. In 1982 Congress amended the Bank Holding Act to further forbid banks from conducting general insurance underwriting or agency activities. This changed, however, in 1999, when the GLBA repealed sections of these acts and allowed banks to engage in a wide range of financial services.
The privacy risks from such mergers were put onto the agenda by a series of international and domestic events. On the international front, in 1995, the EU passed the Data Protection Directive, which required that international data exchanges that used EU citizens’ personal data be accorded the same level of protection that their home country would afford them. This meant that US companies would have to ensure that when they used EU citizens’ personal data they provided the same level of protection these citizens were afforded within the EU. The EU was especially concerned with the US government’s preference for self-regulatory approaches to privacy and the lack of federal privacy legislation. While the EU-US agreed to a Safe Harbor proposal, which allowed for companies to self-regulate under FTC oversight, financial services industries were not included in the original agreement.
In the United States, privacy was increasingly cited as being at risk. Public polls at the time indicated citizen privacy awareness and unhappiness with the banking industry’s lack of concern for consumer privacy issues. These poll responses led to subsequent studies that indicated how much consumers were concerned with ineffectual bank privacy standards and the lack of consumer protections against unwanted information sharing.
These attitudes were further fueled by a series of high profile cases involving banks selling consumer information with adverse consequences for customers including marketing, credit fraud, and identity theft.
In November 1997, Charter Pacific Bank of Agoura Hills, California sold millions of credit card numbers to an adult website company, which then proceeded to bill customers for access to Internet porn sites and other services they did not request. Some of the customers billed did not even own a computer. The website company had set up numerous merchant accounts under different names to avoid detection. In September 2000, the FTC announced that it has won a $37.5 million judgment against the website company. While the bank maintained that it did not do anything wrong, it has since then stopped selling credit card numbers to merchants.
In 1998, NationsBank (later merged with Bank of America) was fined millions for securities law violations because it shared customer information with its affiliate subsidiary Nations Securities. The subsidiary then convinced low risk customers to buy high-risk investments. Many NationsBank customers lost large amounts and many senior citizens lost large amounts of their life savings.
In June 1999, the Minnesota Attorney General initiated a lawsuit against U.S. Bankcorp for sharing customer information with third party marketers in violation of its own policies without customer knowledge or authorization. The telemarketers then illicitly charged those customers. US Bankcorp eventually settled that case, along with those brought by 39 other state attorneys general. In April 2000, Minnesota settled with the third party telemarketer, Memberworks, that US Bankcorp used. According to Memberworks’ SEC filings, 19 out of the 25 largest banks in the US had contracts with it. Other prominent banks, including Chase Manhattan and Citibank, have been involved in schemes where personal account information is sold to telemarketers.
This confluence of international and domestic events prompted Congress to include Title V in its GLBA provisions, which contains limited privacy protections for financial information. The GLBA was introduced in the Senate by Senator Phil Gramm (R-TX) as 106 S. 900 and in the House of Representatives by Representative James Leach (R-IA) as 106 H.R. 10. It was signed by President Clinton and became Public Law 106-102 (113 Stat. 1338) on November 11, 1999. The privacy protections are codified at 15 USC § 6801-6810.
* 106 S. 900 (Senate Version).
* 106 H.R. 10 (House Version).
* 15 USC § 6801.
* Conference Report H. Rept. 106-434.
* Citibank Settlement with New York Attorney General.
Privacy Protections Under the GLBA
The GLBA’s privacy protections only regulate financial institutions–businesses that are engaged in banking, insuring, stocks and bonds, financial advice, and investing.
First, these financial institutions, whether they wish to disclose your personal information or not, must develop precautions to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information, to protect against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such records, and to protect against unauthorized access to or use of such records or information which could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer.
Second, financial institutions are required to provide you with a notice of their information sharing policies when you first become a customer, and annually thereafter. That notice must inform the consumer of the financial institutions’ policies on: disclosing nonpublic personal information (NPI) to affiliates and nonaffiliated third parties, disclosing NPI after the customer relationship is terminated, and protecting NPI. Nonpublic personal information means all information on applications to obtain financial services (credit card or loan applications), account histories (bank or credit card) and the fact that an individual is or was a customer. This interpretation of NPI makes names, addresses, telephone numbers, Social Security Numbers and other data subject to the GLBA’s data sharing restrictions.
Third, the GLBA gives consumers the right to opt-out from a limited amount of NPI sharing. Specifically, a consumer can direct the financial institution to not share information with unaffiliated companies.
Consumers have no right under the GLBA to stop sharing of NPI among affiliates. An affiliate is any company that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with another company. The individual consumer has absolutely no control over this kind of corporate family trading of personal information.
There are several exemptions under the GLBA that can permit information sharing over the consumer’s objection. For instance, if a financial institution wishes to engage the services of a separate company, they can transfer personal information to that company by arguing that the information is necessary to the services that the company will perform. A financial institution can transfer information to a marketing or sales company to sell new products (different stocks) or jointly offered products (co-sponsored credit cards). Once this unaffiliated third party has your personal information, they can share it with their own corporate family. However, they themselves cannot likewise transfer the information to further companies through this exemption.
In addition, financial institutions can disclose your information to credit reporting agencies, financial regulatory agencies, as part of the sale of a business, to comply with any other laws or regulations, or as necessary for a transaction requested by the consumer.
Fourth, financial institutions are prohibited from disclosing, other than to a consumer reporting agency, access codes or account numbers to any nonaffiliated third party for use in telemarketing, direct mail marketing, or other marketing through electronic mail. Thus, even if a consumer fails to opt-out of a financial institutions’ transfers, your credit card numbers, pins or other access codes cannot be sold, as they had been in some previous cases.
Fifth, certain types of pretexting were prohibited by the GLBA. Pretexting is the practice of collecting personal information under false pretenses. Pretexters pose as authority figures (law enforcement agents, social workers, potential employers, etc.) and manufacture seductive stories (that the victim is about to receive a sweepstakes award or insurance payment) in order to elicit personal information about the victim. The GLBA prohibits the use of false, fictitious or fraudulent statements or documents to get customer information from a financial institution or directly from a customer of a financial institution; the use of forged, counterfeit, lost or stolen documents to get customer information from a financial institution or directly from a customer of a financial institution; and asking another person to get someone else’s customer information using false, fictitious, or fraudulent documents or forged, counterfeit, lost or stolen documents.
However, investigators still can call friends, relatives, or entities not covered by the GLBA under false pretenses in order to gain information on the victim.
Problems with the GLBA
First, the GLBA does not protect consumers. It unfairly places the burden on the individual to protect privacy with an opt-out standard. By placing the burden on the customer to protect their data, GLBA weakens customer power to control their financial information. The agreement’s opt-out provisions do not require institutions to provide a standard of protection for their customers regardless of whether they opt-out of the agreement. This provision is based on the assumption that financial companies will share information unless expressly told not to by their customers and if customers neglect to respond, it gives institutions that freedom to disclose customer nonpublic personal information.
Second, the GLBA notices are confusing and limit the transparency of information practices. GLBA assumes a company will explain a complex set of legal definitions added to numerous exceptions to the law in a way that will allow for an informed choice and in transparent language. There are reservations about a company’s desire to do this.
Moreover, according to recent studies, most privacy and opt-out policies are usually convoluted, confusing, and misleading since they are created by entities whose interests are better served when there is no effective notice. GLBA does little to deal with the lack of transparency in the privacy notices themselves. Typical privacy notices do not include any specific information about how the data is actually used. GLBA notices do inform consumers that their personal information will be shared, but they generally do not inform the individual of who will receive the information or the purposes for which it will be used.
Third, the GLBA fails to enhance consumers’ control over affiliate information sharing. Consumers have no opt-out right against affiliate information sharing. In today’s world of mega-mergers, a bank may have over one thousand affiliates, some of which may be completely unrelated to financial services.
Fourth, financial institutions can evade opt-out requirements by exploiting the exceptions in the GLBA. The service provider/joint marketing exemption allows financial institutions to share information with non-affiliated third parties despite a consumer’s opt-out.
Fifth, the GLBA has weak enforcement and compensation mechanisms. GLBA’s enforcement mechanisms are inadequate to assure compliance with even existing weak privacy protections. Enforcement rests solely with federal government agencies, leaving the individual no private right of action.
How the GLBA Could Be Improved
Privacy advocates and industry groups have asked for some substantial changes to the GLBA to ensure greater protection and consumer security. Some of these changes include:
1. Financial institutions should implement an opt-in approach to the use of personal information because this minimizes any unwanted or unknowing disclosure of information and places the burden of responsibility on those actors who will gain from the disclosure of information.
2. If an opt-out framework is maintained, financial institutions should be obligated to give and accept alternative opt-out methods. They should be required to provide simple opt-out processes including easy access to privacy policies at branch offices and online through a single web site with opt-out information,
3. In order to ensure greater transparency and accountability, financial institutions should include in their privacy reports what information is going to be used for. Financial institutions should be required to provide customers with a statutory right of access to learn more about industry practices in order to know how the information is collected, who its affiliates are, and what the information collected for is used.
4. Financial institutions should provide simply stated and clear privacy policies. Financial institutions should be required to follow acceptable standards for readability by displaying clearer and more transparent privacy reports.
5. Expand enforcement authority to give states concurrent jurisdiction to enforce the provisions of GLBA in order to ensure a more efficient enforcement program.
6. Individuals should have the right to protect their privacy and seek remedies and redress under GLBA. As GLBA currently stands, there is no private right of action.
7. Give individuals the right to review information that is disclosed or to correct inaccurate or incomplete data.
State Law and the GLBA
As with most consumer protection legislation, the GLBA allows states to formulate protections that exceed federal law. The state law debate over GLBA privacy protections has primarily revolved around the question of whether to adopt an opt-in standard for information sharing, and whether to create protections for affiliate information sharing.
* More States Consider Moving Ahead With Tough Financial-Privacy Laws, Wall Street, Journal, March 13, 2002.
* Financial Privacy: Status of State Actions on Gramm Leach Bliley Act’s Privacy Provisions, GAO Report 02-361, April 2002.
In California: Governor Gray Davis’ focus upon privacy during his campaign has made California a place to watch. A broad-based coalition that includes the Consumers Union, the American Association of Retired Persons, the American Civil Liberties Union and other groups will launch an attempt to place the consumer financial privacy issue on the November 2002 ballot. The initiative, interestingly, is to be funded by an Internet executive. Chris Larsen, the CEO of E-Loan, felt strongly enough that consumer privacy fears were a major impediment to his business that he donated $1 million to fund the initiative.
In North Dakota: Shortly after the passage of the GLBA, North Dakota passed emergency legislation to eliminate opt-in protections in the state. Members of the State’s Constitution Party strongly objected to this, and collected the 15,000 signatures necessary to get the issue placed on the ballot for statewide review. A group called Protect Our Privacy formed, and with the help of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), they raised about $27,000 to campaign for opt-in support. An opposition group, driven mainly by bankers and financial interests, raised well over $100,000 to oppose opt-in. Much of that money was spent on misleading ads, including one that claimed ATMs would no longer work in the State if opt-in was adopted. This caused such controversy that the State Attorney General issued an opinion specifically rebutting this claim.
The referendum provided the first opportunity for voters to express their opinion on opt-in. And, consistent with the strong support for opt-in demonstrated in public opinion polls, the voters overwhelmingly rejected opt-out. 73% supported reestablishing the opt-in standard. North Dakota’s action is likely to spark voter initiatives for opt-in in other states. Advocates in North Dakota also plan to expand opt-in next year by applying the standard to the insurance industry.
* North Dakotans to Vote on Bank Privacy Rules, New York Times, June 10, 2002. =
* Formal Opinion 2002-F-07, North Dakota Attorney General, May 22, 2002,.
* June 2002 North Dakota Primary Results.
In Vermont: The State’s Department of Banking, Insurance, Securities, and Health Care Administration adopted opt-in provisions for information sharing. To comply with the regulation, some companies have simply treated all Vermont residents as having opted-out under GLBA. However, a group of insurance companies has mounted a challenge to the requirements.
In other states: Alaska (Alaska Stat. § 06.05.175), Connecticut (Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann § 36a-42), Illinois (205 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 5/48.1), and Maryland (Md. Code Ann. § 1-301) require some form of opt-in consent before financial information can be shared. Additionally, because efforts to obtain opt-in in California failed in 2001 and 2002, communities in that state have adopted opt-in ordinances. In 2002, both San Mateo County and Daly City adopted opt-in financial privacy ordinances. Bank of America and Wells Fargo Bank have brought suit to invalidate them.
* Privacy of Consumer Financial and Health Information, State of Vermont Regulation B-2001-01.
* In Wake of Federal Law, Vermont Passes Own Stricter Financial Privacy Regulations, Vermont Department of Banking, Insurance, Securities & Health Care Administration (BISHCA), Nov. 2, 2001.
* New Vermont ‘Opt-In’ Privacy Law Faces Legal Challenge, Computerworld, February 7, 2002.
July 2001 Petition to Federal Agencies on GLBA
On July 26, 2001, EPIC along with Public Citizen and other organizations submitted a petition to the GLBA entities with their concerns regarding financial notices. In this petition, they requested an amendment to the regulations implementing GLBA to ensure the consumers are provided with better notice and more convenient means of exercising their right to opt out of information sharing.
EPIC argued that the notices mailed out, thus far, by financial institutions employed dense, misleading statements, and confusing and cumbersome procedures to prevent consumers from opting out. Their arguments were that the GLBA could not protect privacy unless the Agencies required readable notices and reasonable opt-out opportunities. They believe that the existing scheme placed much of the burden of privacy protection on consumers and that recent privacy notices show that the regulations under GLBA are failing to protect consumer privacy. By providing obfuscated information and opt-out schemes, couched in legalistic and confusing terms, with misleading options and providing limited alternative options, such as 24 hour toll free numbers, financial institutions sought to deprive consumers of the their right to prevent these institutions from sharing private information. Moreover, most privacy notices lack adequate definitions of important terms and phrases and requires thus the effort of the Agencies to amend existing GLBA regulations to ensure that consumers have meaningful opportunities to exercise their rights. These regulations should require financial institutions provide standardized notice that consumers can understand and opt-out mechanism that consumers can use conveniently.
The petition also includes specific recommendations regarding notices and opt-out mechanisms including examples of clear statements and formats, the option to send an e-mail or use a web page and a detachable, pre-addressed postcard with boxes in which to check off preferences. With these changes, the petitioners believe that consumers can exercise their right more effectively with notices that are readable and understandable and with opt-out mechanisms that are easy to use.
* Public Citizen Petition on GLBA.
* Privacy Rights Now.
What You Can Do to Protect Your Privacy
1. Be sure to opt-out of information sharing from all of your financial, brokerage, and insurance companies. Privacy Rights Now, a website operated by Ralph Nader and Remar Sutton, has detailed opt-out information, including sample letters to send to financial institutions.
2. Wherever possible, minimize the amount of personal data given to commercial or governmental entities. Do not release contact information where it is unnecessary. Do not give out your Social Security Number unless it is related for tax purposes, such as employment or opening a bank account.
3. Don’t give out personal information on the phone, mail or through the Internet unless you have initiated the contact or know whom you are dealing with. Pretexters may pose as representatives of survey firms, banks, Internet service providers and even government agencies to get you to reveal your SSN, mother’s maiden name, financial account numbers and other identifying information. Legitimate organizations with which you do business have the information they need and will not ask you for it.
4. Pay attention to your statement cycles and follow up with your financial institutions if your statements do not arrive on time.
5. Review your statements carefully and promptly and report any discrepancies to your institution immediately.
6. Keep items with your personal information in a safe place. Tear or shred your charge receipts, copies of credit application, insurance forms, bank checks and other financial statements.
7. Be mindful about where you leave personal information in your home, especially if you have roommates or are having work done in your home by others.
8. Add passwords to your credit card, bank and phone accounts.
9. Your credit report contains information on where you work and live, the credit accounts that have been opened in your name, how you pay your bills and whether you’ve been sued, arrested or have filed for bankruptcy. Checking your report periodically can help you catch mistakes and fraud before they wreak havoc on your personal finances.
10. Opt-out from the Credit Reporting Agencies (CRAs) pre-approved credit card offers. By calling 1-888-5OPTOUT (1-888-567-8688), you can stop most pre-approved credit card offers. However, you cannot opt-out from the sale of credit headers. Be sure to specify that you wish to be permanently removed from pre-approved credit card offers, otherwise you will be placed back on the recipient list in two years. To permanently opt-out, you will have to fill out a form that the CRA will mail to you.
11. Be aware of the price of marketing schemes, while they may convince you that conceding control of your personal data will bring offers of better products and services, for most people this does not translate into opportunity, but into more unwanted telemarketing calls, more junk mail, and more opportunities for sensitive information to make its way into the databases of online data brokers available to identity thieves, fraudulent credit repair services, charities, investments and other schemes.
News
* New Rules for Identifying Clients Of Financial Firms Are Readied, Wall Street Journal, April 30, 2003.
* ABA Sues Over Privacy Statute, ABA Journal, September 27, 2002.
* In Terror War, Privacy vs. Security: Search for Illicit Activities Taps Confidential Financial Data, Washington Post, June 3, 2002.
* Latest Privacy Mailings Are Hard to Decipher, Wall Street Journal, May 30, 2002.
* Survey: Opt-Out Is a Cop-Out, Wired, May 7, 2002.
* More States Consider Moving Ahead With Tough Financial-Privacy Laws, Wall Street Journal, March 13, 2002.
* Information Brokers Settle FTC Charges, Federal Trade Commission Press Release, March 8, 2002.
* Consumer privacy bill returns to legislative battle, February 21, 2002.
* Banks Seek to Block State Privacy Laws, Seattle Post Intelligencer, February 19, 2002.
* A Deadly Collection of Information: Killer Paid Online Data Broker for Material Obtained Through Trickery, Washington Post, January 4, 2002.
* FTC Wins $37. 5 Million Judgment from X-Rated Web Site Operators, FTC Press Release, September 7, 2000.
Previous Top News
*
Consumer Federation of California Starts Financial Privacy Commercial Campaign. The Consumer Federation of California has released a series of commercials on financial privacy. (Mar. 30, 2004)
*
EPIC Urges Agencies to Improve Notice, Opt-Out. In comments to agencies that regulate financial services companies, EPIC urged the creation of clear, simple privacy notices and user friendly opt-out procedures. (Mar. 29, 2004)
*
Court Upholds Vermont Opt-In Insurance Privacy Law. A Vermont Superior Court has upheld (pdf) a state law that requires insurance companies to obtain opt-in consent before disclosing their customers’ personal information to third parties. Vermont’s opt-in standard is stronger than federal protections for privacy, and designed to address the problem presented by financial companies as high volume traffickers of consumers’ intimate, personal information… For more information, see the affidavits of Richard Bower (on opt-in versus opt-out), William Lutz (on the readability of privacy notices), and the memorandum of the Vermont Attorney General supporting the opt-in law. (Feb. 18, 2004)
*
EPIC, PIRG Comment on Security Notices. In comments to the Department of the Treasury, EPIC and the U.S. Public Interest Research Group urged the agency to strengthen a proposed guidance on security notices to bank customers. The proposed guidelines specify when a financial institution must give notice to a customer when their personal information has been accessed without authorization. The comments urge the agency to expand the definition of sensitive consumer information, and to require financial institutions to report statistical information on all security events to federal regulators. For more information, see the EPIC Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act Page. (Oct. 14, 2003)
*
Privacy Groups Urge the Senate to Strengthen Financial Privacy Law. EPIC has joined the testimony (PDF) of U.S. PIRG before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs in an oversight hearing on Financial Privacy and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA). The testimony focuses on the failure of the GLBA to promote financial privacy, and on the rights of states to pass legislation that exceeds federal protections. For more information, see the EPIC GLBA Page. (Sept. 19, 2002)
*
FTC Prevails in Privacy Case Against Trans Union. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has rejected free speech challenges by Trans Union to privacy regulations drafted by federal agencies pursuant to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA). The decision will limit credit bureaus from using personal information for marketing. For more information, see the EPIC Profiling Page. (July 17, 2002)
*
EPIC, Consumer Groups, State AGs Argue for Stronger Privacy Safeguards for Financial Records. EPIC, Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, U.S. PIRG and Consumers Union submitted comments (PDF) on May 1 for a U.S. Treasury Department study on the effectiveness of Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act financial privacy protections. The study is required by law to shed light on the information sharing practices of the financial services industry. The comments describe flaws in the implementation of the GLB Act and demonstrate the benefits for consumers if an opt-in approach is adopted for financial information sharing. 37 state Attorneys General also filed comments for the study, stating that current law does not adequately protect consumers’ privacy and poses a significant risk to consumers. (May 3, 2002)
*
Groups Petition Agencies to Improve Financial Privacy. EPIC has joined Public Citizen and other organizations in petitioning federal agencies to improve notice and opt-out mechanisms under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA). The petition (PDF) urges the agencies to adopt requirements of clear, concise language for GLBA privacy notices and to require more effective measures to allow consumers to opt-out from financial information sharing. (July 2001)
*
Report: Opt-Out Notices Are Difficult to Understand. The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse has published a report showing that most opt-out notices required by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act are written at a second-year college level. Federal law requires that these notices must be written in plain language. The notices explain how financial institutions collect, share, and use personal information and how individuals can opt-out from certain types of information use. (April 2001)
*
Proposed Financial Privacy Regulations Released. The Treasury Department, Federal Reserve, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and Office of Thrift Supervision issued a joint notice of proposed rule-making on February 3. The rules (160K PDF) will govern how financial institutions may pass on customer information to affiliated and third parties. On February 24, the Federal Trade Commission released its own notice and rules (120K PDF) for financial institutions within its jurisdiction. Comments on both sets of proposed rules are due by March 31. (Feb. 2000)
Resources
* Privacy Rights Clearinghouse.
* Privacy Rights Now.
* What is the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 And How Does Information Sharing Affect Your Privacy?, US PIRG.
* Federal Trade Commission GLBA Site.
* Frequently Asked Questions for the Privacy Regulation, FTC Staff Guidance, December 2001.
* Free Congress Foundation.
* The Privatization of Big Brother (PDF), Report from Attorney General Mike Hatch of Minnesota.
* Comments of Beth Givens to the Federal Trade Commission Workshop, Director, Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, The Information Marketplace: Merging and Exchanging Consumer Data, March 13, 2001.
* The Information Marketplace: Merging and Exchanging Consumer Data, FTC Workshop, March 13, 2001.
* American Civil Liberties Union Financial Privacy Feature.
* Letter to Financial Institutions from California State Senator Jackie Speier, November 19, 2002.
* Protecting our Privacy (POP). POP is a non-profit, non-partisan, organization formed by private citizens in North Dakota to repeal law SB 2191, which allows banks and financial institutions to release records customer permission. It was successful in campaigning for an opt-out scheme with the support of 73% of population.
* Major Financial Services Legislation, The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (P.L. 106-102): An Overview (PDF), CRS Report for Congress RL30375, updated December 16, 1999.
* International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act of 2001, Title III of P.L. 107-56 (PDF), CRS Report for Congress RL31208, updated December 4, 2001.
* Financial Privacy: An Economic Perspective (PDF), CRS Report for Congress RL31758, updated February 25, 2003.
* Financial Privacy Laws Affecting Sharing of Customer Information Among Affiliated Institutions (PDF), CRS Report for Congress RS21427, updated February 27, 2003.
* Privacy Protection for Customer Financial Information (PDF), CRS Report for Congress RS20185, updated February 28, 2003.
* Personal Privacy Protection: The Legislative Response (PDF), CRS Report for Congress RL30671, updated May 24, 2001.
* Oscar Gandy, The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information, 1993.
* Robert Ellis Smith, Ben Franklin’s Web Site: Privacy and Curiosity From Plymouth Rock To the Internet, 2000.
* Lee Harris, The Increased Likelihood of Gramm-Leach-Bliley Enhancements with a New Senate, 1 No. 11 Privacy Info. L. Rep. 4 (July/Aug 2001).
* William F. Kroener, III, Implementation of Selected GLBA Provisions and Other Topics of Current Interest: The FDIC Perspective, SG023 ALI-ABA 483, (2001).
* L. Richard Fischer, Oliver I. Ireland, Living with the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Privacy Rules – Private Labels, Co-Brand, Agent Bank and Other Credit Partnerships, 2 No. 2 Privacy Info. L. Rep. 1, (Oct., 2001).
* Oliver I. Ireland, Krista P. DeLargy, The Disclosure of Account Numbers Under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 2 No. 3 Privacy Info. L. Rep. 9 (Nov. 2001).
* Reece Hirsch, Andrew Mar, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Consumer Financial Privacy Rules Apply to Many Web Sites, 6 No. 6 Cyberspace Law. 10, (2001).
* David Annecharico, Note, Online Transactions: Squaring the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act Privacy Provisions with the FTC Fair Information Practice Principles, 6 N.C. Banking Inst. 637 (April, 2002).
* Eric Poggemiller, Note, The Consumer Response to Privacy Provisions in Gramm-Leach-Bliley: Much Ado About Nothing?, 6 N.C. Banking Inst. 617 (April, 2002).
* L. Richard Fisher, The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and Its Implementation, 2G066 ALI-ABA 65 (2002).
* Neal R. Pandozzi, Beware of Banks Bearing Gifts: Gramm-Leach-Bliley and the Constitutionality of Federal Financial Privacy Legislation, 55 U. Miami L. Rev. 163 (January, 2001).
* Michael A. Benoit, Nicole F. Munro, Recent Federal Privacy Initiatives Affecting the Electronic Delivery of Financial Services, 56 Bus. Law. 1143 (May 2001).
* Christopher C. Gallagher, The Perfect Storm the GLBA-HIPAA Convergence, 1 Privacy Info. L. Rep. 11 (October 2000).
* Vincent Serpico, Denise Landers, Damon A. Terrill, Making Sense of U.S. State Data Privacy Law, 119 Banking L. J.462 (May 2002).
Cases
* Trans Union v. FTC, No. 00-1141 (D.C. Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 536 U. S. ____ (2002) . In Trans Union, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held that tradelines (credit information that includes name, address, date of birth, telephone number, Social Security number, account type, opening date of account, credit limit, account status, and payment history) could not be sold for marketing purposes because they constituted a credit report for purposes of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Further, the Court rejected the profiler’s claim that the First and Fifth Amendments invalidated the FCRA.
* IRSG v. FTC, 145 F. Supp. 2d 6, No. 00-1828 (D.D.C. 2001)(PDF 1.9 MB). In Individual Reference Services Group v. FTC, a trade association representing credit reporting agencies and their customers unsuccessfully sued to overturn GLBA regulations. The credit reporting agencies sell products, which use non-public personal information. For example, Trans Union sells products such as Trace, which allows the user to input an individual’s social security number and receive, in return, the name and address of that person; Retrace, which enables the user who has an individual’s name and address to obtain that person’s social security and phone numbers; and ID Search, which permits a customer with a person’s name and phone number to obtain that individual’s social security number and current and former addresses; and other products which sell the above information along with account information. This decision was affirmed in Trans Union v. FTC, No. 01-5202 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
EPIC Privacy Page | EPIC Home Page
Last Updated: January 21, 2005
Page URL: http://www.epic.org/privacy/glba/default.html
http://epic.org/privacy/glba/
***
In January 2007, Travelers agreed to pay US$ 77 million to six states to settle a class action suit and end investigations into its insurance practices.[13] The charges involved paying the insurance broker Marsh & McLennan Companies contingent commissions to win business without the knowledge of clients, thus creating a conflict of interest.[14] Additionally, the investigation examined whether Travelers had created the illusion of competition by submitting fake bids,[15] thus misleading clients into believing they were receiving competitive commercial premiums.[16]
Travelers was founded in 1864 in Hartford. Along the way it had many industry firsts, including the first automobile policy, the first commercial airline policy, and the first policy for space travel.[4]
In the 1990s, it went through a series of mergers and acquisitions. It was bought by Primerica in 1993[5], but the resulting company retained the Travelers name. In 1995 it became The Travelers Group[4]. It bought Aetna’s property and casualty business in 1996.[6]
In 1998, the Travelers Group merged with Citicorp to form Citigroup.[5] However, the synergies between the banking and insurance arms of the company did not work as well as planned, so Citigroup spun off Travelers Property and Casualty into a subsidiary company in 2002[7], although it kept the red umbrella logo. Three years later, Citigroup sold Travelers Life & Annuity to MetLife.[8] In 2003, Travelers bought renewal rights for Zenith’s Commercial businesses.[9]
St. Paul Travelers logo used until February 2007
In 2004, the St. Paul and Travelers Companies merged and renamed itself St. Paul Travelers, with the headquarters set in St. Paul, Minnesota. This corporate name lasted until 2007, when the company repurchased the rights to the famous red umbrella logo from Citigroup and readopted it as its main corporate symbol, while also changing the corporate name to The Travelers Companies.[10][11]
Travelers is currently 93 on the Fortune 500 list of largest U.S. companies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_Travelers
***
While working at Bear Stearns, Weill was a neighbor of Arthur Carter who was working at Lehman Brothers. In 1956, he became a licensed broker at Bear Stearns. Rather than making phone calls or personal visits to solicit clients, Weill found he was far more comfortable sitting at his desk, poring through companies’ financial statements and disclosures made to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. For weeks his only client was his mother, Etta, until Joan persuaded an ex-boyfriend to open a brokerage account.
Career
In May 1960, Arthur Carter, Roger Berlind, Peter Potoma, and Weill formed Carter, Berlind, Potoma & Weill. In 1962 the firm became Carter, Berlind & Weill after the New York Stock Exchange brought disciplinary proceedings against Potoma. In 1968 the firm became Cogan, Berlind, Weill & Levitt (Marshall Cogan, Arthur Levitt), or CBWL (jokingly, Wall Street called them Corned Beef With Lettuce). Weill served as the firm’s Chairman from 1965 to 1984, a period in which it completed over 15 acquisitions to become the country’s second largest securities brokerage firm. The company became CBWL-Hayden, Stone, Inc. in 1970; Hayden Stone, Inc. in 1972; Shearson Hayden Stone in 1974, when it merged with Shearson Hammill & Co.; and Shearson Loeb Rhoades in 1979, when it merged with Loeb Rhoades Hornblower & Co. With capital totalling $250 million, Shearson Loeb Rhoades trailed only Merrill Lynch as the securities brokerage industry’s largest firm.
In 1981 Weill sold Shearson Loeb Rhoades to American Express for about $930 million in stock. (Sources differ on the precise figure.) In 1982, he found the National Academy Foundation with the Academy of Finance to educate students that would graduate from High School. Weill began serving as president of American Express Co. in 1983 and as chairman and CEO of American Express’s insurance subsidiary, Fireman’s Fund Insurance, in 1984. Increasingly nettled by his forced subservience to the chairman of the company, James D. Robinson III, whose ideas about the business conflicted sharply with his, Weill realised that he would never be named CEO. He resigned in August 1985, at the age of 52.
After a failed attempt to become the CEO of BankAmerica Corp. (and take over Merrill Lynch, according to a Jamie Dimon interview in 2002), he set his sights a little lower and persuaded Minneapolis-based Control Data Corporation to spin off a troubled subsidiary, Commercial Credit, a consumer finance company. In 1986, with $7 million of his own money invested in the company, Weill took over as CEO of Commercial Credit. After a round of deep cost cuts and reorganisation, the company performed a successful IPO.
In 1987 he acquired Gulf Insurance. The next year, 1988, he paid $1.5 billion for Primerica, the parent company of Smith Barney and the A. L. Williams insurance company. In 1989 he acquired Drexel Burnham Lambert’s retail brokerage outlets. In 1992, he paid $722 million to buy a 27 percent share of Travelers Insurance, which had gotten into trouble because of bad real estate investments.
In 1993 he reacquired his old Shearson brokerage (now Shearson Lehman) from American Express for $1.2 billion. By the end of the year, he had completely taken over Travelers Corp in a $4 billion stock deal and officially began calling his corporation Travelers Group Inc. In 1996 he added to his holdings, at a cost of $4 billion, the property and casualty operations of Aetna Life & Casualty. In September 1997 Weill acquired Salomon Inc., the parent company of Salomon Brothers Inc. for over $9 billion in stock.
In April 1998 Travelers Group announced an agreement to undertake the $76 billion merger between Travelers and Citicorp, and the merger was completed on October 8, 1998. The possibility remained that the merger would run into problems connected with federal law. Ever since the Glass-Steagall Act banking and insurance businesses had been kept separate. Weill and John S. Reed bet that Congress would soon pass legislation overturning those regulations, which Weill, Reed and a number of businesspeople considered not in their interest. To speed up the process, they recruited ex-President Gerald Ford (Republican) to the Board of Directors and Robert Rubin (Secretary of Treasury during Democratic Clinton Administration) whom Weill was close to. With both Democrats and Republican on their side, the law was taken down in less than 2 years. (Many European countries, for instance, had already torn down the firewall between banking and insurance.) During a two-to-five-year grace period allowed by law, Citigroup could conduct business in its merged form; should that period have elapsed without a change in the law, Citigroup would have had to spin off its insurance businesses.
In 2001, Sanford I. Weill became a Class A Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Class A Directors are Board Members who are elected by Member Banks (of the Federal Reserve System) to represent the interests of Member Banks. (See article on Federal Reserve Bank Board Membership).
In 2002 the company was hit by the wave of Wall Street managerial restructuring that followed the stock market downturn of 2002. Chuck Prince replaced Mr. Weill as the CEO of Citigroup on October 1, 2003.
In 2003 Citigroup repurchased $300 million worth of shares from Mr. Weill. It was reported among the $1.967 billion of treasury stock acquired in the Citigroup consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Weill
***
Gerald Tsai Jr. was a fund manager and financier who pioneered the use of performance funds in money management during the 1950s and 1960s, and later turned a canning company into the financial services giant Primerica. He founded the investment management firm, the Manhattan Fund, which was a high flying aggressive growth fund during the ‘Go-Go 60s’. An early proponent of Momentum investing, Tsai started Fidelity Investments’ first publicly sold aggressive growth fund in 1958, the Fidelity Capital Fund, riding it to great success and a 20% ownership stake in Fidelity. Tsai’s specialty was concentrating his portfolios on narrow batches of glamour stocks, such as Xerox and Polaroid Corporation, at a time when broad diversification was the prevailing wisdom. [1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Tsai
***
Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) are a type of structured asset-backed security (ABS) whose value and payments are derived from a portfolio of fixed-income underlying assets. CDOs are assigned different risk classes, or tranches, whereby senior tranches are considered the safest securities. Interest and principal payments are made in order of seniority, so that junior tranches offer higher coupon payments (and interest rates) or lower prices to compensate for additional default risk.
A few academics, analysts and investors such as Warren Buffett and the IMF’s former chief economist Raghuram Rajan warned that CDOs, other ABSs and other derivatives spread risk and uncertainty about the value of the underlying assets more widely, rather than reduce risk through diversification. With the advent of the 2007-2008 credit crunch, this view has gained substantial credibility. Credit rating agencies failed to adequately account for large risks (like a nationwide collapse of housing values) when rating CDOs and other ABSs.
Many CDOs are valued on a mark to market basis and thus have experienced substantial write-downs on the balance sheet as their market value has collapsed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation
***
Collateralized debt obligation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other subjects with the same abbreviation, see CDO.
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Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) are a type of structured asset-backed security (ABS) whose value and payments are derived from a portfolio of fixed-income underlying assets. CDOs are assigned different risk classes, or tranches, whereby senior tranches are considered the safest securities. Interest and principal payments are made in order of seniority, so that junior tranches offer higher coupon payments (and interest rates) or lower prices to compensate for additional default risk.
A few academics, analysts and investors such as Warren Buffett and the IMF’s former chief economist Raghuram Rajan warned that CDOs, other ABSs and other derivatives spread risk and uncertainty about the value of the underlying assets more widely, rather than reduce risk through diversification. With the advent of the 2007-2008 credit crunch, this view has gained substantial credibility. Credit rating agencies failed to adequately account for large risks (like a nationwide collapse of housing values) when rating CDOs and other ABSs.
Many CDOs are valued on a mark to market basis and thus have experienced substantial write-downs on the balance sheet as their market value has collapsed.
Contents
* 1 Market history and growth
* 2 Concept
* 3 Structures
* 4 Taxation of CDOs
* 5 Types of CDOs
* 6 Types of collateral
* 7 Transaction participants
o 7.1 Investors
o 7.2 Underwriter
o 7.3 The asset manager
o 7.4 The trustee and collateral administrator
o 7.5 Accountants
o 7.6 Attorneys
* 8 Subprime mortgage crisis
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 External links
Market history and growth
The first CDO was issued in 1987 by bankers at now-defunct Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc. for Imperial Savings Association, a savings institution that later became insolvent and was taken over by the Resolution Trust Corporation on June 22, 1990.[1][2][3] A decade later, CDOs emerged as the fastest growing sector of the asset-backed synthetic securities market. This growth may reflect the increasing appeal of CDOs for a growing number of asset managers and investors, which now include insurance companies, mutual fund companies, unit trusts, investment trusts, commercial banks, investment banks, pension fund managers, private banking organizations, other CDOs and structured investment vehicles.
CDOs offered returns that were sometimes 2-3 percentage points higher than corporate bonds with the same credit rating.
It may also reflect the greater profit margins that CDOs provide to their manufacturers.
A major factor in the growth of CDOs was the 2001 introduction by David X. Li of Gaussian copula models, which allowed for the rapid pricing of CDOs. [4][5]
In late 2005 research firm Celent estimated the size of the global CDO market at USD 1.5 trillion and projected that the market would grow to nearly USD 2 trillion by the end of 2006.[6]
Global CDO Issuance Volume[7] USD bil.
2004 157.4
2005 271.8
2006 520.6
2007 481.6
2008 56.1
Concept
CDOs vary in structure and underlying assets, but the basic principle is the same. Essentially a CDO is a corporate entity constructed to hold assets as collateral and to sell packages of cash flows to investors. A CDO is constructed as follows:
* A special purpose entity (SPE) acquires a portfolio of underlying assets. Common underlying assets held include mortgage-backed securities, commercial real estate bonds and corporate loans.
* The SPE issues CDOs in different tranches and the proceeds are used to purchase the portfolio of underlying assets. The senior CDOs are paid from the cash flows from the underlying assets before the junior securities and equity securities. Losses are first borne by the equity securities, next by the junior securities, and finally by the senior securities.
The risk and return for a CDO investor depends directly on how the CDOs and their tranches are defined, and only indirectly on the underlying assets. In particular, the investment depends on the assumptions and methods used to define the risk and return of the tranches. CDOs, like all Asset Backed Securities, enable the originators of the underlying assets to pass credit risk to another institution or to individual investors. Thus investors must understand how the risk for CDOs is calculated.
The issuer of the CDO, typically an investment bank, earns a commission at time of issue and earns management fees during the life of the CDO. The ability to earn substantial fees from originating and securitizing loans, coupled with the absence of any residual liability, skews the incentives of originators in favor of loan volume rather than loan quality. This is a structural flaw in the debt-securitization market that was directly responsible for both the credit bubble of the mid-2000s as well as the credit crisis, and the concomitant banking crisis, of 2008.
Creating CDOs from other CDOs creates enormous problems for accounting, allowing large financial institutions to move debt off their books by pooling their debt with other financial institutions and then bringing these debts back on to their books calling it a Synthetic CDO asset. [8] This not only has allowed financial institutions to hide their losses, but has allowed them to inflate their earnings.[9] This has the unfortunate effect of doubling potential losses book-wise[10].
Structures
CDO is a broad term that can refer to several different types of products. They can be categorized in several ways. The primary classifications are as follow:
Source of funds — cash flow vs. market value
* Cash flow CDOs pay interest and principal to tranche holders using the cash flows produced by the CDO’s assets. Cash flow CDOs focus primarily on managing the credit quality of the underlying portfolio.
* Market value CDOs attempt to enhance investor returns through the more frequent trading and profitable sale of collateral assets. The CDO asset manager seeks to realize capital gains on the assets in the CDO’s portfolio. There is greater focus on the changes in market value of the CDO’s assets. Market value CDOs are longer-established, but less common than cash flow CDOs.
Motivation — arbitrage vs. balance sheet
* Arbitrage transactions (cash flow and market value) attempt to capture for equity investors the spread between the relatively high yielding assets and the lower yielding liabilities represented by the rated bonds. The majority, 86%, of CDOs are arbitrage-motivated[11].
* Balance sheet transactions, by contrast, are primarily motivated by the issuing institutions’ desire to remove loans and other assets from their balance sheets, to reduce their regulatory capital requirements and improve their return on risk capital. A bank may wish to offload the credit risk in order to reduce its balance sheet’s credit risk.
Funding — cash vs. synthetic
* Cash CDOs involve a portfolio of cash assets, such as loans, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities or mortgage-backed securities. Ownership of the assets is transferred to the legal entity (known as a special purpose vehicle) issuing the CDO’s tranches. The risk of loss on the assets is divided among tranches in reverse order of seniority. Cash CDO issuance exceeded $400 billion in 2006.
* Synthetic CDOs do not own cash assets like bonds or loans. Instead, synthetic CDOs gain credit exposure to a portfolio of fixed income assets without owning those assets through the use of credit default swaps, a derivatives instrument. (Under such a swap, the credit protection seller, the CDO, receives periodic cash payments, called premiums, in exchange for agreeing to assume the risk of loss on a specific asset in the event that asset experiences a default or other credit event.) Like a cash CDO, the risk of loss on the CDO’s portfolio is divided into tranches. Losses will first affect the equity tranche, next the mezzanine tranches, and finally the senior tranche. Each tranche receives a periodic payment (the swap premium), with the junior tranches offering higher premiums.
A synthetic CDO tranche may be either funded or unfunded. Under the swap agreements, the CDO could have to pay up to a certain amount of money in the event of a credit event on the reference obligations in the CDO’s reference portfolio. Some of this credit exposure is funded at the time of investment by the investors in funded tranches. Typically, the junior tranches that face the greatest risk of experiencing a loss have to fund at closing. Until a credit event occurs, the proceeds provided by the funded tranches are often invested in high-quality, liquid assets or placed in a GIC (Guaranteed Investment Contract) account that offers a return that is a few basis points below LIBOR. The return from these investments plus the premium from the swap counterparty provide the cash flow stream to pay interest to the funded tranches. When a credit event occurs and a payout to the swap counterparty is required, the required payment is made from the GIC or reserve account that holds the liquid investments. In contrast, senior tranches are usually unfunded since the risk of loss is much lower. Unlike a cash CDO, investors in a senior tranche receive periodic payments but do not place any capital in the CDO when entering into the investment. Instead, the investors retain continuing funding exposure and may have to make a payment to the CDO in the event the portfolio’s losses reach the senior tranche. Funded synthetic issuance exceeded $80 billion in 2006. From an issuance perspective, synthetic CDOs take less time to create. Cash assets do not have to be purchased and managed, and the CDO’s tranches can be precisely structured.
* Hybrid CDOs are an intermediate instrument between cash CDOs and synthetic CDOs. The portfolio of a hybrid CDO includes both cash assets as well as swaps that give the CDO credit exposure to additional assets. A portion of the proceeds from the funded tranches is invested in cash assets and the remainder is held in reserve to cover payments that may be required under the credit default swaps. The CDO receives payments from three sources: the return from the cash assets, the GIC or reserve account investments, and the CDS premiums.
Single-tranche CDOs
The flexibility of credit default swaps is used to construct Single Tranche CDOs (bespoke CDOs) where the entire CDO is structured specifically for a single or small group of investors, and the remaining tranches are never sold but held by the dealer based on valuations from internal models. Residual risk is delta-hedged by the dealer.
Variants
Unlike CDOs, which are terminating structures that typically wind-down or refinance at the end of their financing term, Structured Operating Companies are permanently capitalized variants of CDOs, with an active management team and infrastructure. They often issue term notes, commercial paper, and/or auction rate securities, depending upon the structural and portfolio characteristics of the company. Credit Derivative Products Companies (CDPC) and Structured Investment Vehicles (SIV) are examples, with CDPC taking risk synthetically and SIV with predominantly ‘cash’ exposure.
Taxation of CDOs
CDOs are bonds issued by special purpose vehicles that are backed by pools of bonds, loans or other debt instruments. CDOs are typically issued in classes or “tranches” with some being senior to others in the event of a shortfall in the cash available to make payments on the bonds. The issuer of a CDO typically is a corporation established outside the United States to avoid being subject to U.S. federal income taxation on its global income. These corporations must restrict their activities to avoid U.S. tax; corporations that are deemed to engage in trade or business in the U.S. will be subject to federal taxation.[12] However, the U.S. government will not tax foreign corporations that only invest in and hold portfolios of U.S. stock and debt securities because investing, unlike trading or dealing, is not considered to be a trade or business, regardless of its volume or frequency.[13]
In addition, a safe harbor protects CDO issuers that do actively trade in securities, even though trading in securities technically is a business, provided the issuer’s activities do not cause it to be viewed as a dealer in securities or engaged in a banking, lending or similar business.[14]
CDOs are generally taxable as debt instruments except for the most junior class of CDOs which are treated as equity and are subject to special rules (such as PFIC and CFC reporting). The PFIC and CFC reporting is very complex and requires a specialized accountant to perform these calculations and tax reporting.
Types of CDOs
A) Based on the underlying asset:
* Collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) — CDOs backed primarily by leveraged bank loans.
* Collateralized bond obligations (CBOs) — CDOs backed primarily by leveraged fixed income securities.
* Collateralized synthetic obligations (CSOs) — CDOs backed primarily by credit derivatives.
* Structured finance CDOs (SFCDOs) — CDOs backed primarily by structured products (such as asset-backed securities and mortgage-backed securities).
Note: In 2007, 47% of CDOs were backed by structured products, 45% of CDOs were backed by loans, and only less than 10% of CDOs were backed by fixed income securities[15].
B) Other types of CDOs include:
* Commercial Real Estate CDOs (CRE CDOs) — backed primarily by commercial real estate assets
* Collateralized bond obligations (CBOs) — CDOs backed primarily by corporate bonds
* Collateralized Insurance Obligations (CIOs) — backed by insurance or, more usually, reinsurance contracts
* CDO-Squared — CDOs backed primarily by the tranches issued by other CDOs.
* CDO^n — Generic term for CDO^3 (CDO cubed) and higher, where the CDO is backed by other CDOs/CDO^2/CDO^3. These are particularly difficult vehicles to model due to the possible repetition of exposures in the underlying CDO.
Types of collateral
The collateral for cash CDOs include:
* Structured finance securities (mortgage-backed securities, home equity asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities)
* Leveraged loans
* Corporate bonds
* Real estate investment trust (REIT) debt
* Commercial real estate mortgage debt (including whole loans, B notes, and Mezzanine debt)
* Emerging-market sovereign debt
* Project finance debt
* Trust Preferred securities
Transaction participants
Participants in a CDO transaction include investors, the underwriter, the asset manager, the trustee and collateral administrator, accountants and attorneys. Beginning in 1999, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act allowed banks to also participate.
Investors
Investors have different motivations for purchasing CDO securities depending on which tranche they select. At the more senior levels of debt, investors are able to obtain better yields than those that are available on more traditional securities (e.g. corporate bonds) of a similar rating. In some cases, investors utilize leverage and hope to profit from the excess of the spread offered by the senior tranche and their cost of borrowing. This is because senior tranches pay a spread above LIBOR despite their AAA-ratings. Investors also benefit from the diversification of the CDO portfolio, the expertise of the asset manager, and the credit support built into the transaction. Investors include banks and insurance companies as well as investment funds.
Junior tranche investors achieve a leveraged, non-recourse investment in the underlying diversified collateral portfolio. Mezzanine notes and equity notes offer yields that are not available in most other fixed income securities. Investors include hedge funds, banks, and wealthy individuals.
Underwriter
The underwriter, typically an investment bank, acts as the structurer and arranger of the CDO. Working with the asset management firm that selects the CDO’s portfolio, the underwriter structures debt and equity tranches. This includes selecting the debt-to-equity ratio, sizing each tranche, establishing coverage and collateral quality tests, and working with the credit rating agencies to gain the desired ratings for each debt tranche.
The key economic consideration for an underwriter that is considering bringing a new deal to market is whether the transaction can offer a sufficient return to the equity noteholders. Such a determination requires estimating the after-default return offered by the portfolio of debt securities and comparing it to the cost of funding the CDO’s rated notes. The excess spread must be large enough to offer the potential of attractive IRRs to the equityholders.
Other underwriter responsibilities include working with a law firm and creating the special purpose legal vehicle (typically a trust incorporated in the Cayman Islands) that will purchase the assets and issue the CDO’s tranches. In addition, the underwriter will work with the asset manager to determine the post-closing trading restrictions that will be included in the CDO’s transaction documents and other files.
The final step is to price the CDO (e.g. set the coupons for each debt tranche) and place the tranches with investors. The priority in placement is finding investors for the risky equity tranche and junior debt tranches of the CDO. It is common for the asset manager to retain a piece of the equity tranche. In addition, the underwriter was generally expected to provide some type of secondary market liquidity for the CDO, especially its more senior tranches.
According to Thomson Financial, the top underwriters before September 2008 were Bear Stearns, Merrill Lynch, Wachovia, Citigroup, Deutsche Bank, and Bank of America Securities. CDOs are more profitable for underwriters than conventional bond underwriting due to the complexity involved. The underwriter is paid a fee when the CDO is issued. The high-risk nature of all asset backed securities caused most of these firms to enter bankruptcy or be bailed out by the taxpayer in 2008 when the risks were properly understood and the value of all tranches collapsed.
The asset manager
The asset manager plays a key role in each CDO transaction, even after the CDO is issued. An experienced manager is critical in both the construction and maintenance of the CDO’s portfolio. The manager can maintain the credit quality of a CDO’s portfolio through trades as well as maximize recovery rates when defaults on the underlying assets occur.
With the credit crisis of 2007-2008, the lack of understanding of the vast majority of financial managers of the risks of CDOs, asset-backed securities, and other new financial instruments became apparent, as well as the lax diligence from the major credit rating agencies became clear. CDOs were heavily downgraded across the board, and the value of these instruments dropped dramatically.
In theory,the asset manager should add value in the manner outlined below, although in practice, this did not occur during the credit bubble of the mid-2000s. In addition, it is now understood that the structural flaw in all asset-backed securities (originators profit from loan volume not loan quality) make the roles of subsequent participants peripheral to the quality of the investment.
The asset manager’s role begins before the CDO is issued. Months before a CDO is issued, a bank will usually provide financing to enable the manager to purchase some of the collateral assets that may be used in the forthcoming CDO in a process called warehousing.
Even by the issuance date, the asset manager often will not have completed the construction of the CDO’s portfolio. A ramp-up period following issuance during which the remaining assets are purchased can extend for several months after the CDO is issued. For this reason, some senior CDO notes are structured as delayed drawdown notes, allowing the asset manager to drawdown cash from investors as collateral purchases are made. When a transaction is fully ramped, its initial portfolio of credits has been selected by the asset manager.
However, the asset manager’s role continues even after the ramp-up period ends, albeit in a less active role. During the CDO’s reinvestment period , which usually extends several years past the issuance date of the CDO, the asset manager is authorized to reinvest principal proceeds by purchasing additional debt securities. Within the confines of the trading restrictions specified in the CDO’s transaction documents, the asset manager can also make trades to maintain the credit quality of the CDO’s portfolio. The manager also has a role in the redemption of a CDO’s notes by auction call.
The manager’s prominent role throughout the life of a CDO underscores the importance of the manager and his or her staff.
There are approximately 300 asset managers in the marketplace. CDO Asset Managers, as with other Asset Managers, can be more or less active depending on the personality and prospectus of the CDO. Asset Managers make money by virtue of the senior fee (which is paid before any of the CDO investors are paid) and subordinated fee as well as any equity investment the manager has in the CDO, making CDOs a lucrative business for asset managers. These fees, together with underwriting fees, administration{approx 1.5 – 2%} by virtue of capital structure are provided by the equity investment, by virtue of reduced cashflow.
See also: List of CDO Managers
The trustee and collateral administrator
The trustee holds title to the assets of the CDO for the benefit of the noteholders (i.e. the Investor). In the CDO market, the trustee also typically serves as collateral administrator. In this role, the collateral administrator produces and distributes noteholder reports, performs various compliance tests regarding the composition and liquidity of the asset portfolios in addition to constructing and executing the priority of payment waterfall models. Two notable exceptions to this are Virtus Partners and Wilmington Trust Conduit Services, a subsidiary of Wilmington Trust, which offer collateral administration services, but are not trustee banks. In contrast to the asset manager, there are relatively few trustees in the marketplace. The following institutions currently offer trustee services in the CDO marketplace:
* Bank of New York Mellon (note: the Bank of New York Mellon recently also acquired the corporate trust unit of JP Morgan which is the market share leader)
* BNP Paribas Securities Services (note: currently serves the European market only)
* Deutsche Bank
* Fortis Intertrust (note: was formerly known as MeesPierson Intertrust)
* HSBC
* LaSalle Bank (Recently acquired by Bank of America)
* Sanne Trust
* State Street Corporation
* US Bank (note: US Bank recently also acquired the corporate trust unit of Wachovia)
* Wells Fargo
* Wilmington Trust – Wilmington shut down their business in early 2009.
Accountants
The underwriter typically will hire an accounting firm to perform due diligence on the CDO’s portfolio of debt securities. This entails verifying certain attributes, such as credit rating and coupon/spread, of each collateral security. Source documents or public sources will typically be used to tie-out the collateral pool information. In addition, the accountants typically calculate certain collateral tests and determine whether the portfolio is in compliance with such tests.
The firm may also perform a cash flow tie-out in which the transaction’s waterfall is modeled per the priority of payments set forth in the transaction documents. The yield and weighted average life of the bonds or equity notes being issued is then calculated based on the modeling assumptions provided by the underwriter. On each payment date, an accounting firm may work with the trustee to verify the distributions that are scheduled to be made to the noteholders.
Attorneys
Attorneys ensure compliance with applicable securities law and negotiate and draft the transaction documents. Attorneys will also draft an offering document or prospectus the purpose of which is to satisfy statutory requirements to disclose certain information to investors. This will be circulated to investors. It is common for multiple counsels to be involved in a single deal due to the number of parties to a single CDO from asset management firms to underwriters.
Subprime mortgage crisis
Main article: Subprime mortgage crisis
See also: Subprime lending and Bear Stearns subprime mortgage hedge fund crisis
From 2003 to 2006, new issues of CDOs backed by asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities had increasing exposure to subprime mortgage bonds. Mezzanine ABS CDOs are mainly backed by the BBB or lower-rated tranches of mortgage bonds, and in 2006, $200 billion in mezzanine ABS CDOs were issued with an average exposure to subprime bonds of 70%.[citation needed] As delinquencies and defaults on subprime mortgages occur, CDOs backed by significant mezzanine subprime collateral experience severe rating downgrades and possibly future losses.
As the mortgages underlying the CDO’s collateral decline in value, banks and investment funds holding CDOs face difficulty in assigning a precise price to their CDO holdings. Many are recording their CDO assets at par due to the difficulty in pricing.[citation needed] The pricing challenge arises because CDOs do not actively trade and mortgage defaults take time to lead to CDO losses. However, in June 2007, two hedge funds managed by Bear Stearns Asset Management Inc. faced cash or collateral calls from lenders that had accepted CDOs backed by subprime loans as loan collateral.[citation needed] The now defunct Bear Stearns, at that time the fifth-largest U.S. securities firm, said July 18, 2007 that investors in its two failed hedge funds will get little if any money back after unprecedented declines in the value of securities used to bet on subprime mortgages.[16]
Some CEOs have lost their jobs as a result of the crisis. On 24 October 2007, Merrill Lynch reported third quarter earnings that contained $7.9 billion of losses on collateralized debt obligations.[17] A week later Stan O’Neal, Merrill Lynch’s CEO, resigned from his position, reportedly as a result.[18] On 4 November 2007, Charles (Chuck) Prince, Chairman and CEO of Citigroup resigned and cited the following reasons : …as you have seen publicly reported, the rating agencies have recently downgraded significantly certain CDOs and the mortgage securities contained in CDOs. As a result of these downgrades, valuations for these instruments have dropped sharply. This will have a significant impact on our fourth quarter financial results. I am responsible for the conduct of our businesses. It is my judgment that the size of these charges makes stepping down the only honorable course for me to take as Chief Executive Officer. This is what I advised the Board. [19]
The new issue pipeline for CDOs backed by asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities slowed significantly in the second-half of 2007 and the first quarter of 2008 due to weakness in subprime collateral, the resulting reevaluation by the market of pricing of CDOs backed by mortgage bonds, and a general downturn in the global credit markets. Global CDO issuance in the fourth quarter of 2007 was US$ 47.5 billion, a nearly 74 percent decline from the US$ 180 billion issued in the fourth quarter of 2006. First quarter 2008 issuance of US$ 11.7 billion was nearly 94 percent lower than the US$ 186 billion issued in the first quarter of 2007.[20] Moreover, virtually all first quarter 2008 CDO issuance was in the form of collateralized loan obligations backed by middle-market or leveraged bank loans, not by home mortgage ABS.[21]
This trend has limited the mortgage credit that is available to homeowners. CDOs purchased much of the riskier portions of mortgage bonds, helping to support issuance of nearly $1 trillion in mortgage bonds in 2006 alone. Investors criticized S&P, Fitch Ratings and Moody’s Investors Service, saying their ratings on bonds backed by U.S. mortgages to people with limited credit didn’t reflect the lax lending standards that caused their backward-looking default rates to be inapplicable to risk level of the loans being made.[citation needed] In the first quarter of 2008 alone, rating agencies announced 4,485 downgrades of CDOs.[21] Declining ABS CDO issuance could affect the broader secondary mortgage market, making credit less available to homeowners who are trying to refinance out of mortgages that are experiencing payment shock (e.g. adjustable-rate mortgages with rising interest rates).[22]
See also
* Collateralized Debt Obligations at Wikinvest
* Asset-backed security
* Collateralized Bond Obligation
* Collateralized mortgage obligation (also known by initials CMO)
* Collateralized Fund Obligation
* Credit default swap
References
1. ^ http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/deliverdocument.asp?citeid=433720 Located in footnote of court documents
2. ^ Imperial’s sour real estate loans dot the country. (Imperial Federal Savings Association) | San Diego Business Journal | Find Articles at BNET
3. ^ http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/92-1370.ZO.html See Notes of Supreme Court ruling
4. ^ http://infoproc.blogspot.com/2005/09/gaussian-copula-and-credit-derivatives.html
5. ^ http://online.wsj.com/article/SB112649094075137685.html How a Formula Ignited Market That Burned Some Big Investors, Mark Whitehouse, Wall Street Journal
6. ^ Celent (2005-10-31). Collateralized Debt Obligations Market. Press release. http://www.celent.com/PressReleases/20051031/CDOMarket.htm. Retrieved on 2009-02-23.
7. ^ Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (2009-01-15). Global CDO Market Issuance Data. Press release. http://www.sifma.org/research/pdf/CDO_Data2008-Q4.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-02-22.
8. ^ http://www.yieldcurve.com/Mktresearch/files/RISK_Paris2003BBG.pdf
9. ^ http://www.creditmag.com/public/showPage.html?page=133213
10. ^ http://vimeo.com/1876936
11. ^ http://archives1.sifma.org/assets/files/SIFMA_CDOIssuanceData2007q1.pdf
12. ^ Peaslee, James M. & David Z. Nirenberg. Federal Income Taxation of Securitization Transactions. Frank J. Fabozzi Associates (2001, with annual supplements, http://www.securitizationtax.com): 768.
13. ^ Id. at 772.
14. ^ Id. at 775.
15. ^ Securitization rankings of bookrunners, issuers, etc
16. ^ Bloomberg.com: Worldwide
17. ^ How Merrill Lynch goofed its $7.9 billion writedown – Oct. 24, 2007
18. ^ Merrill Lynch | Herd’s head trampled | Economist.com
19. ^ BBC NEWS | Business | Citigroup chief executive resigns
20. ^ http://www.sifma.org/research/pdf/SIFMA_CDOIssuanceData2008.pdf
21. ^ a b CDO deals resurface but down 90 pct in Q1-report | Markets | US | Reuters
22. ^ McLean, Bethany (2007-03-19), The dangers of investing in subprime debt , Fortune, http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/04/02/8403416/index.htm
External links
* Global Pool of Money and CDOs (NPR radio)
* Investment Landfill
* Portfolio.com explains what CDO’s are in an easy-to-understand multimedia graphic
* The Making of a Mortgage CDO multimedia graphic from The Wall Street Journal
* JPRI Occasional Paper No. 37, October 2007 Risk vs Uncertainty: The Cause of the Current Financial Crisis By Marshall Auerback
* Collateralized debt obligations: who’s to blame when the market blows up? – Summer, 2007
* Valuation of CDO tranches
* Vink, Dennis (2008). ABS, MBS and CDO Compared The Journal of Structured Finance
Bond market
Bond A Debenture A Fixed income
Types of bonds by issuer
Agency bond A Corporate bond (Senior debt, Subordinated debt) A Distressed debt A Emerging market debt A Government bond A Municipal bond A Sovereign bond
Types of bonds by payout
Accrual bond A Auction rate security A Callable bond A Commercial paper A Convertible bond A Exchangeable bond A Fixed rate bond A Floating rate note A High-yield debt A Inflation-indexed bond A Inverse floating rate note A Perpetual bond A Puttable bond A Reverse convertible A Zero-coupon bond
Securitized Products
Asset-backed security A Collateralized debt obligation A Collateralized mortgage obligation A Commercial mortgage-backed security A Mortgage-backed security
Derivatives
Bond option A Credit derivative A Credit default swap A CLN A Inflation derivatives
Pricing
Accrued interest A Bond valuation A Clean price A Coupon A Day count convention A Dirty price A Maturity A Par value
Yield analysis
Nominal yield A Current yield A Yield to maturity A Yield curve A Bond duration A Bond convexity A TED spread
Credit and spread analysis
Credit analysis A Credit risk A Credit spread A Yield spread A Z-spread A Option adjusted spread
Interest rate models
Short rate models A Rendleman-Bartter A Vasicek A Ho-Lee A Hull-White A Cox-Ingersoll-Ross A Chen A Heath-Jarrow-Morton A Black-Derman-Toy A Brace-Gatarek-Musiela
Organizations
Commercial Mortgage Securities Association (CMSA) A International Capital Market Association (ICMA) A Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA)
Structured finance
Securitization
Securitization transaction A Credit enhancement A Tranche
Types of Securities
Asset-backed security A Mortgage-backed security A Credit derivative A Collateralized debt obligation (CDO) A Collateralized mortgage obligation (CMO) A Collateralized bond obligation (CBO) A Collateralized loan obligation (CLO) A Collateralized fund obligation (CFO) A Senior stretch loan
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation
Categories: Bonds | Financial services | Fixed income securities | Funds | Structured finance | Derivatives | Terms and concepts of the 2000s United States housing bubble
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation
***
***
Media commentators have found it significant that signatories to the PNAC’s January 16, 1998 letter to President Clinton (and some of its other position papers, letters, and reports) include such Bush administration officials as Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, Richard Perle, John Bolton, Richard Armitage, and Elliott Abrams.[31][36][48][25]
Persons associated with the PNAC
Project directors
[as listed on the PNAC website:]
* William Kristol, Co-founder and Chairman[1]
* Robert Kagan,[1]Co-founder
* Bruce P. Jackson[1]
* Mark Gerson[1]
* Randy Scheunemann[1]
Project staff
* Ellen Bork, Deputy Director[1]
* Gary Schmitt, Senior Fellow[1][49]
* Thomas Donnelly, Senior Fellow[1]
* Reuel Marc Gerecht, Senior Fellow[1]
* Mitch Jackson, Senior Fellow
* Timothy Lehmann, Assistant Director[1]
* Michael Goldfarb, Research Associate[1]
Former directors and staff
* Daniel McKivergan, Deputy Director[50]
Signatories to Statement of Principles
* Elliott Abrams[18]
* Gary Bauer[18]
* William J. Bennett[18]
* John Ellis Jeb Bush[18]
* Richard B. Cheney[18]
* Eliot A. Cohen[18]
* Midge Decter[18]
* Paula Dobriansky[18]
* Steve Forbes[18]
* Aaron Friedberg[18]
* Francis Fukuyama[18]
* Frank Gaffney[18]
* Fred C. Ikle[18]
* Donald Kagan[18]
* Zalmay Khalilzad[18]
* I. Lewis Scooter Libby[18]
* Norman Podhoretz[18]
* J. Danforth Quayle[18]
* Peter W. Rodman[18]
* Stephen P. Rosen[18]
* Henry S. Rowen[18]‘
* Donald Rumsfeld[18]
* Vin Weber[18]
* George Weigel[18]
* Paul Wolfowitz[18]
Signatories or contributors to other significant letters or reports[21]
* Elliott Abrams[19][6]
* Kenneth Adelman[51]
* Richard V. Allen[15]
* Richard L. Armitage[19]
* Gary Bauer[15][51]
* Jeffrey Bell[15][51]
* William J. Bennett[19][6][15][51]
* Jeffrey Bergner[19][6][15]
* John R. Bolton[19][6]
* Ellen Bork[51]
* Rudy Boschwitz[15]
* Linda Chavez[51]
* Eliot Cohen[20][15][51]
* Seth Cropsey[15]
* Midge Decter[15][51]
* Paula Dobriansky[19][6]
* Thomas Donnelly[20][15][51]
* Nicholas Eberstadt,[15][51][52]
* Hillel Fradkin[15][51][53]
* Aaron Friedberg[15]
* Francis Fukuyama[19][6][15]
* Frank Gaffney[15][51]
* Jeffrey Gedmin[15][51]
* Reuel Marc Gerecht[15][51]
* Charles Hill[15][51]
* Bruce P. Jackson[15][51]
* Eli S. Jacobs[15]
* Michael Joyce[15]
* Donald Kagan[20][15][51]
* Robert Kagan[19][6][20][15][51]
* Zalmay Khalilzad[19][6]
* Jeane Kirkpatrick[15]
* Charles Krauthammer[15]
* William Kristol[19][6][20][15]
* John Lehman[15][51]
* I. Lewis Libby[20]
* Tod Lindberg[51][54]
* Rich Lowry[51]
* Clifford May[15][51]
* John McCain[55]
* Joshua Muravchik[51]
* Michael O’Hanlon [56][57]
* Martin Peretz[15][51]
* Richard Perle[19][6][15][51]
* Daniel Pipes[51]
* Norman Podhoretz[15][51]
* Peter W. Rodman[19][6][15]
* Stephen P. Rosen[20][15][51]
* Donald Rumsfeld[19][6]
* Randy Scheunemann[15][51]
* Gary Schmitt[20][15][51][49]
* William Schneider, Jr.[19][6][15][51]
* Richard H. Shultz[15][58]
* Henry Sokolski[15]
* Stephen J. Solarz[15]
* Vin Weber[19][6][15]
* Leon Wieseltier[15]
* Marshall Wittmann[15][51]
* Paul Wolfowitz[19][6][20]
* R. James Woolsey[19][6][51]
* Dov Zakheim[20][59]
* Robert B. Zoellick[19][6]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century
***
Cyrus F. Freidheim
Director
Allegheny Energy, Incorporated
Greensburg , PA
Sector: UTILITIES / Electric Utilities
72 Years Old
Mr. Freidheim is the Chair of the Nominating and Governance Committee and a member of the Executive Committee. Mr. Freidheim has been the Chief Executive Officer of the Sun-Times Media Group Inc., a newspaper publisher, since 2006. He is a director of the Sun-Times Media Group Inc. and HSBC Finance Corporation. Mr. Freidheim served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Chiquita Brands International, Inc. from 2002 to 2004.
Forbes Rankings
Allegheny Energy Forbes 400 Best Big Companies in 2008
Allegheny Energy – 1,180th on the Forbes Global 2000 in 2008
Allegheny Energy – 1,211st on the Forbes Global 2000 in 2007
Allegheny Energy – 1,471st on the Forbes Global 2000 in 2006
Allegheny Energy – 1,819th on the Forbes Global 2000 in 2005
See All Rankings >
Director Compensation (Allegheny Energy, Incorporated) for 2007
Fees earned or paid in cash $69,250.00
Stock awards $119,958.00
Option awards (in $) $0.00
Non-equity incentive plan compensation $0.00
Change in pension value and nondisqualified compensation earnings $1,693.00
All other compensation $0.00
Total Compensation $190,901.00
Director Compensation (Allegheny Energy, Incorporated) for 2006
Fees earned or paid in cash $47,167.00
Stock awards $157,000.00
Option awards (in $) $0.00
Non-equity incentive plan compensation $0.00
Change in pension value and nondisqualified compensation earnings $1,342.00
All other compensation $0.00
Total Compensation $205,509.00
Forbes.com Headlines
Hires, Fires And Retires: April 12-16, 2004
Delta Air CFO Burns resigns; Fair Isaac names Osborne CFO; Chiquita Chairman Freidheim to retire.
Hires And Fires: March 18-22, 2002
Freidheim replaces Warshaw at Chiquita; Sysco names Schnieders CEO; Devonshire new Motorola CFO.
All Forbes.com Headlines >
News Wire Headlines
03.04.09 Sun-Times Media Group announces management changes AP
02.11.09 Sun-Times, parent company to get new leaders AP
02.11.09 Sun-Times Media selects new CEO AP
02.05.09 BRIEF-Sun Times Media Group says CEO & president resigns AFX
All News Wire Headlines >
Press Release Headlines
Sun-Times Media Group Initiates Plans to Deregister Class A Common Stock
01.02.09 – BusinessWire
Sun-Times Media Group Announces Plan to Consolidate Printing Operations
12.19.08 – BusinessWire
All Press Releases >
Search Corporate Executives and Directors
Name (e.g. Bill Gates)
Enter Ticker Symbol:
Lookup Symbol
Company: Allegheny Energy, Incorpo… (AYE)
Top Executives at Allegheny Energy, Incorporated
Richard C. Arthur Vice President/Chief Information Officer
David M. Feinberg General Counsel/Secretary/Vice President
Paul J. Evanson CEO/Chairman of the Board/President/Director
William F. Wahl Chief Accounting Officer/Controller/Vice President
Kirk R. Oliver CFO/Senior VP
Eleanor Baum Director
Cyrus F. Freidheim Director
Christopher D. Pappas Director
Gunnar E. Sarsten Director
Eric S. Gleason Vice President, Divisional
See All Executives and Directors at Allegheny Energy, Incorporated >
See Org Chart for AYE >
TOPIC ALERTS:
Cyrus F. Freidheim AYE
http://people.forbes.com/profile/cyrus-f-freidheim/2993
***
Associated Press
Sun-Times Media Group announces management changes
Associated Press, 03.04.09, 02:36 PM EST
pic
John Barron, who last month was named publisher of the Chicago Sun-Times, is taking on the same role for a group of weekly publications and North Shore magazine, the publications’ parent company announced Wednesday.
Sun-Times Media Group Inc. said Barron’s appointment as publisher of the Pioneer Press division is part of a reorganization designed to streamline decision making and lower costs at the financially struggling media company.
Larry Green, current president and publisher of Pioneer Press, is retiring, according to a news release.
Other moves include the elevation of Lisa Tatiana to publisher of the Merrillville, Ind.-based Post Tribune from her post as vice president of advertising. She replaces Murdoch Davis, who is leaving the newspaper.
The company also announced it will combine the Midwest Suburban Publishing and the Fox Valley Publications division to create the Sun-Times Media Group Suburban News Division. Fred Lebolt, president and publisher of Fox Valley Publications & New Media, has been named the new division’s president.
Lebolt also will become publisher of the Lake County News-Sun and the SouthtownStar newspapers and their online counterparts.
The announcement is the latest in a series of leadership shake-ups for the Sun-Times and its parent company. In recent weeks, the Sun-Times said that Managing Editor Donald Hayner would become editor-in-chief, replacing Michael Cooke, who left to become editor of the Toronto Star.
The company also announced that Cyrus Freidheim, chief executive officer and chairman of Sun-Times Media Group, was resigning, to be replaced by Jeremy Halbreich, the former president and general manager of The Dallas Morning News.
Sun-Times Media Group owns the Chicago Sun-Times and dozens of suburban newspapers and Web sites that serve more than 200 communities in the Chicago area. The company has made recent cuts due to declining advertising revenue, including last month’s closure of 12 weekly newspapers, and asking union employees to take cuts in compensation.
Copyright 2008 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed
http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2009/03/04/ap6126004.html
***
Siegfried Halbreich, 98, Holocaust survivor, father of Dallasite Jeremy Halbreich
11:40 PM CDT on Saturday, September 20, 2008
Los Angeles Times
LOS ANGELES — Siegfried Halbreich, a survivor of four Nazi concentration camps who devoted the second half of his long life to public education about the horrors that Jews experienced during World War II, died of heart failure Wednesday at his Beverly Hills home. He was 98.
Halbreich was among the first Jews to be sent to the camps in 1939. Five-and-a-half years later, he was one of the few to emerge alive.
After moving to Los Angeles in 1960, he became one of the Holocaust’s most prolific witnesses, giving talks in elementary schools, high schools, colleges, churches and synagogues. By the time he stopped, about three years ago, he had given 2,500 free lectures around the world on the abominations he lived through during Hitler’s reign.
Very few people were imprisoned as long and in as many prisons as he was, said John K. Roth, a Holocaust scholar and emeritus professor at Claremont McKenna College, who frequently invited Halbreich to speak to his classes. But he said what Halbreich accomplished after leaving the camps also was extraordinary.
He would speak with great truthfulness about the hard things he had seen and endured. But there was always a note of determination to go forward, Roth said, to help people remember that the world can be a brutal and nasty place, but that it doesn’t have to be that way.
In 1996, Halbreich told a group of high school students that it was not a pleasure to go … from place to place to talk about the horrible past we had to endure. But I feel it is my obligation to tell people what was going on and to warn them. This, he said of the Nazi’s campaign of extermination, should never happen again to anyone.
Halbreich was born Nov. 13, 1909 in the town of Dziedzice in what is now southern Poland. He had a degree from the University of Krakow and worked as pharmacist until the war began.
In 1939, after the German army occupied Poland, he tried to escape to what was then Yugoslavia, but he was caught and deported to the Sachsenhausen camp in Berlin, where he and 400 other prisoners were jammed into a barracks built for 100.
In 1941, he was transferred to the Gross-Rosen camp in what is now Rogonica, Poland. A year later, he was sent to Auschwitz where, because of his pharmacy training, he was assigned to work in the camp hospital.
Secretly he led resistance efforts, he told the Los Angeles Times in a 2004 interview. He sheltered younger prisoners, gave them food and medicine and helped many escape the brutality of their captors.
He had been at Nordhausen-Dora, a forced-labor camp in central Germany, for a year when it was liberated by Allied forces in April 1945.
After the war, Halbreich, who spoke several languages, worked with the United States government’s War Crimes Branch as an interpreter and investigator. He testified at the trials of Nazi war criminals and gave testimony that was used in the prosecution of Adolf Eichmann, the German high official who was hanged in Israel for his role in the Holocaust.
In 1946 he immigrated to the U.S. and spent the next 13 years in Cleveland, where he and his wife, Ruth, started a family.
He left Cleveland in 1959, in part to escape the past that came up every time a well-meaning relative asked about his wartime imprisonment. He moved to Beverly Hills and ran a custom picture framing business in Santa Monica. Questions, questions, so many questions. I didn’t want to talk much about what I had been through, he told The Cleveland Plain Dealer in 2000.
But in 1960, after a visit to Israel, his rabbi asked him to give a talk about the Holocaust. Halbreich agreed to tell his story — and he told it again and again over the next 45 years.
He spoke of losing his parents and both his brothers.
He spoke of seeing Jews treated worse than cattle on trains bound for gas chambers; of a Nazi commander who sent Jews to hard labor or death with the casual flick of a thumb; of fellow prisoners shot dead for no reason other than they turned their heads at the wrong moment.
He recalled how one day after liberation, while serving as an interpreter for Gen. Dwight Eisenhower, the Allied Commander noticed the 68233 that the Nazis had engraved in his skin and asked, Did it hurt you very much when they tattooed this number on your arm?
Halbreich, stunned, at first didn’t know what to say. He thought, My gosh, what kind of people are the Americans? They see what’s going on here, full of bodies, dead people … and he asked if this was hurting? But later on, I understood, he had no idea. The Americans, it was strange to them to face something like this.
He told his stories to anyone who wanted to listen, but never in a manner that was overwrought with emotion. He was just low key, understated. He honestly answered any question people put to him. He was masterful in that role, Roth said.
In 1991 he published a memoir, which he called Before-During-After . He also served as the model for the main character in a children’s book, The Number on My Grandfather’s Arm, by David A. Adler.
But it was the public speaking that kept him going well into his 90s. Michael Berenbaum, a Holocaust historian at American Jewish University, said he was not aware of any survivor who spoke as widely and as often about the Holocaust as Halbreich. It took a certain tenacity. He didn’t live his life without tenacity, said Berenbaum, who knew Halbreich for more than 25 years.
In addition to his wife, he is survived by a son, Jeremy Halbreich of Dallas; daughter Emily Tigerman, of Los Angeles; and two grandchildren.
Elaine Woo
http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/obituaries/stories/092108dnlivhalbreich.1bfd833.html
***
Dallas-based American Consolidated Media acquired by Australian firm
By Pegasus News wire
Jeremy Halbreich
DALLAS — Macquarie Media Group (MMG) announced today that it has entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of American Consolidated Media, Inc. and 100% of Valley Newspaper Holdings, LP (collectively, ACM), a Dallas-based publisher of 40 local newspapers which serve nine regional communities in Texas and Oklahoma. The acquisition has an Enterprise value of $80 million (US) and is subject to regulatory approval and other customary closing conditions.
MMG Managing Director Alex Harvey said ACM is a very attractive investment for MMG as it meets our key investment criteria. It provides essential local news and information to the communities in which it operates, some of which are among the fastest growing regions of the US, has strong positions and long established histories in those communities and generates stable cash flows from a large diverse base of local advertisers.
Of ACM’s 40 local publications, five are daily newspapers, 19 are weeklies and 16 are shopper publications and associated websites.
ACM founder and Chief Executive Officer Jeremy Halbreich has over thirty years experience managing newspaper businesses, including 12 years as president and/or general manager of the Dallas Morning News, Harvey said.
The entire ACM management team eagerly looks forward to our new affiliation with MMG as we execute continued growth and expansion of our local community newspaper platform, Jeremy Halbreich said.
One of ACM’s clusters of papers is just south of the Dallas / Fort Worth Area. ACM is the company that launched the free tabloid AM Journal Express in 2003.
Source: MMG / staff reports
Related stories
* Jeremy Halbreich resigns from Dallas-based American Consolidated Media (Aug. 27, 2008)
http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2007/jan/24/dallas-based-american-consolidated-media-acquired-/
***
Wednesday, August 27, 2008
Jeremy Halbreich resigns from Dallas-based American Consolidated Media
By Pegasus News wire
Email Print Tell us your story Comment
Jeremy Halbreich, founder and CEO of Dallas-based American Consolidated Media (ACM), resigned from his position as CEO.
The move was planned all along, ever since he sold the company to Australia-based Macquarie Media Group (MMG) in 2007.
A former president and general manager of The Dallas Morning News, Halbreich will remain on ACM’s board of directors with a new title of non-executive chairman. He’s organized a new holding company called American Consolidated Ventures to pursue yet-fresher media concepts.
Posted by T.G.
http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2008/aug/27/jeremy-halbreich-resigns-dallas-based-american-con/
***
news.muckety.com/2008/09/08/h-rodgin-cohen-at-epicenter-of-fannie-mae-freddy-mac-crisis/4901?rLink
H. Rodgin Cohen at epicenter of Fannie Mae-Freddie Mac crisis …
David M. Moffett, a senior adviser with the Carlyle Group and a former vice chairman of US Bancorp, takes over for Syron at Freddie Mac. …
Carlyle Group
Carlyle Group took Manor Care private after acquiring it for $6.3 billion in 2007.
People related to Carlyle Group:
Daniel F. Akerson – managing director
James A. Attwood Jr. – managing director
Karen Bechtel – managing director
Brian A. Bernasek – principal
Jonathan E. Colby – managing director
William E. Conway – managing director
Thomas A. Corcoran – senior adviser
Daniel A. D’Aniello – co-founder
Louis V. Gerstner Jr. – chairman
Louis J. Giuliano – senior adviser
Robert E. Grady – managing director
William F. Greenwood – managing director
James H. Hance Jr. – senior adviser
Allan M. Holt – private equity investor
Mark J. Johnson – principal
William E. Kennard – managing director
Edward J. Mathias – managing director
Vincent M. Rella – principal
Charles O. Rossotti – senior adviser
David M. Rubenstein – managing director
Patrick T. Siewert – senior director
John C. Stomber – managing director
Patrick Trozzo – managing director
Douglas A. Warner III – senior adviser
Lawrence D. Writer Jr. – VP
Michael J. Zupon – partner & managing director
Other current Carlyle Group relationships:
Carlyle Capital – investor
Carlyle Capital Corporation Limited – fund
Dutko Worldwide – lobby firm
Manor Care, Inc. – acquirer
McKenna Long & Aldridge – lobby firm
Mid-Atlantic Venture Association – member
Ogilvy Government Relations – lobby firm
Carlyle Group past relationships:
George H.W. Bush – adviser
Richard G. Darman – partner & managing director
Edward J. Kelly III – managing director
David M. Moffett – senior adviser
Norman Pearlstine – senior adviser
http://www.muckety.com/Carlyle-Group/5000357.muckety
***
***
Georgia bank closed in 17th failure of 2009
By John Letzing
Last update: 6:24 p.m. EST March 6, 2009
Comments: 303
SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) — Commerce, Ga.-based Freedom Bank of Georgia was closed by regulators Friday, marking the 17th bank failure of the year, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation said in a statement. Lavonia-based Northeast Georgia Bank has assumed all of the failed bank’s deposits, the FDIC said. As of March 4, Freedom Bank of Georgia had roughly $173 million in assets and $161 million in deposits. The FDIC estimated the cost of Freedom Bank’s failure to its deposit insurance fund will be $36.2 million. End of Story
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Comments: 303
Does Georgia have any local banks left?
– BillDonoghue
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http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/georgia-bank-closed-17th-failure/story.aspx?guid=%7B13E7305F%2D63CE%2D430E%2DB01F%2D1A6EA7A4008C%7D&siteid=rss
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Recession-Proof Jobs Shelter Bush’s Bum Lawyers: Ann Woolner
Commentary by Ann Woolner
March 6 (Bloomberg) — As hundreds of thousands of laid-off workers sign up for unemployment each month and major employers head for bankruptcy court, many Americans would find it oh-so- nice to land a job guaranteed for life.
The U.S. has no kings or queens. But it does have federal judges and tenured professors.
There are good reasons for making those jobs safe. Judges should follow the law, not the whims of voter opinion. Professors should be allowed to speak without fear of dismissal should they offend their school’s major donors.
I get that. But the release this week of certain government memoranda written by lawyers now guaranteed a lifetime of paychecks makes me wonder whether exceptions should be made.
These are legally sloppy, single-minded memos from high- level Bush administration lawyers who rationalized widespread abandonment of bedrock constitutional principles. They said the president essentially had no restraints on him in time of war.
So wrong were these opinions that in its final days the Bush Justice Department felt compelled to disown the ones it hadn’t previously discredited.
It now turns out that the same lawyers who condoned torture also claimed that the president could legally suspend free speech, the free press and freedom from unreasonable searches.
They wrote that the president could lift international treaties without consulting Congress.
And they said he could dispatch detainees to foreign countries that use torture to make them talk and needn’t worry about congressional interference in treating terrorism suspects any way he wants.
Warrantless Wiretaps
And as for warrantless wiretaps on Americans, no need to bother with the law that restrained the president from doing that, either, they said.
Most of the memos, released this week by Attorney General Eric Holder, were written by John C. Yoo and Jay Bybee when they worked in the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel beginning in 2001.
Fortunately for these men, they found other jobs before their work saw the light of day.
Yoo is a tenured law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, of all places. I’m all for academic diversity and robust debate on campus, and surely Berkeley could use some conservative balance.
But I worry what a man with so little regard for the Constitution teaches lawyers-to-be. For now, he is teaching it at Chapman University in Orange County, California, as a visiting professor while on leave from Berkeley.
Judicial Appointment
Bybee sits on the San Francisco-based 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, to which his patron, George W. Bush, appointed him. It’s hard to imagine a Democratic Senate confirming him if the memos had come out earlier. The courts of appeal are one rung below the U.S. Supreme Court, each setting precedent for vast regions of the country.
Like Berkeley, the 9th Circuit needed more right-leaning weight for ideological balance. But if Bybee’s memos are any indication, the court got a radical, not a conservative.
Their jobs don’t offer the big bucks that, say, running an investment bank into the ground used to pay. But they carry high prestige and they promise lifetime work, barring ill-health or some sort of horrific misconduct.
It’s true that these lawyers wrote the memos as the Bush administration was working around the clock to figure out every legal means available to prevent another terrorist attack.
Out of Mainstream
Nonetheless, these opinions are so far out of the mainstream that more level-headed attorneys in the Bush administration spent years correcting them.
You don’t have to take my judgment. Rely on Bush’s last deputy assistant attorney general, Steven Bradbury.
Five days before leaving office, he wrote to make it clear that those memos were just plain wrong.
To use his words, this one is “not sustainable” and that one contains “doubtful” legal reasoning. Some are “not persuasive” and at least one is flat out “incorrect.”
Bradbury said so in a memo on Jan. 15 to make sure that no one would still take these writings seriously. He pointed out that some had long ago been “withdrawn,” meaning discredited.
In some cases, they were defanged by Supreme Court rulings or congressional act.
Yoo and Bybee are smart, articulate men, richly credentialed professionally.
To be sure, the fear unleashed by the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks and the awesome responsibility to help prevent another one weighed heavily on them.
But those who wrote the Constitution and its Bill of Rights knew something of war, too. They had fought one against great odds to win the very freedoms that these men would have diminished.
And yet these two will never have to worry about where their next paycheck is coming from. They’re now ensconced where they can pass along their extreme views through court rulings and law classes for years to come, long after their memos are buried in history’s trashbin.
(Ann Woolner is a Bloomberg news columnist. The opinions are her own.)
To contact the writer of this column: Ann Woolner in Atlanta at awoolner@bloomberg.net.
Last Updated: March 6, 2009 00:01 EST
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601039&sid=a_Byp72XKc8I&refer=home
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Lloyds Cedes Control to Government, Insures Assets (Update2)
By Andrew MacAskill and Jon Menon
March 7 (Bloomberg) — Lloyds Banking Group Plc, Britain’s biggest mortgage lender, will cede control to Prime Minister Gordon Brown’s government in return for state guarantees covering 260 billion pounds ($367 billion) of risky assets.
The government’s stake will rise to as much as 75 percent, making Lloyds the fourth U.K. bank to slip into state control since the run on Northern Rock Plc in September 2007. Brown is using that leverage to force banks to increase lending to homeowners and businesses and spur an economy that is facing its worst recession since World War II.
“In order to get British banks lending again the government needed to take them over,” said Simon Willis, an analyst at NCB Stockbrokers Ltd. in London, who has a “sell” rating on Lloyds stock. “It is likely to be at least three of four years before the banks return to the private sector.”
Lloyds will pay more for asset protection than Royal Bank of Scotland Plc, the first lender to enter the program, because of the deteriorating quality of loans acquired when it bought HBOS Plc in a government-brokered deal. London-based Lloyds will pay 15.6 billion pounds, or 5.2 percent of the insured assets, in the form of non-voting shares, the bank said in a statement. RBS last month paid 2 percent.
About 83 percent of the assets Lloyds is insuring came from HBOS, the bank said.
‘Rubbish Bank’
The HBOS loan book “is more toxic than anyone ever dreamed,” said Alan Beaney, who helps manage $2 billion, including Lloyds stock, at Principal Investment Management in Sevenoaks, England. “As a Lloyds shareholder you are very annoyed because you had a bank that did not need the government very much and now you have inherited a rubbish bank.”
In September, Lloyds agreed to buy HBOS for about 7.7 billion pounds as the government sought to prevent HBOS from collapsing after credit markets froze.
Last month, HBOS posted a pretax loss of 7.5 billion pounds, bigger than Lloyds anticipated at the time of the takeover, and Chief Executive Officer Eric Daniels said he would have liked more time to examine HBOS’s accounts before the purchase. Lloyds wouldn’t have needed taxpayers’ money if it hadn’t made the acquisition, he said.
Some shareholders are pressuring Daniels to resign because of the HBOS deal, Beaney said. Daniels, who joined Lloyds in 2001, will receive a 3 million-pound pension, the London-based Times reported today, without saying where it got the information. The 58-year-old CEO will be entitled to payments of 150,000 pounds a year when he turns 60, the newspaper said.
[ . . . ]
As a condition of today’s deal, Lloyds agreed to increase lending to businesses and homeowners by 28 billion pounds over the next 24 months.
In return, Lloyds will get government insurance for 74 billion pounds of residential mortgages, 18 billion pounds of unsecured personal loans, 151 billion pounds of corporate and commercial loans and 17 billion pounds of treasury assets, the bank said in the statement.
Lloyds will be responsible for the initial 25 billion pounds of losses on the insured assets, the bank said. It will cover 10 percent of any additional losses, with the Treasury responsible for the rest.
The government will also underwrite a 4 billion-pound share sale and convert existing preference shares into equity, the bank said in the statement. Converting the preference shares will save Lloyds 480 million pounds a year in dividend payments.
[ . . . ]
Lloyds has declined 66 percent in London trading this year, making it the worst performer in the five-member FTSE 350 Banks Index. The lender is now valued at 7.1 billion pounds.
The government waived competition rules to allow Lloyds to buy HBOS for about 7.7 billion pounds and create a bank with 3,300 branches, 140,000 employees and 28 percent of Britain’s mortgage market.
[ . . /. ]
To contact the reporter on this story: Andrew MacAskill in London at amacaskill@bloomberg.netJon Menon in London at jmenon1@bloomberg.net
Last Updated: March 7, 2009 09:32 EST
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a6eUD3OLhKPg&refer=home
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http://www.weforum.org/pdf/AM_2009/AM2009Report.pdf
Davos report 2009
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updated 5:21 p.m. EST, Fri March 6, 2009
Stimulus raises state sovereignty issues
By Lauren Kornreich
WASHINGTON (CNN) — Republican lawmakers from more than 20 states across the country are willing to take federal funding, but only on their terms.
Some state lawmakers are pushing for sovereignty from the federal government.
Some state lawmakers are pushing for sovereignty from the federal government.
[ . . . ]
It’s time to send a message to Congress that we’re sovereign, said state Rep. Judy Burges, an Arizona Republican. We have many states doing this and if you have enough sending the same message, they’re going to have to step back and take a look at what they’re doing.
http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/06/states.fed/index.html
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Northrop Grumman Awarded U.S. Army Biometric Intelligence Resource Contract
NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORP
NOC | 2/23/2009 8:01:33 AM
RESTON, Va., Feb 23, 2009 (GlobeNewswire via COMTEX News Network) —
The U.S. Army has awarded Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE:NOC) a $36.9 million cost-plus-award-fee contract to enhance the capabilities of the Biometric Intelligence Resource (BIR) system, which uses biometric data, such as fingerprints, facial recognition or iris scans to identify and track individuals of interest in the Global War on Terrorism.
BIR is a massive repository linking disparate biometric intelligence-gathering tools and databases and is currently in use in Iraq and Afghanistan to identify and track terrorists, insurgents or other potential threats. BIR includes data from a variety of biometric-enabled systems, including hand-held devices carried by U.S. military forces while conducting raids in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as systems used to biometrically scan personnel entering overseas military installations or applying for U.S. jobs, and includes data such as fingerprints or DNA samples found on bomb fragments.
Northrop Grumman designed, fielded and accredited the current version BIR system, which includes a service-oriented architecture, and will design and field a significantly enhanced next-generation BIR under the new contract from the Army’s National Ground Intelligence Center, Charlottesville, Va. The contract includes one base year and four one-year options. The next-generation BIR will include biometric-enabled intelligence from a wider variety of U.S. agencies and organizations.
With this new system, intelligence analysts will be able to better share information among organizations, making it easier to connect the dots and significantly enhancing national security, said Barry Rhine, vice president and general manager of Northrop Grumman’s Command and Control Systems Division.
The next-generation system will recognize when the data on individuals is included in the databases of multiple agencies; keep track of when and where people are encountered, providing a more complete understanding of their movements; and supply greater information on relationships between and among individuals — familial relationships, neighbors, co-workers, and shared addresses or phone numbers, for example.
The Northrop Grumman team includes SAIC, San Diego; Booz-Allen-Hamilton, McLean, Va.; and SPARTA Inc., Lake Forest, Calif.
Northrop Grumman Corporation is a leading global security company whose 120,000 employees provide innovative systems, products, and solutions in aerospace, electronics, information systems, shipbuilding and technical services to government and commercial customers worldwide.
This news release was distributed by GlobeNewswire, http://www.globenewswire.com
SOURCE: Northrop Grumman Corp.
George I. Seffers Northrop Grumman Information Systems (703) 345-8548 george.seffers@ngc.com
(C) Copyright 2009 GlobeNewswire, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://www.stockhouse.com/News/USReleasesDetail.aspx?n=7221355
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My note –
And I don’t understand this one either. Is this domestic spying or not? It certainly seems like it.
So, why are we paying for the integration of information about each of us from every US agency and business to be compiled for access by judges, prosecutors, military, police, IRS, health and human services agencies, TSA, Homeland Security and possibly even by businesses? And, are they going to add what kind of toilet paper and products that are being purchased as well using the information from things like Kroger cards and pharmacy cards and online browsing habits?
Who authorized the US government and state governments to spy on us? Washington is expecting what? A civil war?
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SPECIAL REPORT Issue #1: America’s Money Crisis
Revealed: 15 AIG bailout counterparties
A list obtained by Fortune includes the names of many foreign banks – as well as U.S. giants such as Goldman Sachs.
See all CNNMoney.com RSS FEEDS (close)
By Carol J. Loomis, senior editor at large
Last Updated: March 7, 2009: 1:28 PM ET
AMERICA’S MONEY CRISIS
* Wall Street: Ripe for a rally?
* Revealed: 15 AIG bailout counterparties
* 17th bank fails this year
* Consumer credit: Surprise $1.8 billion jump
* Madoff plea may be in play
More from Fortune
Revealed: 15 AIG bailout counterparties
Obama’s hard act: Keep friends in line
Washington plans for big bank failure
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NEW YORK (Fortune) — Donald Kohn, vice chairman of the Federal Reserve, learned this week about blackmail, Senate style, when he refused to disclose the names of financial institutions benefiting from the bailout of American International Group.
Testifying about AIG (AIG, Fortune 500) before the Senate Banking committee, Kohn respectfully resisted all of its attempts to extract the names. Several committee members grew frustrated and finally got to the point of threatening Kohn with no more dollars for the credit crisis – ever – if he didn’t spill the information.
[ . . . ]
When AIG suffered rating downgrades, the resulting collateral calls on the credit default swaps proved ultimately to be much more than AIG could handle and became the main reason the company was bailed out – with government commitments that now exceed $150 billion.
The counterparties to the swaps were 25 financial institutions spread around the world. Many of them would have been vulnerable to a domino effect if they hadn’t received, first, the collateral AIG paid them and, later, billions of dollars from the U.S. government that made the counterparties whole.
In this whole disaster that began to play out last September, neither AIG nor the government has ever divulged the names of the counterparties – and that’s what infuriates Bunning and other senators.
Committee chairman Christopher Dodd, D-Conn., describes the counterparties as less than innocent victims who used AIG’s rating (then AAA) to take enormous, irresponsible risks. He complains, It is not clear who we are rescuing.
The Fed’s Kohn argued that he couldn’t give out the names because the counterparties had entered into contracts with AIG not expecting their identity ever to be disclosed. Naming them, he said, might deter them from doing business with AIG again.
In the end, however, Kohn said he would carry the committee’s request back to the Fed and see what might be worked out.
A reliable source, however, has given FORTUNE a list of 15 counterparties, with no dollar figures attached. The list contained the names in the following order. FORTUNE sought comment from all of the financial institutions and none said their inclusion on the list was inaccurate.
Société Générale (France)
Goldman Sachs (GS, Fortune 500)
Merrill Lynch International
Deutsche Bank (Germany)
Calyon, Crédit Agricole (France)
UBS (Switzerland)
Barclays (England)
Coral Purchasing, DZ Bank (Germany)
Bank of Montreal (Canada)
Rabobank (the Netherlands)
Royal Bank of Scotland
Bank of America
Wachovia
HSBC (England)
Barclays Global Investors
Goldman Sachs’ No. 2 position fits several press reports that it was an important counterparty, perhaps having insured $20 billion of CDOs with AIG. Goldman has never confirmed that figure, but it has said that its net exposure to AIG – after collateral it received and hedging it did – was minimal.
If indeed France’s Société Générale ranks No. 1 by exposure, it’s a distinction the bank certainly didn’t need. Early last year, the company was staggered by the news that a rogue trader had lost $7.5 billion. Had a domino effect ensued from AIG’s collapse, Société Générale would have been in an especially vulnerable position.
The Fed’s Kohn admitted in the Senate hearings that paying off these counterparties in the course of the AIG rescue will reduce their incentive to be careful in the future, which helps explain why the names have become such sought-after information in the political debate over moral hazard.
http://money.cnn.com/2009/03/07/news/companies/aig.fortune/index.htm?cnn=yes
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* MARCH 7, 2009
Top U.S., European Banks Got $50 Billion in AIG Aid
By SERENA NG and CARRICK MOLLENKAMP
The beneficiaries of the government’s bailout of American International Group Inc. include at least two dozen U.S. and foreign financial institutions that have been paid roughly $50 billion since the Federal Reserve first extended aid to the insurance giant.
Among those institutions are Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Germany’s Deutsche Bank AG, each of which received roughly $6 billion in payments between mid-September and December 2008, according to a confidential document and people familiar with the matter.
Covered Counterparties
Some banks that were paid by AIG after it was bailed out by the government
* Goldman Sachs
* Deutsche Bank
* Merrill Lynch
* Société Générale
* Calyon
* Barclays
* Rabobank
* Danske
* HSBC
* Royal Bank of Scotland
* Banco Santander
* Morgan Stanley
* Wachovia
* Bank of America
* Lloyds Banking Group
Source: WSJ research
Other banks that received large payouts from AIG late last year include Merrill Lynch, now part of Bank of America Corp., and French bank Société Générale SA.
More than a dozen firms with smaller exposures to AIG also received payouts, including Morgan Stanley, Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC and HSBC Holdings PLC, according to the confidential document.
The names of all of AIG’s derivative counterparties and the money they have received from taxpayers still isn’t known, but The Wall Street Journal has identified some of them and is publishing others here for the first time.
Lawmakers Want Names
The AIG bailout has become a political hot potato as the risk of losses to U.S. taxpayers rises. This past week, legislators demanded that the Federal Reserve disclose names of financial firms that have received money from AIG, which Fed officials have described as too systemically important in the financial system to be allowed to fail.
In a Senate Banking Committee hearing in Washington on Thursday, Fed Vice Chairman Donald Kohn declined to identify AIG’s trading partners. He said doing so would make people wary of doing business with AIG.
But Mr. Kohn told lawmakers he would take their requests to his colleagues. The Fed, through a new committee led by Mr. Kohn to discuss transparency concerns, is now weighing whether to disclose more details about the AIG transactions.
The Fed rescued AIG in September with an $85 billion credit line when investment losses and collateral demands from banks threatened to send the firm into bankruptcy court. A bankruptcy filing would have caused losses and problems for financial institutions and policyholders globally that were relying on AIG to insure them against losses.
Since September, the government has had to extend more aid to AIG as its woes have deepened; the rescue package now has swelled to more than $173 billion.
The government’s rescue of AIG helped prevent its counterparties from incurring immediate losses on mortgage-backed securities and other assets they had insured through AIG. The bailout provided AIG with cash to pay the banks collateral on the money-losing trades; it also bought out underlying mortgage-linked securities, many of which are currently worth less than half their original value.
Banks and other financial companies were trading partners of AIG’s financial-products unit, which operated more like a Wall Street trading firm than a conservative insurer. This AIG unit sold credit-default swaps, which acted like insurance on complex securities backed by mortgages. When the securities plunged in value last year, AIG was forced to post billions of dollars in collateral to counterparties to back up its promises to insure them against losses.
More Problems
Now, other problems are popping up for AIG. The insurer generated a sizable business helping European banks lower the amount of regulatory capital required to cushion against losses on pools of assets such as mortgages and corporate debt. It did this by writing swaps that effectively insured those assets.
Values of some of those assets are declining, too, forcing AIG to also post collateral against those positions. And if the portfolios incur losses, AIG will have to compensate the banks.
AIG had seen this business as a relatively safe bet for the company and its investors. The structures were designed to allow European banks to shuck aside high capital costs. A change in capital rules has meant that the AIG protection no longer meets regulatory requirements.
The concern has been that if AIG defaulted, banks that made use of the insurer’s business to reduce their regulatory capital, most of which were headquartered in Europe, would have been forced to bring $300 billion of assets back onto their balance sheets, according to a Merrill report.
—Liam Pleven and Sudeep Reddy contributed to this article.
Write to Serena Ng at serena.ng@wsj.com and Carrick Mollenkamp at carrick.mollenkamp@wsj.com
Printed in The Wall Street Journal, page B1
Copyright 2008 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Companies within this Article
HSBC Holdings PLC ADS(HBC)
25.50 -1.12 3/6
Morgan Stanley(MS)
17.18 -0.80 3/6
Bank of America Corp.(BAC)
3.14 -0.03 3/6
American International Group Inc.(AIG)
0.35 0.00 3/6
Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC ADS (RBS)
5.42 -0.32 3/6
Goldman Sachs Group Inc.(GS)
75.65 -6.07 3/6
Deutsche Bank AG ADS(DB)
23.36 -0.03 3/6
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123638394500958141.html
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*
o 10 hours ago
o Sundar Nilavar
1. Privatize the profits and Socialize the loss. The Fed is complicit in this crime against the Tax payers.
2. What does a Tax payer who is already poor by reduced or loss of home and 401K now 201K get in return in this DEAL? Nightmare of increase in ALL kind of taxes and hyper inflation following depression
3. Gold will go over $2000 by the end of this year or earlier All that ‘ newly printed money’ is in the channel in spite of DEBT deflation will enter into circulation within a year or two. Next bubble will be in commodities.
At last, another BUBBLE in the making to save us from Housing Bubble
Citizens should demand a NUREMBERG style trial of ALL these CROOKS involved in Wall St, Main ST and the GOVT. Congress which is deeply involved don’t have the will or the balls required.
Please Join this Group to participate in Discussion.
*
o 7 hours ago
o Frank Jones
So, how much taxpayer’s money has gone to hedge funds that bet against the housing market?
Please Join this Group to participate in Discussion.
*
o 1 hour ago
o Jian Lin
The AIG and other bail out of the banks are making me more and more angry. Effectively the US tax payers is carrying all the losses around the world through deals like this AIG bail out. The US debt will not go away. It will be paid either by inflation or by generations. It makes me angrier to see the bankers still living their high lifes supported by the tax payer’s money, and capital reallocation and rebalancing based on true market demand is not happening because of this government intervention.
Please Join this Group to participate in Discussion.
*
o 40 minutes ago
o John Barry
I read the story on AIG, could we call this Financial Terrorism . You do this on purpose; knowingly sell bad debt, then guarantying the bad debt. You get yourself so far in debt the government has to bail you out…or you’ll bring down the whole market. For you it’s a win win….you’ve made billions, the government will now give you billions and no one goes to jail because you haven’t really broken any laws….you just made sure what you did wasn’t regulated. You’ve also walked away with your pension and bonuses.
Tell where I’m wrong.
Please Join this Group to participate in Discussion.
*
o 35 minutes ago
o Adam Smith
This is sick. If AIF failed there is no systemic risk. Pull the plug on them today and save the tax payer billions. Barey Frank, If you are listening here is a chance to show leadership and redeem yourself.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123638394500958141.html#articleTabs%3Dcomments
***
By KELLY EVANS
The U.S. unemployment rate surged last month to its highest level since 1983, and the toll seems set to go higher as employers batten down for a sustained drop in consumer demand.
Measuring the Pain
View Interactive
The U.S. lost 651,000 jobs last month as the unemployment rate jumped to 8.1%. Here is a look at the deepening job losses.
MORE
* Those Still Working Spend Less
* Trend Catches Up With Older Workers
* Company layoffs: Interactive graphic | First-quarter list
* Laid Off: Making New Compromises
Discuss
* How high will the unemployment rate go?
video
Unemployment Report Bad, But Has Its Bright Spots
2:53
The latest unemployment data reports the U.S. economy lost 651,000 jobs last month, signaling there’s still no end in sight to the recession. WSJ’s Kelly Evans tells colleague Phil Izzo what to take away from the report and what the bright spots are.
The number of jobless Americans rose to 12.5 million in February, pushing the unemployment rate to 8.1%, up from 7.6% in January, said the Labor Department.
We’ll be at 10% unemployment by year end, said Joseph LaVorgna, chief U.S. economist at Deutsche Bank. What’s going to stop it?
The U.S. has lost 4.4 million jobs since the recession began in December 2007 — more than half the losses coming in the last four months as the worst financial crisis in decades has intensified the economy’s steep decline.
The number of employed non-farm workers fell 651,000 in February. That followed declines of 655,000 in January and 681,000 in December. Some economists said the pace of job losses may be stabilizing, albeit at a high level.
Still, manufacturing and overtime hours slid, apparently presaging more job cuts to come. A quarter-million construction and manufacturing jobs vanished; the service sector shed 375,000. Only health services and government eked out job growth.
The broadest gauge of unemployment, which includes part-timers seeking full-time jobs, hit 14.8% last month.
The labor market has historically been a lagging indicator of activity, which means that even if the economy were to recover soon, the jobless level is likely to climb for many more months. With no immediate end in sight to the downturn — output in the current quarter seems on track to fall by 5% or more after a 6.2% decline in the fourth quarter of 2008 — the jobs picture is likely to get bleaker.
President Barack Obama’s $787 billion stimulus package includes spending he says will create or save 3.5 million jobs. In Ohio Friday for a police academy graduation, he billed the 25 cadets as among the beneficiaries. But he admitted the outlook is somber. We’ve got big challenges ahead of us, he said.
Write to Kelly Evans at kelly.evans@wsj.com
Printed in The Wall Street Journal, page A1
Copyright 2008 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved
This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. Distribution and use of this material are governed by our Subscriber Agreement and by copyright law. For non-personal use or to order multiple copies, please contact Dow Jones Reprints at 1-800-843-0008 or visit
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More In Economy
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123634566437552601.html
***
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78]By October 2008, due to increases in domestic and foreign spending,[79] the national debt had risen to $11.3 trillion,[80][81] an increase of over 100% from the start of the year 2000 when the debt was $5.6 trillion.[82][83]
**With reports of the threat of recession from Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, Bush argued that such a tax cut would stimulate the economy and create jobs.[69] Others, including the Treasury Secretary at the time Paul O’Neill, were opposed to some of the tax cuts on the basis that they would contribute to budget deficits and undermine Social Security.[70] By 2003, the economy showed signs of improvement though job growth remained stagnant.[35]
**Under the Bush Administration, real GDP grew at an average annual rate of 2.5 percent,[71] considerably below the average for business cycles from 1949 to 2000.[72][73] The Dow Jones Industrial Average peaked in October 2007 at about 14,000, 30 percent above its level in January 2001, before the subsequent economic crisis wiped out all the gains and more.[74] Unemployment originally rose from 4.2 percent in January 2001 to 6.3 percent in June 2003, but subsequently dropped to 4.5 percent as of July 2007.[75] Adjusted for inflation, median household income dropped by $1,175 between 2000 and 2007. [76],
In November 2008, over five hundred thousand jobs were lost. That marked the largest loss of jobs in the United States in 34 years.[97] In the last four months of 2008 alone, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported the loss of 1.9 million jobs. [98]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush
***
Stephen Friedman (born December 21, 1937[1]) is the current Chairman of the United States President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. He was nominated on October 27, 2005 to replace Brent Scowcroft in the position.
Biography
Friedman graduated from Cornell University in 1959, where he was a member of the Quill and Dagger society. He received his law degree from Columbia Law School in 1962 (Law Review). He worked for much of his career with investment bank Goldman Sachs, holding numerous executive roles. He served as the company’s co-chief operating officer from 1987 to 1990, was the company’s co-chairman from 1990 to 1992, and the sole chairman from 1992 to 1994; he still serves on the company board.
From 1998 to 2002, he served as a senior principal of Marsh & McLennan Capital Corp. He was from 2002 to 2005 United States Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and director of the National Economic Council. Among other public service activities, Friedman is the Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Columbia University, Chairman Emeritus of the Executive Committee of the Brookings Institution, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Friedman’s brother is Richard Friedman, a law professor at the University of Michigan, and a leading expert in the Confrontation Clause of the United States Constitution.
Friedman’s son is screenwriter David Benioff, who is married to actress Amanda Peet.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Friedman_(PFIAB)
***
Kroll is a global risk consulting company headquartered in New York. Since its founding in 1972 by Jules B. Kroll, the company has expanded beyond private investigation and security services into all areas of corporate risk mitigation including background screening, business intelligence, market intelligence, forensic accounting, electronic discovery, and data recovery, among others. It is a subsidiary of Marsh & McLennan Companies.
Kroll began its trademark line of investigative work in the financial sector in the 1980s, when corporations in New York City approached Kroll to profile investors, suitors and takeover targets, with special attention to any perceived connections to disreputable organizations, suspicious business practices, personality and integrity issues, or any kind of corporate malfeasance. Kroll developed a name for itself as Wall Street’s premier private eye .
In the 1990s, Kroll went beyond its traditional business intelligence and investigations work, as a growing client base with considerable activity in mergers and acquisitions allowed Kroll to acquire other firms specializing in forensic accounting, background screening, drug testing, electronic data recovery and market intelligence.
In December 1998, Kroll acquired Schiff & Associates, Inc., a small security engineering and consulting firm based in Bastrop, Texas just outside Austin. The name was changed to Kroll Schiff & Associates then Kroll Security Services Group and finally to Kroll Security Group, which is what it is know as today.
In 2002, Kroll acquired Kelly McCann’s firm Crucible. In September 2008, Crucible was acquired by its management and now operates privately.
Kroll was itself acquired by professional services firm Marsh & McLennan Companies in July 2004. Lead on the Marsh side as chairman and CEO was Jeffrey W. Greenberg, the son of AIG CEO Maurice R. Greenberg, but he had to resign from his posts at Marsh on October 25, 2004 in favour of Michael G. Cherkasky, who was formerly with Kroll.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroll_Inc.
***
* On October 14, 2004, New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer announced the initiation of a civil action against Marsh, alleging impropriety in the steering of clients to insurers with whom the company maintained payoff agreements, and for soliciting rigged bids for insurance contracts from the insurers. The Attorney General announced that two AIG executives pleaded guilty to criminal charges in connection with this illegal course of conduct and stated, There is simply no responsible argument for a system that rigs bids, stifles competition and cheats customers. Former CEO Jeffrey W. Greenberg resigned several weeks later. The suit was ultimately settled out of court.
* In July 2007 Marsh & McLennan Cos. Inc. was ranked first in Business Insurance’s world’s largest brokers list.[4]
* On September 14, 2007, Brian M. Storms, the CEO of Marsh’s insurance brokerage unit, resigned. As Michael G. Cherkasky explained his departure, we now need a different set of leadership and operational skills. [5]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_%26_McLennan_Companies
***
After pressure from investors, Cherkasky sold the company’s Putnam Investments mutual fund unit in August to Montreal-based Power Financial Corp. for $3.9 billion. He resisted calls for a further breakup, arguing that his strategy of “cross-selling” makes the units more valuable together than they are alone.
Cherkasky, a veteran prosecutor who once served as Spitzer’s boss in the Manhattan District Attorney’s office, entered the business world in 1994 when he joined Kroll. He rose to chief executive in 2001, and remained when Marsh & McLennan bought the company in 2004.
His background proved useful when Spitzer, now New York’s governor, opened an investigation into bid-rigging and sued the company. CEO Jeffrey Greenberg was forced out after Spitzer refused to negotiate with him. Cherkasky got the job and reached an $850 million settlement.
Customers Leave
The financial damage continued as Marsh & McLennan lost about $845 million a year in payments from insurers that Spitzer had labeled “kickbacks.” The probe also hurt the company’s reputation and scattered Marsh’s customers at the same time that falling prices for commercial insurance reduced commissions for helping corporations find coverage.
Cherkasky cut more than 6,000 jobs, or about 10 percent of the workforce, and vacated some floors of the firm’s Manhattan headquarters. His choice to lead the flagship Marsh Inc. brokerage business, Brian Storms, replaced a third of the 65 U.S. office heads and launched the company’s biggest advertising campaign.
The increase in revenue at Marsh didn’t come as Cherkasky had promised.
Marsh & McLennan spokeswoman Christine Walton said Cherkasky and Hardis declined to be interviewed. Cherkasky’s three-year employment contract expires on July 20. He’s entitled to as much as $19 million in cash and stock if he’s fired, according to a March regulatory filing.
The next CEO has “got to consider breaking up the company,” said Robert Haines, an analyst at CreditSights Inc. in New York. “They’re still a hodgepodge of businesses pushed together. I don’t see the synergy of having a world-class insurance broker as part of a consulting firm.”
Mercer, Oliver Wyman and Kroll together contributed $1.48 billion, or 52 percent, of third-quarter sales. Together, they could be worth as much as $20.19 a share, or about $10.5 billion, according to Keith Walsh, an analyst at Citigroup Inc. in New York. He values the whole company at $30.48 a share, or about $15.8 billion. He rates the shares “hold.”
Marsh & McLennan had the most 2006 revenue from brokerage and consulting, according to a ranking by Business Insurance magazine, ahead of Chicago-based Aon and London’s Willis Group Holdings Ltd.
From –
Marsh & McLennan to Replace Chief Michael Cherkasky (Update6)
By Zachary R. Mider
Dec. 21 (Bloomberg) — Marsh & McLennan Cos. ousted Chief Executive Officer Michael Cherkasky, the ex-prosecutor brought in to clean up a bid-rigging scandal at the insurance broker, for failing to restore profit lost because of the investigation.
Marsh & McLennan rose the most in two years in New York Stock Exchange composite trading today after directors said they would replace the 57-year-old CEO and signaled they may break up the insurance industry’s biggest brokerage. Cherkasky will stay at Marsh & McLennan while a successor is sought, the New York- based company said in a statement.
Cherkasky, named to the top job in 2004 after former New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer began his probe, sought to revive sales and win back clients by getting the brokerage, consulting and investigations units to sell each other’s services. The strategy didn’t work, and the stock fell 5.8 percent during his tenure through yesterday while No. 2 Aon Corp. more than doubled.
To contact the reporter on this story: Zachary R. Mider in New York at zmider1@bloomberg.net
Last Updated: December 21, 2007 18:05 EST
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=arjhFDAZ2jkk&refer=home
***
NERA Economic Consulting is a firm consisting principally of microeconomists. It was founded as the National Economic Research Associates and forms part of the Oliver Wyman Group which in turn belongs to Marsh & McLennan Companies. Company research website Vault.com ranked NERA as the No. 1 economic consulting firm in its 2009 guide to the Top 50 Consulting Firms, ahead of competitors such as Cornerstone Research, CRA International, Analysis Group, LECG, Europe Economics, Oxera, Compass Lexecon, and McKinsey’s economic consulting practice.
NERA specializes in solving economic issues in areas such as securities, finance, telecommunications, energy, transport, and other self regulated industries, and providing expert witness testimony for antitrust copyright and intellectual property cases.
NERA was founded in 1961, and its founding president was Irwin Stelzer, a City College of New York Economics professor.
Offices
US: White Plains (headquarters), Boston, Chicago, Denver, Ithaca, Los Angeles, New York City, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Washington DC
Canada: Toronto
Europe: Brussels, Frankfurt, London, Madrid, Paris, Rome, Geneva
Asia Pacific: Auckland, Beijing, Melbourne, Sydney, Shanghai, Tokyo, Wellington[1]
[edit] References
1. ^ NERA Economic Consulting . NERA. http://www.nera.com/Offices.asp. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
External links
* Official website
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NERA_Economic_Consulting
***
Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. (MMC) is a US-based global professional services and insurance brokerage firm. In 2007, it had over 57,000 employees and annual revenues of $12.069 billion. Marsh & McLennan Companies was ranked the 207th largest corporation in the United States by the 2007 Fortune 500 list, and the 5th largest U.S. company in the diversified financial industry. [2]
Subsidiaries
Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. (MMC) is a diversified risk, insurance and professional services firm composed of:
* Marsh Inc., a risk and insurance brokerage;
* Mercer, a collection of consulting and services firms (including Mercer Human Resource Consulting, Mercer HR Services, and Mercer Investment Consulting);
* Guy Carpenter & Company, a reinsurance intermediary;
* Oliver Wyman Group, a collection of management consulting firms (including Oliver Wyman – formerly Mercer Management Consulting, Mercer Oliver Wyman and Mercer Delta, as well as Lippincott and NERA Economic Consulting); and,
* Kroll Inc., a risk and specialized technology services firm.
* The Medisure Group Ltd, a medical administration company.
Marsh Inc. is a global risk and insurance services firm. It is a subsidiary of MMC. In 2003, Marsh employed about 40,000 people, with annual revenues of $6.9 billion, up from $4.8 billion in 2001.
Marsh operates by collecting advisory fees from its clients — mainly large corporations but also small and mid-size businesses, municipal governments, school districts and some individuals — in exchange for locating property and casualty insurance coverage for them. At all relevant times, the Company stated that its guiding principle is to consider (its) clients’ best interests in all placements, and that it (does not) represent the (companies) and held itself out as a trusted adviser and advocate, in effect representing their best interests in the market place.
MMC Management
* President, CEO: Brian Duperreault
* Chairman: Stephen R. Hardis (non-executive Chairman of the Board 2006-Present)
* CFO: Matthew B. Bartley
* SVP, Executive Resources and Development: Francis N. Bonsignore
Former Chairs of the Board
* Chairman Henry W. Marsh (1923-1935)
* Chairman Donald R. McLennan (1935-1944)
* Chairman Charles Ward Seabury (1944-1955)
* Chairman Laurence S. Kennedy (1955-1955)
* Chairman William D. Maus (1955-1963)
* Chairman Hermon D. Smith (1963-1966)
* Chairman Albert A. Morey (1966-1970)
* Chairman Henry W. Otis (1970-1971)
* Chairman William F. Souder, Jr. (1971-1975)
* Chairman John M. Regan Jr. (1975-1986)
* Chairman Frank J. Tasco (1986-1992)
* Chairman A.J.C. Smith (1992-2000)
* Chairman Jeffrey W. Greenberg (2000-2004)
* Chairman Michael Cherkasky (2004-2005)
* Chairman Robert F. Erburu (non-executive Chairman 2005-2006)
Former CEO
* CEO: Jeffrey W. Greenberg (- Oct 25, 2004)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_%26_McLennan_Companies
Cherkasky fired Storms in September after two years of stagnating brokerage revenue and replaced him with Daniel Glaser of American International Group Inc., the world’s biggest insurer by assets.
***
In January 2001, Daniels accepted President George W. Bush’s invitation to serve as director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). He served as Director from January 2001 through June 2003. In this role he was also a member of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council.
During his time as the director of the OMB, President Bush admiringly called him the Blade, for his noted acumen at budget cutting.[8] Daniels instituted a first-of-its-kind accountability system for all governmental entities. Daniels came under fire for overseeing a $236 billion annual surplus turn into a $400 billion deficit during his 29-month tenure.
Daniels served as Lugar’s chief of staff during his first term from 1977 to 1982. When Lugar was elected chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, Daniels was appointed its executive director. He served in that position in 1983 and 1984, playing a major role in the successful effort to keep the GOP in control of the U.S. Senate. Daniels was also manager of three successful Senate campaigns for Lugar. Daniels was part of the Reagan Administration when he became chief political advisor and liaison to President Ronald Reagan in August 1985.[3]
[edit] Private sector work
In 1987, Daniels returned to Indiana as chief executive of the Hudson Institute, restoring the organization back to financial health. He then left Hudson in 1990 for the pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Company. From 1993 until 1997, Daniels was President of North American operations, and promoted to Senior Vice President for Corporate Strategy and Policy at Eli Lilly in 1997 where he served until leaving the company in 2001.[6][3]
In January 2001, upon his appointment as Director of federal Office of Management and Budget (see below), Daniels resigned as a member of the board of Indianapolis Power & Light Co. and sold the $1.45 million he held in company stock, donating the proceeds to charity. Later, that year, Indianapolis Power & Light Co. was bought by Virginia-based AES Corp.[6] After the stocks dropped, the Indiana Securities Division investigated the sale and found no wrongdoing, but political opponents in his 2004 gubernatorial campaign charged that Daniels got rich while other employees suffered financial hardship. A state investigation also found no wrongdoing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Daniels
***
On September 15, 2002, in an interview with the Wall Street Journal, Lindsey estimated the high limit on the cost of the Bush administration’s plan in 2002 of invasion and regime change in Iraq to be 1-2% of GNP, or about $100-$200 billion.[1] Mitch Daniels, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, subsequently discounted this estimate as very, very high and stated that the costs would be between $50-$60 billion.[2] This lower figure was endorsed by Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld[2] who called Lindsey’s estimate baloney .[3]
As of 2007 the cost of the invasion and occupation of Iraq exceeded $400 billion, and the Congressional Budget Office in August 2007 estimated that appropriations would eventually reach $1 trillion or more.[4] On September 20, 2007, the Congressional Budget Office estimated the future annual costs of continuing occupation in Iraq to be between $25 and $30 billion.[5]
Nobel Prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz predicted in 2006 that the war would cost between $1-2 trillion.[6]
In October 2007, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that by 2017, the total costs of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan could reach $2.4 trillion.
***
Lindsey is famous for spotting the emergence of the late 1990s U.S. stock market bubble back in 1996 while a Governor of the Federal Reserve. According to the meeting transcripts for September of that year, Lindsey challenged the expectation that corporate earnings would grow 11 1/2 percent a year continually
In contrast to Chairman Greenspan, Lindsey argued that the Federal Reserve had an obligation to prevent the stock market bubble from growing out of control. He argued that the long term costs of a bubble to the economy and society are potentially great…As in the United States in the late 1920s and Japan in the late 1980s, the case for a central bank ultimately to burst that bubble becomes overwhelming. I think it is far better that we do so while the bubble still resembles surface froth and before the bubble carries the economy to stratospheric heights. During the 2000 Presidential campaign, Governor Bush was criticized for picking an economic advisor who had sold all of his stock in 1998.[citation needed]
According to the Washington Post,[8] Lindsey was on an advisory board to Enron along with Paul Krugman before joining the White House. Lindsey and his colleagues warned Enron that the economic environment was riskier than they perceived.
During the Reagan Administration, he served three years on the staff of the Council of Economic Advisers as Senior Staff Economist for Tax Policy. He then served as Special Assistant to the President for Policy Development during the first Bush administration
Lindsey served as a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for five years from November 1991 to February 1997. Additionally, Lindsey was Chairman of the Board of the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, a national public/private community redevelopment organization, from 1993 until his departure from the Federal Reserve.
During 1999 and throughout 2000 he served as then-Governor George W. Bush’s chief economic advisor for his presidential campaign. He is a former associate professor of Economics at Harvard University.
Lawrence B. Lindsey was director of the National Economic Council (2001-2002), and the assistant to the president on economic policy for the U.S. President George W. Bush. He played a leading role in formulating President Bush’s $1.35 trillion tax cut plan, convincing candidate Bush that he needed an insurance policy against an economic turndown. He left the White House in December 2002 and was replaced by Stephen Friedman after he estimated the cost of the Iraq war could reach $200 billion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_B._Lindsey
***
* Nicholas E. Calio, President George H. W. Bush’s Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs; member of the White House Iraq Group.
* Donald L. Korb, Chief Counsel for the Internal Revenue Service.
* Mark A. Weinberger, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy from 2001 to 2002 and as Chief of Staff and Counsel to the President’s 1994 Bipartisan Commission on Entitlement and Tax Reform.
* Charles Z. Wick, Former Director of the USIA under Ronald Reagan (1981-1988).
* Richard Gordon – Former Senior Counsel of the International Monetary Fund. Gordon Advised the government of Indonesia on the reform of tax, company, and securities laws. Following September 11, 2001 he was appointed to the select IMF Task Force on Terrorism Finance and was a principal author of the report on the role of the IMF and World Bank in countering terrorism finance and money laundering.
* Nicholas E. Calio, Citigroup Senior Vice-President for Global Government Affairs. He is responsible for government relations for Citigroup and all of its subsidiaries.
* Michael G. Cherkasky, former CEO and Board Member at Marsh & McLennan Companies.
* Kevin G. Nealer, Senior Fellow of The Forum for International Policy.
* Capricia Marshall, Deputy Assistant to President Clinton; Social Secretary at the Clinton White House. Currently National Finance Director for Hillary Clinton campaign.
* Diego Archer, Global Manager, Berry Appleman & Leiden LLP.
* Gayle T. Bassick, Executive Counsel, Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield.
* Tammy S. Bawnik, Deputy General Counsel, UBS Financial Services.
* Bertram Bell, Associate General Counsel, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company.
* Timothy A. Beverick, Vice President, Dynegy Inc.
* Scott G. Brown, Vice President, Bayer Corporation.
* Victor S. Garber, Managing Director, Morgan Stanley.
* Thomas Geczik, Tax Counsel, ConocoPhillips Company.
* Mark A. Guinn, Assistant General Counsel, Bank of America.
* Robert E. Hathaway, Counsel, General Motors Corporation.
* Michelle L. Herwald, International Tax Counsel, ALCOA Inc.
* Michael G. Holmquist, Associate General Counsel, Bank of America.
* J. Robert Horst, Former Vice President and General Counsel, Eaton Corporation.
* Andrean Horton, Vice President, YRC Worldwide Inc.
* Kirsten Hotchkiss, Senior Vice President, Wyndham Worldwide Corporation.
* Joseph F. Hubach, Senior Vice President, Texas Instruments.
* Catherine M. Kilbane, Senior Vice President, American Greetings Corporation.
* Frederick J. Krebs, President, Association of Corporate Counsel.
* Stephen C. Lee, Attorney, BP America Inc.
* Paul R. Lovejoy, Senior Vice President & General Counsel, United Airlines.
* Harry Lupuloff, Senior Counsel, Northrop Grumman Corporation.
* Douglas John McCormack, Sr. International Tax Counsel, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company.
* Barry Meyer, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Warner Bros. Entertainment.
* Jacquelyn “Jones” Nance, President of Cleveland Browns Foundation.
* Joseph M. Paul, Senior Corporate Counsel, Dynegy Inc.
* Robert P. Reffner, Vice President, FirstEnergy Corp.
* Amber Ried-Barrett, Associate General Counsel, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Freddie Mac .
* Michael J. Roth, Associate General Counsel, Europe, Middle East & Africa, Monsanto Company.
* J. Wm. Sekula, Senior Corporate Counsel, Diebold Incorporated.
* John F. Strong, Counsel, The Boeing Company.
* Leila Vespoli, Senior Vice President, FirstEnergy Corp.
* Nicole Vickroy Hickey, Senior Counsel Abbott Laboratories.
* Hazel M. Willacy, Director of Employment Policies & Labor Relations, The Sherwin-Williams Company.
* Mike Lebowitz, attorney, legal pioneer in military expression, military law.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Law
Categories: Law schools in Ohio | Case Western Reserve University
***
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USIA
The United States Information Agency (USIA), which existed from 1953 to 1999, was a United States agency devoted to public diplomacy . Its critics[who?], however, described its goal as propaganda.
Mission
The USIA’s mission was to understand, inform, and influence foreign publics in promotion of the national interest, and to broaden the dialogue between Americans and U.S. institutions, and their counterparts abroad .[1]
Its stated goals were:
* To explain and advocate U.S. policies in terms that are credible and meaningful in foreign cultures;
* To provide information about the official policies of the United States, and about the people, values, and institutions which influence those policies;
* To bring the benefits of international engagement to American citizens and institutions by helping them build strong long-term relationships with their counterparts overseas;
* To advise the President and U.S. government policy-makers on the ways in which foreign attitudes will have a direct bearing on the effectiveness of U.S. policies.[1]
The USIA was established in August 1953, although cultural and educational exchange functions remained in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the Department of State until 1978, when they were shifted to USIA. Following a brief period during the Carter administration, when it was called the International Communications Agency (ICA), to avoid confusion with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) the agency’s name was restored to USIA in August 1982. The agency was known as United States Information Service (USIS) overseas but could not use that abbreviation domestically to avoid confusion with the United States Immigration Service.
There were two basic statutes authorizing the programs of the Agency. The first was the Smith-Mundt Act, which authorized information programs including Voice of America as well as the Radio and TV Martí broadcasts to Cuba. Voice of America was intended as an unbiased and balanced Voice from America as originally broadcast during World War II. The Smith-Mundt Act established a so-called Charter which required balanced news, dual sourcing, etc. Other broadcasts supported by the U.S. Government (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty) were more specific in their anti-communist intent and might more closely resemble propaganda.
The second statute authorizing USIA’s activities was the Fulbright-Hays Act, which authorized the international cultural and educational exchanges (the Fullbright Scholarship Program). Thus Fulbrighters were grant recipients under the USIA educational and cultural exchange program. To ensure that those grant programs would be fair and unbiased there were a series of grantees of educational and cultural expertise who chose the actual grantee recipients.
As part of the increased dialogue between people of the U.S. and people of foreign countries, USIA was also the agency principally responsible for U.S. participation at World’s Fairs outside the United States.
The Foreign Affairs and Restructuring Act abolished the U.S. Information Agency effective 1999-10-01, when its information (but not broadcasting) and exchange functions were folded into the Department of State’s Bureau of Public Affairs, headed by the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs.
Broadcasting functions, including Voice of America, Radio and TV Marti as well as other U.S. Government supported broadcasting such as Radio Free Europe (Eastern Europe) and Radio Liberty (the former Soviet Union) were consolidated as an independent entity under the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), which continues independently (as a separate entity from the State Department) today.
Possible reestablishment
2008 presidential candidate Senator John McCain (R-AZ) announced his support for bringing the agency back.[2]
In 2008, Christian Whiton, an official in the George W. Bush administration involved with promoting democracy, called publicly for the establishment of a USIA-like strategic communications agency focused on the nonviolent practice of political warfare.[1]
See also
* Public Diplomacy
* Propaganda
* U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of International Information Programs
* Committee on Public Information
* Project Pedro
References
1. ^ a b USIA: an overview . USIA. August 1998. http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/usiahome/oldoview.htm#overview. Retrieved on November 24 2008.
2. ^ McCain, John (2007-06-28). Hone U.S. Message Of Freedom . Orlando Sentinel. http://www.johnmccain.com/informing/news/NewsReleases/d6b2c71d-dfd2-4468-bed6-edc192dd3949.htm. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
Further reading
* Bardos, Arthur, ‘Public Diplomacy’: An Old Art, a New Profession , Virginia Quarterly Review, Summer 2001
* Bogart, Leo, Premises For Propaganda: The United States Information Agency’s Operating Assumptions in the Cold War, ISBN 0029043905
* Snow, Nancy, Propaganda, Inc.: Selling America’s Culture to the World, ISBN 1888363746
* Kiehl, William P. (ed.) America’s Dialogue with the World , ISBN 0-9764391-1-5
* Sorensen, Thomas C. Word War: The Story of American Propaganda (1968) ISBN-10: 3530827509 ISBN-13: 978-3530827507
* Tobia, Simona Advertising America. The United States Information Service in Italy (1945-1956) , LED Edizioni Universitarie, ISBN 978-88-7916-400-9
External links
* Archive of agency Web site
* Papers of Abbott Washburn (Special Assistant to the Director of the USIA, 1953 & Deputy Directior of the USIA, 1953-1961), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
***
Charles Z. Wick (October 12, 1917 – July 20, 2008)[1][2] was director of the United States Information Agency (USIA) under President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989). As USIA director, Wick launched the first live global satellite television network.
Wick also established the Voice of America’s Radio Marti broadcasting to Cuba; created RIAS TV in Berlin; headed the International Youth Exchange Initiative; established an office within USIA to implement the General Exchanges Agreement between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union; and created the Artistic Ambassador Program with its international young artists’ exchanges.
Wick was an independent businessman involved in the financing and operation of motion picture, television, radio, music, health care, and mortgage industries in the United States and abroad. He was president and chief executive officer of Wick Financial Corp., and Mapleton Enterprises, which he founded in the early 1960s. He was co-chairman of the 1981 Presidential Inaugural Committee.
Wick graduated from the University of Michigan (B.M.) and Case Western Reserve University School of Law (J.D.). He was a member of the California and Ohio Bar Associations.
Wick was on the Advisory Board of USC Center on Public Diplomacy.
Prior to his entering into governmental affairs, he produced such films as Snow White and the Three Stooges.
He died of natural causes at his Los Angeles home at age 90,[1] according to his son, movie producer Douglas Wick, and a report issued by the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation.[2]
Notes and references
1. ^ a b Services to be held for former Reagan appointee Wick . Los Angeles Daily News. 2008-07-22. http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_9960325. Retrieved on 2008-07-22.
2. ^ a b The Associated Press (2008-07-22). Former USIA chief Charles Wick dies at 90 in LA . Associated Press. http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hchqm62l9x-4RhKQpdzRdYfF2wlAD92350Q80. Retrieved on 2008-07-22.
* Charles Wick: director of the US Information Agency . Times, The (London). July 24, 2008. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4392268.ece. Retrieved on 2008-07-27.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Z._Wick
***
Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
James K. Glassman, the most recent Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs.
Photo courtesy of American Enterprise Institute.
The Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs is a position within the U.S. Department of State that is intended to help ensure that public diplomacy is practiced in combination with public affairs and traditional diplomacy to advance U.S. interests and security. The Under Secretary oversees three bureaus at the Department of State: Educational and Cultural Affairs, Public Affairs, and International Information Programs. Also reporting to the Under Secretary are the Office of Policy, Planning and Resources for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs and the Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy.
The position was created on October 1, 1999, during the Clinton administration after Title XIII, Section 1313 of the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 (112 Stat. 2681-776). Section 2305 of the Act (112 Stat. 2681-825) increased the number of Under Secretaries of State from five to six. Subdivision A of the Act, also know as the Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998, abolished the United States Information Agency and the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.
List of Under Secretaries of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
Name Term of Office President(s) served under
Evelyn Lieberman October 1, 1999-January 19, 2001 Bill Clinton
Charlotte Beers October 2, 2001–March 28, 2003 George W. Bush
Margaret D. Tutwiler December 16, 2003–June 30, 2004 George W. Bush
Karen Hughes September 9, 2005– December 14, 2007 George W. Bush
James K. Glassman June 10, 2008– January 15, 2009 George W. Bush
External links
* Website of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
* Publicdiplomacy.org
* Margaret D. Tutweiler leaves the Department of State for the New York Stock Exchange
* The Office of the Historian’s list of former Under Secretaries
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_for_Public_Diplomacy_and_Public_Affairs
***
In July 2004, Tutwiler began directing communications for NYSE Euronext. On December 11, 2007, it was announced that she was appointed head of communications for Merrill Lynch & Co.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_D._Tutwiler
***
***
James K. Glassman (born January 1, 1947 in Washington, D.C.) is an American libertarian conservative editorialist, journalist and author.He is president of the World Growth Institute, which promotes global economic development. Glassman is known for his market analyses and commentary on economics and equities investing. As a syndicated columnist, Glassman’s articles have appeared in newspapers around the world, including the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Forbes, The Atlantic Monthly, Reader’s Digest, and The Times Literary Supplement (London). He was co-author of Dow 36,000, published in 1999, which erroneously predicted that the stock market was greatly undervalued and would at least triple within a few years. On December 11, 2007 Glassman was nominated by President George W. Bush to replace Karen Hughes as the Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy.[1]
In its introduction, Glassman and his co-author wrote that the book will convince you of the single most important fact about stocks at the dawn of the twenty-first century: They are cheap….If you are worried about missing the market’s big move upward, you will discover that it is not too late. Stocks are now in the midst of a one-time-only rise to much higher ground–to the neighborhood of 36,000 on the Dow Jones industrial average. [4] During the next three years the index declined by over 30%, bottoming at under 7,200 in the fall of 2002.[5] And nearly ten years later, the Dow hovers around 6800.
* The Secret Code of the Superior Investor
A libertarian conservative, Glassman (with Virginia Postrel) wrote an oft-cited rejoinder to a call for a conservative policy of national greatness by Bill Kristol and David Brooks.
* Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute
* Served on the U.S. government’s Advisory Board on Public Diplomacy in the Arab and Muslim World (2003).
* Confirmed by the U.S. Senate as Chairman, Broadcasting Board of Governors. (2007)[3]
* In June 2008, Glassman became Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs in the Bush administration.
Journalism
* Served as managing editor of The Harvard Crimson while at Harvard.
* Held first job as a Sunday writer for the Boston Herald Traveler. (1969-70)
* Became editor and publisher of The Advocate in Provincetown, MA (1970-72).
* Co-Founder with Mary Hanby Glassman, Jack W. Davis, jr. and Robin von Breton of the weekly newspaper publication, Figaro, in New Orleans, Louisiana (1972-78).
* After selling Figaro, Glassman became executive editor of Washingtonian magazine (1979-81).
* Publisher of The New Republic (1981-84).
* President of The Atlantic Monthly as well as executive vice-president of U.S. News & World Report (1984-1986).
* Part-owner and editor of Roll Call, later sold to The Economist (1987-1993).
* Started television career as moderator of CNN’s Capital Gang Sunday (1995-98).
* Wrote a syndicated column in the Washington Post business section (1993-99, 2001-04).
* Hosted PBS’s TechnoPolitics (1995-99).
* Founded Tech Central Station (now TCS Daily), an online magazine (2000).
* Chief columnist of FolioFN (2001).
* Analyst for Left, Right & Center on KCRW (2001-02).
* Currently a columnist for Kiplinger Investing Magazine
* Currently a columnist for Townhall.com (2000-)
* Currently a columnist for Scripps Howard News Service (2004-)
* Founded and served as editor-in-chief and executive publisher of The American, a printed and online bimonthly magazine of ideas for business leaders [2] (2006-2008).
* Bio at the Broadcasting Board of Governors
* Washington Business Forward profile
* Bio at the American Enterprise Institute
* Bio at Townhall.com
* The American
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Glassman
***
Creation of Position: This position was authorized by Title XIII, Section 1313 of the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 (112 Stat. 2681-776). Section 2305 of the Act (112 Stat. 2681-825) increased the number of Under Secretaries of State from 5 to 6. Subdivision A of the Act, also know as the Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998, abolished the U.S. Information Agency and transferred its functions to the Department of State. The integration took place on Oct 1, 1999.
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/12042.htm
***
***
Michael Hayden
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the composer, see Michael Haydn.
Michael Vincent Hayden
Michael Hayden
2nd Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
In office
May 30, 2006 – February 12, 2009
President George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Preceded by Porter J. Goss
Succeeded by Leon Panetta
Born March 17, 1945 (1945-03-17) (age 63)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Profession Intelligence officer
Military service
Service/branch United States Air Force
Years of service 1967–2008
Rank General
Battles/wars War on Terrorism
Awards Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Defense Superior Service Medal (2)
Legion of Merit
Bronze Star
Meritorious Service Medal (2)
Michael Vincent Hayden, (born March 17, 1945 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) was a United States Air Force four-star general and former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. From April 21, 2005–May 26, 2006 he was the Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence, a position which once made him the highest-ranking military intelligence officer in the armed forces. [1]
He was director of the National Security Agency (NSA) from 1999–2005. During his tenure as director, the longest in the history of the agency, he oversaw the controversial NSA surveillance of technological communications between persons in the United States and alleged foreign terrorist groups.
On May 8, 2006, Hayden was nominated for the position of CIA Director and reappointment to the rank of general following the May 5 resignation of Porter J. Goss, and on May 23 the Senate Intelligence Committee voted 12-3 to send the nomination to the Senate floor. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 26 by a vote of 78-15. On May 30, 2006 and again the following day at the CIA lobby with President George W. Bush in attendance, Hayden was sworn in as the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
On July 1, 2008, Hayden retired from the Air Force after 41 years of military service and continued to serve as Director of the CIA until 12 February 2009.[2]
Contents
* 1 Early life, career, and family
* 2 Intelligence career
o 2.1 Air Intelligence Agency
o 2.2 National Security Agency
+ 2.2.1 Strategy for the NSA
+ 2.2.2 Wiretaps of domestic calls
o 2.3 Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence
o 2.4 Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
* 3 Military career
o 3.1 Military awards
o 3.2 Military badges
o 3.3 Dates of rank
* 4 References
* 5 External links
Early life, career, and family
Michael Vincent Hayden was born on St. Patrick’s Day in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to an Irish-American couple, Sadie and Harry Hayden, Jr. who worked as a welder for a Pennsylvania manufacturing company. He has a younger brother, Harry III, and a sister, Margaret.
He graduated from Pittsburgh’s North Catholic High School. While at Duquesne University he earned a B.A. in history in 1967 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He then attended graduate school at Duquesne for an M.A. in modern American History.
He is a graduate of the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program. Hayden entered active military service in 1969.
Hayden has served as commander of the Air Intelligence Agency and Director of the Joint Command and Control Warfare Center, both headquartered at Lackland Air Force Base. He also has served in senior staff positions in the Pentagon; Headquarters U.S. European Command, Stuttgart, Germany; the National Security Council, Washington, D.C., and the U.S. Embassy in the then-People’s Republic of Bulgaria. Prior to his current assignment, the general served as deputy chief of staff for United Nations Command and U.S. Forces Korea, Yongsan Garrison. He has also worked in intelligence in Guam.
He is married to Jeanine Carrier, and they have a daughter and two sons.
Intelligence career
Air Intelligence Agency
Then Commander, Hayden directed an agency of 16,000 charged with defending and exploiting the information domain. [3]
National Security Agency
Hayden served as the Director of the National Security Agency and Chief of the Central Security Service at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland from March 1999 to April 2005. As the Director of NSA and Chief of CSS, he was responsible for a combat support agency of the Department of Defense with military and civilian personnel stationed worldwide.[4]
Strategy for the NSA
Hayden and the NSA have a strategy to increase their use of American industry for domestic surveillance.[5][6][7][8]
Wiretaps of domestic calls
In May 2006, USA Today reported that, under Hayden’s leadership, the NSA created an domestic telephone call database. During his nomination hearings, Hayden defended his actions to Senator Russ Feingold and others, stating that he had relied upon legal advice that the White House order to build the database was supported by Article Two of the United States Constitution executive branch powers (in which the President must take care that the laws be faithfully executed ), overriding legislative branch statutes forbidding warrantless surveillance of domestic calls, which included the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). Previously, this action would have required a warrant from a FISA court. The stated purpose of the database was to eavesdrop on international communications between persons within the U.S. and individuals and groups overseas in order to locate terrorists [9][10][11]
Landay: “…the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution specifies that you must have probable cause to violate an American’s right against unreasonable searches and seizures…”
Hayden: “No, actually – the Fourth Amendment actually protects all of us against unreasonable search and seizure.”
Landay: “But the –”
Hayden: “That’s what it says.”
Landay: “The legal measure is probable cause, it says.”
Hayden: “The Amendment says: unreasonable search and seizure.”
Landay: “But does it not say ‘probable cause’?”
Hayden: “No The Amendment says unreasonable search and seizure.”
Landay: “The legal standard is probable cause, General — “
Hayden: “Just to be very clear … okay… and believe me, if there’s any Amendment to the Constitution that employees of the National Security Agency are familiar with, it’s the Fourth. All right? And it is a reasonableness standard in the Fourth Amendment. The constitutional standard is ‘reasonable’” ( h/t Dale)
Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence
Hayden is sworn in as Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence
Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (June 2008)
General Hayden was Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence from May 2005 to May 2006 under John Negroponte.
George W. Bush announces his nomination of Hayden as the next Director of the CIA as Director of National Intelligence John Negroponte looks on.
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
On May 8, 2006, Hayden was nominated by President George W. Bush to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency after the resignation of Porter J. Goss on May 5, 2006. [12] He was later confirmed on May 26, 2006 as Director, 78-15, by full U.S. Senate vote. [13]
Critics of the nomination and Hayden’s attempts to increase domestic surveillance included Senator Dianne Feinstein who stated on May 11, 2006 that I happen to believe we are on our way to a major constitutional confrontation on Fourth Amendment guarantees of unreasonable search and seizure [14]
Hayden is not the first active member of the military to be appointed to run the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Those previously holding the position of Director of Central Intelligence while simultaneously holding a military rank were:
* Rear Admiral Sidney Souers, a Navy officer, who was the first man to hold the position when the nascent organization was known as the Central Intelligence Group; then-Lieutenant General (later General) Hoyt S. Vandenberg, an Air Force officer, also Director of the CIG; Rear Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, a Navy officer who was just prior to his appointment was a Captain and Commanding Officer of the USS Missouri and who was the first DCI of the CIA; General Walter Bedell Smith, an Army officer
* President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Vice Admiral William Raborn, a Navy officer
* President Jimmy Carter appointed Admiral Stansfield Turner, a Navy officer and a classmate of President Carter at the United States Naval Academy
Military career
Military awards
Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Defense Superior Service Medal with bronze Oak Leaf Cluster
Legion of Merit
Bronze Star
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Meritorious Service Medal with two bronze Oak Leaf Clusters
Air Force Commendation Medal
Air Force Achievement Medal
Joint Meritorious Unit Award
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Air Force Organizational Excellence Award
Bronze service star
National Defense Service Medal with bronze service star
Armed Forces Service Medal
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Air Force Overseas Ribbon (Short Tour) with bronze Oak Leaf Cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Air Force Overseas Ribbon (Long Tour) with two bronze Oak Leaf Clusters
Silver oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Air Force Longevity Service Award with one silver and one bronze Oak Leaf Cluster
Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon
Air Force Training Ribbon
* Order of National Security Merit Cheonsu Medal (Republic of Korea)
Military badges
* Presidential Service Badge
* Air Force Intelligence Badge, Master-level
Dates of rank
* June 2, 1967 — Second Lieutenant
* June 7, 1970 — First Lieutenant
* December 7, 1971 — Captain
* June 1, 1980 — Major
* February 1, 1985 — Lieutenant Colonel
* November 1, 1990 — Colonel
* September 1, 1993 — Brigadier General
* October 1, 1996 — Major General
* May 1, 1999 — Lieutenant General
* April 22, 2005 — General
References
1. ^ Biographies : GENERAL MICHAEL V. HAYDEN
2. ^ Hayden announces his retirement from the Air Force, April 23, 2008
3. ^ [July 1997 Popular Science] Information Warriors of the 609th (needs expanding)]
4. ^ Hayden Faces Senate and CIA Hurdles if Named: General Has Streak Of Independence And Nonconformity May 7, 2006
5. ^ Gen. Hayden Statement to Congress – see section 27)
6. ^ EFF class action suit
7. ^ [1]Remarks By General Michael V. Hayden: What American Intelligence & Especially The NSA Have Been Doing To Defend The Nation] Jan 23, 2006, his testimony that, One senior executive confided that the data management needs we outlined to him were larger than any he had previously seen
8. ^ Gen. Hayden Statement to Congress – see section 27
9. ^ Transcript of National Press Club interview of General Hayden regarding wiretaps
10. ^ Hayden, Likely Choice for CIA Chief, Displayed Shaky Grip on 4th Amendment at Press Club
11. ^ Does Michael Hayden Understand the Fourth Amendment? May 10, 2006
12. ^ Hayden named as Bush CIA choice 8 May 2006
13. ^ U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote May 26, 2006
14. ^ Bush says U.S. not ‘trolling through personal lives’ May 12, 2006
External links
Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michael Hayden
* Office of the Director of National Intelligence
* CFR.org: A Conversation with Michael V. Hayden (Audio)
* Central Intelligence Agency
* Official Air Force biography
* Official CIA Biography
* Official NSA biography
* General Michael Hayden at NNDB
* Baltimore Sun article August 8, 2004
* New York Times article February 17, 2005
* Minneapolis StarTribune biography
* Statement for the record by Lieutenant General Michael V. Hayden, USAF, Director, National Security Agency / Chief, Central Security Service before the Joint inquiry of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 17 October 2002
* Unwarranted Criticism: General Hayden’s reading of the Fourth Amendment is correct, and his critics are mistaken. May 10, 2006
* Democracy Now coverage of the January 23 National Press Club meeting. Johnathan Lindsay asks about probable cause at 18:30.
* SourceWatch article on Michael Hayden
* IndyMedia article on stophayden.org, the first campaign to block Hayden’s confirmation as Director of the CIA, launched in May 2006
* Statement of Senator Dianne Feinstein On the Nomination of General Michael Hayden as Director of the CIA
* Thinker, Briefer, Soldier, Spy, Time Magazine, May 15, 2006
* US Senate vote record of Hayden’s nomination
Government offices
Preceded by
Kenneth A. Minihan Director of the National Security Agency
1999–2005 Succeeded by
Keith B. Alexander
Preceded by
Initial Principal Deputy Director Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence
2005–2006 Succeeded by
Ronald L. Burgess, Jr. (acting)
Preceded by
Porter Goss Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
2006–2009 Succeeded by
Leon Panetta
Directors of the National Security Agency
Canine • Samford • Frost • Blake • Carter • Gayler • Phillips • Allen • Inman • Faurer • Odom • Studeman • McConnell • Minihan • Hayden • Alexander
Seal of the National Security Agency
Directors of Central Intelligence and Central Intelligence Agency
Central Intelligence
Sidney Souers A Hoyt Vandenberg A Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter A Walter B. Smith A Allen W. Dulles A John A. McCone A William Raborn A Richard Helms A James R. Schlesinger A William Colby A George H. W. Bush A Stansfield Turner A William J. Casey A William H. Webster A Robert Gates A R. James Woolsey, Jr. A John M. Deutch A George Tenet
Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States
Central Intelligence Agency
Porter J. Goss A Michael Hayden A Leon Panetta
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hayden
Categories: 1945 births | American Roman Catholics | Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency | Directors of the National Security Agency | Duquesne University alumni | Irish-Americans in the military | Living people | Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal | Recipients of the Legion of Merit | Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal | United States Air Force generals | United States Deputy Directors of National Intelligence
Wikimedia Foundation
* This page was last modified on 3 March 2009, at 00:05.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hayden
***
# September 18, 2001 – CIA World Factbook 2001 Now Available.
# August 8, 2001 – Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld and Director of Central Intelligence George J. Tenet Today Jointly Announced the Appointment of Lieutenant General James R. Clapper Jr. (USAF-ret.) as the New Director of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency.
# August 3, 2001 – Tenet Names Chairman of the National Intelligence Council and Other Senior Intelligence Posts.
# June 13, 2001 – Statement by George J. Tenet Director of Central Intelligence on the Death of Sir David Spedding.
CIA Home > News & Information > Press Releases & Statements > Press Release Archive 2001 > Statement by Bill Harlow
Info
Statement by Bill Harlow
October 5, 2001
Numerous comments in the media recently have reiterated a widely circulated but incorrect notion that the CIA once had a relationship with Usama Bin Ladin. For the record, you should know that the CIA never employed, paid, or maintained any relationship whatsoever with Bin Ladin.
Historical Document
Posted: Apr 12, 2007 07:56 AM
Last Updated: Jun 17, 2008 01:10 PM
Last Reviewed: Apr 12, 2007 07:56 AM
https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/press-release-archive-2001/pr10052001.html
https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/press-release-archive-2001/index.html
***
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Offices of CIA
The Central Intelligence Agency is an independent agency responsible for providing national security intelligence to senior US policymakers.
The CIA is separated into four basic components:
* the Directorate of Intelligence,
* the National Clandestine Service,
* the Directorate of Science & Technology, and
* the Directorate of Support.
In addition, the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) has several staffs that deal with public affairs, human resources, mission innovation, protocol, congressional affairs, legal issues, information management, and internal oversight.
Posted: Dec 19, 2006 02:07 PM
Last Updated: Sep 25, 2007 11:58 AM
Last Reviewed: Dec 19, 2006 02:07 PM
https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/index.html
***
Kroll is headquartered in New York City, and has important offices in Chicago, Los Angeles, Eden Prairie, San Francisco, Dallas, Miami, and Washington DC. The Miami office serves as the headquarters for Kroll’s operations in Latin America, where it also has offices in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia.
The Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) region is one of Kroll’s most important. Kroll’s EMEA headquarters are in London, and the company has a strong presence in Spain, with offices in Madrid and Barcelona. The EMEA region is supported by offices in Paris and Milan, while Kroll’s office in Dubai provides risk consultancy services in the Gulf.
Kroll’s Asian operations are carried out by offices in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Mumbai, Beijing, Singapore and Tokyo.
Range of operations
Kroll maintains various lines of business, and there are plans to further integrate them. Kroll’s parent company MMC is reportedly staving off Kroll’s business lines which it does not consider to be core Kroll , or consistent with MMC’s other operating companies (which include Marsh, a risk brokerage, or the management consultancy Oliver Wyman). The following are core Kroll activities:
Business Intelligence and Investigations
Kroll’s traditional business of delving into the backgrounds of companies and individuals has been strengthened by an active forensic accountancy division, and a larger group focused on financial investigations. Kroll’s success at BI&I has seen numerous copycat companies spring up, offering similar services to Kroll and following a similar marketing risk consulting moniker. Many of these risk consultancies are headed by former Kroll directors.
Ontrack and Electronic Data Recovery
Kroll acquired a computer forensics, electronic discovery, and data recovery company named Ontrack, which has revolutionized Kroll’s business operations. Kroll Ontrack has patented technologies and capabilities in recovering seemingly deleted files, including internet-based information cleared from the cache. In addition, Kroll Ontrack is the leading provider of legal technologies, with operations in North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific. Kroll Ontrack’s technology is expanding in-house, amplifying Kroll’s capacities in its other divisions.
Background Screening
Kroll’s Background Screening division provides comprehensive screening services that help organizations mitigate risks and make informed decisions in critical areas such as employment, supplier selection, investment placement and institutional admissions. From traditional background checks to specialized searches, Kroll’s services are tailored to meet the needs of its diverse clientele whose organizations span myriad industry sectors. Kroll’s Background Screening division also includes the Kroll Fraud Solutions unit, which specializes in identity theft protection and identity restoration services.
Security Consulting
Kroll offers consulting services through Kroll Security Group, it’s security engineering and consulting division. These services include Threat Assessments, Vulnerability Assessments, Physical Security Surveys, Security Master Planning, Policy and Procedure Development, Staffing Studies, Implementation Audits, etc.
Historical cases
The Heroin Trail case
In 1987, in the prominent First Amendment case over The Heroin Trail stories in New York Newsday, attorney Floyd Abrams enlisted Kroll’s help to find an eyewitness: But was it conceivable that we could come up with an eyewitness who could be of help? I called Jules Kroll, the CEO of Kroll Associates, the nation’s most acclaimed investigative firm, to ask him if he could inquire, through the extensive range of former law enforcement officials employed by him, whether Karaduman was known to be a drug trafficker in Istanbul. [1] Kroll came through: two weeks into the trial the firm produced Faraculah Arras, who was prepared to testify he was involved in one of Karaduman’s drug deals. I was stunned, recalled Abrams.
Abrams used Kroll again in 1998 to investigate claims by CNN’s Newsstand documentary that sarin nerve gas had been used in Vietnam in 1970 as part of Operation Tailwind.[2]
WTC & Sears Tower security
Kroll were responsible for revamping security at the World Trade Center after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.[3] They also took on responsibility for security at Chicago’s Sears Tower following the September 11, 2001 attacks.[4]
Other products – Identity Theft Shield
Kroll entered into a joint marketing agreement with legal service plan provider Pre-Paid Legal Services, Inc. in 2003, to distribute an identity theft product to consumers, called the Identity Theft Shield, the first time Kroll offered a service to individuals.[5] As of June 30, 2006, Kroll had over 560,000 customers, according to Pre-Paid Legal’s quarterly report.[6] In addition to the Pre-Paid Legal subscribers, Kroll’s Identity Theft Shield serves about 500,000 other consumers.
External links
* Kroll
* Kroll Ontrack, Kroll’s electronic discovery, computer forensics, and ESI consulting subsidiary
* Ontrack Data Recovery, Kroll’s data recovery services and software unit
* Background Screening, Kroll’s Background Screening division
* Fraud Solutions, Kroll’s identity theft and data breach solutions unit
* Kroll Security Group, The full service professional Security Engineering and Consulting division of Kroll, Inc
* Revista Poder. As encrencas da Kroll (Portuguese) .
Similar Companies
* Carratu International Plc UK
* Control Risks Group UK
* Crisis Control Group, LLC USA
* The Ackerman Group USA
References
1. ^ Abrams, Floyd (2005). Speaking Freely: Trials of the First Amendment. Viking Press. pp. 124–137. ISBN 0670033758.
2. ^ Robin Pogrenbin and Felicity Barringer (July 3, 1998). CNN Retracts Report That U.S. Used Nerve Gas . The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E6DB173EF930A35754C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all.
3. ^ Douglas Frantz (September 1, 1994). A Midlife Crisis at Kroll Associates . The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401EEDC1738F932A3575AC0A962958260.
4. ^ About Us > History > Notable Cases . http://www.kroll.com. http://www.kroll.com/about/history/notable/.
5. ^ Pre-Paid Legal Services To Add Identity Theft Benefits Provided By Kroll Background America . 2003. http://www.kroll.com/news/releases/index.aspx?id=80. Retrieved on 2008-04-03.
6. ^ Commission File Number: 001-09293, PRE-PAID LEGAL SERVICES, INC. . United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 2006. http://www.shareholder.com/ppd/EdgarDetail.cfm?CIK=311657&FID=311657-06-22&SID=06-00. Retrieved on 2007-07-04.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroll_Inc.
Categories: Management consulting firms of the United States | Companies established in 1972 | Private detectives and investigators | Security companies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroll_Inc.
***
CSI
CIA Home > Library > Center for the Study of Intelligence > CSI Publications > Books and Monographs > Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the U.S. Intelligence Community > Chapter Four
Info
Chapter Four
page52.jpg
Eighth DCI, Richard McGarrah Helms
Richard Helms: Corralling the Beast
I knew I was in no position to fire lightning bolts like Zeus from Mount
Olympus, so I tried to succeed through persuasion and cooperation.[1]
Richard McGarrah Helms, a skilled administrator and a leader in developing CIA capabilities in espionage, emerged in the 1960s as the professional insider most likely to be chosen for the top position. When President Johnson appointed him DCI in 1966, Helms started out with a good but not personal relationship with the president, who by this time was preoccupied with the growing war in Vietnam.
Inheritor and Continuator
Having served under McCone as deputy director for plans and under Raborn as DDCI, Helms was familiar with their approach to community responsibilities, and he realized he could not avoid playing a significant role in managing the now quite sizable and still growing Intelligence Community. Intelligence activities had attained such scope and expense that issues of duplication, cost-effectiveness, and program performance concerned all of the topmost US national security officials, and McCone’s activist legacy had fed expectations that the DCI could get results through force of personal actions.
Soon after taking office, Helms sent Clark Clifford, chairman of PFIAB, an “eyes only” letter noting that he and the PFIAB had “squarely before us the problem of the Director’s ability to coordinate the work of the various intelligence organizations.” Presumably to impress upon Clifford how difficult this problem was, he enclosed a note Sherman Kent had given to him asserting baldly “how utterly impossible it is for the DCI to coordinate, in any meaningful sense of the word, the range of intelligence activities which relate to the national security.”
Helms told Clifford that he did not want to follow McCone’s precedent and have his deputy be designated as concerned especially with CIA affairs. He noted that President Johnson’s memorandum to Raborn about basic DCI duties in 1965 had not repeated this point from Kennedy’s 1962 memorandum to McCone, and he argued that the Executive Director-Comptroller position at CIA already provided a senior officer who took much of the day-to-day burden of administering CIA off his shoulders. “Let me assure you,” he promised Clifford, “that I take with utmost seriousness my duties as Director of Central Intelligence in coordinating and guiding the work of the intelligence community. I will work hard at this. I am confident that real improvements can be made.”
In another letter to Clifford, Helms worried over a suggestion voiced by retired Gen. Maxwell Taylor at a recent PFIAB meeting that the DCI should perhaps be designated as executive chairman of USIB. Helms argued that implementing this idea could adversely affect the satisfactory cooperation that already characterized USIB’s work and “might be interpreted as an indication of a feeling that the Director of Central Intelligence is in a weak position.” In a draft of what the president might wish to send to him as a renewed letter of instruction, Helms recommended that the president, while stating his expectation that the DCI would “guide and coordinate” the community, explicitly acknowledge the limits of the DCI’s authority: “I recognize that you do not have direct control over all the assets which contribute to the foreign intelligence program of the Government. Nonetheless….”
USIB-Centered Process
Testimony prepared in March 1969 for Helms to present to Congress captured well his conception of how he fulfilled his community role: “My coordination responsibilities, in seeing to it that the various intelligence-gathering components acquire the information vital to national security without unnecessary duplication, are discharged principally through the United States Intelligence Board…. I chair it as the President’s senior intelligence officer, not as head of CIA.”[2] This was not to deny the importance of bilateral dealings with board members or cabinet-level officials whose representatives sat on the board, but it did reflect the orderliness that had been introduced by Smith and that continued to characterize the way in which community business was transacted under Helms.
Committees made up of representatives of the principal member organizations of the Intelligence Community undertook many of the staff activities that had grown up under the aegis of USIB. Some committees provided top-level guidance to intelligence collection efforts. Others dealt with activities such as automated information handling techniques or topics of intelligence interest such as guided missiles or China. These committees were quite active in the Helms period, accomplishing much of the coordination undertaken across the community in many areas.
During Helms’s tenure, changes in the committee structure regarding collection activities strengthened the individual collection disciplines, or “INTs,” as they came to be informally called. In 1967, the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance (COMOR), which had been created in 1960 to guide the targeting of new overhead reconnaissance systems, was abolished in a reform that emphasized the individual disciplines of signals intelligence (SIGINT) and imagery. The choice of requirements for SIGINT systems and the consideration of signals processing and exploitation moved to the SIGINT Committee. A new Committee on Imagery Requirements and Exploitation (COMIREX) took over the collection, processing, and exploitation requirements for national imagery systems.[3] Both committees reported to USIB.
See: U.S. Intelligence Board of 1972 [PDF 522KB*]
This development sensibly improved management of the functions being integrated. It was not accompanied, however, by a similar strengthening of horizontal processes or organizations to assist in integrating multi-INT efforts against common problems. How could the DCI know whether there was unneeded duplication without some mechanism that dealt with the activities handled by each committee separately? For Helms, that mechanism was his NIPE Staff, which he asked to reach across bureaucratic constituencies and disparate areas of activity. In 1969, he issued a memorandum making clear that, although the USIB committees remained a key setting for important community-wide coordination and their chairmen had the “right” of direct access to the DCI, the DCI’s deputy for NIPE was to “ensure that the activities of the different committees are appropriately coordinated” and was “normally” to be the channel through which committee chairmen forwarded issues to the DCI.
Helms continued without change the basic activities of the NIPE Staff that McCone had established in 1963, retaining John Bross as its chief. The staff worked as much as possible through (and was itself a component of) CIA. This seemed natural to the staffers—virtually all of them CIA officers—since the National Security Act of 1947 assigned CIA the duty of coordinating intelligence activities. In fact, an internal CIA memorandum of that era rejected on institutional grounds the idea of taking into the staff a senior NSA officer. He would be regarded as “a registered foreign agent,” the memorandum argued, who would spoil the progress being made toward creating a “supra-agency” staff loyal and responsive to the DCI’s community responsibilities. The memorandum stated that the NIPE Staff was only “making progress” toward being viewed as a DCI rather than a CIA entity, leaving unaddressed how hiring only CIA officers would improve that image.
Requirements
The DCI’s responsibility for setting the “requirements” against which all US foreign intelligence activities should be working gave the DCI a basic role that had been, in general, accepted within the Intelligence Community. An internal history of the NIPE Staff distinguished between two basic kinds of “requirements” in the intelligence business. One was information (e.g., identifying important countries or topics for intelligence attention). Here the senior policymakers defined what was needed, and the DCI, as their principal intelligence adviser, was the logical official to receive and organize their intelligence information requirements. The DCI’s staff aggregated these needs centrally, and the community members accepted the results although each naturally was sensitive to the particular needs of the senior policy official whom it served. The other main kind of requirement was about the resources needed to acquire the information desired (e.g., a satellite system or other collection capability). Here too the community accepted the DCI’s role as their leader in discussing and deciding what resources were most important. In the case of these requirements, however, the expertise needed to support decisions rested mainly outside the DCI’s staff, in the intelligence programs whose activities the DCI was supposed to coordinate.
Helms’s predecessors had promulgated “priority national intelligence objectives (PNIOs),” thoughtful amalgamations of policymakers’ information needs prepared by the DCI’s staff. According to a 1963 study, some US intelligence organizations had been “tepid or cold” regarding them, finding them of little use, whereas others (e.g., the SIGINT committee) used them and even wanted more guidance than the PNIOs provided. During most of Helms’s tenure as DCI, his NIPE Staff worked up versions of overall information needs statements and sought to use them to focus the attention of both collectors and analysts on them. By 1972, this DCI guidance to the community was codified in a DCI directive (DCID 1/2).
Such guidance gave the DCI control of a centralized, top-down process that played at least a nominal role in planning throughout the Intelligence Community, including the big-dollar programs. The impact of this element of DCI leadership, however, was limited. Even CIA executives, who of course were directly subordinate to the DCI, did not actively use DCID 1/2 guidance in their planning and resource allocation activities. Its long-term emphasis simply did not match what the president set forth as more current concerns. Although such guidance enabled an organization to justify its programs by demonstrating that they responded to the chief desires of the NSC for intelligence information, it did not really guarantee that the programs were the most efficient use of resources, nor did it enable organizations to say “no” to high-level requests that did not fit the existing long-term guidance.
Working with DOD on Resources
The Johnson and Nixon administrations, conscious of the costs of both domestic programs and the Vietnam War, emphasized economizing and improved management in trying to control federal spending, and neither exempted intelligence from their campaigns urging efficiency. In the fall of 1966, soon after Helms took office, the director of the president’s budget office told the DCI that he now wanted formal combined program presentations encompassing all DOD programs as well as CIA’s. This moved beyond the previous agreement between the DCI’s NIPE Staff and BOB that had accepted consolidated presentations of data pulled together in a more ad hoc manner. Like Eisenhower, Johnson and Nixon looked to the DCI to help address costs associated with DOD intelligence programs as well as CIA’s.
The NIPE Staff began efforts to create what were called “displays” of budget data centered on policymaker-defined targets of intelligence interest. In 1967, Deputy Secretary of Defense Cyrus Vance directed the creation of similar “target-oriented displays” (TOD) of program data on DOD intelligence resources. NSA was unable to contribute to the new system until 1970 because its method of categorizing program data was designed to show the flexibility of SIGINT systems to shift among targets as needs changed rather than to show levels of effort per target.
The DCI welcomed this DOD initiative and acquiesced in a DOD-chaired committee leading the new effort. But he did not want to lose control of an activity for which he knew the NSC and BOB would hold him responsible, so negotiation between the staffs of the principals eventually produced agreement that national intelligence target categories set by the DCI would be used and that the DCI’s NIPE Staff would lead a community-wide effort aimed at creating a community-wide TOD. In the end, DOD, the DCI, and BOB agreed on this direction, and staff work proceeded to build a system that accommodated the needs of all parties. In effect they all shared the same problem, gaining adequate insight into and control over complex intelligence programs, and thus were willing to find a common solution.[4]
National Intelligence Resources Board
By 1968, Helms’s discussions with Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Nitze yielded agreement on forming a new body under the DCI’s aegis to consider resource issues across the Intelligence Community. The National Intelligence Resources Board (NIRB), created in May 1968, consisted of the DDCI (chair), the director of DIA, and the head of the State Department’s Intelligence and Research Bureau (INR). Like USIB, the NIRB derived from the DCI’s responsibility “for the overall coordination of the US foreign intelligence effort” its mission of assisting him as he considered the kind and level of resources needed to accomplish the national intelligence mission. To that end, it was to evaluate the effectiveness of the four main intelligence programs (those of the CIA, NSA, the NRO, and DIA).
The State Department had full membership on the board despite having relatively few intelligence resources at stake. Its need to use intelligence products was important, as was its interest regarding intelligence program responsiveness to policymaker information needs. DOD gave up little by putting the board entirely within the DCI’s authority and having it supported by the DCI’s staff. The DCI, after all, would depend on the DOD program chiefs for data in the first place, and he would bring eventual recommendations to the secretary and deputy secretary of defense for joint resolution in due course. Indeed, the board’s charter specified that it was to assist the secretary of state and the secretary of defense as well as the DCI.
As with any initiative promising improved management, this step raised expectations of what the DCI could accomplish. In September 1968, a briefing about the new NIRB caused Maxwell Taylor and Gordon Gray, two PFIAB members, to comment that the board’s actions with respect to “big dollar activities” offered the opportunity to “greatly enhance the Director’s ability to influence the outcome of decisions on intelligence systems undertaken by DOD.” Gen. Taylor even asked optimistically if the DCI’s ability to view DOD budgets “on a line-item basis” was as good as the “control he has over the CIA budget.” The answer he got was no doubt more reassuring than it deserved to be, and the PFIAB members duly blessed the new entity.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/chapter_4.htm
***
A variety of presidents took a variety of measures to address these problems, but each failed. President Nixon reinforced the DCI with the creation of the Community Management Staff and the National Intelligence Resources Board; President Ford designated the DCI as the president’s principal advisor on the National Foreign Intelligence Budget; Presidents Carter and Reagan each issued executive orders more clearly establishing the roles and authorities of the DCI; President Clinton named the first Deputy Directors for Community Management, Analysis, Collection and Administration in order to lighten the workload of the DCI.
Each attempted to strengthen the DCI as the principal instrument of community management. These measures failed because, despite persistent tinkering, the DCI’s relative lack of authority proved a fundamentally weak foundation on which to build an intelligence community.
Beginning with James Schlesinger in 1976, to President Johnson’s former Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford, to President Carter’s former DCI Stansfield Turner, to Senator David Boren and Representative David McCurdy to the Congressional Joint Inquiry into 9/11, a number of commissions, officials and lawmakers from across the political spectrum and in different eras have all recommended the same essential solution to the lack of central management in the intelligence community: the creation of a Director of National Intelligence.
http://www.cnponline.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/2418
***
http://www.cnponline.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/2418
In our review of the general state of the intelligence community we noted six specific types of problems:
1. Structural Barriers to Performing Joint Work
2. Lack of Common Standards Across the Foreign-Domestic Divide
3. Divided Management of National Intelligence Capabilities
4. Weak Capacity to Set Priorities and Move Resources
5. Too many responsibilities for the DCI
6. An intelligence community that was too complex and secret
In the case of counterterrorism, we found that the DCI’s 1998 memorandum declaring war on al-Qaeda was not matched with sufficient action in part because no single individual or agency had the authority to overcome any of these problems.
[Also, in this document:]
Contracting
According to several recent reports, the number of contract personnel in the intelligence community has grown radically since 9/11. Contracting in and of itself is not necessarily an indicator of problems. When used correctly, it can increase the efficiency of non-inherently governmental functions and save taxpayers money. However, several reports indicate that the scope of its practice, both within the intelligence community and ODNI itself, has outstripped the intended purpose. A Senate investigation into community contracting found those working in contracted positions on average earn significantly large than their governmental counterparts performing similar work. Moreover, the excessive and ill-managed use of contractors can lead to breakdowns in accountability.
The DNI has indicated that it plans to gain a better handle on the use of contract personnel. Congress must make sure that the Director’s office develops an adequate definition of inherently governmental functions and rigorously adhere to it. It should also make sure that the use of contract personnel, as with other employees, proceeds from well thought out plans to support defined goals.
** from:
The Director of National Intelligence’s 500 Day Plan
Thursday, December 6, 2007
Testimony of the Honorable Tim Roemer
President, Center for National Policy
Before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
Subcommittee on Intelligence Community Management
http://www.cnponline.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/2418
***
The Center for National Policy
One Massachusetts Avenue, NW Suite 333 A Washington, DC 20001
202-682-1800 (main) A 202-682-1818 (fax)
***
Paul Nitze
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Paul Nitze
Paul Henry Nitze (January 16, 1907 – October 19, 2004) was a high-ranking United States government official who helped shape Cold War defense policy over the course of numerous presidential administrations.
Contents
* 1 Early life, education, and family
* 2 Political career
* 3 Death and legacy
* 4 Offices and positions held
* 5 Notes and references
* 6 Quotes
* 7 External links
Early life, education, and family
Nitze was born in Amherst, Massachusetts. His German ancestors came from the region of Magdeburg. Paul Nitze’s father was a professor of Romance Linguistics who concluded his career at the University of Chicago. In his memoir, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, Paul Nitze describes how as a young boy he witnessed the outbreak of World War I while traveling in Germany with his father, mother, and sister, arriving in Munich just in time to be struck by the city crowds’ patriotic enthusiasm for the imminent conflict.
Nitze attended the Hotchkiss School and graduated from Harvard University in 1928 and entered the field of investment banking.
In 1928-1929 the Chicago brokerage firm of Bacon, Whipple and Company sent Nitze to Europe. Upon his return, he heard Clarence Dillon predict the depression and the decline of the importance of finance. Having attained financial independence through the sale to Revlon of his interest in a French laboratory producing pharmaceutical products in the U.S., Nitze took an intellectual sabbatical that included a year of graduate study at Harvard in sociology, philosophy, and constitutional and international law. In 1929 he joined investment bank Dillon, Read & Co. where he remained until founding his own firm, P. H. Nitze & Co, in 1938. He returned to Dillon, Read as Vice-President from 1939 through to 1941.[1]
In 1932, he married Phyllis Pratt, daughter of John Teele Pratt, Standard Oil financier and Ruth Baker Pratt Republican Congresswoman for New York. She died in 1987. They had four children: Peter, William, Phyllis Anina (Nina) and Heidi. He was married to Elisabeth Scott Porter from 1993 until his death in 2004.
Nitze’s brother-in-law Walter Paepcke founded the Aspen Institute and Aspen Skiing Company. Nitze continued to ski in Aspen until well into his 80s.
Political career
Nitze entered government service during World War II, serving first on the staff of James Forrestal when Forrestal became an administrative assistant to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In 1942, he became finance director of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs[2], working for Nelson Rockefeller. In 1943 he became chief of the Metals and Minerals Branch of the Board of Economic Warfare, until he was named director, Foreign Procurement and Development Branch of the Foreign Economic Administration later that year. From 1944 to 1946, Nitze served as director and then as Vice Chairman of the Strategic Bombing Survey for which President Harry S. Truman awarded him the Legion of Merit.
In the early post-war era, he served in the Truman Administration as Director of Policy Planning for the State Department (1950-1953). He was also principal author in 1950 of a highly influential secret National Security Council document (NSC-68), which provided the strategic outline for increased U.S. expenditures to counter the perceived threat of Soviet armament.
From 1953 to 1961, Nitze served as president of the Foreign Service Educational Foundation while concurrently serving as associate of the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research and the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) of the Johns Hopkins University.
Nitze co-founded SAIS with Christian Herter in 1943 and the world renowned graduate school, based in Washington, D.C., is currently named in his honor. His publications during this period include U.S. Foreign Policy: 1945-1955. In 1961 President Kennedy appointed Nitze Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs and in 1963 he became the Secretary of the Navy, serving until 1967.
Following his term as Secretary of the Navy, he served as Deputy Secretary of Defense (1967-1969), as a member of the U.S. delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) (1969-1973), and Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Affairs (1973-1976). Later, fearing Soviet rearmament, he opposed the ratification of SALT II (1979).
Paul Nitze was a co-founder of Team B, a 1970s intelligence think tank that challenged the National Intelligence Estimates provided by the CIA. The Team B reports became the intellectual foundation for the idea of the window of vulnerability and of the massive arms buildup that began toward the end of the Carter administration and accelerated under President Ronald Reagan. Team B came to the conclusion that the Soviets had developed new weapons of mass destruction and had aggressive strategies with regard to a potential nuclear war. Team B’s analysis of Soviet weapon systems was later proven to be largely exaggerated.
According to Dr. Anne Cahn (Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1977-1980) if you go through most of Team B’s specific allegations about weapons systems, and you just examine them one by one, they were all wrong. Nonetheless, some still claim that its conclusions about Soviet strategical aims were largely proven to be true,[3] although this hardly squares with the elevation of Gorbachev in 1985.
Nitze was President Ronald Reagan’s chief negotiator of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1981-1984). In 1984, Nitze was named Special Advisor to the President and Secretary of State on Arms Control.
For more than forty years, Nitze was one of the chief architects of U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union. President Reagan awarded Nitze the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1985 for his contributions to the freedom and security of the United States. In 1991, he was awarded the prestigious United States Military Academy’s Sylvanus Thayer Award for his commitment to the Academy’s ideals of Duty, Honor, Country.
Death and legacy
Nitze died in Washington, D.C, aged 97 in October, 2004.
The Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Nitze is named in his honor. Nitze visited the ship for several ceremonial occasions prior to his death.
The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of The Johns Hopkins University is named in his honor.
St. Mary’s College of Maryland, where he served as a trustee, has an honors program in his name.
Offices and positions held
* Vice chairman of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (1944-1946).
* Director of Policy Planning for the United States Department of State. (1950-1953)
* Secretary of the Navy (1963-1967)
* Deputy Secretary of Defense (1967-1969),
* Member of the U.S. delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (1969-1973),
* Assistant Secretary of Defense for international affairs (1973-1976).
* Special Adviser to the President and Secretary of State on Arms Control (1984-1989).
Notes and references
This article incorporates public domain text from the United States Navy.
1. ^ Paul Nitze . The Times. October 22, 2004. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article497316.ece.
2. ^ Paul H Nitze . The Telegraph. 21 October 2004. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1474744/Paul-H-Nitze.html.
3. ^ Tanenhaus, Sam (November 11, 2003). The Hard Liner . The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2003/11/02/the_hard_liner/. Retrieved on 2006.
Quotes
* I have been around at a time when important things needed to be done.
External links
* Annotated bibliography for Paul Nitze from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
* Interview about the SALT I negotiations for the WGBH series War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
Military offices
Preceded by
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1963–1967 Succeeded by
Charles F. Baird (acting)
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Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nitze
Categories: 1907 births | 2004 deaths | German-Americans | Directors of Policy Planning | Johns Hopkins University faculty | Harvard University alumni | St. Mary’s College of Maryland | People from Amherst, Massachusetts | People from Washington, D.C. | Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients | Recipients of the Legion of Merit | United States Deputy Secretaries of Defense | United States Secretaries of the Navy | Reagan Administration personnel | Lyndon B. Johnson Administration personnel
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***
The DCI received the Eaton Report in August 1968 and promptly shared it with the most directly interested executive branch principals. Apart from its many and detailed findings related to SIGINT, the report offered—and placed first among its recommendations—several conclusions relating to the DCI’s community role. It recommended creating a national intelligence plan that would link resources to requirements, advocated a target-oriented overall guidance for intelligence that would allow measurement of value per intelligence resource, declared the NIRB a potentially useful body in connection with these goals, and suggested that DOD needed a central focal point to review all defense intelligence programs.[6]
In preparing remarks for Nitze on the study, Alain Enthoven, a leader in OSD of McNamara’s systems analysis approach to managing defense programs, argued that the most important recommendation was that the DCI’s planning and programming staff be strengthened by allowing its officers to operate independently of the major intelligence programs. He wanted the report’s recommendation for examining tradeoffs between COMINT and ELINT widened to include all “INTs,” and he suggested the need for an interrelated review of all intelligence programs. His comments all pointed toward strengthening the DCI’s role in guiding community activities, a logical outcome of intellectual reasoning however difficult to achieve in the real world of entrenched bureaucracies. The comments also stand as an example of DOD support for a more active role by the DCI as a helpmate to OSD in controlling DOD’s far-flung intelligence activities.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/chapter_4.htm
***
***
http://books.google.com/books?id=maX4L39xO4UC&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq=Robert+F.+Froehlke&source=bl&ots=MPFB37E-km&sig=Slsv7mN-yOexNjjw2EkFLPZUFHk&hl=en&ei=hmKzSbjkIoOftwfnkLDEBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA135,M1
From Book – “The 25 Year War”
pp. 135 – 136
“President Nixon was determined to reward Haig, and, having selected Abrams, at Secretary Laird’s insistence, as the Army’s chief, nominated Haig to succeed me as the vice chief of staff in late January 1973. Privately Abrams was most unhappy about this choice for his deputy, but characteristically accepted it with aplomb.
Secretary of the Army Froehlke was puzzled about the Army’s obvious disapproval of the Haig appointment as nothing more than a four-star example of presidential patronage, and was taken aback by the numerous senior army officers, active and retired, who made no secret of their disapproval. I tried to explain to him that promotion in the military service is based on demonstrated professional ability, that there is no short-cut to the knowledge and judgment gained from experience, and that five years of chair-borne duty in the White House was no substitute for the real thing. When the secretary opined that such rapid promotions were common in the private sector, I pointed out that the stakes involved were vastly different and that the cost of failure in a high military post could not be measured by a profit and loss sheet. Bob Froehlke is a reasonable and intelligent man, and I believe he appreciated hearing the other side of the issue.
Fate intervened very soon after Haig moved into the Army vice chief of staff’s office in late January 1973. The President phoned Haig the next day and when he discovered it was not on a secure voice circuit, directed that one be installed immediately. This was done promptly by White House communications people, the equipment completely filling a large closet situated behind my old desk. Thereafter Haig was deeply involved daily on White House business. Since such secure voice communications with the White House were not available to either the secretary of defense or the Joint Chiefs of Staff, one can readily imagine the resentment in those quarters, not to mention the heartburn caused by the direct channel between the commander-in-chief and a subordinate of the secretary of defense.
It was Watergate, however, that administered the coup de grace to Haig’s short-lived Pentagon tour. The “Plumbers” break-in at the Watergate office complex in Washington, which had occurred in June 1972, was rapidly building to a major national crisis. The President’s top aides resigned on 20 April 1973, and it was apparent that presidential counsel John W. Dean III would bare his breast during the imminent Watergate congressional hearings. It was no surprise, then, when President Nixon early in May 1973 recalled the versatile general to the White House to become his chief of staff. Haig’s military career thus came to an abrupt, even though temporary, end. President Ford assigned Haig as supreme allied commander in Europe in the fall of 1974. To his credit, Haig was highly effective in this largely political-military, but very sensitive and important, position. By the end of his roughly five-year tour he was a respected and admired military leader and statesman.”
Pp. 139
“As a unified commander I had an unusual opportunity to work directly with both the secretary of defense and the JCS, in particular the chairman, as well as with the Joint Staff. Elliot L. Richardson succeeded Laird as secretary of defense on 30 January 1973. [Slightly less than four months later, Richardson agreed to become attorney general just as the Watergate affair was beginning to break wide open.]”
“James R. Schlesinger succeeded Richardson on 2 July 1973 and served until 30 October 1975, working for both Presidents Nixon and Ford. Schlesinger was easily the most intellectual of all our secretaries of defense. I personally found him not only brilliant but quite down-to-earth and practical in his usually very direct approach to a problem. He did not suffer fools easily, however, and I felt sorry for those unfortunates who unwittingly gave him such an impression. He had a reputation for being unsociable and irascible, but I found him quite the opposite. He was easy to talk to, an alert, intelligent, and courteous visitor when he attended exercises, demonstrations, and the like, and a delightful guest on social occasions.
The first major crisis in his tenure was the October 1973 “Yom Kippur” war in the Middle East. REDCOM played a modest but important role during the crisis, which I though Schlesinger and Moorer handled rather well. “
[ . . . ]
pp. 140
“There had been other changes in the councils of government. Henry Kissinger became Nixon’s secretary of state in September 1973, retaining the NSC advisory hat until President Ford appointed Lieutenant General Brent Skowcroft, USAF, as his national security adviser in November 1975. Howard H. Callaway succeeded Froehlke as secretary of the Army, serving from 15 May 1973 to 3 July 1975. Warner was replaced as secretary of the Navy in June 1974 by J. William Middendorf, who served until February 1977. John L. McLucas, another distinguished scientist, followed Seamans as secretary of the Air Force, serving from July 1973 until early 1977.”
http://books.google.com/books?id=maX4L39xO4UC&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq=Robert+F.+Froehlke&source=bl&ots=MPFB37E-km&sig=Slsv7mN-yOexNjjw2EkFLPZUFHk&hl=en&ei=hmKzSbjkIoOftwfnkLDEBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA140,M1
The 25-year War
By Bruce Palmer
Published by University Press of Kentucky
Pages displayed by permission
***
Watergate scandal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Watergate (disambiguation).
The Watergate complex, where the break-in occurred
The Watergate scandals were a series of American political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the indictment of several of Nixon’s closest advisors, and ultimately his resignation on August 9, 1974. The scandals began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate Office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. Investigations conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and later by the Senate Watergate Committee, House Judiciary Committee and the press revealed that this burglary was one of many illegal activities authorized and carried out by Nixon’s staff. They also revealed the immense scope of crimes and abuses, which included campaign fraud, political espionage and sabotage, illegal break-ins, improper tax audits, illegal wiretapping on a massive scale, and a secret slush fund laundered in Mexico to pay those who conducted these operations.[1] This secret fund was also used as hush money to buy the silence of the seven men who were indicted for the June 17 break-in.[2][3]
Nixon and his staff conspired to cover up the break-in as early as six days after it occurred.[4] After two years of mounting evidence against the President and his staff, which included former staff members testifying against them in a Senate investigation, it was revealed that Nixon had a tape recording system in his offices and that he had recorded many conversations.[5][6] Recordings from these tapes revealed that he had obstructed justice and attempted to cover up the break-in.[4][7] This recorded conversation later became known as the Smoking Gun. After a series of court battles, the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled in United States v. Nixon that the President had to hand over the tapes; he ultimately complied.
With certainty of an impeachment in the House of Representatives and the strong possibility of a conviction in the Senate, Nixon resigned ten days later, becoming the only US President to have resigned from office.[8][9] His successor, Gerald Ford, would issue a controversial pardon for any federal crimes Nixon may have committed while in office.
Watergate
(timeline)
Events
Watergate burglaries
Watergate tapes
Saturday Night Massacre
United States v. Nixon
People
Richard Nixon
Justice system:
Archibald Cox
John Sirica
L. Patrick Gray
Journalists:
Carl Bernstein
Bob Woodward
Informants:
W. Mark Felt
aka Deep Throat
Conspirators:
John Dean
John Ehrlichman
H. R. Haldeman
E. Howard Hunt
Egil Krogh
G. Gordon Liddy
Jeb Magruder
John N. Mitchell
Watergate Seven
List of people
connected with Watergate
Groups
Committee to Re-elect the President
White House Plumbers
Senate Watergate Committee
Contents
* 1 Break-in
* 2 Significance
* 3 Investigation
* 4 Tapes
o 4.1 Saturday Night Massacre
o 4.2 Supreme Court
* 5 Articles of impeachment, resignation, and convictions
o 5.1 Corporate campaign contributions
* 6 Pardon and controversy
* 7 Aftermath
* 8 Alternative theories
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 Further reading
* 12 External links
Break-in
Main article: Watergate burglaries
On June 17, 1972, Frank Wills, a security guard at the Watergate Complex, noticed tape covering the locks on several doors in the complex. He took the tape off, and thought nothing of it. An hour later, he discovered that someone had retaped the locks. He called the police and five men were arrested inside the Democratic National Committee’s (DNC) office.[10] The five men were Virgilio González, Bernard Barker, James W. McCord, Jr., Eugenio Martínez, and Frank Sturgis. The five were charged with attempted burglary and attempted interception of telephone and other communications. On September 15, a grand jury indicted them and two other men (E. Howard Hunt, Jr. and G. Gordon Liddy[1]) for conspiracy, burglary and violation of federal wiretapping laws.
The men who broke into the office were tried and convicted in January 1973. All seven men were either directly or indirectly employed by President Nixon’s Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP, or sometimes pejoratively referred to as CREEP) and many people, including the trial judge, John J. Sirica, suspected a conspiracy involving higher-echelon government officials.[11] In March 1973, James McCord wrote a letter to Judge John J. Sirica charging a cover up of the burglary. His letter transformed the affair into a political scandal of unprecedented magnitude.[12]
Significance
The scandal revealed the existence of a White House dirty tricks squad, which was behind an orchestrated campaign of political sabotage, an enemies list, a plumbers unit to plug political leaks and a secret campaign slush fund associated with CRP, all with high-level administration involvement. It brought into the open the involvement of Attorney General John N. Mitchell in the dirty tricks, funds and cover-up, as well as key White House advisers, all of whom went to prison for these crimes, for sentences of one to four years. The jail terms had been shortened on the basis of the high level of the convicted, and their cooperation in the hearings.[citation needed]
Investigation
See also: United States Senate Watergate Committee
The unraveling of the coverup began in the immediate aftermath of the arrests in the Watergate complex, the search of the burglars’ hotel rooms (the keys to which the burglars still had in their pockets when they were arrested); and a background investigation of the evidence that was initially found.
A significant piece of evidence was the thousands of dollars in cash that the burglars had in their possession at the time of arrest. Further investigation would reveal accounts showing that still more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting their travel, living expenses, and purchases, in the months leading up to their arrests. The amounts were far in excess of any visible sources of income from the jobs that they officially had.
Examination of the burglars’ accounts immediately showed the direct link to the institution that both hired and funded their enterprise, the 1972 Committee to Re-Elect the President (Richard Nixon), through its subordinate finance committee.
Several individual donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President’s re-election committee. The donations were made in the form of cashier’s, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President. Investigative examination of the bank records of a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker revealed that an account controlled by him personally had deposited, and had transferred to it (through the Federal Reserve Check Clearing System) the funds from these financial instruments.
The banks that had originated the checks (especially the certified and cashier’s checks) were keen to ensure that the depository institution used by Bernard Barker had acted properly to protect their (the correspondent banks’) fiduciary interest in ensuring that the checks had been properly received and endorsed by the check’s payee, prior to its acceptance for deposit in Bernard Barker’s account. Only in this way would the correspondent banks, which had issued the checks on behalf of the individual donors, not be held liable for the un-authorized and improper release of funds from their customer’s accounts into the account of Bernard Barker.
The investigative finding, which cleared Bernard Barker’s bank of fiduciary malfeasance, led to the direct implication of members of the Committee to Re-Elect the President, to whom the checks had been delivered. Those individuals were the Committee Bookkeeper and its Treasurer, Hugh Sloan.
The checks that Bernard Barker had deposited into his account, which had been prepared stating that they were payable to the Committee, would not have been accepted for deposit, nor would they have been processed for collection of their funds (for deposit into Barker’s account), unless they had been properly endorsed by the payee or its duly designated representative.
The Committee, as an organization, followed normal business accounting standards in allowing only duly authorized individual(s) (whose name(s) and proper identifications were known to their bank) to accept and endorse on behalf of the Committee any financial instrument created on the Committee’s behalf by itself, or by others. Therefore, no financial institution would accept or process an instrument (check) on behalf of the Committee unless it had been endorsed and verified as endorsed by a duly authorized individual(s). On the checks themselves deposited into Bernard Barker’s bank account was the endorsement of Committee Treasurer Hugh Sloan who was duly authorized and designated to endorse such instruments that were prepared (by others) on behalf of the Committee.
But Hugh Sloan had a fiduciary responsibility of his own too. Once he had endorsed a check made payable to the Committee, he had a legal and fiduciary responsibility to see that the instrument was deposited into (and only into) the account(s) which were named on the instrument, and for which he had been delegated fiduciary responsibility. Sloan had broken the law by endorsing an instrument and then knowingly not ensuring that the instrument was deposited into the account(s) over which he had been delegated fiduciary responsibility. Sloan was confronted with this crime immediately (through the investigation of Barker’s bank account), and faced the potential charge of federal bank fraud (not to mention with charges of conspiracy in the burglary); he revealed precisely to whom he had given the checks (G. Gordon Liddy) and who had directed him (Committee Deputy Director Jeb Magruder and Finance Director Maurice Stans) to do so.
Barker had been given the checks by Liddy in an attempt to avoid direct proof that Barker, a Watergate burglar, ever had received funds from the organization that actually hired him to commit wiretapping, burglary and political espionage. But any hope of concealing the true source of money that Barker and the burglars received would have required a far more sophisticated scheme than that which was employed.
As a nominally lawful enterprise, the 1972 Nixon re-election committee had to maintain a lawful set of accounting records and bank accounts, into which lawful campaign contributions could be deposited, and from which monies for lawful campaign expenditures could be drawn. Any attempt to create an “off-the-books”, unaccounted-for stash that could receive contributions in the amounts that Watergate dirty tricks teams actually used was never possible. This was because the sources of the funds were in fact legitimate. The funds were provided by wealthy, conservative campaign contributors. Due to the extra-ordinarily large single donations (ranging in hundreds of thousands) from patrons not likely to do so, the quantity gives rise to speculation about unpublicized transactions, but there were never unaccountable fund transfers to CRP.
The case of the campaign contribution check is instructive of this. The $25,000.00 cashier’s check made out to the committee that Barker actually deposited into his account was drawn upon the account of, and authorized by, a Kenneth H. Dahlberg of Minnesota. Mr. Dahlberg had received this amount from a prominent Minnesota Democratic fund raiser named Dwayne Andreas, who was an executive of the Archer Daniels Midland Corporation. Mr. Andreas gave Dahlberg the funds specifically to make a contribution anonymously, but not unaccountably, to the Nixon reelection campaign. The record of the transfer of funds to Mr. Dahlberg existed; the record of the transfer of funds to the committee (by Mr. Dahlberg) existed. When pressed, Mr. Dahlberg and Mr. Andreas both were able and willing to discuss how a prominent Democratic supporter of Democratic campaigns came to support Nixon’s reelection in 1972.
It was never the intent of either Mr. Andreas or Mr. Dahlberg to create, or participate in the creation of, a fund which would be unaccountable, untraceable, and available for use in a conspiracy to support a criminal enterprise, whether they knew about the criminal enterprise or not. In addition, most of the other donors were wealthy registered Republicans who had no interest whatsoever in “hiding” or concealing their support of President Nixon or their desire to help in his reelection campaign.
The connection between the break-in and the President’s re-election campaign fund-raising committee was highlighted by its media coverage. In particular, investigative coverage by Time, The New York Times, and especially The Washington Post, fueled focus on the event. The coverage dramatically increased the profile of the crime and consequent political repercussions. Relying heavily upon anonymous sources, Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered information suggesting that knowledge of the break-in, and attempts to cover it up, led deep into the Justice Department, the FBI, the CIA, and even the White House. Chief among the Post’s anonymous sources was an individual they had nicknamed Deep Throat, who was later revealed in 2005 to be the late, former Deputy Director of the FBI William Mark Felt, Sr. Rather than ending with the trial and conviction of the burglars, the investigations grew broader; a Senate committee chaired by Senator Sam Ervin was set up to examine Watergate and began issuing subpoenas to White House staff.
On April 30, 1973, Nixon was forced to ask for the resignation of two of his most influential aides, H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, both of whom were indicted and ultimately went to prison. He also fired White House Counsel John Dean, who had just testified before the Senate and went on to become the key witness against the President.
On the same day, Nixon appointed a new Attorney General, Elliot Richardson, and gave him authority to designate, for the growing Watergate inquiry, a special counsel who would be independent of the regular Justice Department hierarchy, to preserve his independence. On May 19, 1973, Richardson named Archibald Cox to the position. Televised hearings had begun two days before.
Tapes
Main article: Watergate tapes
President Nixon giving a televised address explaining release of edited transcripts of the tapes on April 29, 1974
The hearings held by the Senate Committee, in which Dean was the star witness and in which many other former key administration officials gave dramatic testimony, were broadcast from May 17 to August 7, 1973, causing devastating political damage to Nixon. Each network maintained coverage of the hearings every third day, starting with ABC on May 17 and ending with NBC on August 7. An estimated 85% of Americans with television sets tuned in to at least one portion of the hearings.[13]
Perhaps the most memorable question of the hearings came when Republican Senator Howard Baker of Tennessee asked What did the President know, and when did he know it? , which focused attention for the first time on Nixon’s personal role in the scandal.
On July 13, 1973, Donald Sanders, the Deputy Minority Counsel, asked Alexander Butterfield in discovery if there were any type of recording systems in the White House. Butterfield answered that, though he was reluctant to say so, there was a system in the White House that automatically recorded everything in the Oval Office. It was also determined that other rooms were bugged, including Nixon’s private office in the Old Executive Office Building, where most of his work and meetings were actually conducted. Later, Chief Minority Counsel Fred Thompson put the question to Butterfield directly in televised hearings: Mr. Butterfield, are you aware of the installation of any listening devices in the Oval Office of the president? The shocking revelation radically transformed the Watergate investigation. The tapes were soon subpoenaed by Cox and then by the Senate, since they might prove whether Nixon or Dean was telling the truth about key meetings. Nixon refused, citing the principle of executive privilege, and ordered Cox, via Attorney General Richardson, to drop his subpoena.
Saturday Night Massacre
Main article: Saturday Night Massacre
Cox’s refusal to drop his subpoena led to the Saturday Night Massacre on October 20, 1973, when Nixon compelled the resignations of Richardson and deputy William Ruckelshaus, in a search for someone in the Justice Department willing to fire Cox. This search ended with Solicitor General Robert Bork. Though Bork believed Nixon’s order to be valid and appropriate, he considered resigning to avoid being perceived as a man who did the President’s bidding to save my job .[citation needed] However, both Richardson and Ruckelshaus persuaded him not to resign, in order to prevent any further damage to the Justice Department. As the new acting department head, Bork carried out the presidential order and dismissed the special prosecutor. Public reaction was immediate and intense, with protesters standing along the sidewalks outside the White House holding signs saying HONK TO IMPEACH, and hundreds of cars driving by honking their horns.[citation needed] Allegations of wrongdoing prompted Nixon to famously state I’m not a crook in front of 400 startled Associated Press managing editors on the grounds of Disney’s Contemporary Resort at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida on November 17, 1973.[14][15]
Nixon was forced, however, to allow the appointment of a new special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, who continued the investigation. While Nixon continued to refuse to turn over actual tapes, he did agree to release edited transcripts of a large number of them; Nixon cited the fact that any audio pertinent to national security information could be redacted from the released tapes; it was also speculated that the tapes may have contained foul language and racial slurs, which would have worsened Nixon’s image.[citation needed]
The tapes largely confirmed Dean’s account and caused further embarrassment when a crucial, 18½ minute portion of one tape, which had never been out of White House custody, was found to have been erased. The White House blamed this on Nixon’s secretary, Rose Mary Woods, who said she had accidentally erased the tape by pushing the wrong foot pedal on her tape player while answering the phone. However, as photos splashed all over the press showed, it was unlikely for Woods to answer the phone and keep her foot on the pedal. Later forensic analysis determined that the gap had been erased in several segments — at least five, and perhaps as many as nine[16]—refuting the accidental erasure explanation.
Supreme Court
The issue of access to the tapes went to the Supreme Court. On July 24, 1974, in United States v. Nixon, the Court (which did not include the recused Justice Rehnquist) ruled unanimously that claims of executive privilege over the tapes were void, and they further ordered him to surrender them to Jaworski. On July 30, 1974, he complied with the order and released the subpoenaed tapes. Their contents were finally revealed.
Articles of impeachment, resignation, and convictions
Nixon’s resignation letter, August 9, 1974
Richard Nixon’s resignation speech
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Resignation speech of President Richard Nixon, delivered 8 August 1974.
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On January 28, 1974, Nixon campaign aide Herbert Porter pleaded guilty to the charge of lying to the FBI during the early stages of the Watergate investigation. On February 25, 1974, Nixon’s personal lawyer Herbert Kalmbach pleaded guilty to two charges of illegal election-campaign activities. Other charges were dropped in return for Kalmbach’s cooperation in the forthcoming Watergate trials.
On March 1, 1974, former aides of the President, known as the Watergate Seven — Haldeman, Ehrlichman, Mitchell, Charles Colson, Gordon C. Strachan, Robert Mardian and Kenneth Parkinson — were indicted for conspiring to hinder the Watergate investigation. The grand jury also secretly named Nixon as an unindicted co-conspirator. Dean, Magruder and other figures in the scandal had already pleaded guilty. Charles Colson stated in his book Born Again that he was given a report by a White House aide that clearly implicated the CIA in the whole Watergate scandal and showed an attempt to implicate him as the one responsible.
On April 5, 1974, former Nixon appointments secretary Dwight Chapin was convicted of lying to the grand jury. On April 7, 1974, the Watergate grand jury indicted Ed Reinecke, Republican lieutenant governor of California, on three charges of perjury before the Senate committee.
Nixon’s position was becoming increasingly precarious, and the House of Representatives began formal investigations into the possible impeachment of the President. The committee’s opening speeches included one by Texas Representative Barbara Jordan . The House Judiciary Committee voted 27 to 11 on July 27, 1974 to recommend the first article of impeachment against the President: obstruction of justice. The second (abuse of power) and third (contempt of Congress) articles were passed on July 29, 1974 and July 30, 1974, respectively.
Nixon leaving the White House shortly before his resignation became effective, August 9, 1974[17]
In August, the previously unknown tape from June 23, 1972, was released. Recorded only a few days after the break-in, it documented Nixon and Haldeman formulating a plan to block investigations by having the CIA falsely claim to the FBI that national security was involved. The tape, which was referred to as a smoking gun, destroyed Nixon politically. With few exceptions, Nixon’s remaining supporters deserted him. The ten congressmen who had voted against all three articles of impeachment in the committee announced that they would all support impeachment when the vote was taken in the full House. Impeachment by the House and subsequent removal from office by the Senate now appeared certain.
Throughout this time, Nixon still denied any involvement in the ordeal. However, after being told by key Republican Senators that enough votes existed to convict and remove him, Nixon decided to resign. In a nationally televised address on the evening of August 8, 1974, he announced he would resign, effective at noon Eastern Time on Friday, August 9, 1974. Shortly after his resignation took effect, a helicopter took him from the White House to Andrews Air Force base in Maryland. Nixon later wrote that he remembered thinking As the helicopter moved on to Andrews, I found myself thinking not of the past, but of the future. What could I do now?… . At Andrews base, he boarded Air Force One to El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in California and then to his new home in San Clemente.
Though Nixon’s resignation prompted Congress to drop the impeachment proceedings, criminal prosecution was still a possibility. He was immediately succeeded by Gerald Ford, who on September 8, 1974, issued a pardon for Nixon, immunizing him from prosecution for any crimes he may have committed as president.
Nixon proclaimed his innocence until his death, although his acceptance of the pardon was construed by many as an admission of guilt. He did state in his official response to the pardon that he was wrong in not acting more decisively and more forthrightly in dealing with Watergate, particularly when it reached the stage of judicial proceedings and grew from a political scandal into a national tragedy.
Charles Colson pleaded guilty to charges concerning the Daniel Ellsberg case; in exchange, the indictment against him for covering up the activities of CRP was dropped, as it was against Strachan. The remaining five members of the Watergate Seven indicted in March went on trial in October 1974, and on January 1, 1975, all but Parkinson were found guilty. In 1976, the U.S. Court of Appeals ordered a new trial for Mardian; subsequently, all charges against him were dropped. Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and Mitchell exhausted their appeals in 1977. Ehrlichman entered prison in 1976, followed by the other two in 1977.
Corporate campaign contributions
As part of the continuing investigation in 1974-75, Watergate prosecutors offered companies that had given illegal campaign contributions to Nixon’s re-election campaign lenient sentences if they came forward.[18] Many companies complied, including Northrop (which would later become part of Northrop Grumman), 3M, American Airlines and Braniff Airlines.[18] By 1976, prosecutors had convicted 18 American corporations of contributing illegally to Nixon’s campaign.[18]
Pardon and controversy
Further information: Gerald Ford’s Pardon of Richard Nixon
President Gerald Ford appears at a House Judiciary Subcommittee hearing regarding his pardon of Richard Nixon.
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The Nixon Pardon
On September 8, 1974, President Gerald Ford granted Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he may have committed while President. Highly controversial, this pardon has been argued to be a factor in Ford’s loss of the presidential election of 1976.[19] In an editorial at the time, The New York Times stated that the Nixon pardon was a profoundly unwise, divisive and unjust act that in a stroke had destroyed the new president’s credibility as a man of judgment, candor and competence. [20] Accusations of a secret deal made with Ford, promising a pardon in return for Nixon’s resignation, led Ford to testify before the House Judiciary Committee on October 17, 1974.[21][22]
In his autobiography A Time to Heal, Ford wrote about a meeting he had with Nixon’s Chief of Staff, Alexander Haig. Haig was explaining what he and Nixon’s staff thought were Nixon’s only options. He could try to ride out the impeachment and fight against conviction in the Senate all the way, or he could resign. His options for resigning were to delay his resignation until further along in the impeachment process to try and settle for a censure vote in Congress, or pardon himself and then resign. Haig then told Ford that some of Nixon’s staff suggested that Nixon could agree to resign in return for an agreement that Ford would pardon him.
Haig emphasized that these weren’t his suggestions. He didn’t identify the staff members and he made it very clear that he wasn’t recommending any one option over another. What he wanted to know was whether or not my overall assessment of the situation agreed with his.[emphasis in original]. . . Next he asked if I had any suggestions as to courses of actions for the President. I didn’t think it would be proper for me to make any recommendations at all, and I told him so.[23]
In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country and that the Nixon family’s situation is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must. [24]
Aftermath
Main article: Watergate babies
The effects of the Watergate scandal did not end with the resignation of President Nixon and the imprisonment of some of his aides. The effect on the upcoming Senate election and House race only three months later, was enormous. Voters, disgusted by Nixon’s actions, became thoroughly disillusioned with the Republican Party. In that election, the Democrats gained five seats in the Senate and a remarkable 49 in the House.
The Watergate Scandal also indirectly caused many changes in campaign financing. The scandal became a driving factor in amending the Freedom of Information Act in 1976, as well as laws requiring new financial disclosures by key government officials.
While not legally required, other types of personal disclosure, such as releasing recent income tax forms, became expected. Presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt had recorded many of their conversations, but after Watergate this practice purportedly ended.
Since Nixon and many senior officials involved in Watergate were lawyers, the scandal severely tarnished the public image of the legal profession.[25] In order to defuse public demand for direct federal regulation of lawyers (as opposed to leaving it in the hands of state bar associations or courts), the American Bar Association (ABA) launched two major reforms. First, the ABA decided that its existing Model Code of Professional Responsibility (promulgated 1969) was a failure and replaced it with the Model Rules of Professional Conduct in 1983. The MRPC has been adopted in part or in whole by 48 states. Its preamble contains an emphatic reminder to young lawyers that the legal profession can remain self-governing only if lawyers behave properly. Second, the ABA promulgated a requirement that law students at ABA-approved law schools take a course in professional responsibility (which means they must study the MRPC). The requirement remains in effect.
The Watergate scandal left such an impression on the national and international consciousness that many scandals since then have been labeled with the suffix -gate .
According to Thomas J. Johnson, professor of journalism at Southern Illinois University, During Nixon’s final days, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger boldly predicted that history would remember him as a great president and that Watergate would be relegated to a minor footnote. [26]
Alternative theories
Further information: Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories
Although the purpose of the break-in of the DNC offices has never been established, some theories suggest that the burglars were after specific information. The likeliest of these theories suggests that the target of the break-in was the offices of Larry O’Brien, the Chairman of the DNC [27]. In 1968, O’Brien was appointed by Vice President Hubert Humphrey to serve nationally as the director of his presidential campaign and by Howard Hughes to serve in Washington as his public-policy lobbyist. O’Brien was elected in 1968 and 1970 by the DNC to serve nationally as its chairman. With the upcoming Presidential election, former Howard Hughes business associate John H. Meier, working with Hubert Humphrey and others, wanted to feed misinformation to Richard Nixon. In late 1971, the President’s brother, Donald Nixon, was collecting intelligence for his brother at the time and was asking Meier about Larry O’Brien.
Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the election because they had considerable information on Richard Nixon’s illicit dealings with Howard Hughes that had never been released, and that Larry O’Brien had the information, [28] (O’Brien didn’t actually have any documents but Meier claims to have wanted Richard Nixon to think he did). Donald then called his brother and told him that Meier gave the Democrats all the Hughes information that could destroy him (Richard Nixon) and that O’Brien had it.[citation needed] This theory has been proposed as a motivation for the break-in.
Numerous theories have persisted in claiming deeper significance to the Watergate scandal than that commonly acknowledged by media and historians. On the Smoking Gun tape, Nixon mentions E. Howard Hunt’s ties to the whole Bay of Pigs thing as the reason the CIA should put a stop to the Watergate investigations. In the book The Ends of Power, President Richard Nixon’s chief of staff H. R. Haldeman claimed that the term Bay of Pigs, as used in a tape-recorded White House conversation,[4] was used by Nixon as a coded reference to a CIA plot to assassinate Fidel Castro during the John F. Kennedy administration. The CIA had not disclosed this plot to the Warren Commission, the commission investigating the Kennedy assassination, despite the fact that it would attribute a motive to Castro in the assassination.[29] Any such revelation would also expose CIA/Mafia connections that could lead to unwanted scrutiny of suspected CIA/Mafia participants in the assassination of the president. Furthermore, Nixon’s awareness as vice-president of the Bay of Pigs plan and his own ties to the underworld and unsavory intelligence operations might come to light. A theoretical connection between the Kennedy assassination and the Watergate Tapes was later referred to in the biopic, Nixon, directed by Oliver Stone.
An alternative theory to the mainstream media account of the Watergate scandal was advanced in Silent Coup, a 1991 book by Len Colodny and Robert Gettlin. The two authors believe that it was Nixon’s silent war with the Pentagon that ultimately led to his removal from office.[30] The book was criticized for apparent leaps of logic and the citation of weak evidence and its theories are not widely supported by either professional historians or the general public.[31][32]
Stone and Freed’s theory in Secret Honor implies that Nixon deliberately sacrificed his presidency to save democracy from a plan to implement martial law. The theory uses the construct of Yankees versus Cowboys to suggest that, since the postwar era, the US has been dominated by Yankees competing with Cowboys. Nixon, who hailed from the Southwest, was initially backed by the military industrial defense contractor power-brokers (the Cowboys); however, he later wanted to jump ship and return government to the east-coast establishment of Yankees. His resignation accomplished this because Nelson Rockefeller, the epitome of the eastern economic elite, assumed the vice presidency after Nixon’s resignation. Peter Beter’s Conspiracy Against the Dollar further explains how Nixon was possibly a rogue liberal with a conservative mask. Andreas Killen’s 1973 Nervous Breakdown mentions this obscure theory behind Watergate.[citation needed]
Gordon Novel, a man known for several controversial investigations, has claimed Watergate served as a discourse to stop the Nixon administration to hold Senate hearings about a postmortem on the Vietnam war.[33]
See also
* List of scandals with -gate suffix
* Watergate Babies
References
1. ^ a b Dickinson, William B.; Mercer Cross, Barry Polsky (1973). Watergate: chronology of a crisis. 1. Washington D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc.. pp. 8 133 140 180 188. ISBN 0871870592. OCLC 20974031. http://worldcat.org/oclc/20974031. This book is volume 1 of a two volume set. Both volumes share the same ISBN and Library of Congress call number, E859 .C62 1973
2. ^ Dean, John Aurie (1976). Blind ambition: the White House years. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 203–210. ISBN 0-671-22438-7. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2373288.
3. ^ The Watergate hearings: break-in and cover-up; proceedings. New York: Viking Press. 1973. pp. 279. ISBN 0670751529. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865966&referer=brief_results.
4. ^ a b c The Smoking Gun Tape (Transcript of the recording of a meeting between President Nixon and H. R. Haldeman). Watergate.info website. June 23, 1972. http://www.watergate.info/tapes/72-06-23_smoking-gun.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-01-17.
5. ^ The Watergate hearings: break-in and cover-up; proceedings. New York: Viking Press. 1973. ISBN 0670751529. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865966&referer=brief_results.
6. ^ Nixon, Richard (1974). The White House Transcripts. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0670763241. OCLC 1095702. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1095702.
7. ^ The evidence was quite simple: there was the voice of the President on June 23, 1972, directing the CIA to halt an FBI investigation which would be politically embarrassing to his re-election, which was an obstruction of justice. White, Theodore Harold (1975). Breach of faith: the fall of Richard Nixon. New York: Atheneum Publishers. pp. 7. ISBN 0689106580. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1370091&referer=brief_results.
8. ^ And the most punishing blow of all was yet to come in late afternoon when the President received, in his Oval Office, the Congressional leaders of his party — Barry Goldwater, Hugh Scott, John Rhodes. The accounts of all three coincide… Goldwater averred that there were not more than fifteen votes left in his support in the Senate…. White, Theodore Harold (1975). Breach of faith: the fall of Richard Nixon. New York: Atheneum Publishers. pp. 28. ISBN 0689106580. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1370091&referer=brief_results.
9. ^ Soon Alexander Haig and James St. Clair learned of the existence of this tape and they were convinced that it would guarantee Nixon’s impeachment in the House of Representatives and conviction in the Senate. Dash, Samuel (1976). Chief counsel: inside the Ervin Committee — the untold story of Watergate. New York: Random House. pp. 259–260. ISBN 0-394-40853-5. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2388043.
10. ^ Sirica, John J. (1979). To set the record straight: the break-in, the tapes, the conspirators, the pardon. New York: Norton. pp. 44. ISBN 0-393-01234-4.
11. ^ There were still simply too many unanswered questions in the case. By that time, thinking about the break-in and reading about it, I’d have had to be some kind of moron to believe that no other people were involved. No political campaign committee would turn over so much money to a man like Gordon Liddy without someone higher up in the organization approving the transaction. How could I not see that? These questions about the case were on my mind during a pretrial session in my courtroom December 4. Sirica, John J. (1979). To set the record straight: the break-in, the tapes, the conspirators, the pardon. New York: Norton. pp. 56. ISBN 0-393-01234-4. http://worldcat.org/isbn/0393012344.
12. ^ When Judge Sirica finished reading the letter, the courtroom exploded with excitement and reporters ran to the rear entrance to phone their newspapers. The bailiff kept banging for silence. It was a stunning development, exactly what I had been waiting for. Perjury at the trial. The involvement of others. It looked as if Watergate was about to break wide open. Dash, Samuel (1976). Chief counsel: inside the Ervin Committee–the untold story of Watergate. New York: Random House. pp. 30. ISBN 0-394-40853-5. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2388043.
13. ^ Garay, Ronald. Watergate . The Museum of Broadcast Communication. http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/W/htmlW/watergate/watergate.htm. Retrieved on 2007-01-17.
14. ^ Richard Nixon: Question-and-Answer Session at the Annual Convention of the Associated Press Managing Editors Association, Orlando, Florida. The American Presidency Project.
15. ^ Kilpatrick, Carroll, Nixon Tells Editors, ‘I’m Not a Crook’ Washington Post, November 18, 1973.
16. ^ Clymer, Adam (May 9, 2003). National Archives Has Given Up on Filling the Nixon Tape Gap . The New York Times. http://foi.missouri.edu/destructiondocs/natarchives.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-17.
17. ^ Lucas, Dean. Famous Pictures Magazine – Nixon’s V sign . http://www.famouspictures.org/mag/index.php?title=Nixon%27s_V_sign. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
18. ^ a b c Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The ’70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. pp. 31. ISBN 0465041957.
19. ^ Shane, Scott. For Ford, Pardon Decision Was Always Clear-Cut . The New York Times. p. A1.
20. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/opinion/28thur1.html
21. ^ Gettlin, Robert; Colodny, Len (1991). Silent coup: the removal of a president. New York: St. Martin’s Press. pp. 420. ISBN 0312051565. OCLC 22493143. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22493143.
22. ^ Ford, Gerald R. (1979). A time to heal: the autobiography of Gerald R. Ford. San Francisco: Harper & Row. pp. 196–199. ISBN 0060112972. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4835213.
23. ^ Ford (1979), 4.
24. ^ Ford, Gerald (1974-09-08). Gerald R. Ford Pardoning Richard Nixon . Great Speeches Collection. The History Place. http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/ford.htm. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
25. ^ Jerold Auerbach, Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America, New York: Oxford University Press, 1976, p. 301.
26. ^ Thomas J. Johnson, Watergate and the Resignation of Richard Nixon: Impact of a Constitutional Crisis, The Rehabilitation of Richard Nixon , eds. P. Jeffrey and Thomas Maxwell-Long: Washington, D.C., CQ Press, 2004, pp. 148-149.
27. ^ Greenberg, David (2005-06-05), The Unsolved Mysteries of Watergate , The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/05/weekinreview/05green.html
28. ^ DuBois, Larry, and Laurence Gonzales (September 1976). Hughes Nixon and the C.I.A.: The Watergate Conspiracy Woodward and Bernstein Missed. Playboy.
29. ^ DiMona, Joseph; Haldeman, H. R. (1978). The ends of power. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0812907248. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3540631. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
30. ^ Gettlin, Robert; Colodny, Len (1991). Silent coup: the removal of a president. New York: St. Martin’s Press. pp. 420. ISBN 0312051565. OCLC 22493143. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22493143.
31. ^ Who is Deep Throat? Does It Matter? . http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=3736. Retrieved on 2007-11-01.
32. ^ Was Nixon duped? Did Woodward lie? . http://backissues.cjrarchives.org/year/91/6/books-nixon.asp. Retrieved on 2007-11-01.
33. ^ Bill Ryan, Kerry Cassidy (December 2006). Project Camelot – Renegade: Gordon Novel on Camera . written at Los Angeles (in English) (Video and Transcript). http://www.projectcamelot.org/. Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
Further reading
* Doyle, James (1977). Not Above the Law: the battles of Watergate prosecutors Cox and Jaworski. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-03192-7.
* Schudson, Michael (1992). Watergate in American memory: how we remember, forget, and reconstruct the past. New York: BasicBooks. ISBN 0465090842. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25131563.
* White, Theodore Harold (1975). Breach of faith: the fall of Richard Nixon. New York: Atheneum Publishers. ISBN 0689106580. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1370091&referer=brief_results. A comprehensive history of the Watergate Scandal by Teddy White, a respected journalist and author of the The Making of the President series.
* Woodward, Bob and Bernstein, Carl wrote a best-selling book based on their experiences covering the Watergate Scandal for the Washington Post titled All the President’s Men, published in 1974. A film adaptation, starring Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman as Woodward and Bernstein, respectively, was released in 1976.
* Woodward, Bob; Bernstein, Carl. The Final Days. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-7406-7. – contains further details from March 1973 through September 1974.
External links
Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Watergate
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Richard Nixon
* White House tape transcripts
* The White House tapes themselves
* Washington Post Watergate Archive
* Washington Post Watergate Tape Listening Guide
* BBC News reports on Watergate
* Watergate Timeline
* Watergate Key Players
* Extensive set of online Watergate
* Biography of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein
Richard Nixon
Life and politics
Birthplace and boyhood home A Checkers speech A Kitchen debate A Nixon Presidential library A Nixon Center A La Casa Pacifica A Death and funeral
Presidency
Economic policies A Vietnam War A Peace With Honor A Silent Majority A Cold War period A Nixon Doctrine A Visit to China A Détente A Linkage (policy) A Watergate A Resignation address A Judicial appointments
Popular culture
Nixon mask A Nixon A Frost/Nixon
Books
Six Crises A RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (autobiography) A No More Vietnams A Biographical works
Elections
Vice President: 1952 A 1956 A President: 1960 A 1968 A 1972 A Electoral history
Family
Patricia Ryan Nixon (wife) A Tricia Nixon Cox (daughter) A Julie Nixon Eisenhower (daughter) A Frank Nixon (father) A Hannah Nixon (mother)
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal
Categories: Watergate | Conspiracy | Watergate figures | Surveillance scandals | Political scandals in the United States | Nixon administration | United States Presidential controversies
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* This page was last modified on 7 March 2009, at 18:07.
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Richard Nixon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nixon redirects here. For other uses, see Nixon (disambiguation).
Richard M. Nixon
Richard Nixon
37th President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
Vice President Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
vacant (Oct.–Dec. 1973)
Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
Preceded by Lyndon B. Johnson
Succeeded by Gerald Ford
36th Vice President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by Alben W. Barkley
Succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson
United States Senator
from California
In office
December 1, 1950 – January 1, 1953
Preceded by Sheridan Downey
Succeeded by Thomas Kuchel
Member of the United States House of Representatives from California’s 12th congressional district
In office
January 2, 1947 – December 1, 1950
Preceded by Jerry Voorhis
Succeeded by Patrick J. Hillings
Born January 9, 1913(1913-01-09)
Yorba Linda, California
Died April 22, 1994 (aged 81)
New York City
Political party Republican
Spouse Thelma Catherine Pat Ryan
Children Tricia Nixon Cox
Julie Nixon Eisenhower
Alma mater Whittier College
Duke University School of Law
Occupation Lawyer
Religion Quaker
Signature Richard Nixon’s signature
Military service
Service/branch United States Navy
Years of service 1942–1946
Rank Lieutenant Commander
Battles/wars World War II (Pacific Theater)
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States (1969–1974) and the only president to resign the office. He was also the 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961).
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law in La Mirada. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the United States Navy and rose to the rank of Lieutenant Commander during World War II. He was elected in 1946 as a Republican to the House of Representatives representing California’s 12th Congressional district, and in 1950 to the United States Senate. He was chosen by Republican Party nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower to be his running mate in 1952 and served as vice president from 1953 until 1961. Despite announcing his retirement from politics after losing the 1960 presidential election and 1962 California gubernatorial election, Nixon was elected to the presidency in 1968.
The most immediate task facing President Nixon was the Vietnam War. He initially escalated the conflict, overseeing secret bombing campaigns, but soon withdrew American troops and successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending American involvement in the war. His foreign policy was largely successful; he opened relations with the People’s Republic of China and initiated détente with the Soviet Union. Domestically, he implemented new economic policies which called for wage and price control and the abolition of the gold standard. He was reelected by a landslide in 1972. In his second term, the nation was afflicted with economic difficulties. In the face of likely impeachment for his role in the Watergate scandal,[1] Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. His successor, Gerald Ford, issued a pardon for any federal crimes Nixon may have committed while in office.
In his retirement, Nixon became a prolific author and undertook many foreign trips. Though far from universally popular, he gained respect as an elder statesman. He suffered a stroke on April 18, 1994, and died four days later at the age of 81.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Early life
* 2 Law practice
* 3 Marriage
* 4 World War II
* 5 Congressional career
o 5.1 House of Representatives
o 5.2 Senate
* 6 Vice Presidency (1953-1961)
o 6.1 1960 presidential election
* 7 Wilderness years
* 8 1968 presidential election
* 9 Presidency (1969–1974)
o 9.1 First term
+ 9.1.1 Vietnam War
+ 9.1.2 Economy
+ 9.1.3 Civil rights
+ 9.1.4 U.S. space program
+ 9.1.5 Indo-Pakistani War
+ 9.1.6 China
+ 9.1.7 Soviet Union
+ 9.1.8 1972 presidential campaign
o 9.2 Second term
+ 9.2.1 Continuation of economic changes
+ 9.2.2 Federal government initiatives
+ 9.2.3 Yom Kippur War and 1973 oil crisis
o 9.3 Watergate
o 9.4 Judicial appointments
+ 9.4.1 Supreme Court
+ 9.4.2 Other courts
o 9.5 Pardons
* 10 Later life
* 11 Death and funeral
* 12 Public perception
* 13 Legacy
* 14 Bibliography
* 15 Notes
* 16 References
* 17 External links
Early life
Richard Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, to Francis A. Nixon and Hannah Milhous Nixon in a house his father had built in Yorba Linda, California.[2][3][4][5] His mother was a Quaker, and his upbringing is said to have been marked by conservative Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from drinking, dancing, and swearing. His father converted from Methodism to Quakerism after his marriage.[4] Nixon had four brothers: Harold (1909–1933), Donald (1914–1987), Arthur (1918–1925), and Ed (born 1930).[6]
Nixon’s early life was marked by hardships. Two of his brothers died before he was 21 and his family’s ranch failed in 1922. The Nixons then moved to Whittier, California, the home of his mother’s relatives, where his father opened a grocery store.[6]
Nixon initially attended Fullerton High School in Fullerton, but later transferred to Whittier High School, where he graduated second in his class in 1930. Financial concerns forced him to decline a scholarship to Harvard University[7] and to Yale University;[8] he instead enrolled at Whittier College,[9] a local Quaker school, where he co-founded a fraternity known as The Orthogonian Society. Nixon was a formidable debater, standout in collegiate drama productions, student body president, player on the football and basketball teams, and track runner.[9][10] While at Whittier, he lived at home and worked at his family’s store;[9] he also taught Sunday school at East Whittier Friends Church, where he remained a member all his life. In 1934, he graduated second in his class from Whittier, and went on to Duke University School of Law, where he received a full scholarship.[9] His future plans at this time focused solely on law; he was elected president of the Duke Bar Association[11] and graduated third in his class in June 1937.[9]
Law practice
Although Nixon’s first choice was to get a job with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, he returned to California and was admitted to the bar in 1937. He began practicing with Wingert and Bewley,[9] where he worked on commercial litigation for local petroleum companies and other corporate matters as well as on wills.
By his own admission, Nixon would not work on divorce because he was severely embarrassed by women’s confessions of sexual misconduct. Nixon found the practice of law unexciting, but thought that it would gain him experience that would be beneficial in a future political career.[12] In 1938, he opened up his own branch of Wingert and Bewley in La Habra, California,[13] and the following year he became a full partner in the firm.[14]
Marriage
In January 1938 Nixon was cast in the Whittier Community Players production of The Dark Tower. There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma Pat Ryan.[9][15] Nixon pursued her, but initially Ryan was not interested in a relationship. He began dropping in on her at her house unannounced and would take her on Sunday drives to the Quaker Sunday School where he was again teacher.[16] After several proposals, Ryan eventually agreed to marry the future president and they wed at a small ceremony on June 21, 1940.[9]
After a honeymoon in Mexico, the Nixons moved to Long Beach, then settled into an apartment in East Whittier a few months later.[17] In January 1942, they moved to Washington, D.C., where Richard Nixon took a job at the Office of Price Administration.[9]
World War II
Lieutenant Commander Richard Nixon of the United States Navy, 1945
Nixon was eligible for an exemption from military service, both as a Quaker with Quaker parents and through his job working for the OPA, but he did not seek one and was commissioned into the United States Navy in August 1942.[9] He was trained at Naval Air Station Quonset Point, Rhode Island and was assigned to Ottumwa Naval Air Station, Iowa, for seven months. He was subsequently reassigned as the naval passenger control officer for the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command, supporting the logistics of operations in the South West Pacific theater.[18][19] After requesting more challenging duties he was given command of cargo handling units.[20] Nixon returned to the United States with two service stars (although he saw no actual combat) and a citation of commendation, and became the administrative officer of the Alameda Naval Air Station.[21] In January 1945 he was transferred to Philadelphia’s Bureau of Aeronautics office to help negotiate the termination of war contracts. There he received another letter of commendation, this time from Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal. In October 1945, he was promoted to lieutenant commander.[21] He resigned his commission on New Year’s Day 1946.[22]
Congressional career
House of Representatives
Soon after World War II ended some Whittier Republicans approached Nixon about running for a seat in the United States House of Representatives.[23] Nixon accepted, and defeated five term Democratic incumbent Jerry Voorhis in the November 1946 election to represent southern California’s 12th Congressional district.[23] He helped finance the campaign with his World War II poker winnings.[24]
Nixon while serving in Congress
In Congress, Nixon supported the Taft-Hartley Act of 1948, and served on the Education and Labor Committee.[23] He was part of the Herter Committee, which went to Europe to prepare a preliminary report on the newly enacted Marshall Plan.[23]
Nixon first gained national attention in 1948 when his investigation on the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) broke the impasse of the Alger Hiss spy case. Nixon believed Whittaker Chambers’ allegations that Hiss, a high State Department official, was a Soviet spy. He discovered that Chambers saved microfilm reproductions of incriminating documents by hiding the film in a pumpkin; these became known as the Pumpkin Papers .[25] They were alleged to be accessible only to Hiss and to have been typed on his personal typewriter. Hiss was convicted of perjury in 1950 for statements he made to the HUAC. The discovery that Hiss, who had been an adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, could have been a Soviet spy thrust Nixon into the public eye and made him a hero to many of Roosevelt’s enemies, and an enemy to many of Roosevelt’s supporters. In reality, his support for internationalism put him closer to the center of the Republican party. This case turned the young Congressman into a national, and controversial, figure.[23] Due to his popularity, Nixon was easily reelected in 1948.[23]
Senate
In the 1950 mid-term elections, Nixon challenged and defeated Democratic Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas in a landslide to win a seat in the United States Senate.[26] The campaign was very contentious. Nixon felt the former actress was a left-wing sympathizer and said she was pink right down to her underwear. [26] Douglas responded by bestowing upon Nixon the nickname Tricky Dick. [26]
As a senator, Nixon took a prominent position in opposing global communism. He traveled frequently, speaking out against what he labeled as the threat. [26] He also criticized what he saw as President Harry S. Truman’s mishandling of the Korean War.[26] He supported statehood for Alaska and Hawaii, voted in favor of civil rights, and favored disaster relief for India and Yugoslavia.[27] He voted against price and other controls, illegal immigration, and public power.[27]
Vice Presidency (1953-1961)
Main article: Eisenhower Administration
Due to his anti-communist stance, the 39-year-old Nixon was selected by Republican party nominee General Dwight D. Eisenhower to be the Vice Presidential candidate at the Republican National Convention in July 1952.[28] In September, the New York Post produced an article claiming that campaign donors were buying influence with Nixon by providing him with a secret cash fund for his personal expenses.[28] Nixon responded by saying that the fund was not secret and produced an independent audit showing that it was used only for political purposes.[28] Republicans, including those within Eisenhower’s campaign, pressured Eisenhower to remove Nixon from the ticket, but Eisenhower realized he was unlikely to win without Nixon.[29]
Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon at a campaign stop for the presidential election of 1952
Nixon appeared on television on September 23, 1952 to defend himself, in a famous speech. He provided an independent third-party review of the fund’s accounting, along with a summary of his personal finances.[28] The speech became better known for its rhetoric, such as when he stated his wife Pat did not wear mink, but rather a respectable Republican cloth coat, and that although he had been given an American Cocker Spaniel named Checkers in addition to his other campaign contributions, he was not going to give the dog back because his daughters loved it.[28] This speech became known as the Checkers speech. It resulted in much support from the Republican party base and from the general public,[30] and helped keep him on the ticket.[28] In the 1952 presidential elections, Eisenhower and Nixon defeated their opponents, Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson and Alabama Senator John Sparkman, by seven million votes.[28]
As Vice-President, Nixon expanded the office into an important and prominent post.[28][31] Although he had little formal power, he had the attention of the media and the Republican Party. Using these, Nixon and his wife undertook many foreign trips of goodwill to garner support for American policies during the Cold War.[28] On one such trip to Caracas, Venezuela, anti-American protesters disrupted and assaulted Nixon’s motorcade, injuring Venezuela’s foreign minister.[28] Nixon was lauded and attracted international media attention for his calm and coolness during the events.[28]
In July 1959, President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the Soviet Union for Moscow’s opening of the American National Exhibition.[28] On July 24, 1959, while touring the exhibits with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, they stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in the impromptu Kitchen Debate about the merits of capitalism versus Communism.[28]
Nixon was the first Vice President to step in temporarily, and unofficially, to run the government.[citation needed] Nixon would conduct National Security meetings in the president’s absence.[28] As President of the Senate, Nixon intervened to make procedural rulings on filibusters in order to assure the passage of Eisenhower’s 1957 civil rights bill, which created the United States Commission on Civil Rights and protected voting rights.[32]
As Vice President, he officially opened the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California.[33]
1960 presidential election
Main article: United States presidential election, 1960
Nixon debates John F. Kennedy in the first-ever televised U.S. presidential election debate.
In 1960, Nixon launched his campaign for President of the United States. He faced little competition in the Republican primaries, and chose former Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. as his running mate.[28] His Democratic challenger was John F. Kennedy, and the race remained close for the duration.[34] Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the Eisenhower-Nixon administration allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in ballistic missiles (the missile gap ). Kennedy told voters it was time to get the country moving again. [35] In the midst of the campaign, Nixon advocated stimulative tax cuts in what became a supply-side theory.[36] He also presented a plan for economic growth and deficit reduction, which appealed to many.[36]
A new medium was brought to the campaign: televised presidential debates. In the first of four such debates, Nixon was recovering from illness and, wearing little makeup, looked wan and uncomfortable, in contrast to the composed Kennedy.[28] Nixon’s performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television, though many people listening on the radio thought he won.[37]
That November, Nixon lost the 1960 election narrowly. The final count recorded that he lost by 120,000 votes, or 0.2%.[28] There were charges of vote fraud in Texas and Illinois; Nixon supporters unsuccessfully challenged results in both states as well as nine others.[38] The Kennedy campaign successfully challenged Nixon’s victory in Hawaii; after all the court battles and recounts were done, Kennedy had a greater number of electoral votes than he held after Election Day.[38] Nixon halted further investigations to avoid a Constitutional crisis.[38] Nixon and Kennedy later met in Key Biscayne, Florida, where Kennedy offered Nixon a job in his administration, an offer which Nixon declined.[39]
Wilderness years
Nixon playing the piano, Beverly Hills, California, 1962
Following his loss to Kennedy, Nixon and his family returned to California, where he practiced law and wrote a bestselling book, Six Crises.[28] It recorded his political involvement as a congressman, senator and vice president and used six different crises Nixon had experienced throughout his political career to illustrate his political memoirs. The work won praise from many policy experts and critics. It also found a favorable critic in Mao Zedong, who referred to the book during Nixon’s visit in 1972.[40]
In 1962, local and national Republican leaders encouraged Nixon to challenge incumbent Governor of California Pat Brown in that year’s election.[28] Despite initial reluctance, Nixon entered the race.[28] The campaign was clouded by public suspicion that Nixon viewed the governorship as a political stepping-stone to a higher office, some opposition from the far-right of the party, and his own lack of interest in being California’s governor.[28] He lost to Brown by nearly 300,000 votes.[28] This loss was widely believed to be the end of his career;[28] in an impromptu concession speech the morning after the election, Nixon famously blamed the media for favoring his opponent, saying, You won’t have Nixon to kick around anymore because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference. [28] The California defeat was highlighted in the November 11, 1962, episode of ABC’s Howard K. Smith: News and Comment entitled The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon. Some claimed that Smith’s broadcast helped Nixon to begin what would become a six-year comeback to the presidency.[41]
The Nixon family traveled to Europe in 1963; during the trip, Nixon gave press conferences and arranged to meet with the leaders of the countries he visited.[42] The family soon moved to New York City, where Nixon became a senior partner in the leading law firm Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander.[28] Though largely out of the public eye, he was still supported by much of the Republican base who respected his knowledge of politics and international affairs.[28] This reputation was enhanced when Nixon wrote an article in Foreign Affairs entitled Asia After Vietnam ,[28] in which he proposed a new relationship with China.[43] He campaigned for Republican candidates in the 1966 Congressional elections[28] and took an extended trip to South America and parts of the Middle East in 1967.[44]
At the end of 1967, Nixon was experiencing a crisis of indecision about whether to run for president the following year. He consulted with longtime friend Reverend Dr. Billy Graham, who urged him to run.[45] He later held a dinner at his home with friends and all supported a presidential bid, except for his wife.[45] He formally announced his candidacy for president of the United States on February 1, 1968.[45]
1968 presidential election
Main article: United States presidential election, 1968
Nixon portrayed himself as a figure of stability during a period of national unrest and upheaval.[46] He appealed to what he called the Silent Majority of socially conservative Americans who disliked the hippie counterculture and the anti-war demonstrators, and soon won the nomination. Nixon’s running mate, Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew, became an increasingly vocal critic of these groups, solidifying Nixon’s position with the right.[47]
Nixon waged a prominent television campaign, meeting with supporters in front of cameras.[48] He stressed that the crime rate was too high, and attacked what he perceived as a surrender by the Democrats of the United States’ nuclear superiority.[49] His campaign was aided by turmoil within the Democratic party:[46] President Lyndon B. Johnson, consumed with the Vietnam War, announced that he would not seek reelection; Senator Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in Los Angeles; and the campaign eventual nominee Hubert Humphrey, experienced some rough periods following mass protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.[46] Nixon appeared to represent a calmer society.[46] With regards to the Vietnam War, he promised peace with honor, and campaigned on the notion that new leadership will end the war and win the peace in the Pacific. He did not give specific plans on how to end the war, causing the media to intimate that he must have a secret plan. [50] His slogan of Nixon’s the One proved to be effective.[48]
In a three-way race between Nixon, Humphrey, and independent candidate George Wallace, Nixon defeated Humphrey by nearly 500,000 votes to become the 37th President of the United States on November 5, 1968.[46] Nixon had achieved a remarkable comeback from his last press conference six years before.[51]
Presidency (1969–1974)
Nixon is sworn in as the 37th President on January 20, 1969, with the new First Lady, Pat, holding the family Bibles.
First term
Nixon was inaugurated on January 20, 1969. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open to Isaiah 2:4, reading, They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks. [52] In his inaugural address, which received almost uniformly positive reviews, Nixon said, The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. [52] He set out to reconstruct the Western Alliance, develop a relationship with China, pursue arms control agreements with the Soviet Union, activate a peace process in the Middle East, restrain inflation, implement anti-crime measures, accelerate desegregation, and reform welfare.[52] The most immediate task, however, was the Vietnam War.[52]
The Nixon Cabinet
Office Name Term
President Richard Nixon 1969–1974
Vice President Spiro Agnew 1969–1973
Gerald Ford 1973–1974
Secretary of State William P. Rogers 1969–1973
Henry Kissinger 1973–1974
Secretary of Treasury David M. Kennedy 1969–1971
John Connally 1971–1972
George Shultz 1972–1974
William Simon 1974–1975
Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird 1969–1973
Elliot Richardson 1973–1974
James Schlesinger 1973–1974
Attorney General John N. Mitchell 1969–1972
Richard Kleindienst 1972–1973
Elliot Richardson 1973–1974
William B. Saxbe 1974–
Postmaster General Winton M. Blount 1969–1971
Secretary of the Interior Walter Joseph Hickel 1969–1971
Rogers Morton 1971–1974
Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin 1969–1971
Earl Butz 1971–1974
Secretary of Commerce Maurice Stans 1969–1972
Peter Peterson 1972–1973
Frederick B. Dent 1973–1974
Secretary of Labor George Shultz 1969–1970
James D. Hodgson 1970–1973
Peter J. Brennan 1973–1974
Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare Robert Finch 1969–1970
Elliot Richardson 1970–1973
Caspar Weinberger 1973–1974
Secretary of Housing and
Urban Development George W. Romney 1969–1973
James Thomas Lynn 1973–1974
Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe 1969–1973
Claude Brinegar 1973–1974
Vietnam War
Main articles: Vietnam War and Role of United States in the Vietnam War
When Nixon took office, 300 American soldiers were dying per week in the Vietnam War. The Johnson administration had negotiated a deal in which the U.S. would suspend the bombing of North Vietnam in exchange for unconditional negotiations, but this faltered. Nixon face the choice of devising a new policy to chance securing South Vietnam as a non-communist state, or withdrawing American forces completely.[53]
Nixon approved a secret bombing campaign of North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia in March 1969[54] (code-named Operation Menu) to destroy what was believed to be the headquarters of the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam. The Air Force considered the bombings a success.[54] He then proposed simultaneous substantial withdrawals of North Vietnamese and American forces from South Vietnam one year after reaching a mutual agreement.[55]
In July 1969, the Nixons visited South Vietnam, where Nixon met with President Nguyen Van Thieu and with U.S. military commanders. Amidst protests at home, he implemented the Nixon Doctrine, a strategy of replacing American troops with the Vietnamese troops, also called Vietnamization. [46] He soon enacted phased U.S. troop withdrawals[56] but bombed Laos, in part to interrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail that passed through Laos and Cambodia. Nixon’s 1968 campaign promise to curb the war and his subsequent Laos bombing raised questions in the press about a credibility gap, similar to that encountered earlier in the war by Lyndon B. Johnson.[56] In a televised speech on April 30, 1970, Nixon announced the incursion of U.S. troops into Cambodia to disrupt so-called North Vietnamese sanctuaries. This led to protest and student strikes that temporarily closed 536 universities, colleges, and high schools.[57]
Nixon formed the Gates Commission to look into ending the military service draft,[58] implemented under President Johnson. The Gates Commission issued its report in February 1970, describing how adequate military strength could be maintained without having conscription.[59] The draft was extended to June 1973,[60] and then ended. Military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers, and television advertising for the United States Army began.[61]
In December 1972, though concerned about the level of civilian casualties, Nixon approved Linebacker II, the codename for aerial bombings of military and industrial targets in North Vietnam.[62] After much fighting, a peace treaty was signed in 1973.[63] Under Nixon, American involvement in the war steadily declined from a troop strength of 543,000 to zero in 1973.[46]
Economy
Under Nixon, direct payments from the federal government to individual American citizens in government benefits (including Social Security and Medicare) rose from 6.3% of the Gross National Product (GNP) to 8.9%. Food aid and public assistance also rose, beginning at $6.6 billion and escalating to $9.1 billion. Defense spending decreased from 9.1% to 5.8% of the GNP. The revenue sharing program pioneered by Nixon delivered $80 billion to individual states and municipalities.[64]
Nixon announced new economic policies on August 15, 1971 in a televised speech to the nation. The Democratic Congress passed the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970, giving Nixon power to set wages and prices; it did not believe he would use it and felt this would make him look indecisive.[65] While opposed to permanent wage and price controls,[66] Nixon imposed the controls on a temporary basis[67] in a 90 day wage and price freeze.[68] The controls (enforced for large corporations, voluntary for others) were the largest since World War II; they were relaxed after the initial 90 days, although unemployment did not decrease.[69] A Pay Board set wage controls limiting increases to 5.5% per year, and the Price Commission set a 2.5% annual limit on price increases.[70] The limits did help to control wages, but not inflation.[71] Overall, however, the controls were viewed as successful in the short term[72] and were popular with the public, who felt Nixon was rescuing them from price-gougers and from a foreign-caused exchange crisis.[69][73] The next day, the Dow Jones measured a then-record one day increase.
Nixon was worried about the effects of increasing inflation and accelerating unemployment,[69] so he indexed Social Security for inflation, and created Supplemental Security Income (SSI). In 1969, he had presented the only balanced budget between 1961 and 1998.[74] However, despite speeches declaring an opposition to the idea, he decided to offer Congress a budget with deficit spending to reduce unemployment and declared, Now I am a Keynesian. [69] He also explored creating a universal minimum income and universal health care, but was not able to realize either.[75]
Nixon in the Oval Office
Another large part of Nixon’s plan was the detachment of the dollar from the gold standard.[68] By the time Nixon took office, U.S. gold reserves had declined from $25 billion to $10.5 billion. Gold was an underpriced commodity, as the dollar was overpriced as a currency. The United States was on the verge of running its first trade deficit in over 75 years.[76] The price of gold had been set at $35 an ounce since the days of Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency; foreign countries acquired more dollar reserves, outnumbering the entire amount of gold the United States possessed. Nixon completely eradicated the gold standard, preventing other countries from being able to claim gold in exchange for their dollar reserves, but also weakening the exchange rate of the dollar against other currencies and increasing inflation by driving up the cost of imports.[69] Nixon felt that the dollar should float freely like other currencies.[77] Said Nixon in his speech:
The American dollar must never again be a hostage in the hands of international speculators…. Government… does not hold the key to the success of a people. That key… is in your hands. Every action I have taken tonight is designed to nurture and stimulate that competitive spirit to help us snap out of self-doubt, the self-disparagement that saps our energy and erodes our confidence in ourselves… Whether the nation stays Number One depends on your competitive spirit, your sense of personal destiny, your pride in your country and yourself. [78]
Other parts of the Nixon plan included the reimposition of a 10% investment tax credit, assistance to the automobile industry in the form of removal of excise taxes (provided the savings were passed directly to the consumer),[77] an end to fixed exchange rates, devaluation of the dollar on the free market, and a 10% tax on all imports into the U.S.[68] The U.S. economy was gradually transformed into tertiary industry; U.S. income rose, and unionization declined.[68]
Nixon wanted to lift the spirits of the country as polls showed increasing concern about the economy. His program was viewed by nearly everyone to be exceptionally bold, and astounded the Democrats.[78] Nixon soon experienced a bounce in the polls.[79] His economic program was determined to be a clear success by December 1971.[80] One of Nixon’s economic advisers, Herbert Stein, wrote: Probably more new regulation was imposed on the economy during the Nixon administration than in any other presidency since the New Deal. [69]
Civil rights
The Nixon years witnessed the first large-scale integration of public schools in the South.[81] Strategically, Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist George C. Wallace and liberal Democrats, whose support of integration was alienating some Southern white Democrats. His plan has since become known as the Southern strategy.[82] He was determined to implement exactly what the courts had ordered— desegregation — but did not favor busing children, in the words of author Conrad Black, all over the country to satisfy the capricious meddling of judges. [83] Nixon, the Quaker, felt that racism was the greatest moral failure of the United States[84] and concentrated on the principle that the law must be color-blind: I am convinced that while legal segregation is totally wrong, forced integration of housing or education is just as wrong. [85]
Nixon tied desegregation to improving the quality of education[84] and enforced the law after the Supreme Court, in Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education (1969), prohibited further delays. By fall of 1970, two million southern black children enrolled in newly created unitary fully integrated school districts; this meant that only 18% of Southern black children attended all-black schools, a decrease from 70% when Nixon came to office.[75] Nixon’s Cabinet Committee on Education, under the leadership of Labor Secretary George P. Shultz, quietly set up local biracial committees to assure smooth compliance without violence or political grandstanding.[86] In this sense, Nixon was the greatest school desegregator in American history, historian Dean Kotlowski concluded.[87] Author Conrad Black concurred: In his singular, unsung way, Richard Nixon defanged and healed one of the potentially greatest controversies of the time. [88]
Nixon immediately endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment after it passed both houses of Congress in 1971 and went to the states for ratification as a Constitutional amendment.[89]
U.S. space program
Nixon visits the Apollo 11 astronauts in quarantine.
In 1969, Nixon’s first year in office, the United States sent three men up to the moon, becoming the first nation in the world to do so. On July 20, Nixon addressed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, two of the astronauts, live via radio during their historic Apollo 11 moonwalk. Nixon also placed a telephone call to Armstrong on the moon, the longest distance phone call ever,[90] and called it the most historic phone call ever made from the White House. [91] He observed their landing in the ocean from the deck of the aircraft carrier USS Hornet.[91] All U.S. Project Apollo moon landings, and the attempted moon landing of Apollo 13, took place during Nixon’s first term.
On January 5, 1972, Nixon approved the development of NASA’s Space Shuttle program,[92] a decision that profoundly influenced American efforts to explore and develop space for several decades thereafter. Under the Nixon administration, however, NASA’s budget declined.[93] NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine was drawing up ambitious plans for the establishment of a permanent base on the Moon by the end of the 1970s and the launch of a manned expedition to Mars as early as 1981. Nixon, however, rejected this proposal.[94]
Indo-Pakistani War
Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
A conflict broke out in Pakistan in 1971 following independence demonstrations in East Pakistan; President Yahya Khan instructed the Pakistani Army to quell the riots, resulting in widespread human rights abuses. President Nixon liked Yahya personally, and credited him for helping to open a channel to China; accordingly, he felt obligated to support him in the struggle.[95] But there were limits as to how far the United States could associate itself with Pakistan due to human rights abuse.[95] American public opinion was concerned with the atrocities[96] and the suppression of over 10 million people into India.[95]
Nixon relayed messages to Yahya, urging him to restrain Pakistani forces.[97] His objective was to prevent a war and safeguard Pakistan’s interests, though he was also fearful of an Indian invasion of West Pakistan that would lead to Indian domination of the sub-continent and strengthen the position of the Soviet Union,[98] which had recently signed a cooperation treaty with India. Nixon felt that the Soviet Union was inciting the country.[97]
Nixon met with Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and did not believe her assertion that she would not invade Pakistan.[99] On December 3, Yahya attacked the Indian Air Force and Gandhi retaliated, pushing into East Pakistan.[100] Nixon issued a statement blaming Pakistan for starting the conflict but blaming India for escalating it[100] because he favored a cease-fire.[101] The United States was secretly encouraging the shipment of military equipment from Iran, Turkey, and Jordan to Pakistan, reimbursing those countries[102] despite Congressional objections.[103] A cease fire was reached on December 16 and Bangladesh was created.[104]
China
Main article: 1972 Nixon visit to China
President Nixon shakes hands with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai upon arriving in Beijing
Relations between the Western powers and Eastern Bloc changed dramatically in the early 1970s. In 1960, the People’s Republic of China publicly split from its main ally, the Soviet Union, in the Sino-Soviet Split. As tension along the border between the two communist nations reached its peak in 1969 and 1970, Nixon decided to use their conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War.[105]
Nixon had begun entreating China a mere month into office by sending covert messages of rapprochement through third-party nations such as Romania and Pakistan.[106] He reduced many trade restrictions between the two countries, and silenced anti-China voices within the White House. By January 1970, the two nations began secret discussions in Warsaw, Poland, though the Chinese canceled these.[106]
In April 1971, the Chinese table tennis team invited the American table tennis team to attend a demonstration competition for a week in China.[107] Unbeknownst to the Americans, the invitation came upon the order of Mao Zedong himself, who had taken note of Nixon’s subtle overtures to improve U.S.-Chinese relations, including the conflict in Pakistan.[107] This was significant in that the fifteen-member table tennis team were the first Americans to enter China in more than twenty years[107] (the term ping pong diplomacy arose from this encounter).[108]
Chinese Premier Chou En-lai, through the Pakistani ambassador, had relayed a message to Nixon reading, The Chinese government reaffirms its willingness to receive publicly in Peking a special envoy of the president of the United States, or the U.S. secretary of state, or even the president himself. [109] Nixon sent then-National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger on a secret mission to China in July 1971 to arrange a visit by the president and first lady.[109] Soon, the world was stunned to learn that Nixon intended to visit Communist China the following year.[110]
President Nixon greets Chinese Party Chairman Mao Zedong (left) in a historic visit to the People’s Republic of China, 1972.
In February 1972, President and Mrs. Nixon traveled to China, where the president was to engage in direct talks with Mao and Chou. Kissinger briefed Nixon for over forty hours in preparation.[111] Upon touching down, Nixon and Pat emerged from Air Force One and greeted Chou. According to Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose:
[Nixon] knew that when his old friend John Foster Dulles had refused to shake the hand of Chou En-lai in Geneva in 1954, Chou had felt insulted. He knew too that American television cameras would be at the Peking airport to film his arrival. A dozen times on the way to Peking, Nixon told Kissinger and Secretary of State William Rogers that they were to stay on the plane until he had descended the gangway and shaken Zhou Enlai’s hand. As added insurance, a Secret Service agent blocked the aisle of Air Force One to make sure the president emerged alone. [112]
Over one hundred television journalists accompanied the president. On Nixon’s orders, television was strongly favored over printed publications, as it would capture the trip’s visuals much better while snubbing the print journalists Nixon despised.[112]
Nixon and Kissinger were soon summoned to an hour long meeting with Mao and Zhou, at Mao’s official private residence, where they discussed a range of issues.[113] Mao later told his doctor that he had been impressed by Nixon, who was forthright, unlike the leftists and the Soviets.[113] He also said he was suspicious of Kissinger,[113] though the National Security Advisor referred to their meeting as his encounter with history. [112] A formal banquet welcoming the presidential party was conducted that evening in the Great Hall of the People. The following day, Nixon met with Chou to discuss serious matters; during this meeting he stated that he believed “there is one China, and Taiwan is a part of China.”[114][115][116] When not in meetings, Nixon toured architectural wonders including the Forbidden City, Ming Tombs, and the Great Wall.[112] Americans received their first glance into China via Pat Nixon, who toured the city of Peking and visited communes, schools, factories, and hospitals accompanied by the American media.[112]
The visit ushered in a new era of Chinese-American relations.[46] Fearing the possibility of a Sino-American alliance, the Soviet Union yielded to American pressure for détente.[117]
Soviet Union
Nixon used the improving international environment to address the topic of nuclear peace. Following his successful visit to China, the Nixon administration drew up plans for the president to visit the Soviet Union. The President and First Lady arrived in Moscow on May 22, 1972.[118]
Nixon meets with Brezhnev during the Soviet Leader’s trip to the U.S. in 1973
Nixon met with Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev, and engaged in intense negotiations regarding international issues[118] with his Soviet counterpart.[46] out of this summit meeting came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties: SALT I, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers,[46] and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of peaceful coexistence and established groundbreaking new policy of détente (or cooperation) between the two superpowers. Détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually. A banquet was held that evening at the Kremlin.[118]
Nixon extended the Nixon Doctrine from Vietnam to his policy toward the Soviet Union, believing that helping Iran become stronger would check the Soviets’ power.[119] To win American friendship, both China and the Soviet Union cut back on their diplomatic support for North Vietnam and advised Hanoi to come to terms.[120][121][122] Nixon laid out his strategy:
I had long believed that an indispensable element of any successful peace initiative in Vietnam was to enlist, if possible, the help of the Soviets and the Chinese. Though rapprochement with China and détente with the Soviet Union were ends in themselves, I also considered them possible means to hasten the end of the war. At worst, Hanoi was bound to feel less confident if Washington was dealing with Moscow and Beijing. At best, if the two major Communist powers decided that they had bigger fish to fry, Hanoi would be pressured into negotiating a settlement we could accept.[123]
Having made great progress over the last two years in U.S.-Soviet relations, Nixon planned a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1973.[124] He arrived in Moscow on June 27 to a welcome ceremony, cheering crowds, and a state dinner at the Grand Kremlin Palace that evening.[124] Nixon and Brezhnev met in Yalta, where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact, détente, and MIRVs. While he considered proposing a comprehensive test-ban treaty, Nixon felt that it would take far too long to accomplish.[124] There were not any significant breakthroughs in these negotiations.[124]
1972 presidential campaign
Main article: United States presidential election, 1972
Nixon entered his name on the New Hampshire primary ballot on January 5, 1972, effectively announcing his candidacy for reelection.[125] Nixon had expected his Democratic opponent to be Senator Ted Kennedy,[126] but Senator Edmund Muskie soon became the front runner of the Democrats, with Senator George McGovern in a close second place.[125] Alabama Governor George Wallace entered the race as well; popular in Florida, he would create havoc among the Democrats and boost Nixon’s campaign.[127]
Nixon campaigns during the 1972 presidential campaign
Prominent issues of the early campaign included school busing and heated relations between the three branches of the government. Nixon defeated Congressman Paul McCloskey and Congressman John Ashbrook with 70% of the vote in the March New Hampshire primary, and later won Florida with 87% of the vote (McCloskey had withdrawn).[128] This largely assured him the Republican nomination.[128] On the Democratic side in New Hampshire, Muskie defeated McGovern in the primary 48% to 37%.[128] McGovern did not campaign in Florida and won only 5% of the vote, while Wallace took 42% in a field of ten opponents.[128] Muskie received 14%, effectively ending his campaign.[128]
Nixon addressed the nation on March 16 about the school busing issue, reiterating that it was wrong to force a child onto a school bus and that busing lowered the quality of education.[128] He announced the Equal Education Opportunities bill that would seek a moratorium on local school busing.[129] The bill passed and the poorest school districts were slowly improved.[129] Vietnam was still ongoing, though Nixon had reduced troop levels dramatically.
Meanwhile, George Wallace was shot on May 15; though he recovered, he was confined to a wheelchair. He then won absolute majorities in several other primaries, placing him well ahead of other Democratic candidates.[130] McGovern, however, chaired a commission that allocated delegates based off of an affirmative action plan, giving fixed weight to ethnic groups and gerrymandered the convention for himself.[129] On June 10, McGovern won the California primary and secured the Democratic nomination.[131]
That August, Nixon was renominated at the 1972 Republican National Convention. He dismissed the Democratic platform as cowardly and divisive.[132] Nixon was ahead in most polls for the entire election cycle, and was reelected that November in one of the biggest landslide election victories in U.S. political history. He defeated McGovern with over 60% of the popular vote. He carried 49 of the 50 states, losing only in Massachusetts and the District of Columbia.[133]
Second term
Nixon is sworn in for a second term in 1973
On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned amid charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering from his tenure as Maryland’s governor. Nixon chose Representative Gerald Ford, Republican Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, to replace Agnew.[134]
Continuation of economic changes
After he won reelection, Nixon found that inflation was increasing, and the legislation authorizing price controls expired April 30, 1973. The Senate Democratic Caucus recommended a 90-day freeze on all profits, interest rates, and prices.[72] Nixon re-imposed price controls in June 1973, echoing his 1971 plan, as food prices rose; this time, he focused on agricultural exports and limited the freeze to 60 days.[72]
The price controls became unpopular with the public and businesspeople, who saw powerful labor unions as preferable to the price board bureaucracy.[72] Business owners, however, now saw the controls as permanent rather than temporary, and voluntary compliance decreased.[72] The controls produced food shortages, as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss.[72] The controls were slowly ended, and by April 30, 1974, the control authority from Congress had lapsed.[72] However, the controls on oil and natural gas prices persisted for several years.[69] Nixon also dramatically increased spending on federal employees’ salaries while the economy was plagued by the 1973–1974 stock market crash.[135]
Federal government initiatives
Nixon believed in using government wisely to benefit all, supporting the idea of practical liberalism.[136] During the Nixon administration, the United States established many government agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)[137] and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).[69] In addition, the Post Office Department was abolished as a cabinet department and reorganized as a government-owned corporation: the U.S. Postal Service.
Nixon impounded billions of dollars in federal spending and expanded the power of the Office of Management and Budget.[138] He established the Consumer Product Safety Commission in 1972[137] and promoted the Legacy of parks program. He implemented the Philadelphia Plan, the first significant federal affirmative action program.[139] Nixon authorized the Clean Air Act of 1970, which has been called[by whom?] one of the most significant pieces of environmental legislation ever signed.[75] In 1971, Nixon proposed the creation of four new government departments superseding the current structure: departments organized for the goal of efficient and effective public service as opposed to the thematic bases of Commerce, Labor, Transportation, Agriculture, et al. Departments including the State, Treasury, Defense, and Justice would remain under this proposal.[140] In his 1974 State of the Union address, Nixon called for comprehensive health insurance.[141] On February 6, 1974, he introduced the Comprehensive Health Insurance Act. Nixon’s plan would have mandated employers to purchase health insurance for their employees, and in addition provided a federal health plan, similar to Medicaid, that any American could join by paying on a sliding scale based on income.[141][142][143]
Yom Kippur War and 1973 oil crisis
The Nixon administration supported Israel, a powerful American ally in the Middle East, during the Yom Kippur War. When an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria—allies to the Soviets—attacked in October 1973, Israel suffered initial losses and pressed European powers for help, but (with the notable exception of the Netherlands) the Europeans responded with inaction. Nixon cut through inter-departmental squabbles and bureaucracy to initiate an airlift of American arms. By the time the U.S. and the Soviet Union negotiated a truce, Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory. A long-term effect was the movement of Egypt away from the Soviets toward the U.S. But Israel’s victory came at the cost to the U.S. of the 1973 oil crisis; the members of OPEC decided to raise oil prices in response to the American support of Israel.[144]
After Nixon chose to go off the gold standard, foreign countries increased their currency reserves in anticipation of currency fluctuation, which caused deflation of the dollar and other world currencies. Since oil was paid for in dollars, OPEC was receiving less value for their product. They cut production and announced price hikes and an embargo targeted at the United States and the Netherlands, specifically blaming U.S. support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War for the actions.[145]
On January 2, 1974, Nixon signed a bill that lowered the maximum U.S. speed limit to 55 miles per hour (90 km/h) in order to conserve gasoline during the crisis.[146] This law was repealed in 1995, though states had been allowed to raise the limit to 65 miles per hour in rural areas since 1987.[147][148]
Watergate
Main article: Watergate scandal
Nixon bids farewell to his staff, August 9, 1974, as first lady Pat Nixon and the rest of his family look on
The Fords escort the Nixons across the South Lawn of the White House to the waiting presidential helicopter before Gerald Ford takes the oath of office, August 9, 1974
The term Watergate has come to encompass an array of illegal and secret activities undertaken by the Nixon administration. The activities came to light in the aftermath of five men being caught breaking into Democratic party headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972.[149] The Washington Post picked up on the story, while reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward relied on an FBI informant known as Deep Throat to link the men to the Nixon White House.[149] This became one of a series of scandalous acts involving the Committee to Re-Elect the President.[149] Nixon downplayed the scandal as mere politics, and his White House denounced the story as biased and misleading.[149] As the FBI eventually confirmed that Nixon aides had attempted to sabotage the Democrats, many began resigning and senior aides faced prosecution.[149]
Nixon’s alleged role in ordering a cover-up came to light after the testimony of John Dean.[150] In July 1973, White House aide Alexander Butterfield testified that Nixon had a secret taping system that recorded his conversations and phone calls in the Oval Office.[150] Unlike the tape recordings by earlier Presidents, Nixon’s were subpoenaed. The White House refused to release them, citing executive privilege.[150] A tentative deal was reached in which the White House would provide written summaries of the tapes, but this was rejected by Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox, a former member of the Kennedy administration.[150] Cox was fired, and replaced by Leon Jaworski, a former member of the Johnson administration.[150] Jaworski revealed an audio tape of conversations held in the White House on June 20, 1972, which featured an unexplained 18½ minute gap.[150] The first deleted section, of about five minutes, has been attributed to human error on the part of Rose Mary Woods, the President’s personal secretary, who admitted accidentally wiping the section while transcribing the tape. The gap, while not conclusive proof of wrong-doing on the part of the President, cast doubt on Nixon’s claim that he was unaware of the cover-up.[151]
Nixon displays the V-for-victory sign as he departs the White House after resigning
Though Nixon lost much popular support, including from some in his own party, he rejected accusations of wrongdoing and vowed to stay in office.[150] He insisted that he had made mistakes, but had no prior knowledge of the burglary, did not break any laws, and did not learn of the coverup until early 1973.[152] On November 17, 1973, during a televised question and answer session with the press,[151] Nixon said,
“ People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I’m not a crook. I’ve earned everything I’ve got.[153] ”
Richard Nixon’s resignation speech
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Resignation speech of President Richard Nixon, delivered 8 August 1974.
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In April 1974, Nixon announced the release of 1200 pages transcripts of White House conversations between him and his aides.[152] Despite this, the House Judiciary Committee, controlled by Democrats, opened impeachment hearings against the President on May 9, 1974.[152] On July 24, the Supreme Court then ruled that the tapes must be released to Jaworski; one of the secret recordings, known as the Smoking Gun tape, was released on August 5, 1974, and revealed that Nixon knew of the cover-up from its inception and had administration officials try to stop the FBI’s investigation.[151] In light of his loss of political support and the near certainty of impeachment, Nixon resigned the office of the presidency on August 9, 1974, after addressing the nation on television the previous evening.[152] The resignation speech was delivered on August 8, 1974, at 9:01 p.m. Eastern Time from the Oval Office of the White House and was carried live on radio and television. The core of the speech was Nixon’s announcement that Gerald Ford, as Vice President, would succeed to the presidency, effective at noon Eastern Time the next day. Around this announcement, he discussed his feelings about his presidential work and general political issues that needed attention once he left. He never admitted to criminal wrongdoing, although he conceded errors of judgment. During the Watergate scandal, Nixon’s approval rating fell to 23%.[154]
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Main article: Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates
Nixon appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Warren E. Burger as Chief Justice in 1969, Harry Andrew Blackmun in 1970, Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. in 1972, and William Rehnquist later that year.
Other courts
Main article: Richard Nixon judicial appointments
In addition to his four Supreme Court appointments, Nixon appointed 46 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 181 judges to the United States district courts. Nixon formally nominated one person, Charles A. Bane, for a federal appellate judgeship. Bane was never confirmed.
Pardons
Further information: List of people pardoned or clemenced by a United States president
President Nixon issued 926 pardons or commutations.[155] Among notable cases were labor leader Jimmy Hoffa (sentence commuted on condition)[156] and mobster Angelo DeCarlo (convicted of extortion; served 1 1/2 years; pardoned due to poor health). DeCarlo’s pardon was later investigated, but no evidence was found of corruption.
During his presidency, Nixon decided to grant a clemency in over 20% of requests.[157]
Later life
Following his resignation, Nixon and his wife returned to their home La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente, California.[158] Nixon was said to be in seclusion for a number of days in his home, first experiencing shock and later persistent sadness.[159] On September 8, 1974, Ford granted him a full, free, and absolute pardon . This ended any possibility of an indictment. Nixon then released a statement:
I was wrong in not acting more decisively and forthrightly in dealing with Watergate…. No words can describe the depths of my regret and pain at the anguish of my mistakes over Watergate have caused the nation and presidency, a nation I so deeply love and an institution I so greatly respect. [160]
Within one month, President Ford’s approval rating dropped from 71% to 49%.[161] Nixon later told a former aide that he felt he was chased out of office by the establishment in Washington and the establishment soft left in the media, as they considered him a mortal threat to their domination of national affairs.[162]
As a result of Watergate, Nixon was disbarred by the State of New York. He had attempted to resign his license, but the State refused to let him do so unless he admitted wrongdoing in Watergate.[163] He later resigned his other law licenses, including one in California.[164]
The evening of the pardon, Nixon experienced great pain in his lower left abdomen and his left leg had swollen to three times its normal size.[165] It was determined that phlebitis, a condition that had afflicted Nixon the previous June, had returned.[166] Told that he would surely die if he did not go to a hospital, Nixon relented and was taken to Long Beach Memorial Hospital.[167] It was discovered that a clot from his leg had broken off and traveled to his lung; to treat this, he was placed on an anti-coagulant intravenous machine.[167]
While hospitalized, Watergate special prosecutor Leon Jaworski subpoenaed Nixon to testify before a trial regarding Watergate.[168] Nixon’s doctor, John Lungren, said that Nixon could not sustain a flight to Washington due to his condition because he must avoid prolonged periods of sitting.[169] Nixon was released from the hospital on October 4 and soon filed a motion requesting the judge to revoke the subpoena,[169] which was rejected.[170] Doctor Lungren filed an affidavit, arguing that the well being of the former president may be compromised by forcing him to appear at the trial.[171]
On October 23, Nixon was taken back to the hospital as swelling had begun again. Doctors found serious vascular blockages and a danger of gangrene;[172] it was feared that blood clots may break loose and travel to his heart or brain.[172] An eighteen inch blood clot was found in a vein leading to Nixon’s heart.[172] Surgery was deemed necessary for his survival; he underwent a ninety-minute operation on October 29.[172] While recuperating, Nixon fainted, fell out of bed, and fell into a coma.[173] He underwent four blood transfusions in three hours and suffered severe internal bleeding and an extremely low blood pressure.[173] Pat and his daughters stayed by his side, while he was visited by President Ford and telephoned by Mao Zedong.[173] He returned home on November 14. Three leading doctors sent by the judge in the Watergate trial evaluated Nixon’s condition, and concluded that he was not able to testify.[174] The judge ruled that his testimony would not be necessary.[174]
Nixon joins Presidents Ronald Reagan, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter at the White House, 1981
By the spring of 1975, Nixon’s mental and physical health was improving.[175] He maintained an office in a Coast Guard station 300 yards from his home, first taking a golf cart and later walking the route each day; he mainly worked on his memoirs.[175] Nixon traveled extensively, both domestically and internationally. He took trips to Europe, the Middle East, Russia, Africa, and Asia.[158] At the invitation of Mao Zedong, Nixon traveled to China in February 1976.[176] His trip was initially criticized, including by some within his own party, who argued that citizen-Nixon was conducting U.S. foreign policy.[176] The well-publicized trip was deemed a success, however; upon his return, Nixon prepared a lengthy memorandum on his experiences that was sent to the White House.[176] He would visit China four more times.
By 1977, Nixon began forming a public-relations comeback effort. He met with British commentator David Frost that August, who paid him six hundred thousand dollars for a series of sit-down interviews.[177] They began on the topic of foreign policy, recounting the leaders he had known, but the most remembered section of the interviews was that on Watergate. Nixon admitted that the he had let down the country and said, I did abuse the power I had as president. [178] He said that at the time of his resignation, he was crippled and that I said things that were not true. He revealed, I brought myself down. I gave them a sword and they stuck it in. And they twisted it with relish. And, I guess, if I’d been in their position, I’d have done the same thing. [178] Nixon did not admit to criminal wrongdoing, denied criminal intent,[179] and denied authorizing payment to the burglars as an incentive for them not to reveal information.[179] He was criticized at the time by some[who?] who opined that he should not be giving information to Frost that he had declined to give to federal courts.[180] Nonetheless, the interviews became well known and were viewed widely across the world,[178] garnering between 45 and 50 million viewers and making them the most watched interviews in the history of television.[181] The encounters were the subject of the 2006 play Frost/Nixon, which later became a 2008 film.
He soon published his memoirs, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon and a second book, The Real War. These were the first of ten books he was to author in his retirement,[158] and their respective releases enabled Nixon to further his comeback effort by partaking in book tours.
The Nixons moved to New York City in February 1980 to be closer to their family. When the former Shah of Iran died in Egypt in June, Nixon defied President Jimmy Carter’s State Department by attending the funeral.[182] He supported Ronald Reagan for president in 1980, making numerous television appearances portraying himself as, in biographer Steven Ambrose’s words, the senior statesman above the fray. [183] He wrote guest articles for numerous publications and participated in many television interviews.[184] After eighteen months in the New York City townhouse, Richard and Pat moved to Saddle River, New Jersey in 1981.[158] Throughout the 1980s, Nixon maintained a routine schedule of speaking engagements and writing,[158] traveled, and met with many foreign leaders, especially those of Third World countries. He joined former Presidents Ford and Carter as representatives of the United States at the funeral of Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat.[158] On a trip to the Middle East, Nixon made his views known regarding Saudi Arabia and Libya, which attracted significant U.S. media attention; The Washington Post ran stories on Nixon’s rehabilitation. [185] He later embarked on journeys to Japan, China, and the Soviet Union.[158] On his return from the Soviet Union, Nixon sent President Ronald Reagan a lengthy memorandum that contained foreign policy suggestions and his personal impressions of Mikhail Gorbachev.[158] Following this trip, Nixon was ranked by Gallup as one of the ten most admired men in the world.[186]
In 1986, Nixon gave an address to a convention of newspaper publishers, impressing his audience with his tour d’horizon of the world.[187] Author Elizabeth Drew wrote that even when he was wrong, Nixon still showed that he knew a great deal and had a capacious memory as well as the capacity to speak with apparent authority, enough to impress people who had little regard for him in earlier times. [187] Newsweek, among other publications,[186] ran a story on Nixon’s comeback with the headline He’s back. [187] He gained respect as an elder statesman[158] in the area of foreign affairs, being consulted by both Republican and Democratic successors to the presidency; Reagan sought Nixon’s advice in dealing with Gorbachev.[188]
Richard and Pat Nixon in 1990
On July 19, 1990, the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California opened as a private institution, with Nixon and Pat in attendance. They were joined by a throng of people, including Gerald Ford, Reagan, and George H. W. Bush, and their spouses Betty, Nancy, and Barbara, respectively.[189] The property was owned and operated by a private foundation and was not part of the National Archives’ presidential libraries system until July 11, 2007, when the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum was officially welcomed into the federal presidential library system. In January 1991, the former president founded the Nixon Center, a policy think tank and conference center.[190]
Pat Nixon died on June 22, 1993 of health problems, including emphysema and lung cancer. Her funeral services were held on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace during the week leading up to her burial on June 26. Richard Nixon was deeply distraught, and broke down in convulsive sobs for the only time in his adult life.[191] Inside the building, he delivered a tribute to her.[191] Nixon was comforted by his family while former presidents Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan and their wives attended the ceremony.[192][193] Some[who?] commented that without Pat, Nixon would not last a year. [191]
Death and funeral
Main article: Death and funeral of Richard Nixon
Nixon suffered a severe stroke at 5:45 p.m. EDT on Monday, April 18, 1994, while preparing to eat dinner in his Park Ridge, New Jersey home.[194] It was determined that a blood clot resulting from his heart condition had formed in his upper heart, then broken off and traveled to his brain. He was taken to New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan, initially alert, but unable to speak or to move his right arm or leg.[194] Damage to the brain caused swelling (cerebral edema) and Nixon slipped into a deep coma. On Friday, April 22, 1994, he died at 9:08 p.m., with his daughters at his bedside; he was 81.[194]
Nixon’s funeral took place on April 27, 1994, the first for an American president since that of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973, which Nixon had presided over as President. Speakers at the service, held at the Nixon Library, included then-President Bill Clinton, former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole, California Governor Pete Wilson, and the Reverend Billy Graham.[195] Also in attendance were former Presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, George H. W. Bush and their respective first ladies.[196] Nixon was buried beside Pat on the grounds of the Nixon Library. He was survived by his two daughters, Tricia and Julie, and four grandchildren.[194] In keeping with his wishes, his funeral was not a state funeral, though his body did lie in repose in the Nixon Library lobby prior to the funeral services.[197]
Public perception
Nixon’s career was frequently dogged by his personality, and the public perception of it. Editorial cartoonists such as Herblock and comedians often exaggerated Nixon’s appearance and mannerisms, to the point where the line between the human and the caricature version of him became increasingly blurred. He was often portrayed with unshaven jowls, slumped shoulders, and a furrowed, sweaty brow.[198]
Nixon meets Elvis Presley in December 1970
Nixon had a complex personality, both very secretive and awkward yet strikingly reflective about himself.[199] He was inclined to distance himself from people and was formal in all aspects, always wearing a coat and tie even when home alone.[199] He advised people not to care about what others thought of them. Some experts have described him as having a narcissistic and paranoid personality.[200] Conrad Black described him as being driven though also uneasy with himself in some ways. [201] According to Black, Nixon thought that he was doomed to be traduced, double-crossed, unjustly harassed, misunderstood, underappreciated, and subjected the to the trials of Job, but that by the application of his mighty will, tenacity, and diligence he would ultimately prevail. [202] Biographer Elizabeth Drew summarized Nixon as a smart, talented man, but most peculiar and haunted of presidents. [203]
He frequently brandished the two-finger V sign (alternately viewed as the Victory sign or peace sign ) using both hands, an act that became one of his best-known trademarks.[198] Due to his uptight image, many were surprised at his swearing and anti-Semitic comments seen on the transcripts his White House tapes.[204]
Legacy
The graves of President Richard and first lady Pat Nixon.
No American has served as long as Richard Nixon did in a national office.[205] He is the only person in American history to appear on the Republican Party’s presidential ticket five times, to secure the Republican nomination for president three times, and to have been elected twice to both the vice presidency and the presidency. With Ronald Reagan, Richard Nixon was the chief builder of the modern Republican party. Throughout his career, he was instrumental in moving the party away from the control of isolationists and as a Congressman was a persuasive advocate of containing Soviet Communism.[205]
Though he did not achieve all that he had wished for in the Middle East, Nixon virtually expelled the Soviet Union from the region and began an excruciatingly long peace process.[206] He began formal relations with China and improved relations with the Soviet Union. Domestically, he decentralized government by revenue sharing, ended school segregation, reduced inflation (until it rose again as a result of the oil cartels), ended the gold standard, reduced the crime rate, and pioneered positive environmental measures.[206] As a result of the Watergate scandal, however, the mood of the nation was severely affected and the office of the presidency was demeaned.[206]
James MacGregor Burns observed of Nixon, How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic President, so brilliant and so morally lacking? [207] George McGovern, Nixon’s former opponent, commented in 1983, President Nixon probably had a more practical approach to the two superpowers, China and the Soviet Union, than any other president since World War II. … I think, with the exception of his inexcusable continuation of the war in Vietnam, Nixon really will get high marks in history. [208]
Bibliography
Further information: Richard Nixon bibliography
Notes
1. ^ Goldwater, Barry and Jack Casserly (1988), p. 353.
2. ^ Richard M. Nixon Birthplace . National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/presidents/nixon_birthplace.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-14.
3. ^ Ferris, Gary W. (1999), p. 209
4. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007) p. 8
5. ^ It has also been claimed the Nixon was actually born in a hospital: Los Angeles Times
6. ^ a b Childhood . The Life. Richard Nixon Presidential Library. http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/childhood.php. Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
7. ^ Steel, Ronald (April 26, 1987). I Had to Win: Review of ‘Nixon: The Education of a Politician 1913–1962,’ by Stephen E. Ambrose . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/22/specials/ambrose-nixon.html.
8. ^ Nixon, Richard (1978), p. 15.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j A Student & Sailor . The Life. Richard Nixon Presidential Library. http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/astudentandsailor.php. Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
10. ^ Dallek, Robert (2007), pp. 8–9.
11. ^ Parmet, Herbert S. (1990), p. 81.
12. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 39.
13. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 44.
14. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 43.
15. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 40.
16. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), pp. 43-45.
17. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 46.
18. ^ Commander Richard M. Nixon, USNR . Naval Historical Center. United States Department of the Navy. August 7, 2006. http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq60-8.htm. Retrieved on 2008-12-14.
19. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), pp. 58-60.
20. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 60.
21. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 62.
22. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), pp. 62-63.
23. ^ a b c d e f The Congressman . The Life. Richard Nixon Presidential Library. http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thecongressman.php. Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
24. ^ Scherer, Michael; Michael Weisskopf (July 2, 2008). Candidates’ Vices: Craps and Poker . Time. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1819898,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
25. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), pp. 129-135
26. ^ a b c d e The Senator . The Life. Richard Nixon Presidential Library. http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thesenator.php. Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
27. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 178.
28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab The Vice President . The Life. Richard Nixon Presidential Library. http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thevicepresident.php. Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
29. ^ Hovell, Bret. Fifty Years Ago the Republicans Get Their Man: Summer 1952 . Eisenhower Institute at Gettysburg College. http://www.eisenhowerinstitute.org/about/living_history/summer_1952.dot. Retrieved on 2008-11-05.
30. ^ Drew, Elizabeth (2007), p. 15.
31. ^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1965), pp. 5-8.
32. ^ A Hold Is Broken . Time. January 21, 1957. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865640,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-24.
33. ^ The New York Times. February 19, 1960, Page 1,
34. ^ Allen, Erika Tyner. Kennedy-Nixon Presidential Debates, 1960 . Museum of Broadcast Communications. http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/K/htmlK/kennedy-nixon/kennedy-nixon.htm. Retrieved on 2006-04-04.
35. ^ Steel, Ronald (May 25, 2003). The World: New Chapter, Old Debate; Would Kennedy Have Quit Vietnam? . http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E1DE1531F936A15756C0A9659C8B63. Retrieved on 2008-11-05.
36. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 366.
37. ^ Foner, Eric (2006), p. 843.
38. ^ a b c Carlson, Peter (November 17, 2000). Another Race To the Finish: 1960’s Election Was Close But Nixon Didn’t Haggle . The Washington Post: p. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A36425-2000Nov16?language=printer. Retrieved on 2008-11-05.
39. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 422.
40. ^ MacMillan, Margaret (2006), p. 72.
41. ^ Smith, Howard K. . The Museum of Broadcast Communications. http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/S/htmlS/smithhoward/smithhoward.htm. Retrieved on 2008-12-29.
42. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 446.
43. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 499.
44. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 496-497.
45. ^ a b c Black, Conrad (2007), p. 505.
46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j The President . Richard Nixon Presidential Library. http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/index.php. Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
47. ^ Morrow, Lance (September 30, 1996). Naysayer to the Nattering Nabobs . Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985217,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-26.
48. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), pp. 513-514.
49. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 550.
50. ^ Schulzinger, Robert D. (2003), p. 413.
51. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 559.
52. ^ a b c d Black, Conrad (2007), pp. 567-568
53. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 569.
54. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 591.
55. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 612.
56. ^ a b Again, the Credibility Gap? . Time. April 5, 1971. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876891,00.html.
57. ^ Dallek, Robert (2007), p. 203.
58. ^ Aitken, Jonathan (1996), pp. 396–397.
59. ^ Griffith, Robert K. (1997), pp. 40–41.
60. ^ Rosenbaum, David E. (February 3, 1971). Stennis Favors 4-Year Draft Extension, but Laird Asks 2 Years (fee required). The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F50C12FD3A55127B93C1A91789D85F458785F9. Retrieved on 2007-12-30.
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62. ^ Rosen, James (December 3, 2008). Records Reveal Nixon’s Conflict Over Vietnam War . Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2008/12/03/records-reveal-nixons-conflict-vietnam-war/. Retrieved on 2008-12-22.
63. ^ The Sixties (1994), p. 4.
64. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 704.
65. ^ Hetzel, Robert L. (2008), p. 85.
66. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 738.
67. ^ Nixon, Richard (June 13, 1973). Address to the Nation Announcing Price Control Measures . American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3868. Retrieved on 2008-12-21. Effective immediately, therefore, I am ordering a freeze on prices. [By Executive Order 11723 of June 13, 1973] This freeze will hold prices at levels no higher than those charged during the first 8 days of June. It will cover all prices paid by consumers. The only prices not covered will be those of unprocessed agricultural products at the farm levels, and rents.
68. ^ a b c d Black, Conrad (2007), p. 740.
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71. ^ Hetzel, Robert L. (2008), p. 91.
72. ^ a b c d e f g Hetzel, Robert L. (2008), p. 92.
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77. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 741.
78. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 743.
79. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 744.
80. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 760.
81. ^ Boger, John Charles (2005), p. 6.
82. ^ Sabia, Joseph J. (May 31, 2004). Why Richard Nixon Deserves to Be Remembered Along with Brown . History News Network. http://hnn.us/articles/5331.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-24.
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84. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 644.
85. ^ Kotlowski, Dean J. (2001), p. 8.
86. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), pp. 645-646.
87. ^ Kotlowski, Dean J. (2001), p. 37.
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89. ^ Frum, David (2000), p. 246.
90. ^ Telephone Conversation with the Apollo 11 Astronauts on the Moon (audio available). ClassBrain.com. July 20, 1969. http://www.classbrain.com/artteenst/publish/Nixon_calls_the_Moon2.shtml. Retrieved on 2008-11-09.
91. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), pp. 615-616
92. ^ The Statement by President Nixon, 5 January 1972 . NASA History Office. 5 January 1972. http://history.nasa.gov/stsnixon.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-09. President Richard M. Nixon and NASA Administrator James C. Fletcher announced the Space Shuttle program had received final approval in San Clemente, California, on 5 January 1972.
93. ^ Butrica, Andrew J. (1998). Chapter 11 – Voyager: The Grand Tour of Big Science . From Engineering Science to Big Science. The NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Office. p. 256. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Chapter11.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-09. The Bureau of Budget under Nixon consistently reduced NASA’s budget allocation.
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97. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 751.
98. ^ The Kissinger Tilt . Time. January 17, 1972. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877618-2,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
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100. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 753.
101. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 755.
102. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 756.
103. ^ Gandhi, Sajit (December 16, 2002). The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79. National Security Archive. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/. Retrieved on 2009-01-15.
104. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 757.
105. ^ Dallek, Robert (2007), p. 144.
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108. ^ Dallek, Robert (2007), p. 268.
109. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 716.
110. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 717.
111. ^ Black, Conrad (2007), p. 778.
112. ^ a b c d e The Nixon Visit – (February 21-28, 1972) . PBS. 1999. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/china/sfeature/nixon.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-06.
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114. ^ Kaufman, Victor S. (2001), pp.228–231.
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125. ^ a b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 766.
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* Goldwater, Barry and Jack Casserly (1988). Goldwater (1st edition ed.). New York: Doubleday. OCLC 7353825.
* Griffith, Robert K.; Robert K. Griffith, Jr., John Wyndham Mountcastle (1997). U.S. Army’s Transition to the All-volunteer Force, 1868-1974. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 0788178644.
* Guan, Ang Cheng (2003). Ending the Vietnam War: The Vietnamese Communists’ Perspective. RoutledgeCurzon.
* Hetzel, Robert L. (2008). The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve. Cambridge University Press.
* Hove, Duane T. (2003). American Warriors: Five Presidents in the Pacific Theater of WWII. Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-307-0.
* Kaufman, Victor S. (2001). Confronting Communism: U.S. and British Policies toward China. University of Missouri Press.
* Kirkpatrick, Rob (2009). 1969: The Year Everything Changed. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781602393660.
* Kotlowski, Dean J. (2001). Nixon’s Civil Rights: Politics, Principle, and Policy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00623-2.
* MacMillan, Margaret (2006). Nixon and Mao. Random House. ISBN 140006127X.
* Nixon, Richard (1978). RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. Simon & Schuster.
* Nixon, Richard (1987). No More Vietnams. Arbor House Publishing. ISBN 0-87795-668-5.
* parmet, Herbert S (1990). Richard Nixon and His America. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-69232-8.
* Schulzinger, Robert D. (2003). A Companion to American Foreign Relations. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405149868.
* Tahir-Kheli, Shirin (1982). The United States and Pakistan: the Evolution of an Influence Relationship. New York: Praeger.
* The Sixties . Junior Scholastic. February 2, 1994.
* Thornton, Richard C. (1989). The Nixon-Kissinger Years: Reshaping American’s Foreign Policy. New York: Paragon House. OCLC 20453666.
* Zhai, Qiang. China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975. UNC Press.
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Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States
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NAME Nixon, Richard Milhous
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Richard Nixon
SHORT DESCRIPTION American politician, 37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
DATE OF BIRTH January 9, 1913
PLACE OF BIRTH Yorba Linda, California, United States
DATE OF DEATH April 22, 1994
PLACE OF DEATH New York City, New York, United States
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NAME Haig, Alexander
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION United States Army general
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Froehlke and Fitzhugh Reports
With the advent of the Nixon administration in 1969, Helms recommended to Melvin Laird, the new secretary of defense, that he review the Eaton Report to gain a fuller understanding of the managerial problems they both faced in the intelligence field. Early in his tenure, Laird commissioned a study of DOD intelligence led by his assistant secretary for administration, Robert F. Froehlke. Froehlke’s report, submitted in July 1969, urged the appointment of a senior civilian official in OSD to be responsible for all DOD intelligence, noting that there was “great concern throughout government with Defense intelligence.”
Indeed there was. On the heels of the Froehlke report, President Nixon commissioned in 1969 a blue ribbon panel headed by Gilbert W. Fitzhugh, chairman of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, to examine DOD organization and management across the board. The Fitzhugh report, finished in 1970, concluded that defense intelligence was less well coordinated and responsive to needs than it should be and suggested both reorganization and centralization of leadership, thus reinforcing points already made by the Eaton and Froehlke reports.
Laird promptly adopted the idea of centralizing leadership of DOD intelligence under one OSD official and assigned the task to Froehlke, who retained his title of assistant secretary for administration (he moved on to become secretary of the army on 1 July 1971; later, OSD established a separate assistant secretary position for intelligence). This step reflected the inability of DIA, which had been established in 1961, to fulfill the centralizing role that reformers 10 years earlier had envisaged for it. Most DOD intelligence officials were concerned about the role Froehlke would assume and wanted his authority limited. This reaction replicated within DOD the kind of concerns periodically provoked within the Intelligence Community when suggestions about increasing the DCI’s authority had been raised.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/chapter_4.htm
***
by 1970, the TOD system had acquired a new name, the Consolidated Intelligence Resource Information System
(from above page)
Northrop Grumman Awarded U.S. Army Biometric Intelligence Resource Contract
NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORP
NOC | 2/23/2009 8:01:33 AM
RESTON, Va., Feb 23, 2009 (GlobeNewswire via COMTEX News Network) —
The U.S. Army has awarded Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE:NOC) a $36.9 million cost-plus-award-fee contract to enhance the capabilities of the Biometric Intelligence Resource (BIR) system, which uses biometric data, such as fingerprints, facial recognition or iris scans to identify and track individuals of interest in the Global War on Terrorism.
BIR is a massive repository linking disparate biometric intelligence-gathering tools and databases and is currently in use in Iraq and Afghanistan to identify and track terrorists, insurgents or other potential threats. BIR includes data from a variety of biometric-enabled systems, including hand-held devices carried by U.S. military forces while conducting raids in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as systems used to biometrically scan personnel entering overseas military installations or applying for U.S. jobs, and includes data such as fingerprints or DNA samples found on bomb fragments.
Northrop Grumman designed, fielded and accredited the current version BIR system, which includes a service-oriented architecture, and will design and field a significantly enhanced next-generation BIR under the new contract from the Army’s National Ground Intelligence Center, Charlottesville, Va. The contract includes one base year and four one-year options. The next-generation BIR will include biometric-enabled intelligence from a wider variety of U.S. agencies and organizations.
With this new system, intelligence analysts will be able to better share information among organizations, making it easier to connect the dots and significantly enhancing national security, said Barry Rhine, vice president and general manager of Northrop Grumman’s Command and Control Systems Division.
The next-generation system will recognize when the data on individuals is included in the databases of multiple agencies; keep track of when and where people are encountered, providing a more complete understanding of their movements; and supply greater information on relationships between and among individuals — familial relationships, neighbors, co-workers, and shared addresses or phone numbers, for example.
The Northrop Grumman team includes SAIC, San Diego; Booz-Allen-Hamilton, McLean, Va.; and SPARTA Inc., Lake Forest, Calif.
Northrop Grumman Corporation is a leading global security company whose 120,000 employees provide innovative systems, products, and solutions in aerospace, electronics, information systems, shipbuilding and technical services to government and commercial customers worldwide.
This news release was distributed by GlobeNewswire, http://www.globenewswire.com
SOURCE: Northrop Grumman Corp.
George I. Seffers Northrop Grumman Information Systems (703) 345-8548 george.seffers@ngc.com
(C) Copyright 2009 GlobeNewswire, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://www.stockhouse.com/News/USReleasesDetail.aspx?n=7221355
***
Bill Kristol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from William Kristol)
William Kristol
Born December 23, 1952 (1952-12-23) (age 56)
New York City, NY, U.S.
Alma mater Harvard College
Occupation Publisher, Author, Columnist, Analyst, Political commentator
Religious beliefs Jewish
Spouse(s) Susan Scheinberg
Children 3
William Kristol (born December 23, 1952 in New York City) is an American political analyst and commentator. He is the founder and editor of the political magazine The Weekly Standard, a regular commentator on the Fox News Channel, and a former conservative op-ed columnist for the New York Times.
Kristol is associated with a number of conservatively aligned think tanks: he was chairman of the New Citizenship Project from 1997 to 2005, he cofounded the neoconservative Project for the New American Century (PNAC) in 1997 with Robert Kagan, he is a member of the board of trustees for the free-market Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, and he is a member of the Policy Advisory Board for the neoconservative Ethics and Public Policy Center. Kristol has also been an attendee at Bilderberg Group conferences.
Contents
* 1 Biography
* 2 Career
o 2.1 Media commentator
* 3 Political views
* 4 Criticism
* 5 References
o 5.1 Books
* 6 Bibliography
* 7 External links
Biography
Kristol was born into a Jewish family; his father Irving Kristol served as the managing editor of Commentary magazine and is considered by some[who?] as the father of neoconservatism (though Bill himself was credited as its godfather by writer Kevin Libing).[1] His mother Gertrude Himmelfarb was a scholar of Victorian era literature. He graduated in 1970 from The Collegiate School, a preparatory school for boys located in Manhattan.
In 1973, Kristol received a B.A. from Harvard, graduating magna cum laude in three years. In 1976, he worked as deputy issues director for Patrick Moynihan’s New York Democratic primary campaign for a U.S. Senate seat. Kristol received a Ph.D. in government, also from Harvard, in 1979. During his first year of graduate school, Kristol shared a room with a fellow government doctoral candidate Alan Keyes, whose unsuccessful 1988 Maryland Senatorial campaign against Paul Sarbanes Kristol would later run.
Kristol is married to Susan Scheinberg.
Career
After teaching political philosophy and American politics at the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, Kristol went to work in government in 1985, serving as chief of staff to Secretary of Education William Bennett during the Reagan administration, and then as Chief of Staff to the Vice President under Dan Quayle in the George H. W. Bush administration. The New Republic dubbed Kristol Dan Quayle’s brain upon being appointed the Vice President’s chief of staff.
He served as chairman of the Project for the Republican Future from 1993 to 1994, and as the director of the Bradley Project at the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation in Milwaukee in 1993. Kristol first made his mark as leader of the Project for the Republican Future, a conservative think tank, and rose to fame as a conservative opinion maker during the battle over the Clinton health care plan.
In the first of what would become legendary strategy memos circulated among Republican policymakers, Kristol said the party should kill , not amend or compromise on, the Clinton health care plan. The success of the Clinton proposal, he warned, would re-legitimize middle-class dependence for ‘security’ on government spending and regulation , and revive … the Democrats, as the generous protector of middle-class interests. [2] Kristol’s memo immediately became important in uniting Republicans behind total opposition to Clinton’s reform plan. A later memo advocated the phrase There is no health care crisis, which Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole used in his response to Clinton’s 1994 State of the Union address.
In 1994, after Republicans gained a majority in the House and began to institute the Contract with America, Kristol said, The fact that government is no longer going to be so generous with taxpayers’ money may be Scrooge-like, but it strikes me as rather responsible behavior. For too many years, some liberals have felt they were doing good by generously spending taxpayers’ money. Now Americans, want to take a much harder look at what really does good and what does harm. [3]
He also served as a foreign policy advisor for Senator John McCain’s presidential campaign.[4]
He is currently a visiting professor at Harvard University, where he is teaching a course in the school’s Government Department with Professor Harvey Mansfield entitled The Mirror of Princes on Xenophon, a Greek philosopher and soldier known for his writings on the history of his own times, the sayings of Socrates, and the life of Greece. Kristol also taught a course entitled Can America Be Governed? at the Kennedy School of Government.
Kristol is a patron of the British think tank the Henry Jackson Society, based at the University of Cambridge.
Media commentator
After the Republican sweep of both houses of Congress in 1994, Kristol established, along with conservative John Podhoretz and with financing from Rupert Murdoch, the conservative periodical The Weekly Standard. Kristol is the current editor of The Weekly Standard.
Kristol serves as a political contributor on Fox News. In addition, Kristol was for a time a semi-regular guest on the now cancelled World News Tonight on Sky News.
Kristol is interviewed in Why We Fight, a 2005 documentary film by Eugene Jarecki on the military-industrial complex in the modern United States.
Kristol worked as a columnist for Time during 2007.[5] Kristol wrote a weekly opinion column for The New York Times from January 7, 2008[6] to January 26, 2009.[7] The paper stated that the column was ended by mutual agreement ,[8] although some have stated that the decision was the Times’ only, either because his columns had had too many factual mistakes or because Kristol had publicly insulted the newspaper, including telling host Jon Stewart on The Daily Show, You’re reading The New York Times too much. [9]
Political views
According to journalist Dana Milbank, Kristol was perhaps the most outspoken supporter of the Iraq War .[10] On September 18, 2002, he declared that a war in Iraq could have terrifically good effects throughout the Middle East. A day later, he said Saddam Hussein was past the finish line in developing nuclear weapons. On February 20, 2003, he said of Saddam: He’s got weapons of mass destruction … Look, if we free the people of Iraq we will be respected in the Arab world. On March 1, 2003 — 18 days before the invasion of Iraq — Kristol dismissed the possibility of sectarian conflict afterward. He also said, Very few wars in American history were prepared better or more thoroughly than this one by this president. He maintained that the war would cost $100 billion to $200 billion (the cost is now about half a trillion dollars). On March 5, 2003, Kristol said, We’ll be vindicated when we discover the weapons of mass destruction.
In 2003, just as the Iraq War was starting, Kristol stated, on the National Public Radio show Fresh Air, There’s been a certain amount of pop sociology in America … that the Shia can’t get along with the Sunni and the Shia in Iraq just want to establish some kind of Islamic fundamentalist regime. There’s almost no evidence of that at all. Iraq’s always been very secular. [11] Kristol also wrote a book The War Over Iraq with Lawrence Kaplan before the Iraq War and stated that: The United States may need to occupy Iraq for some time. Though U.N., European and Arab forces will, as in Afghanistan, contribute troops, the principal responsibility will doubtless fall to the country that liberates Baghdad. According to one estimate, initially as many as 75,000 troops may be required to police the war’s aftermath, at a cost of $16 billion a year. As other countries’ forces arrive, and as Iraq rebuilds its economy and political system, that force could probably be drawn down to several thousand soldiers after a year or two. [12] (The war in Iraq currently costs approximately $12 billion a month, and American forces there number about 150,000.)
As the military situation Iraq started to deteriorate in 2004, Kristol became a strong proponent of increasing the number of U.S. troops in Iraq. In 2004, he wrote an op-ed strongly criticizing Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, saying he breezily dodged responsibility for planning mistakes made in the Iraq War, including lack of enough troops.[13] In September 2006, he wrote, with fellow commentator Rich Lowry, There is no mystery as to what can make the crucial difference in the battle of Baghdad: American troops. [14] This was one of the early calls for what became the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 four months later. In December 2008, Kristol wrote that the surge was opposed at the time by the huge majority of foreign policy experts, pundits and pontificators, but that most of them — and the man most of them are happy won the election, Barack Obama — now acknowledge the surge’s success. [15]
Kristol has on occasion criticized George W. Bush and his administration. He was the first of many conservatives to publicly oppose Bush’s second U.S. Supreme Court nominee, Harriet Miers. He said of Miers: I’m disappointed, depressed, and demoralized. […] It is very hard to avoid the conclusion that President Bush flinched from a fight on constitutional philosophy. Miers is undoubtedly a decent and competent person. But her selection will unavoidably be judged as reflecting a combination of cronyism and capitulation on the part of the president.
He was a vocal supporter of the 2006 Israeli attack on Lebanon, stating that the war is our war too, referring to the United States. He continues to back the Iraq war, and favors imposing sanctions on Iran, and suggested in June of 2006 that, we might consider countering this act of Iranian aggression with a military strike against Iranian nuclear facilities. Why wait? [16]
Kristol was among the most prominent conservative commentators to support John McCain’s choice of Sarah Palin as his running mate in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election. According to writer Scott Horton, he also played a part in her selection, by arguing that she was young, popular, vigorous, unknown and had the right connections to the Religious Right bloc which had proven so important to Republican wins in 2000 and 2004. The Weekly Standard, which according to Horton served as Palin’s chief defender against attacks, hosted a cruise in June 2007, where Standard editors Kristol and Fred Barnes first lunched with Governor Sarah Palin.[17]
Criticism
* On April 26, 2004, conservative public figure Pat Buchanan, in response to Kristol stating, I will take Bush over Kerry, but Kerry over Buchanan , wrote as John Kerry backs partial-birth abortion, quotas, raising taxes, homosexual unions, liberals on the Supreme Court and has a voting record to the left of Teddy Kennedy, how can Kristol prefer him to other conservatives? Answer: War and Israel. [18]
* In 2005, the web-based progressive research center Media Matters criticized Kristol for praising President George W. Bush’s second inaugural address without disclosing his role as a consultant to the writing of the speech. Kristol praised the speech in his role as a regular political contributor during Fox’s coverage of the address, as well as in a Weekly Standard article, without disclosing his involvement in the speech either time.[19]
* On January 2, 2007, progressive political journalist David Corn of The Nation, posted a list of Kristol’s pre-Iraq war statements about the justification for the war, the costs of the war, the planning for the war, and the consequences of the war. [20] Corn concluded that Kristol displayed little judgment or expertise … [I]n an effectively functioning market of opinion-trading, Kristol’s views would be relegated to the bargain basement.
* On January 23, 2008, on Comedy Central’s The Daily Show, comedian Jon Stewart quipped Oh Bill Kristol, are you ever right? , alluding to inaccurate predictions that Kristol has made about American domestic and foreign policy, including the Iraq war.[21]
* On March 17, 2008, Kristol was criticized for poor journalism due to his reliance upon an unreliable news source. On August 9, 2007, Newsmax freelance reporter Jim Davis reported that Barack Obama was in attendance on July 22, 2007 during a controversial sermon given by the Rev. Jeremiah A. Wright, Jr. at Trinity United Church of Christ in South Chicago, Obama’s place of worship.[22] The claim that Obama was in attendance for this particular sermon was repeated by Newsmax as fact again on March 16, 2008.[23] Kristol relied upon the erroneous NewsMax articles in his op-ed article in the New York Times on March 17, 2008.[24] This prompted the following retraction and apology by Kristol later in the day, In this column, I cite a report that Sen. Obama had attended services at Trinity Church on July 22, 2007. The Obama campaign has provided information showing that Sen. Obama did not attend Trinity that day. I regret the error. [25]
References
1. ^ [Obama’s glimmers of neo-conservatism, Financial Post
2. ^ A copy Kristol’s 1993 memo, calling for the GOP to block Clinton’s health care proposal, can be found here.
3. ^ Lacayo, Richard (December 19, 1994). Down on the Downtrodden . Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982006,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
4. ^ Strobel, William (2008-02-08). What would President McCain’s foreign policy be? . McClatchy Washington Bureau. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/104/story/27096.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-10.
5. ^ Koblin, John (December 18, 2007). Kristol, Krauthammer Are Out of Time . New York Observer. http://www.observer.com/2007/kristol-krauthammer-are-out-time. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
6. ^ Kristol, William (December 28, 2007). The Times Adds an Op-Ed Columnist . New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/business/30kristol.html?em&ex=1199250000&en=823d53cc20230c14&ei=5087. Retrieved on 2007-12-31.
7. ^ Kristol Ends Times Op-Ed Column by Richard Perez-Pena, The New York Times, 1-26-09. Retrieved 1-26-09.
8. ^ Kristol Severs Ties With the N.Y. Times, Howard Kurtz, The Washington Post, January 27, 2009
9. ^ Kristol Gets the Pink Slip, Scott Horton, The Daily Beast, January 26, 2009
10. ^ Dana Milbank, Homo Politicus, Chapter 12, pg 254
11. ^ William Kristol : NPR
12. ^ The War Over Iraq at 98.
13. ^ The Defense Secretary We Have, William Kristol, December 15, 2004
14. ^ Reinforce Baghdad, William Kristol and Rich Lowry, Washington Post, September 12, 2006
15. ^ Popularity Isn’t Everything, William Kristol, The New York Times, December 22, 2008
16. ^ Kristol, William (2006-07-24). It’s Our War, Bush should go to Jerusalem–and the U.S. should confront Iran . Weekly Standard. http://weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/433fwbvs.asp. Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
17. ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2008-10-10/palins-talent-scout/
18. ^ http://www.theamericancause.org/patgoingback.htm
19. ^ Kristol, Krauthammer lauded Bush inauguration speech without disclosing their role as consultants . Media Matters for America. 2005-01-24. http://mediamatters.org/items/200501240006. Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
20. ^ Kristol Clear at Time . The Nation. 2007-01-01. http://www.thenation.com/blogs/capitalgames?bid=3&pid=153112. Retrieved on 2007-07-19.
21. ^ Jon Stewart: Oh, Bill Kristol, Are You Ever Right? , Huffington Post, January 24, 2008
22. ^ Obama’s Church: Cauldron of Division
23. ^ Newsmax.com – Obama Attended Hate America Sermon
24. ^ Generation Obama? Perhaps Not. – New York Times
25. ^ Bill Kristol, New York Times Hack, UPDATE – Political Machine
Books
* Johnson, Haynes and David Broder, David. The System: the American way of politics at the breaking point. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1996.
* Current Biography Yearbook, 1997.
* Nina Easton, Gang of Five, Simon & Schuster, 2002.
Bibliography
* The Weekly Standard: A Reader: 1995-2005 (Harper Perennial, 2006). ISBN 0-06-088285-9
* War Over Iraq: Saddam’s Tyranny And America’s Mission (Co-author Lawrence Kaplan) (Encounter Books, 2003). ISBN 1-893554-69-4
* Bush v. Gore: The Court Cases and the Commentary (Co-editor E.J. Dionne) (Brookings Institution Press, 2001). ISBN 0-8157-0107-1
* Homosexuality and American Public Life (Introduction by Kristol, Editor Christopher Wolfe) (Spence Publishing Company, 1999). ISBN 978-1890626235
External links
Find more about Bill Kristol on Wikipedia’s sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity
* Biography at The Weekly Standard
* Biography from the Project for the New American Century
* Columnist profile, The New York Times
* Discussion on the Iraq war with Daniel Ellsberg on C-SPAN
* Recipient profile of The New Citizenship Project at http://www.mediatransparency.org.
Political offices
Preceded by
Craig L. Fuller Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States
1989–1993 Succeeded by
Roy Neel
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kristol
Categories: 1952 births | Living people | American columnists | American Jews | American journalists | American magazine founders | American magazine editors | American political pundits | American political writers | American speechwriters | Reagan Administration personnel | Harvard University alumni | Kristol family | New York Times people | People from McLean, Virginia | The Collegiate School alumni | Zionists | Fox News Channel | Weekly Standard people
Wikimedia Foundation
* This page was last modified on 6 March 2009, at 23:15.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kristol
***
***
Post-9/11
The 9/11 Commission noted several factors contributing to the intelligence failure on 9/11. To our minds, the 9/11 failures were institutional, meriting an institutional solution rather than just a series of firings. Most importantly, that so many instances where dedicated and capable individuals uncovered important pieces of the puzzle highlighted the lack of an organization commensurately capable of combining and acting on their good work.
In our review of the general state of the intelligence community we noted six specific types of problems:
1. Structural Barriers to Performing Joint Work
2. Lack of Common Standards Across the Foreign-Domestic Divide
3. Divided Management of National Intelligence Capabilities
4. Weak Capacity to Set Priorities and Move Resources
5. Too many responsibilities for the DCI
6. An intelligence community that was too complex and secret
In the case of counterterrorism, we found that the DCI’s 1998 memorandum declaring war on al-Qaeda was not matched with sufficient action in part because no single individual or agency had the authority to overcome any of these problems.
We found that diffuse responsibility led to diffuse accountability and therefore less than effective action. Rep. Hale Boggs of Louisiana, commenting on the inherent difficulties of the DCI’s responsibilities during a joint hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee in 1947, expressed this principle quite well when he said, “I just cannot quite see how the man is going to carry out his functions there without a great deal of confusion, and really more opportunity to put the blame on someone else than there is now.”
We found that the best way to address these problems and prevent another 9/11 would be through the creation of a DNI who would (1) oversee national intelligence centers and (2) manage the national intelligence program and the agencies that contribute to it. We recommended that the DNI, rather than the DCI, become the president’s intelligence advisor. We recommended that the DNI submit a unified national intelligence budget that reflected the NSC’s identified priorities and be able to apportion the appropriations as he saw fit. And we recommended that the DNI be granted the power to set personnel, information security, IT and information sharing standards.
In short, we recommended the creation of a “powerful CEO who has significant control over how money is spent and can hire or fire leaders of the major divisions, assisted by a relatively modest staff,” rather than a symbolic position along the lines of a “czar.”
http://www.cnponline.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/2418
***
This kind of fencing was to be expected. Each aide protected the role of his principal, and the principals had different kinds of authority. The DCI’s (as both Tweedy and Froehlke noted in their exchange) was rooted in his responsibility for the intelligence product, whereas the secretary of defense’s derived from his responsibility for executing programs. What was changing was that the DCI was moving more in the direction of sharing with the secretary an as yet not fully defined resource management role.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/chapter_4.htm
***
#
President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board – Wikipedia, the …
Jan 4, 2009 … The President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) is an advisor to the Executive Office of the President of the United States. …
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Stephen Friedman (PFIAB) – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jan 25, 2009 … Stephen Friedman (PFIAB). From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia … Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Friedman_(PFIAB) …
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Who’s On PFIAB?–A New Bush Secret
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PFIAB Phooey? – Marc Ambinder
Mar 27, 2008 … PFIAB — the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, called PIAB — they is plenty of domestic collection these days — has been …
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President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board – SourceWatch
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PFIAB: Science At Its Best; Security At Its Worst
A Report on Security Problems at the US Department of Energy by the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board.
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PFIAB (President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board)
The President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) provides unbiased monitoring of the overall intelligence effort of the United States by …
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Mar 1, 2008 … You’ll recall that PFIAB started refusing to comply with regulations on classification and declassification at the same time Mr. Fourth …
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Executive Order 12863
The PFIAB shall consist of not more than 16 members, who shall serve at the … To the extent practicable, one-third of the PFIAB at any one time shall be …
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http://www.google.com/search?ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sourceid=navclient&gfns=1&q=pfiab
In February 1970, Henry Kissinger, Nixon’s national security adviser, sent a memorandum to the DCI and the secretaries of state and defense decreeing that PFIAB would review any major change in Intelligence Community programs affecting capabilities. Bross complained to Helms in April 1970 that the board, despite its periodic urgings that the DCI exercise greater community-wide leadership, essentially treated the DCI as simply the head of CIA—refusing, for example, to give him annual reports submitted to PFIAB by other agencies such as DIA and, in effect, claiming a community coordinating function for themselves.
PFIAB was not the only tool in Nixon’s arsenal for dealing with Helms. Kissinger, dissatisfied with substantive intelligence products, used NSC staff colleague Andrew Marshall (from RAND) to do studies of intelligence information support to the NSC, and other NSC staffers, including at one time William Kaufmann of MIT, also worked on intelligence matters.[10] Another instrument of White House intelligence oversight was the budget office, renamed on 1 July 1971 the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), a few of whose officers were the only federal officials apart from the DCI’s staff with cognizance over the budgets of all the intelligence organizations. OMB’s focus was on money and programs, and on the relationship between the two, i.e., cost effectiveness. In 1945, it had helped President Truman decide to create the DCI and CIA. Under Nixon, it proselytized management techniques to cut government costs, including in intelligence programs, and became a locus of intense scrutiny of the Intelligence Community and the DCI’s role in leading it.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/chapter_4.htm
***
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush
On July 25, 2000, Bush surprised some observers by asking the Halliburton corporation’s chief executive officer Dick Cheney, a former White House Chief of Staff, U.S. Representative and Secretary of Defense, to be his running mate. Cheney was then serving as head of Bush’s Vice-Presidential search committee
United States presidential election, 2004
Bush commanded broad support in the Republican Party and did not encounter a primary challenge. He appointed Kenneth Mehlman as campaign manager, with a political strategy devised by Karl Rove.[62]
*Bush and the Republican platform included a strong commitment to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,[63] support for the USA PATRIOT Act,[64] a renewed shift in policy for constitutional amendments banning abortion and same-sex marriage,[63][65] reforming Social Security to create private investment accounts,[63] creation of an ownership society,[63] and opposing mandatory carbon emissions controls.[66] Bush also called for the implementation of a temporary guest-worker program for immigrants,[63] which was criticized by conservatives.[67]
*Kerry and other Democrats attacked Bush on the war in Iraq, perceived excesses of the USA PATRIOT Act and for allegedly failing to stimulate the economy and job growth.
**With reports of the threat of recession from Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, Bush argued that such a tax cut would stimulate the economy and create jobs.[69] Others, including the Treasury Secretary at the time Paul O’Neill, were opposed to some of the tax cuts on the basis that they would contribute to budget deficits and undermine Social Security.[70] By 2003, the economy showed signs of improvement though job growth remained stagnant.[35]
**Under the Bush Administration, real GDP grew at an average annual rate of 2.5 percent,[71] considerably below the average for business cycles from 1949 to 2000.[72][73] The Dow Jones Industrial Average peaked in October 2007 at about 14,000, 30 percent above its level in January 2001, before the subsequent economic crisis wiped out all the gains and more.[74] Unemployment originally rose from 4.2 percent in January 2001 to 6.3 percent in June 2003, but subsequently dropped to 4.5 percent as of July 2007.[75] Adjusted for inflation, median household income dropped by $1,175 between 2000 and 2007. [76], while Professor Ken Homa of Georgetown University has noted that after-tax median household income increased by 2% [77] The poverty rate increased from 11.3% in 2000 to 12.3% in 2006 after peaking at 12.7% in 2004. [78]By October 2008, due to increases in domestic and foreign spending,[79] the national debt had risen to $11.3 trillion,[80][81] an increase of over 100% from the start of the year 2000 when the debt was $5.6 trillion.[82][83] The perception of President Bush’s effect on the economy is significantly affected by partisanship.[84]
In December 2007, the United States entered the second-longest post-World War II recession,[8] which included a housing market correction, a subprime mortgage crisis, soaring oil prices and a declining dollar value.[85] In February, 63,000 jobs were lost, a 5-year record.[86][87] To aid with the situation, Bush signed a $170 billion economic stimulus package which aimed to improve the economic situation by sending tax rebate checks to many Americans and providing tax breaks for struggling businesses. The Bush administration pushed for significantly increased regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in 2003,[88] and after two years, the regulations passed the House but died in the Senate. Many Republican senators, as well as influential members of the Bush Administration, feared that the agency created by these regulations would merely be mimicking the private sector’s risky practices.[89][90]
In September 2008, the crisis became much more serious beginning with the government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddy Mac followed by the collapse of Lehman Brothers.[91] and a federal bailout of American International Group for $85 billion.[92]
Many economists and world governments determined that the situation became the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression.[93][94] Additional regulation over the housing market would have been beneficial, according to former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan.[95] President Bush, meanwhile, proposed a financial rescue plan to buy back a large portion of the U.S. mortgage market.[96] Vince Reinhardt, a former Federal Reserve economist now at the American Enterprise Institute, said it would have helped for the Bush administration to empower the folks at Treasury and the Federal Reserve and the comptroller of the currency and the FDIC to look at these issues more closely, and additionally, that it would have helped for Congress to have held hearings. [90]
In November 2008, over five hundred thousand jobs were lost. That marked the largest loss of jobs in the United States in 34 years.[97] In the last four months of 2008 alone, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported the loss of 1.9 million jobs. [98]
**Following Republican efforts to pass the Medicare Act of 2003, Bush signed the bill, which included major changes to the Medicare program by providing beneficiaries with some assistance in paying for prescription drugs, while relying on private insurance for the delivery of benefits.[107] The retired persons lobby group AARP worked with the Bush Administration on the program and gave their endorsement. Bush said the law, estimated to cost $400 billion over the first 10 years, would give the elderly better choices and more control over their health care .[108]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush
(((((((
)))))))
***
The Continuing Crisis
The Spectator’s defenders took some comfort in the Shaheen report; it meant that the Arkansas Project, although stupid, at least had not broken any laws. But whatever relief the staff felt was more than countered by the magazine’s worsening financial crisis. By early 2000 Eastland had put in place all the money-saving measures he could. They had all been stopgap measures anyway, designed to keep the magazine alive until a new benefactor came along.
**
Salvation appeared in the spring of 2000, when Conrad Black, the owner of The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, The (London) Spectator, Canada’s National Post, and the Chicago Sun-Times, offered to help the Spectator. Tyrrell had cultivated Black for years and hoped the relationship would one day pay off with a generous investment in the Spectator. After extensive talks with several Spectator executives, Black, acting in conjunction with two conservative foundations, offered enough money to stabilize the magazine’s finances—about $400,000 a year. Black made it clear that his group planned to provide the money indefinitely, guaranteeing the magazine’s long-term survival.
But Black wanted much in return. First, he asked for de facto control over the board of directors. Second, he wanted to demote Tyrrell, taking away his title of editor in chief and cutting his pay by 40 percent. Third, he proposed that the widely respected conservative writer David Frum become the new editor of the Spectator. Although the offer would have given the magazine new life, and also, with the association of Black and Frum, a chance to regain its old respectability, it was a mortal threat to Tyrrell. He resolved to stop it.
One day during discussions of the plan, Tyrrell gave Eastland a ride back to the office. Sitting in the black Mercedes, Eastland asked Tyrrell whether he would rather see the Black proposal accepted, which would keep the magazine going but reduce Tyrrell’s standing, or reject the proposal, which would mean that the Spectator would go under. “He said without hesitation that he’d choose rejecting the proposal,” Eastland recalls. “I asked why, and he said he had a bond with all of those who had taken on Clinton and fought for his impeachment, and that he was seen as a leader of the opposition, and that if he were demoted or marginalized, he would be letting down those who had followed him. He also said Clinton and those around him would notice what a terrible fate had befallen him and take great pleasure from it. In his view, they would be vindicated if that happened.”
Tyrrell found what appeared to be an escape route. While the board was still considering the Black proposal, Tyrrell told members he had arranged for a better deal from the high-tech investment guru George Gilder. (In truth, Gilder had pledged to give $250,000 a year for three years, less than what Black’s group proposed.) Even though it was not clear whether Gilder’s offer would be sufficient to keep the magazine in business, Tyrrell’s word was enough for his hand-picked board to say no to Black’s bid.
**
By summer the magazine was almost out of money. In August, Gilder, who was looking for a new publication to feature his views on issues such as Internet bandwidth and the New Economy, offered to buy the Spectator outright. With the magazine a few weeks away from missing a payroll, Tyrrell agreed. He had known Gilder for years; he told employees that the Spectator would still be about politics and culture, but would now take more notice of technology issues. Instead the magazine became something entirely new, virtually unrecognizable to readers of the old Spectator. Gilder would eventually close the office and fire everyone—except Tyrrell, who stayed on, with no control over the magazine he had run for thirty-three years.
How that happened is the story of a magazine that was very, very good for most of its life—for years it was one of the few outlets for first-rate conservative writers, and almost every prominent conservative writer today contributed to it at some time or another—but that in the 1990s lost touch with what had made it so good. A few conservatives—Tyrrell was prominent among them—became possessed by a self-destructive brand of opposition to Bill Clinton, and in their desire to knock the President out of office they ended up hurting themselves more than him.
Excerpt from:
November 2001 Atlantic
The conservative magazine survived and prospered for twenty-five years before Bill Clinton came into its sights. Now the former President is rich and smiling, and the Spectator is dead
by Byron York
The Life and Death of The American Spectator
http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200111/york
***
***
Keith Hennessey is the former Assistant to the U.S. President for Economic Policy and Director of the U.S. National Economic Council. He was appointed to the position in November 2007 by President George W. Bush, and served until the end of Bush’s second term in office. Mr. Hennessey served in the White House since August 2002, when he was appointed to his previous position of Deputy Assistant to the U.S. President for Economic Policy and Deputy Director of the U.S. National Economic Council.
Prior to joining the White House staff, Hennessey worked for Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott from February 1997 to August 2002. While in Senator Lott’s office, he was involved in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 and all budget resolutions since 1997, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and all tax legislation since 1998, Trade Promotion Authority, all health legislation, the Transportation Equity Act, FAA authorization bills and many other smaller bills. Prior to joining Senator Lott, Hennessey worked as a health economist for the Senate Budget Committee, from January 1995 to February 1997. Hennessey was a research assistant for the Bipartisan Commission on Entitlement and Tax Reform from June 1994 to January 1995. From 1990 and 1992 he tested the database program Q&A for Symantec Corporation in Cupertino, California.
Hennessey holds a B.S. in Mathematics and Political Science from Stanford University as well as a Master of Public Policy from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. The title of his Harvard public policy thesis was Unintended Consequences: Critical Assumptions in the Clinton Health Plan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Hennessey
***
Allan Hubbard finished his term as the Assistant to President George W. Bush for Economic Policy and Director of the National Economic Council at the end of 2007.
Biography
Hubbard received his B.A. degree from Vanderbilt University cum laude in 1969. In 1975, Mr. Hubbard received a J.D. from Harvard Law School, also cum laude, and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School, where he was a classmate of Bush’s. He was previously the director of E & A Industries, a conglomerate in Indiana that owns three chemical companies, among others. A major fundraiser for Bush, from 1993 to 1994, Hubbard served as the volunteer chairman of the Indiana State Republican Party and from 1990 to 1992 as deputy chief of staff to Vice President Dan Quayle, and previously as executive director of the President’s Council on Competitiveness, which was chaired by Quayle. Hubbard currently serves as an Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Director, National Economic Council. He was also one of the Members of the 2006 Bilderberg Meeting in Ottawa, Canada.
References
* Biography at whitehouse.gov
* Personnel Announcement as Director of the National Economic Council at whitehouse.gov
* Biography at the Hudson Institute
* Biography at nndb.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hubbard
***
Stephen Friedman (born December 21, 1937[1]) is the current Chairman of the United States President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. He was nominated on October 27, 2005 to replace Brent Scowcroft in the position.
Biography
Friedman graduated from Cornell University in 1959, where he was a member of the Quill and Dagger society. He received his law degree from Columbia Law School in 1962 (Law Review). He worked for much of his career with investment bank Goldman Sachs, holding numerous executive roles. He served as the company’s co-chief operating officer from 1987 to 1990, was the company’s co-chairman from 1990 to 1992, and the sole chairman from 1992 to 1994; he still serves on the company board.
From 1998 to 2002, he served as a senior principal of Marsh & McLennan Capital Corp. He was from 2002 to 2005 United States Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and director of the National Economic Council. Among other public service activities, Friedman is the Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Columbia University, Chairman Emeritus of the Executive Committee of the Brookings Institution, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Friedman’s brother is Richard Friedman, a law professor at the University of Michigan, and a leading expert in the Confrontation Clause of the United States Constitution.
Friedman’s son is screenwriter David Benioff, who is married to actress Amanda Peet.
References
1. ^ McGeehan, Patrick (December 13, 2002). Man in the News; Economic Adviser From Other Side of the Deficit — Stephen Friedman . New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CEFD9103AF930A25751C1A9649C8B63.
External links
* Steve Friedman, Director of the National Economic Council
* Stephen Friedman, Director, National Economic Council at opensecrets.org
* Stephen Friedman Cornell ’59 named Bush’s chief economic adviser
* The Stephen Friedman Flock
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Friedman_(PFIAB)
***
Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. (MMC) is a US-based global professional services and insurance brokerage firm. In 2007, it had over 57,000 employees and annual revenues of $12.069 billion. Marsh & McLennan Companies was ranked the 207th largest corporation in the United States by the 2007 Fortune 500 list, and the 5th largest U.S. company in the diversified financial industry. [2]
Subsidiaries
Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. (MMC) is a diversified risk, insurance and professional services firm composed of:
* Marsh Inc., a risk and insurance brokerage;
* Mercer, a collection of consulting and services firms (including Mercer Human Resource Consulting, Mercer HR Services, and Mercer Investment Consulting);
* Guy Carpenter & Company, a reinsurance intermediary;
* Oliver Wyman Group, a collection of management consulting firms (including Oliver Wyman – formerly Mercer Management Consulting, Mercer Oliver Wyman and Mercer Delta, as well as Lippincott and NERA Economic Consulting); and,
* Kroll Inc., a risk and specialized technology services firm.
* The Medisure Group Ltd, a medical administration company.
History
Burrows, Marsh & McLennan was formed by Henry W. Marsh and Donald R. McLennan in Chicago in 1905, becoming the world’s largest insurance agency with annual premiums of $3 million ($59 million consumer price index adjusted). It was renamed Marsh & McLennan in 1906. In 1997, the company merged with Johnson & Higgins.
In August 2007, Marsh completed the sale of its Putnam Investments division to Great-West Lifeco Inc., a financial services holding company controlled by Canada-based Power Financial Corp.[2].
Marsh Inc.
Marsh Inc. is a global risk and insurance services firm. It is a subsidiary of MMC. In 2003, Marsh employed about 40,000 people, with annual revenues of $6.9 billion, up from $4.8 billion in 2001.
Marsh operates by collecting advisory fees from its clients — mainly large corporations but also small and mid-size businesses, municipal governments, school districts and some individuals — in exchange for locating property and casualty insurance coverage for them. At all relevant times, the Company stated that its guiding principle is to consider (its) clients’ best interests in all placements, and that it (does not) represent the (companies) and held itself out as a trusted adviser and advocate, in effect representing their best interests in the market place.
Marsh in the news
* 295 employees & 60 contractors were killed in the 9/11 terrorist attacks; they were working in Marsh’s One World Trade Center offices located in the heart of the impact zone.[3]
* On September 11, 2001 Marsh established a crisis consulting practice specializing in terrorism, with Ambassador L. Paul Bremer as Chairman and Andrew R. Daniels as President and COO. Marsh also announced a partnership with Control Risks Group to provide political risk assessment.
* On July 8, 2004 completed the acquisition of Kroll Inc. Jeffrey W. Greenberg called it an important strategic step. The company had employed terrorism expert John O’Neill, formerly of the FBI.
* On October 14, 2004, New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer announced the initiation of a civil action against Marsh, alleging impropriety in the steering of clients to insurers with whom the company maintained payoff agreements, and for soliciting rigged bids for insurance contracts from the insurers. The Attorney General announced that two AIG executives pleaded guilty to criminal charges in connection with this illegal course of conduct and stated, There is simply no responsible argument for a system that rigs bids, stifles competition and cheats customers. Former CEO Jeffrey W. Greenberg resigned several weeks later. The suit was ultimately settled out of court.
* In July 2007 Marsh & McLennan Cos. Inc. was ranked first in Business Insurance’s world’s largest brokers list.[4]
* On September 14, 2007, Brian M. Storms, the CEO of Marsh’s insurance brokerage unit, resigned. As Michael G. Cherkasky explained his departure, we now need a different set of leadership and operational skills. [5]
MMC Management
* President, CEO: Brian Duperreault
* Chairman: Stephen R. Hardis (non-executive Chairman of the Board 2006-Present)
* CFO: Matthew B. Bartley
* SVP, Executive Resources and Development: Francis N. Bonsignore
Former Chairs of the Board
* Chairman Henry W. Marsh (1923-1935)
* Chairman Donald R. McLennan (1935-1944)
* Chairman Charles Ward Seabury (1944-1955)
* Chairman Laurence S. Kennedy (1955-1955)
* Chairman William D. Maus (1955-1963)
* Chairman Hermon D. Smith (1963-1966)
* Chairman Albert A. Morey (1966-1970)
* Chairman Henry W. Otis (1970-1971)
* Chairman William F. Souder, Jr. (1971-1975)
* Chairman John M. Regan Jr. (1975-1986)
* Chairman Frank J. Tasco (1986-1992)
* Chairman A.J.C. Smith (1992-2000)
* Chairman Jeffrey W. Greenberg (2000-2004)
* Chairman Michael Cherkasky (2004-2005)
* Chairman Robert F. Erburu (non-executive Chairman 2005-2006)
Former CEO
* CEO: Jeffrey W. Greenberg (- Oct 25, 2004)
References
1. ^ Milestones of Marsh & McLennan Companies . http://mmc.com/about/history.php. Retrieved on 2007-05-31.
2. ^ a b c d Fortune Magazine
3. ^ Siegel, Aaron (September 11, 2007). Industry honors fallen on 9/11 anniversary . InvestmentNews. http://www.investmentnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070911/REG/70911011.
4. ^ [1]
5. ^ Roberts, Sally (September 14, 2007). Storms out as Marsh chief . BusinessInsurance. http://www.businessinsurance.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?newsId=11117.
External links
* MMC Website
* 9-11 Memorial Website
* Guy Carpenter Website
* Guy Carpenter Intellectual Capital Website
History
* Marsh & McLennan Companies – MMC’s History
* Marsh Affinity Group Services Insurance
* Memorial Page for the Marsh employees who were killed on 9/11
Data
* Yahoo – Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. Company Profile
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_%26_McLennan_Companies
***
Lawrence B. Lindsey was director of the National Economic Council (2001-2002), and the assistant to the president on economic policy for the U.S. President George W. Bush. He played a leading role in formulating President Bush’s $1.35 trillion tax cut plan, convincing candidate Bush that he needed an insurance policy against an economic turndown. He left the White House in December 2002 and was replaced by Stephen Friedman after he estimated the cost of the Iraq war could reach $200 billion.
Lindsey, his wife, Susan, and children Troy, Emily, and Thomas reside in Clifton, Virginia.
Lindsey was born on July 18, 1954 in Peekskill, New York. He graduated from Lakeland Senior High School in Shrub Oak, New York in 1972. He received his A.B. magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from Bowdoin College and his A.M. and Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University.
He is the author of The Growth Experiment: How the New Tax Policy is Transforming the U.S. Economy (Basic Books, New York, 1990) and Economic Puppetmasters: Lessons from the Halls of Power (AEI Press, Washington, D.C., 1999), and What A President Should Know …but most learn too late: An Insiders View On How To Succeed In The Oval Office (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Maryland, 2008), and has contributed numerous articles to professional publications. His honors and awards include the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Boston Bar Association, 1994; an honorary degree from Bowdoin College, 1993; selection as a Citicorp/Wriston Fellow for Economic Research, 1988; and the Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Award from the National Tax Association, 1985.
During the Reagan Administration, he served three years on the staff of the Council of Economic Advisers as Senior Staff Economist for Tax Policy. He then served as Special Assistant to the President for Policy Development during the first Bush administration
Lindsey served as a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for five years from November 1991 to February 1997. Additionally, Lindsey was Chairman of the Board of the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, a national public/private community redevelopment organization, from 1993 until his departure from the Federal Reserve.
From 1997 to January 2001, Lindsey was a Resident Scholar and holder of the Arthur F. Burns Chair in Economics at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C. He was also Managing Director of Economic Strategies, an economic advisory service based in New York City. During 1999 and throughout 2000 he served as then-Governor George W. Bush’s chief economic advisor for his presidential campaign. He is a former associate professor of Economics at Harvard University.
Lindsey is presently Chief Executive Officer of the Lindsey Group, which he runs with a former colleague from the National Economic Council and writes for The Wall Street Journal, Weekly Standard and other publications. He is a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute.
The Iraq controversy
On September 15, 2002, in an interview with the Wall Street Journal, Lindsey estimated the high limit on the cost of the Bush administration’s plan in 2002 of invasion and regime change in Iraq to be 1-2% of GNP, or about $100-$200 billion.[1] Mitch Daniels, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, subsequently discounted this estimate as very, very high and stated that the costs would be between $50-$60 billion.[2] This lower figure was endorsed by Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld[2] who called Lindsey’s estimate baloney .[3]
As of 2007 the cost of the invasion and occupation of Iraq exceeded $400 billion, and the Congressional Budget Office in August 2007 estimated that appropriations would eventually reach $1 trillion or more.[4] On September 20, 2007, the Congressional Budget Office estimated the future annual costs of continuing occupation in Iraq to be between $25 and $30 billion.[5]
Nobel Prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz predicted in 2006 that the war would cost between $1-2 trillion.[6]
In October 2007, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that by 2017, the total costs of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan could reach $2.4 trillion. In response, Democratic Representative Allen Boyd criticized the administration for firing Lindsey, saying They found him a job outside the administration. [7]
Other controversy
Lindsey is famous for spotting the emergence of the late 1990s U.S. stock market bubble back in 1996 while a Governor of the Federal Reserve. According to the meeting transcripts for September of that year, Lindsey challenged the expectation that corporate earnings would grow 11 1/2 percent a year continually. He said, Readers of this transcript five years from now can check this fearless prediction: profits will fall short of this expectation. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, corporate profits as a share of national income eroded from 1997 until 2001. Stock prices eventually collapsed, starting their decline in March of 2000.
In contrast to Chairman Greenspan, Lindsey argued that the Federal Reserve had an obligation to prevent the stock market bubble from growing out of control. He argued that the long term costs of a bubble to the economy and society are potentially great…As in the United States in the late 1920s and Japan in the late 1980s, the case for a central bank ultimately to burst that bubble becomes overwhelming. I think it is far better that we do so while the bubble still resembles surface froth and before the bubble carries the economy to stratospheric heights. During the 2000 Presidential campaign, Governor Bush was criticized for picking an economic advisor who had sold all of his stock in 1998.[citation needed]
According to the Washington Post,[8] Lindsey was on an advisory board to Enron along with Paul Krugman before joining the White House. Lindsey and his colleagues warned Enron that the economic environment was riskier than they perceived.
References
1. ^ Bush Economic Aide Says Cost Of Iraq War May Top $100 Billion . Wall Street Journal. 2002-09-16.
2. ^ a b Wolk, Martin (2006-05-17). Cost of Iraq war could surpass $1 trillion . MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11880954/. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. Back in 2002, the White House was quick to distance itself from Lindsey’s view. Mitch Daniels, director of the White House budget office, quickly called the estimate very, very high. Lindsey himself was dismissed in a shake-up of the White House economic team later that year, and in January 2003, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said the budget office had come up with a number that’s something under $50 billion. He and other officials expressed optimism that Iraq itself would help shoulder the cost once the world market was reopened to its rich supply of oil.
3. ^ Bryne, John (2008-03-18). Price of Iraq war now outpaces Vietnam . The Raw Story. http://rawstory.com/news/2008/Price_of_Iraq_war_now_outpaces_0318.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-18.
4. ^ Bender, Bryan (2007-08-01). Analysis says war could cost $1 trillion . The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/08/01/analysis_says_war_could_cost_1_trillion/. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
5. ^ Congressional Budget Office
6. ^ Wilson, Jamie (2006-01-07). Iraq war could cost US over $2 trillion, says Nobel prize-winning economist . The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jan/07/usa.iraq. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
7. ^ Congress told of war costs up to $2.4 trillion by 2017 . The Register-Guard. October 25, 2007. http://www.registerguard.com/csp/cms/sites/dt.cms.support.viewStory.cls?mid=6868. Retrieved on 2007-10-25.
8. ^ Washington Post
External links
* Official White House biography.
* Biography from American Enterprise Institute.
* U.S. Representative Jan Schakowsky’s page on cost estimates for the Iraq war
* National Priorities Project page purporting to show a running total of the U.S. taxpayer cost of the Iraq war
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_B._Lindsey
***
Mitchell Elias Mitch Daniels, Jr. (born April 7, 1949 in Monongahela, Pennsylvania) is the current Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana. A Republican, he began his four-year term as Indiana’s 49th Governor on January 10, 2005 and was elected to his second term on November 4, 2008. Previously he was the Director of the Office of Management and Budget under George W. Bush and also worked for Eli Lilly and Company.
Mitchell Elias Daniels Jr. was born on April 7, 1949 in Monongahela, Pennsylvania to Mitch and Dorothy Daniels,[2] spending his early childhood years in Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Georgia. Daniels moved to Indiana from Pennsylvania in 1959 while still in grade school.
Upon graduating from North Central High School in Indianapolis in 1967, Daniels was named Indiana’s Presidential Scholar – the state’s top male high school graduate that year – by President Lyndon Johnson.[3] Daniels earned a bachelor’s degree from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University in 1971 and a Juris Doctor degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1979. Daniels is a first generation Arab American[4] and is a supporter of the Arab-American Institute, having been honored by them for his work in the community.[5][6]
While a student at Princeton in 1970, he was arrested for possession of marijuana and spent two nights in jail. Throughout his career, he has been forthcoming about his arrest; disclosing it on job applications and in a 1989 Indianapolis Star column.[7]
Entry into public service
Daniels had his first experience in politics while still a teenager when, in 1968, he worked on the unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign of William Ruckelshaus. While in college he interned in the office of then-Indianapolis Mayor Richard Lugar. In 1971, Daniels joined Lugar’s re-election campaign, then joined the mayor’s staff and within three years became Lugar’s principal assistant. After Lugar was elected to the U.S. Senate, Daniels followed him to Washington, D.C., in 1977, as administrative assistant.[3]
Daniels served as Lugar’s chief of staff during his first term from 1977 to 1982. When Lugar was elected chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, Daniels was appointed its executive director. He served in that position in 1983 and 1984, playing a major role in the successful effort to keep the GOP in control of the U.S. Senate. Daniels was also manager of three successful Senate campaigns for Lugar. Daniels was part of the Reagan Administration when he became chief political advisor and liaison to President Ronald Reagan in August 1985.[3]
Private sector work
In 1987, Daniels returned to Indiana as chief executive of the Hudson Institute, restoring the organization back to financial health. He then left Hudson in 1990 for the pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Company. From 1993 until 1997, Daniels was President of North American operations, and promoted to Senior Vice President for Corporate Strategy and Policy at Eli Lilly in 1997 where he served until leaving the company in 2001.[6][3]
In January 2001, upon his appointment as Director of federal Office of Management and Budget (see below), Daniels resigned as a member of the board of Indianapolis Power & Light Co. and sold the $1.45 million he held in company stock, donating the proceeds to charity. Later, that year, Indianapolis Power & Light Co. was bought by Virginia-based AES Corp.[6] After the stocks dropped, the Indiana Securities Division investigated the sale and found no wrongdoing, but political opponents in his 2004 gubernatorial campaign charged that Daniels got rich while other employees suffered financial hardship. A state investigation also found no wrongdoing.
Public career
Office of Management and Budget
In January 2001, Daniels accepted President George W. Bush’s invitation to serve as director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). He served as Director from January 2001 through June 2003. In this role he was also a member of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council.
During his time as the director of the OMB, President Bush admiringly called him the Blade, for his noted acumen at budget cutting.[8] Daniels instituted a first-of-its-kind accountability system for all governmental entities. Daniels came under fire for overseeing a $236 billion annual surplus turn into a $400 billion deficit during his 29-month tenure. Supporters argued that Daniels was one of the few in the administration working toward restraint, and that ultimately he had to take marching orders from the administration.[3]
In 2002, Daniels helped discredit a report by Assistant to the President on Economic Policy Lawrence B. Lindsey estimating the cost of the Iraq War at between $100-$200 billion. Daniels called this estimate very, very high and stated that the costs would be between $50-$60 billion.[9] It was later misreported that Daniels underestimated the cost of the Iraq conflict. [10] In March, as Congress considered H.R. 1559, “Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2003,” OMB was ordered to prepare an estimate for the defeat of the Iraqi Army and a six-month aftermath ending with the 2003 fiscal year on September 30. [11] Daniels’ estimate referred only to this period,[12] an estimate that proved largely accurate.
Governor
While campaigning, governor Daniels traveled the state in a white RV covered with signatures of supporters and his trademark My Man Mitch campaign slogan. My Man Mitch was a reference to a nickname President George W. Bush called him while he was OMB Director. He visited all 92 counties at least three times. On 2 November 2004, Daniels was elected Governor of Indiana garnering about 53% of the vote compared to 46% to Democratic incumbent Governor Joe Kernan, who had assumed power after Frank O’Bannon’s death. In his first State of the State address on January 18, 2005, Daniels sought to improve the state’s fiscal situation by calling for strict controls on all state spending increases and proposed a one year 1% tax increase on all individuals and entities earning over $100,000. The move was controversial for a conservative governor and the state legislature did not act on it. As governor, Daniels has pushed through controversial proposals that had the state adopt Daylight Saving Time and lease the Indiana Toll Road.
On his first day in office, Governor Daniels created Indiana’s first Office of Management and Budget to look for efficiencies and cost savings across state government. In 2005, Governor Daniels led the state to its first balanced budget in eight years and, without a tax increase, turned the $600 million deficit he inherited into a $300 million surplus in a single year. Governor Daniels used this surplus to repay hundreds of millions of dollars the state had borrowed from Indiana’s public schools in previous administrations.[6]
Daniels, as part of a 12-day trade mission in Asia, visited Indiana soldiers serving in the Korean Demilitarized Zone on the 56th anniversary of the start of the Korean War and laid a bouquet of white flowers at the base of a plaque listing 900 soldiers from Indiana who died in the war. Daniels also stopped in Japan.[13]
On Nov. 4, 2008, Daniels defeated Democratic candidate Jill Long Thompson and was reelected to a second term as governor.[14] Washington Post blogger Chris Cillizza named the Daniels reelection campaign The Best Gubernatorial Campaign of 2008 and noted that some Republicans were already bandying about the Indiana governor’s name for the 2012 presidential election due to his success.[15]
Indiana Economic Development Corporation
When Daniels was elected, he claimed his number one priority was job creation.[6] Daniels created the public-private Indiana Economic Development Corporation (IEDC), became chairman of its board, and ordered it to “act at the speed of business, not the speed of government,” to attract new jobs. During its first year, the IEDC closed more transactions than in the previous two years combined. In 2006, the IEDC topped its 2005 results in only ten months while becoming the only state in the nation to land three high profile automotive investments – Toyota, Honda, and Cummins. In 2007, the IEDC announced its third consecutive record-breaking year for new investment and job commitments in Indiana while the Governor’s continued focus on renewing the state’s agricultural sector and strengthening rural communities moved Indiana to the forefront in biofuel and clean energy.
In his first year as governor he was able to get 485 businesses to commit to creating more than 60,000 new jobs and invest $14.5 billion into the Indiana economy. Unemployment has dropped during his governorship with 100,000 more Indiana residents being employed than before he was elected. Daniels push for clean energy has moved Indiana to become one of the leading states in bio-fuel with 15 plants, including the worlds largest soybean bio-diesel plant.[6]
Healthy Indiana Plan
In 2007, Governor Daniels signed landmark health care legislation, called the Healthy Indiana Plan, that provides 132,000 uninsured Hoosiers with coverage. The plan promotes health screenings, early prevention services, smoking cessation, and entrusts Hoosiers to become value-conscious consumers of health care. It also provides tax credits for small businesses that create qualified wellness and Section 125 plans. The plan was paid for by an increase in the state’s tax on cigarettes.
In a September 15, 2007 Wall Street Journal column, Fred Barnes quoted Daniels talking about the Healthy Indiana Plan and cigarette tax increase saying, “A consumption tax on a product you’d just as soon have less of doesn’t violate the rules I learned under Ronald Reagan. [16] The plan allowed for spending to assist 130,000 Indiana residents with health care costs.[6]
For the 132,000 Hoosiers eligible for the Healthy Indiana Plan, a POWER health savings account is available to help pay medical expenses. A health savings account was first offered to state employees in 2006 and thousands of workers now participate. In 2005, Governor Daniels signed a bill allowing citizens to waive coverage for pre-existing conditions on individual and some group policies. With the barriers now removed, it’s easier for Hoosiers to obtain health insurance coverage.
Property Tax Reform
In 2008, Daniels proposed one percent cap of assessed home value would be instituted as the highest yearly property tax on homes. Property tax ceilings would be two percent for rental properties and three percent for businesses. The move would be permanent, making Indiana one of the lowest property tax states in the country, according to reporter Seth T. Whitecotton of the Connersville News-Examiner.
The plan was approved by the Indiana House of Representatives on March 14, 2008 and signed by Daniels on March 19, 2008, locking in low rates for homeowners, businesses, and rental properties. According to Whitecotton, voters will decide in 2010 whether to adopt the property tax caps into the Indiana Constitution.
In 2008, Indiana homeowners will have an average property tax cut of more than 30 percent; a total of $870 million in relief will be provided. Beginning in 2010, homeowner property taxes will be capped at 1 percent of a home’s assessed value, apartments and agriculture land will be capped at 2 percent of assessed value, and business property will be capped at 3 percent of assessed value. Once fully implemented, the plan delivers $1.72 in tax cuts for each $1 of new sales tax. To offset the loss in revenues the state raised the sales tax from 6% to 7% effective April 1, 2008.[17]
Electoral History
Main article: Indiana gubernatorial election, 2008
Indiana gubernatorial election, 2004
Party Candidate Votes % %
Republican Mitch Daniels 1,302,912 53.2
Democratic Joe Kernan (Incumbent) 1,113,900 45.5
Indiana gubernatorial election, 2008
Party Candidate Votes % %
Republican Mitch Daniels (Incumbent) 1,542,371 57.8
Democratic Jill Long Thompson 1,067,863 40.1
Libertarian Andy Horning 56,651 2.1
See also
Indiana portal
* List of Governors of Indiana
* List of current United States governors
References
1. ^ Governor’s Residence . IN.gov. http://www.in.gov/gov/2571.htm. Retrieved on 2008-07-17.
2. ^ Governor Fun Facts . State of Indiana. http://www.in.gov/gov/2550.htm. Retrieved on 2009-01-04.
3. ^ a b c d e Mitch Daniels . IndyStar. 01-11-2005. http://www2.indystar.com/library/factfiles/people/d/daniels_mitch/daniels.html. Retrieved on 2008-07-09.
4. ^ http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/81391.pdf
5. ^ http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/81391.pdf
6. ^ a b c d e f g Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels . National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=ac6e224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved on 2008-07-09.
7. ^ Mitch Daniels – a Star Library biography
8. ^ Slevin, Peter (2004-10-04). In Indiana Race, Bush’s Budget Blade Becomes ‘My Man Mitch’ . Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4516-2004Oct3.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-28. President Bush admiringly called him the Blade, for the gleam in his budget-cutting eye.
9. ^ Wolk, Martin (2006-05-17). Cost of Iraq war could surpass $1 trillion . MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11880954/. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. Back in 2002, the White House was quick to distance itself from Lindsey’s view. Mitch Daniels, director of the White House budget office, quickly called the estimate very, very high. Lindsey himself was dismissed in a shake-up of the White House economic team later that year, and in January 2003, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said the budget office had come up with a number that’s something under $50 billion. He and other officials expressed optimism that Iraq itself would help shoulder the cost once the world market was reopened to its rich supply of oil.
10. ^ Background Briefing by a Senior Administration Official on the Supplemental . The White House. 2003-03-24. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/speeches/senior_admin032403.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-09.
11. ^ Conference Report on H.R. 1559, Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2003 . The Library of Congress. 2003-04-12. http://Thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/C?rl108:./temp/~r108dpXMUJ. Retrieved on 2009-02-09.
12. ^ Background Briefing by a Senior Administration Official on the Supplemental . The White House. 2003-03-24. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/speeches/senior_admin032403.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-09.
13. ^ Governor visits Indiana troops in South Korea . Indystar.com. 25 June 2006. http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060625/LOCAL/60625002.
14. ^ Indiana election results . Fox News. http://elections.foxnews.com/states_map/index.html?stateAbbr=IN. Retrieved on 2008-11-05.
15. ^ The Best Gubernatorial Campaign of 2008
16. ^ Greene County Indiana Information – Articles
17. ^ Governor Signs Property Tax Relief and Reform Bill (PDF). IN.gov. http://www.in.gov/gov/files/031908_Governor_signs_property_tax_relief_and_reform_bill.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-07-09.
External links
Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mitch Daniels
* Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels official state site
o biography
* Governor Mitch Daniels official campaign site
* Biography at the National Governors Association
* Biography, interest group ratings, public statements, vetoes and campaign finances at Project Vote Smart
* Issue positions and quotes at On The Issues
* Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
* Collected news and commentary at The Washington Post
* Follow the Money – Mitch Daniels
o 2008 2006 2004 campaign contributions
* Mitch Daniels’s YouTube Channel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Daniels
***
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Law
*** includes –
Michael G. Cherkasky, former CEO and Board Member at Marsh & McLennan Companies
Charles Z. Wick, Former Director of the USIA under Ronald Reagan (1981-1988).
(From above)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USIA
***
Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs)
James K. Glassman, the most recent Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs.
Photo courtesy of American Enterprise Institute.
The Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs is a position within the U.S. Department of State that is intended to help ensure that public diplomacy is practiced in combination with public affairs and traditional diplomacy to advance U.S. interests and security. The Under Secretary oversees three bureaus at the Department of State: Educational and Cultural Affairs, Public Affairs, and International Information Programs. Also reporting to the Under Secretary are the Office of Policy, Planning and Resources for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs and the Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy.
The position was created on October 1, 1999, during the Clinton administration after Title XIII, Section 1313 of the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 (112 Stat. 2681-776). Section 2305 of the Act (112 Stat. 2681-825) increased the number of Under Secretaries of State from five to six. Subdivision A of the Act, also know as the Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998, abolished the United States Information Agency and the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.
List of Under Secretaries of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
Name Term of Office President(s) served under
Evelyn Lieberman October 1, 1999-January 19, 2001 Bill Clinton
Charlotte Beers October 2, 2001–March 28, 2003 George W. Bush
Margaret D. Tutwiler December 16, 2003–June 30, 2004 George W. Bush
Karen Hughes September 9, 2005– December 14, 2007 George W. Bush
James K. Glassman June 10, 2008– January 15, 2009 George W. Bush
External links
* Website of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
* Publicdiplomacy.org
* Margaret D. Tutweiler leaves the Department of State for the New York Stock Exchange
* The Office of the Historian’s list of former Under Secretaries
Agencies under the United States Department of State
Secretary of State
Deputy Secretary of State
Executive Secretariat A Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism A Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization A National Foreign Affairs Training Center A Office of the Legal Adviser A Office of Protocol A Office of War Crimes Issues A Bureau of Intelligence and Research A Bureau of Legislative Affairs A Bureau of Resource Management
United States Department of State Seal
Under Secretary for
Political Affairs
Bureau of African Affairs A Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs A Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs A Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs A Bureau of International Organization Affairs A Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs A Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs A Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
Under Secretary for Management
Bureau of Administration A Bureau of Consular Affairs A Bureau of Diplomatic Security A Bureau of Human Resources A Bureau of Information Resource Management A Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations A Office of Management Policy, Rightsizing, and Innovation
Under Secretary for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs
Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs
Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs A Bureau of Public Affairs A Bureau of International Information Programs
Under Secretary for
Arms Control and
International Security Affairs
Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation A Bureau of Political-Military Affairs A Bureau of Verification, Compliance, and Implementation
Under Secretary for
Democracy and Global Affairs
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor A Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs A Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration A Office of the Science and Technology Adviser A Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Public_Diplomacy_and_Public_Affairs
Categories: United States Department of State officials
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_for_Public_Diplomacy_and_Public_Affairs
***
Margaret DeBardeleben Tutwiler (born December 28, 1950 in Birmingham, Alabama) is a former Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs at the US State Department, serving from December 16, 2003 to June 30, 2004. She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on December 9, 2003 to replace outgoing Under Secretary Charlotte Beers. Tutwiler was given the task of leading the government’s public-relations drive to build a favorable impression abroad. Tutwiler was the ambassador to Morocco from March 2001 until 2003. In July 2004, Tutwiler began directing communications for NYSE Euronext. On December 11, 2007, it was announced that she was appointed head of communications for Merrill Lynch & Co.
External links
* USC Center on Public Diplomacy Profile
* Interview in Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training.
* Profile in the Alabama Academy of Honor.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_D._Tutwiler
***
Charlotte Beers (born July 26, 1935 in Beaumont, Texas) is an American businesswoman and former Under Secretary of State.
She was the first female vice-president at the JWT advertising firm, then CEO of Tatham-Laird & Kudner until 1992, and finally CEO of Ogilvy & Mather until 1996. In 1997, Fortune magazine placed her on the cover of their first issue to feature the most powerful women in America, for her achievements in the advertising industry. In 1999, Beers received the Legend in Leadership Award from the Chief Executive Leadership Institute of the Yale School of Management.
From October 2001 until March 2003, she worked for the Bush Administration administration as the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks.
Beers attended Baylor University and graduated from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, then called the University of Southwestern Louisiana, with a bachelor of science in liberal arts.
External links
* USC Center on Public Diplomacy Profile
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Beers
***
from the Clinton group –
Evelyn S. Lieberman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Evelyn Lieberman)
Evelyn S. Lieberman is an American public affairs professional who, during the Clinton administration, became the first woman to serve as Deputy White House Chief of Staff and the first United States Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. She has been Director of Communications and Public Affairs at the Smithsonian Institution since 2002 [1], taking time off to serve as chief operating officer of Hillary Rodham Clinton’s presidential campaign. [2]
Lieberman first joined the White House in 1993 as Assistant to First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton’s Chief of Staff. She rose to the rank of Deputy Assistant to the President with the job title of Deputy Press Secretary. On January 10, 1996, Chief of Staff Leon Panetta announced her appointment as Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff. [1]
While another Deputy Chief of Staff managed policy and politics, Lieberman oversaw White House operations and administrative functions: the Office of Scheduling and Advance, the Office of Management and Administration, the Office of Presidential Personnel, and the Office of the Staff Secretary, as well as Director of Oval Office Operations. She focussed on bringing discipline to the young, energetic White House staff; in announcing her appointment, Panetta said she brings the perfect mixture of chicken soup and a kick in the butt that we need in this job. [3]
While serving as Deputy Chief of Staff, Lieberman, with the approval of Panetta, transferred Monica Lewinsky–the former intern later found to have had an inappropriate relationship with the President–out of the White House into the United States Defense Department Public Affairs office. In subsequent grand jury testimony, Lieberman recalled removing Lewinsky for spending too much time around the West Wing. [4]
The story of Lewinsky’s firing reportedly contributed to Lieberman’s cult status as a tough enforcer among the Hillary Clinton supporters collectively known as Hillaryland. If Lieberman invites you for a walk, Hillaryland members joke, don’t go. It means you’re fired. [5]
At the beginning of Clinton’s second administration, Lieberman wanted to return to public affairs, and Clinton appointed her director of the Voice of America. When VOA’s parent organization, the U.S. Information Agency, was folded into the State Department in 1999 (minus VOA, which became a unit of the separate Broadcasting Board of Governors) she was appointed senior adviser to the United States Secretary of State. She was then nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate as Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, overseeing the Department’s spokesman, its international public information operations, and its education and cultural programs. Her overall mission was improving the image of the United States internationally.
Prior to joining the Clinton Administration, Lieberman was press secretary to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr. (D-DE) (1988-1993); Director of Public Affairs for the Children’s Defense Fund; and Communications Director for the National Urban Coalition. She is also a director of the Trust for Early Education, an advocacy group devoted to ensuring that children in America receive pre-Kindergarten preparation for education. [6]
Lieberman, a native New Yorker, graduated from Buffalo State College. She is married to attorney Edward H. Lieberman. [1]
References
1. ^ a b c http://newsdesk.si.edu/admin/bios/lieberman.pdf
2. ^ Deseret News | Clinton enlists outside consultants
3. ^ William J. Clinton Foundation Press Briefing by Leon Panetta
4. ^ IV. April 1996: Ms. Lewinskys Transfer to the Pentagon
5. ^ Gatekeepers of Hillaryland – washingtonpost.com
6. ^ TEE – The Trust for Early Education
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Lieberman
***
Karen Parfitt Hughes (born December 27, 1956) is a Republican political adviser from the state of Texas. She served as the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs in the U.S. Department of State with the rank of ambassador. She resides in Austin, Texas.
Born in Paris, France, she is the daughter of Patricia Rose Scully and Harold Parfitt,[1] the last U.S. Governor of the Panama Canal Zone. After graduating from W. T. White High School, Hughes received her bachelor’s degree from Southern Methodist University in 1977 where she was a member of Alpha Delta Pi sorority. She worked as a television news reporter from 1977 to 1984. As a reporter, Hughes followed the 1980 presidential campaign. In 1984, she went to work as the Texas press coordinator for the Reagan-Bush campaign in the 1984 election. She later became executive director of the Republican Party of Texas.
Work with George W. Bush
Karen Hughes with First Lady Laura Bush
Since the 1990s, Hughes has worked with George W. Bush, first as director of communications while he was governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000, and then as a counselor from 2001 to 2002, while he was President of the United States.
Hughes left the Bush administration in July 2002 to return to Texas, but remained in daily contact with the Bush reelection campaign by telephone and e-mail, and spoke personally with Bush several times a week. In 2002, Hughes was a member of the White House Iraq Group, the task force charged with increasing public support for war in Iraq. In August 2004, Hughes returned to full-time service with the Bush campaign, setting up office on Air Force One, from where she planned the 2004 Republican National Convention and the late stages of the 2004 election. She has been decorated by The Dallas Morning News as the most powerful woman ever to serve in the White House , and by ABC News as Bush’s most essential advisor.
Ten Minutes from Normal
In March 2004, Hughes published Ten Minutes from Normal, an account of her work in the Bush administration. While promoting her book, she appeared on CNN on April 25, 2004 – the same day as the March for Women’s Lives – and said I think after September 11th the American people are valuing life more and realizing that we need policies to value the dignity and worth of every life. And President Bush has worked to say, let’s be reasonable, let’s work to value life, let’s try to reduce the number of abortions, let’s increase adoptions. And I think those are the kind of policies that the American people can support, particularly at a time when we’re facing an enemy, and really the fundamental difference between us and the terror network we fight is that we value every life. It’s the founding conviction of our country, that we’re endowed by our creator with certain unalienable rights, the right to life and liberty and the pursuit of happiness. [2]
As Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy
Karen Hughes (L) at White House luncheon with President George Bush (C) and United States National Security Advisor and United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (R).
On March 14, 2005, Bush announced his intention to nominate Hughes for the undersecretary of state for public diplomacy with the rank of ambassador — a job focused on changing foreigners’ perceptions about America. The Senate confirmed her nomination in July 2005. Prior to being officially sworn in on September 9, 2005, Hughes took an extended leave of absence, which she described as a much needed vacation. During this period Hughes also spent time involved in the Texas senatorial campaign of John Cornyn as well as other state races.
In her new capacity, Hughes spoke of improving the world’s perception of the United States via creation of a rapid-response unit and a plan to forward-deploy regional SWAT teams . During a town hall meeting on September 8, 2005, a State Department employee complained that recently, we’ve had tremendous amount of difficulty in some cases getting clearance for our ambassadors to speak. Hughes replied, If they make statements based on something I sent them, they’re not going to be called on the carpet. [3]
In May 2005, the State Department Media Affairs Director and a 17-year veteran Price Floyd resigned, citing difficulties and disagreements with the Bush administration and Karen Hughes.[4] In an interview, Floyd said: She is one of the most dynamic people I have ever been around. She is truly impressive. But she comes at it from a press/media angle, and public diplomacy — I don’t think — is that. I mean, this is bigger than Karen Hughes, it’s bigger than the State Department. It’s going to mean an administration change: someone new is going to have to come in. Among other things, Floyd commented on the difference between public diplomacy during the Vietnam War, when the State Department was allowed to send dissenting speakers abroad to discuss America, and public diplomacy during the Bush administration.
Hughes stated that one of her greatest accomplishments has been transforming public diplomacy and making it a national security priority central to everything we do in government . [5] Hughes was the keynote speaker at the October 22, 2007 Public Relations Society of America’s International Conference and discussed, Waging Peace — The New Paradigm for Public Diplomacy. [6]
2005 tour of the Middle East
Starting with a September 26, 2005 stop in Egypt, Hughes went on a tour of the Middle East to speak with leaders and people from the region.[7] The goal of the tour was to promote pro-American sentiment in the region. This was a response to growing fears in America about rampant anti-Americanism in the Middle East. Hughes asked two Citizen Ambassadors to accompany her on this tour. Following an apparently non-selective process, Hughes chose a college student, Tina Karima Daoud, and William O’Brien, a retired high school geography teacher, as the first two Citizen Ambassadors. In her press briefing, Hughes detailed the process by which Ms. Daoud was added to the tour: I have brought along with me on this trip, as a symbol of things to come, two citizens, one a young Muslim American, Tina Karima who met the very first week in my office when I asked to meet with a group of Muslim students from universities in the Washington area, and she came to that meeting and she followed up and sent me an email and said she was really interested in some of the things I said and could we have lunch? So we had lunch and I talked with her and learned more about her, and discovered that she was already working at the State Department on a small project — she could tell you exactly what it was — a fellowship project, but it was in something like — it was very administrative. And so I said maybe we could get her to come help us with public diplomacy, and so she in fact is now working with us on public diplomacy on that fellowship and is traveling with us on this trip, but I think it’s – to show again the importance of our own American young people reaching out to young people across the world, which I hope to foster more of.
On her September 27 stop in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia during a talk with female students, she expressed her wish that women could fully participate in society as they do in the United States. In response one of the women said The general image of the Arab woman is that she isn’t happy […] Well, we’re all pretty happy. [8].
In a press conference in Jakarta, Indonesia Hughes incorrectly stated that Saddam Hussein had murdered hundreds of thousands of his own people using poison gas. [9] Conventional sources attest that Saddam did order the deaths of several hundred thousand Iraqis during the al-Anfal Campaign and other violent suppressions, but causalties from his infamous gas attack on Halabja numbered in the thousands.
Breast cancer advocacy
Hughes met business representatives from the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) to create the U.S.-U.A.E. Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research.
It will develop breast cancer awareness campaigns and expand research in the Middle East by linking U.S. medical experts, fundraisers, health research activists and businesses with their U.A.E. counterparts.[10]
Resignation
In late October 2007, Hughes made it known that she would be resigning from her position in the Bush White House[11]. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was quoted as saying she accepted the resignation with a great deal of sadness but also a great deal of happiness for what she has achieved .
Footnotes
1. ^ 1
2. ^ CNN.com – Transcripts
3. ^ Hughes Is Varnishing the Nation’s Tarnish
4. ^ On The Media: Transcript of Scuttle Diplomacy (June 1, 2007)
5. ^ BBC NEWS | World | Americas | Key Bush image adviser to leave
6. ^ 2007 PRSA International Conference
7. ^ Briefing En Route Ankara, Turkey
8. ^ Saudi Women Have Message for U.S. Envoy – New York Times
9. ^ Hughes Misreports Iraqi History
10. ^ State’s Hughes Joins Dubai Businesswomen To Fight Breast Cancer
11. ^ BBC NEWS | Americas | Key Bush image adviser to leave
References
1. Rootsweb.com. Record on Karen (Parfitt) Hughes.
2. Kerry Lauerman. You burn out fast when you demagogue, Salon.com, September 13, 2003.
3. Interview of Karen Hughes. Transcript of Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer, CNN.com, Aired April 5, 2004.
4. Dana Milbank. Hughes is Varnishing the Nation’s Tarnish, The Washington Post, September 9, 2005.
5. Transcript of Interview of Bob Garfield. Scuttle Diplomacy, On the Media, June 1, 2007.
6. U.S. Department of State Transcript. Briefing En Route Ankara, Turkey. September 26, 2005
7. Steven R. Weisman. Saudi Women Have Message for U.S. Envoy, New York Times, September 28, 2005.
8. Alan Sipress. Hughes Misreports Iraqi History, Washington Post, October 22, 2005.
9. Elizabeth Kelleher. State’s Hughes Joins Dubai Businesswomen To Fight Breast Cancer, U.S. Department of State, November 1, 2006.
10. USME Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research. US Middle East Partnership Website.
External links
* Special Report on Karen Hughes’ nomination to Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy
* USC Center on Public Diplomacy Wiki profile on Hughes and her new position
* Testimony at confirmation hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Washington, DC (July 22, 2005)
* Marketing America (March 16, 2005) PBS Online NewsHour featuring Karen Hughes.
* Profile: Karen Hughes, SourceWatch
* Karen Hughes and the collapse of American public diplomacy
* Karen Hughes Addresses PRSA [1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Hughes
***
James K. Glassman (born January 1, 1947 in Washington, D.C.) is an American libertarian conservative editorialist, journalist and author.He is president of the World Growth Institute, which promotes global economic development. Glassman is known for his market analyses and commentary on economics and equities investing. As a syndicated columnist, Glassman’s articles have appeared in newspapers around the world, including the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Forbes, The Atlantic Monthly, Reader’s Digest, and The Times Literary Supplement (London). He was co-author of Dow 36,000, published in 1999, which erroneously predicted that the stock market was greatly undervalued and would at least triple within a few years. On December 11, 2007 Glassman was nominated by President George W. Bush to replace Karen Hughes as the Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy.[1]
Glassman attended private Quaker school, Sidwell Friends School, in Washington, DC, and graduated cum laude from Harvard College with a B.A. in government in 1969.
Journalism
* Served as managing editor of The Harvard Crimson while at Harvard.
* Held first job as a Sunday writer for the Boston Herald Traveler. (1969-70)
* Became editor and publisher of The Advocate in Provincetown, MA (1970-72).
* Co-Founder with Mary Hanby Glassman, Jack W. Davis, jr. and Robin von Breton of the weekly newspaper publication, Figaro, in New Orleans, Louisiana (1972-78).
* After selling Figaro, Glassman became executive editor of Washingtonian magazine (1979-81).
* Publisher of The New Republic (1981-84).
* President of The Atlantic Monthly as well as executive vice-president of U.S. News & World Report (1984-1986).
* Part-owner and editor of Roll Call, later sold to The Economist (1987-1993).
* Started television career as moderator of CNN’s Capital Gang Sunday (1995-98).
* Wrote a syndicated column in the Washington Post business section (1993-99, 2001-04).
* Hosted PBS’s TechnoPolitics (1995-99).
* Founded Tech Central Station (now TCS Daily), an online magazine (2000).
* Chief columnist of FolioFN (2001).
* Analyst for Left, Right & Center on KCRW (2001-02).
* Currently a columnist for Kiplinger Investing Magazine
* Currently a columnist for Townhall.com (2000-)
* Currently a columnist for Scripps Howard News Service (2004-)
* Founded and served as editor-in-chief and executive publisher of The American, a printed and online bimonthly magazine of ideas for business leaders [2] (2006-2008).
Politics
A libertarian conservative, Glassman (with Virginia Postrel) wrote an oft-cited rejoinder to a call for a conservative policy of national greatness by Bill Kristol and David Brooks.
* Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute
* Served on the U.S. government’s Advisory Board on Public Diplomacy in the Arab and Muslim World (2003).
* Confirmed by the U.S. Senate as Chairman, Broadcasting Board of Governors. (2007)[3]
* In June 2008, Glassman became Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs in the Bush administration.
Books
* Dow 36,000 (co-author). In this book, published in 1999, near the peak of the late 1990s stock market bubble, Glassman and his co-author declared that the stocks making up the Dow Jones Industrial Average, then around 10,000, were undervalued and that the stock prices would rise sharply, with the index reaching 36,000 within three to five years. In its introduction, Glassman and his co-author wrote that the book will convince you of the single most important fact about stocks at the dawn of the twenty-first century: They are cheap….If you are worried about missing the market’s big move upward, you will discover that it is not too late. Stocks are now in the midst of a one-time-only rise to much higher ground–to the neighborhood of 36,000 on the Dow Jones industrial average. [4] During the next three years the index declined by over 30%, bottoming at under 7,200 in the fall of 2002.[5] And nearly ten years later, the Dow hovers around 6800.
* The Secret Code of the Superior Investor
Awards and honors
* Warren Brookes Award for Excellence in Journalism (1998) from the American Legislative Exchange Council
* Norman B. Ture Award (1997) from the Tax Foundation for service toward sound tax policy.
Personal
Having lived in New York City, Falls Village, Connecticut, and Washington, D.C., Glassman commutes often between these three locations.
References
1. ^ Nominations and Withdrawals Sent to the Senate
2. ^ [1]
3. ^ NOMINATIONS CONFIRMED (CIVILIAN) . United States Senate website. 2007-06-05. http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/legislative/one_item_and_teasers/nom_confc.htm. Retrieved on 2007-07-10. James K. Glassman, of Connecticut, to be Chairman of the Broadcasting Board of Governors.
4. ^ [2]
5. ^ [3]
External links
Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: James K. Glassman
* Bio at the Broadcasting Board of Governors
* Washington Business Forward profile
* Bio at the American Enterprise Institute
* Bio at Townhall.com
* The American
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Glassman
***
Creation of Position: This position was authorized by Title XIII, Section 1313 of the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 (112 Stat. 2681-776). Section 2305 of the Act (112 Stat. 2681-825) increased the number of Under Secretaries of State from 5 to 6. Subdivision A of the Act, also know as the Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998, abolished the U.S. Information Agency and transferred its functions to the Department of State. The integration took place on Oct 1, 1999.
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/12042.htm
***
Christian Whiton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Deputy Special Envoy, U.S. State Department
Christian Whiton was a State Department political appointee in the George W. Bush administration. He served as the Deputy Special Envoy focused primarily on the promotion of human rights in North Korea. Whiton advised senior administration officials on policy, communications and programmatic activities related to democracy efforts.
Whiton has criticized the governments of North Korea and China for their human rights records. He has called for weakening the regime of Kim Jong-il via expanded radio broadcasts and information operations. [1] He has also appealed for other governments to intervene. [2]
Whiton implicitly criticized career officials at the State Department for not adhering to the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004. [3] After leaving the State Department, he criticized former Secretary Condoleezza Rice for her policies on North Korea, China and Russia. [4]
Whiton also was a speechwriter and special advisor to the Under Secretary of State for Democracy and Global Affairs Paula Dobriansky, who led democracy efforts throughout the Bush administration. Whiton is an advocate of political warfare as a means of national security, as has called for establishing a U.S. government agency focused on undermining the jihadist ideology. [5]
Prior to government, Whiton worked for the investment banking practice of KPMG LLP. He holds an MBA from UCLA Anderson School of Management and an undergraduate degree from Tulane University.
Quotes: The U.S. champions the aspirations of freedom of those abroad because it has been a part of our heritage since our founding. But it is also a calculated means to advance our national security interests–and those of our democratic allies.
References
* State Department biography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Whiton
***
Paula J. Dobriansky (born September 14, 1955) is a neo-conservative politician, pundit, and author.
Contents
* 1 Parents and education
* 2 Current role
* 3 Previous roles
* 4 Bali conference
* 5 Notes
Parents and education
She was born in Alexandria, Virginia, the daughter of Ukrainian-American anti-communist activist Lev Dobriansky, the initiator of Captive Nations Week [1] and Julia Kusy Dobriansky, his wife [2].
She is a graduate of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and of Harvard University. Her Ph.D. thesis was entitled The military determinants of Soviet foreign policy, 1945-1988 and was accepted in 1991.
Current role
She currently is the Under-Secretary of State for Democracy & Global Affairs, a position to which she was appointed 1 May 2001 by US President George W. Bush. She is also a member of the Trilateral Commission. On February 15, 2007 Dobriansky became the Special Envoy on Northern Ireland, taking over for Mitchell Reiss who held that position for three years. [3].
Dobriansky has acted as a spokesperson for the United States on the issue of climate change and global warming, representing the United States at the 2006 United Nations climate change conference in Kenya as well as the 2007 talks in Bali. She has been a stalwart defender of the Bush Administration’s refusal to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, and has assisted the administration in blocking international agreements that would cap carbon dioxide emissions. [4] Dobriansky has advocated voluntary reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, based on partnerships between developing and wealthy nations and has been opposed to caps that would require reductions based on specific timetables.
According to her official Department of State biography, she was unanimously confirmed by the Senate. Dobriansky’s responsibilities include a broad range of foreign policy issues, including democracy, human rights, labor, counter-narcotics and law enforcement, refugee and humanitarian relief matters and environmental/scientific issues. [5]
Previous roles
Dobriansky has served as Senior Vice President and Director of the Washington Office of the Council on Foreign Relations, including operations relating to all groups and meetings. She has been designated the Special Coordinator for Tibet.
She is a member of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) and was one of the signatories to the January 26, 1998, PNAC Letter sent to US President Bill Clinton, in which a group of conservatives advocated a US military attack on Iraq.
Dobriansky served as Senior International Affairs and Trade Advisor at the law firm of Hunton & Williams and as Co-Chair of the International TV Council at the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
Paula J. Dobriansky at FPC briefing
Dobriansky has held other government positions including the Associate Director for Policy and Programs at the United States Information Agency (1990–1993), Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs (1987–1990); Deputy Head of the U.S. Delegation to the 1990 Copenhagen Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe CSCE; Advisor to the U.S. Delegation to the 1985 UN Decade for Women Conference in Nairobi, Kenya; and Director of European and Soviet Affairs at the United States National Security Council (1983-1984). She also was a coordinator of Bob Dole’s 1996 presidential campaign.
Dobriansky has served on the Western NIS Enterprise Fund, National Endowment for Democracy, Freedom House, American Council of Young Political Leaders, the American Bar Association Central, East European Law Initiative, and the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy.
She previously hosted Freedom’s Challenge, and co-hosted Worldwise, and has appeared on ABC, CBS, CNN Headline News, CNN, Fox Morning News, John McLaughlin’s One-on-One, The McLaughlin Group, C-SPAN, MSNBC, PBS, National Public Radio, and has testified before the Senate Foreign Relations and House International Relations Committees. She is also on the advisory board of the Independent Women’s Forum.
Bali conference
In December, 2007 at the Bali summit on climate change she was booed when developing nations sought to strengthen requirements for richer nations to help poorer with technology to limit emissions and adapt to climate change’s impacts.
As head of the U.S. delegation, Undersecretary of State Paula J. Dobriansky objected, and was met with a chorus of long and loud booing, almost unprecedented at a diplomatic summit of this kind.
Delegate after delegate took aim at the United States recalcitrant attitude. South Africa proclaimed Dobriansky’s intervention was most unwelcome and without any basis. Meanwhile Uganda said We would like to beg them to relent.
Then Kevin Conrad, the delegate from Papua New Guinea, addressed the US delegate directly. We seek your leadership, he said But if for some reason you are not willing to lead, leave it to the rest of us. Please get out of the way. [6] Following these remarks, Dobriansky declared that the U.S. would agree to the consensus and be involved in the climate treaty.
Notes
1. ^ Lev Dobriansky died on January 30, 2008, at the age of 89. Washington Times editorial, February 9, 2008 (accessed 11 February 2008)
2. ^ Washington Times obituary of Lev Dobriansky, 5 February 2008 (accessed 11 February 2008).
3. ^ Under Secretary Paula Dobriansky Designated Special Envoy on Northern Ireland
4. ^ Big Conference on Warming Ends, Achieving Modest Results – New York Times
5. ^ U.S. State Department Biography of Paula J. Dobriansky – released 11 December 2007 (accessed 11 February 2008)
6. ^ Bali Climate Talks – Kevin Conrad – Papua New Guinea – New York Times January 22, 2008
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Dobriansky
Categories: 1955 births | Living people | Georgetown University alumni | Ukrainian-Americans | Climate change in the United States
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Dobriansky
***
***
Charles Paul Chuck Blahous III (born 1963) is a Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute, focusing on Social Security, and a former (2001-2007) Special Assistant to US President George W. Bush for Economic Policy within the National Economic Council whose Deputy Director he was in 2007-2008. He lives in Rockville, Maryland.
Blahous was born in 1963 in Alexandria, Virginia, USA, the second of three children of Charles Paul Blahous II of Czech descent and Marjorie Alice Robertson of Scot/English ancestry. He was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and received an undergraduate degree in chemistry from Princeton University in 1985, and a Ph.D. in computational quantum chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in in 1989.
Between 1989 and 1996, Blahous worked as a legislative aide to Senator Alan Simpson of Wyoming; he was his Congressional Science Fellow in 1989-1990 and Legislative Director in 1994-1996 (sponsored by the American Physical Society). After Simpson’s retirement, Blahous served from 1996 to 2000 as a Policy Director for Senator Judd Gregg of New Hampshire. From June 2000 through February 2001 he served as the Executive Director of the Alliance for Worker Retirement Security. From 2001 to 2007, he served as a Special Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, during which time he also served as Executive Director of the bipartisan President’s Commission to Strengthen Social Security.[1] From 2007 to 2008, he held the position of the Deputy Director of the National Economic Council. After the end of George W. Bush’s second term in office in January 2009, Blahous joined the Hudson Institute as a Senior Fellow and continues his research there.[2]
His ideas about Social Security reform issues are explained in Reforming Social Security for Ourselves and Our Posterity, a book he published in September 2000. Presently[update], Blahous is working on another book, to be called Social Security: The Unfinished Work.[3]. Apart from politics, he is also a member of the Society for American Baseball Research and has published several articles on baseball in renowned American baseball journals. His publications cover also federal entitlements, demographics and chemistry.
References
1. ^ Personnel Announcement as Executive Director of the President’s Commission to Strengthen Social Security at whitehouse.gov
2. ^ Outgoing Deputy Director of the National Economic Council Chuck Blahous to Join Hudson Institute
3. ^ Social Security Fix Demands Honest Numbers: Charles P. Blahous
External links
* Hudson Insitute Biography for Chuck Blahous
* Biography of Charles P. Blahous at whitehouse.gov (archival copy)
* Biography from The Wall Street Journal at PolicyBytes.org
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Blahous
Categories: United States presidential advisors | Princeton University alumni | University of California, Berkeley alumni | 1963 births | Living people
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Blahous
***
BIOS
Lawrence B. Lindsey
Larry Lindsey is President and Chief Executive Officer of The Lindsey Group. He has held leading positions in government, academia, and business. Prior to forming The Lindsey Group, he held the position of Assistant to the President and Director of the National Economic Council at the White House and was the chief economic adviser to candidate George W. Bush during the 2000 Presidential campaign.
Dr. Lindsey also served as a Governor of the Federal Reserve System from 1991 to 1997, as Special Assistant to the President for Domestic Economic Policy during the first Bush Administration, and as Senior Staff Economist for Tax Policy at the Council of Economic Advisers during President Reagan’s first term. Dr. Lindsey served five years on the Economics faculty of Harvard University and held the Arthur F. Burns Chair for Economic Research at the American Enterprise Institute. From 1997 until 2001 he was Managing Director of Economic Strategies, a global consulting firm.
Dr. Lindsey earned his A.B. Magna Cum Laude from Bowdoin College and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. He was awarded the Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Award by the National Tax Association and named the Citicorp Wriston Fellow for Economic Research at the Manhattan Institute. He is the author of numerous articles and three books: The Growth Experiment, Economic Puppet Masters and What a President Should Know…but Most Learn Too Late.
Marc Sumerlin
Marc Sumerlin is Managing Director and co-founder of The Lindsey Group. Previously, Mr. Sumerlin served as Deputy Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Deputy Director of the National Economic Council for President George W. Bush. Prior to the White House, Mr. Sumerlin was the Economic Policy Advisor at the Bush-Cheney 2000 campaign where he advised then-Governor Bush on economic matters. He has also worked as a Senior Analyst and Assistant Economist to the U.S. Senate Budget Committee, a Research Assistant to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and an Accountant with KPMG Peat Marwick.
Mr. Sumerlin holds Master of Arts in Applied Economics from Johns Hopkins University and has a Master of Public Policy from Duke University, where he was a Senator Jacob Javits Fellow. He graduated Magna Cum Laude from Georgetown University with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. He is a member of Beta Gamma Sigma, the honor society for business school students, and is a term member at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is the author of numerous articles and the co-author of What a President Should Know…but Most Learn Too Late.
Tim Adams
Tim Adams is Managing Director of The Lindsey Group. Previously, Mr. Adams served as Under Secretary of Treasury for International Affairs. As Under Secretary, Mr. Adams was the Administration’s point person on international financial issues, including exchange rate policy, G-7 meetings, and IMF and World Bank issues. He regularly interacted with counterparts in key emerging markets including China, India, and Brazil and traveled extensively throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.
Prior to assuming his post as Under Secretary, Mr. Adams had served as Chief of Staff to both Treasury Secretary Paul O’Neill and Treasury Secretary John Snow. He was Policy Director for the Bush-Cheney re-election campaign from November 2003 through the end of 2004 and also served as a full time member of the Bush-Cheney campaign staff in Austin in the 2000 campaign. Mr. Adams also served in the White House under the first President Bush at the Office of Policy Development.
In 1993, Mr. Adams co-founded the G-7 Group, a Washington-based advisory firm. He later headed their Washington operation as Managing Director.
Mr. Adams holds a B.S. in Finance and a Masters in Public Administration and an M.A. in International Relations from the University of Kentucky.
Andrew D. Sacher
Andrew Sacher is an Associate at The Lindsey Group. Prior to joining The Lindsey Group, Mr. Sacher was an economist at Caxton Associates where he worked closely with the portfolio managers analyzing the U.S. economy and government policies. Prior to that, Mr. Sacher worked at the National Economic Council, where he developed internal models of the Social Security and tax systems.
Mr. Sacher graduated Magna Cum Laude from Harvard with a Bachelors of Science in Economics.
http://www.thelindseygroup.com/bios.html
***
Sally Katzen (born November 22, 1942) is a law scholar and teacher who has served in the United States Government in numerous capacities. Katzen is currently a member of the Obama-Biden Transition Project’s Agency Review Working Group responsible for the Executive Office of the President and government operations agencies.[1]
She is also currently a Lecturer at Michigan Law School and teaches American Government at the ‘Michigan in Washington Program’.
Contents
* 1 Government
* 2 Biography
* 3 Personal Life
* 4 References
Government
Sally Katzen was a United States government official during the Clinton Administration, serving as Deputy Director for Management in the Office of Management and Budget from 1999 through 2001, as Deputy Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Deputy Director of the National Economic Council during 1998 and 1999, and as Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in the Office of Management and Budget from 1993 through 1998. Katzen also served in the Carter Administration as General Counsel and then as Deputy Director for Program policy of the Council on Wage and Price Stability in the Executive Office of the President.
She has served on National Academies of Science panels and is a Fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration.
Biography
Katzen was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where she graduated from Taylor Allderdice High School, and graduated magna cum laude from Smith College and the University of Michigan Law School, where she was Editor-in-Chief of the Michigan Law Review. She was the first female to hold such a position for a major law review. Following graduation from law school, she clerked for Judge J. Skelly Wright of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
Prior to joining the Clinton Administration, she was a partner in the Washington, D.C. law firm Wilmer Cutler & Pickering, specializing in regulatory and legislative matters. She has worked extensively in the field of administrative law in her personal law practice and in other professional activities. In 1988, she was elected Chair of the Section on Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice of the American Bar Association; she has held various other offices in the ABA, including serving two terms as a Washington delegate to the House of Delegates. She served as a Public Member and Vice-Chairman of the Adjunct Professor at Georgetown Law Center. In 1990 she was elected President of the Women’s Legal Defense Fund.
She has also taught at Smith College, George Mason University School of Law, the University of Michigan Law School, the University of Pennsylvania Law School, and Johns Hopkins University. This spring she will be teaching at The George Washington University Law School.
Personal Life
Sally Katzen is married to U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit judge Timothy B. Dyk, and they have one child, Abraham Benjamin Dyk.
References
1. ^ http://change.gov/learn/executive_office_of_the_president_team_leads
This American law-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Katzen
***
Daniel Tarullo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Daniel Tarullo is a professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center and a member of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve Board since January 28th, 2009. His areas of specialty are international economic regulation, banking law, and international law.
Contents
* 1 Education
* 2 Career
* 3 Articles and editorial work
o 3.1 Editorial
o 3.2 Articles
* 4 References
Education
Tarullo graduated summa cum laude in 1977 from the University of Michigan Law School. He received an A.B. from Georgetown University in 1973 and an M.A. at Duke University in 1974.
Career
Tarullo worked in the Antitrust Division of the Justice Department and as Special Assistant to the Undersecretary of Commerce. He taught at Harvard Law School early in his career and later served as Chief Counsel for Employment Policy on the staff of Senator Edward M. Kennedy while practicing law in Washington.
He served in the Clinton Administration as Deputy Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and later as Assistant to the President for International Economic Policy where he was responsible for coordinating the international economic policy of the administration. He was a member of the National Economic Council and the National Security Council. He was also Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs from 1993 to 1996.
Tarullo served as a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and as a senior fellow at American Progress. During 2005 he was the chair the Economic Security group of the Princeton Project on National Security.
On December 18 2008, President Elect Barack Obama nominated Tarullo to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve.
Articles and editorial work
Editorial
* Runs the bi-monthly World Economic Update, a forum sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations for debate on the U.S. and global economies among leading economists.
* Serves on the editorial advisory board of The International Economy and the Advisory Committee of Transparency International.
Articles
* Reforming the World Bank and IMF, August 2, 2007
* Laboring for Trade Deals: Trade Agreements and Labor Rights, March 28, 2007
* The Case for Reviving the Doha Trade Round, January 8, 2007
References
Current members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System of the United States
Ben Bernanke (chairman) • Donald Kohn (vice-chairman) • Randall Kroszner • Kevin Warsh • Elizabeth A. Duke • Daniel Tarullo •Vacant
Seal of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve
Obama Administration personnel
Cabinet and cabinet-level
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 2009 – present Secretary of Treasury Timothy Geithner 2009 – present
Secretary of Defense Robert Gates† 2006 – present Attorney General Eric Holder 2009 – present
Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar 2009 – present Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack 2009 – present
Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke* 2009 – present Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis 2009 – present
Secretary of Health and
Human Services 2009 – present Secretary of Education Arne Duncan 2009 – present
Secretary of Housing and Urban
Development Shaun Donovan 2009 – present Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood 2009 – present
Secretary of Energy Steven Chu 2009 – present Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki 2009 – present
Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano 2009 – present
Vice President Joe Biden 2009 – present White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel 2009 – present
Director of the Office of Management and
Budget Peter Orszag 2009 – present Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency Lisa Jackson 2009 – present
Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice 2009 – present Chair of the Council of Economic
Advisers Christina Romer 2009 – present
Director of the Office of National
Drug Control Policy Gil Kerlikowske* 2009 – present Trade Representative Ron Kirk* 2009 – present
*Senate-confirmation pending. †Remained from previous administration. •Below line: Granted Cabinet rank although not automatically part of the Cabinet.
Executive Office of the President
Office
Name
Senior Adviser to the President
Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Affairs
Public Liaison Valerie Jarrett
Senior Adviser to the President Pete Rouse
Deputy White House Chief of Staff Jim Messina
Staff Secretary Lisa Brown
Personal Secretary Katie Johnson
Personal Aide to the President Reggie Love
Cabinet Secretary Chris Lu
Chief of Staff to the First Lady Jackie Norris
White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs
White House Social Secretary
Special Assistant to the President Desirée Rogers
Assistant to the President for Economic Policy
(Director of the White House National Economic Council) Lawrence
Summers
Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy
(Director of the White House Domestic Policy Council) Melody Barnes
Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change Carol Browner
Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget Rob Nabors
Chair of the President’s Economic Recovery Advisory Board Paul Volcker
Director of Speechwriting Jon Favreau
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
(National Security Adviser) Jim Jones
Director of Public Liaison Christina Tchen
Director of White House Office of Health Reform Nancy DeParle
Deputy Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change Heather Zichal
Co-Chair of the President’s Council of Advisers on
Science and Technology Eric Lander
Deputy White House Counsel with a Focus on Domestic Policy and Ethics Cassandra Butts
Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs for the Senate Shawn Maher
Special Assistant to the President
Director of Communications for the First Lady Camille
Johnston
Deputy Press Secretary for the First Lady Semonti
Mustaphi
White House Director of Presidential Personnel Don Gips
Associate Counsel to the President Susan Sher
Office
Name
Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs Phil Schiliro
Deputy White House Chief of Staff Mona Sutphen
Senior Adviser to the President David Axelrod
White House Counsel Greg Craig
Director of the White House Office of Political Affairs Patrick Gaspard
Assistant to the President for Communications
(White House Director of Communications) Ellen Moran
Deputy Assistant to the President for Communications
(Deputy White House Director of Communications) Dan Pfeiffer
Deputy Chief of Staff to the First Lady Melissa Winter
Deputy Chief of Staff to the First Lady David Medina
Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy Gil Kerlikowske*
Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy
(Deputy Director of the White House Domestic Policy Council) Heather
Higginbottom
White House Director of Scheduling and Advance Alyssa
Mastromonaco
Staff Director and Chief Economist of the President’s Economic Recovery Advisory Board
Member of the White House Council of Economic Advisers Austan
Goolsbee
Director of Intergovernmental Affairs Cecilia Muñoz
Director of the White House Military Office Louis Caldera
Chief of Staff to the Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Relations
Public Liaison Michael
Strautmanis
Deputy Director of White House Office of Health Reform Jeanne Lambrew
Chair of the White House Council on Environmental Quality Nancy Sutley
Assistant to the President for Science and Technology
(Director of the White House Office of Science
and Technology Policy)
Co-Chair of the President’s Council of Advisers on
Science and Technology John Holdren
Co-Chair of the President’s Council of Advisers on
Science and Technology Harold Varmus
Deputy Cabinet Secretary Liz Sears Smith
Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs for the House of Representatives Dan Turton
Press Secretary for the First Lady Katie
McCormick
Lelyveld
Director of the Office of Management and Administration Bradley Kiley
Chief Performance Officer/
Deputy Director for Management at the Office of Management and Budget TBA
Director of White House Office of Urban Policy Adolfo Carrion
Other
Office
Name
Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission Mary Schapiro
Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Daniel Tarullo
Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere
(Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Jane
Lubchenco
Solicitor General Elena Kagan
Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel Dawn Johnsen
Director of National Intelligence Dennis Blair
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Leon Panetta
Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn
Office
Name
Chair of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Gary Gensler
Administrator of the Small Business Administration Karen Mills
Deputy Attorney General David Ogden
Associate Attorney General Tom Perrelli
Surgeon General Sanjay Gupta*
Deputy Secretary of State James Steinberg
Jacob Lew
Special Assistant to the President Eugene Kang
Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services William Corr
* Although identified by sources to the press, selection awaits official announcement by the White House.
Office of the Vice President
Office
Name
Chief of Staff to the Vice President Ron Klain
Counsel to the Vice President Cynthia Hogan
Counselor to the Vice President Mike Donilon
Assistant to the Vice President for Intergovernmental Affairs
Public Liaison Evan Ryan
Assistant to the Vice President
Director of Communications Jay Carney
Deputy Chief of Staff to the Vice President Alan Hoffman
Deputy National Security Adviser to the Vice President Brian McKeon
Director of Communications for the Second Lady Courtney O’Donnell
Office
Name
Chief of Staff to the Second Lady Catherine Russell
Director of Administration for the Office of the Vice President Moe Vela
Domestic Policy Adviser to the Vice President Terrell McSweeny
Chief Economist and Economic Policy Adviser to the Vice President Jared Bernstein
Press Secretary to the Vice President Elizabeth Alexander
Deputy Press Secretary to the Vice President Annie Tomasini
Director of Legislative Affairs Sudafi Henry
Residence Manager and Social Secretary for the Vice President and the Second Lady Carlos Elizondo
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Tarullo
Categories: American businesspeople | Duke University alumni | Federal Reserve System governors | Clinton Administration personnel | Obama Administration personnel
Wikimedia Foundation
* This page was last modified on 28 February 2009, at 10:12.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Tarullo
***
***
Lease
In 1998, the Port Authority approved plans to privatize the World Trade Center.[102] In 2001, the Port Authority sought to lease the World Trade Center to a private entity. Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust, a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties,[103] and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and The Westfield Group.[104] By privatizing the World Trade Center, it would be added to the city’s tax rolls[104] and provide funds for other Port Authority projects.[105] On February 15, 2001, the Port Authority announced that Vornado Trust Realty had won the lease for the World Trade Center, paying $3.25 billion for the 99-year lease.[106] Vornado Realty outbid Silverstein by $600 million though Silverstein upped his offer to $3.22 billion. However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal, including a shorter 39-year lease which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable.[107] Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein’s bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26, 2001,[108] and closed on July 24, 2001.[109]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center
Vornado Realty Trust (NYSE: VNO) is a New York based real estate investment trust. It is the inheritor of real estate formerly controlled by companies including Two Guys and Alexander’s.
Chairman/CEO- Steven Roth
President and Trustee- Michael D. Fascitelli
History
On February 15, 2001, the Port Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won the lease for the World Trade Center, paying $3.25 billion for the 99-year lease.[3] Silverstein Properties was outbid by $50 million by Vornado. However, Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein’s bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on July 24, 2001.
Vornado, which announced plans to buy the Manhattan Mall in Herald Square in November 2006, is also part of the development team picked by New York state to turn the James Farley Post Office into an extension of Penn Station. Though the Farley conversion is now stalled, Vornado and its partner, The Related Companies, are also pushing a much larger project. It would tack a new Madison Square Garden on the Ninth Avenue end of the post office complex and replace the existing arena with office towers and a new Penn Station. [1]
In 1996 Vornado Chairman Steven Roth lured then current Goldman Sachs President Michael Fascitelli to Vornado with a lucrative 50 million dollar offer.
Major holdings
* Alexander’s (32.8%)
* Merchandise Mart (100%)
* Charles E. Smith Commercial Realty (100%)
* Toys R Us (32.9%)
Divisions
Vornado Realty Trust controls over $20 billion in assets, including $12.7 billion in real estate net of depreciation and amortization, $2.8 billion in cash, and $1.5 billion of investments as of 3Q07. These holdings are divided into the following divisions:
New York Office
* 1290 Avenue of Americas
* Bloomberg Tower
* 20 Broad Street
* 770 Broadway
* 150 East 58th St
* 640 Fifth Avenue
* 689 Fifth Avenue
* 40 Fulton Street
* 330 Madison Avenue
* 595 Madison Avenue
* Mutual of New York Building
* 90 Park Avenue
* 350 Park Avenue
* One Penn Plaza
* Two Penn Plaza
* 11 Penn Plaza
* 888 Seventh Avenue
* 155 Spring Street
* 909 Third Avenue
* 40-42 Thompson Street
* 866 UN Plaza
* 100 West 33rd Street
* 7 West 34th Street
* 330 West 34th Street
* 29 West 57th Street
* 31 West 57th Street
* 49 West 57th Street
* 50 West 57th Street
Washington D.C. Office
* Arlington/Rosslyn-Courthouse
o Rosslyn Plaza C
o Rosslyn Plaza E
o Rosslyn Plaza D
o Rosslyn Plaza North
o Arlington Plaza
o Courthouse Plaza One
o Courthouse Plaza Two
o Crystal City
* Bethesda/Democracy Plaza
o One Democracy Plaza
o Two Democracy Plaza
o The Bedford Building
o The Camalier Building
o The Champlain Building
o The Westmoreland Building
* Reston/Dulles Corridor
o Reston Executive Center I
o Reston Executive Center II
o Reston Executive Center III
o Commerce Executive Park III
o Commerce Executive Park IV
o Commerce Executive Park V
* Skyline City, Falls Church, VA
o Skyline One
o Skyline Two
o Skyline Three
o Four Skyline Place
o Five Skyline Place
o Six Skyline Place
o Seven Skyline Place
o One Skyline Tower
* Tysons Corner/Fairfax
o Fairfax Square
o Tysons Dulles Plaza I
o Tysons Dulles Plaza II
o Tysons Dulles Plaza III
* Washington, D.C.
o 1700 K Street
o 1725 DeSales Street
o 1999 K Street
o 1925 K Street
o 800 17th Street (PNC Center)
o 1919 M Street
o 1101 17th Street
o 2101 L Street
o 1150 17th Street
o 1776 K Street (Montgomery Building)
o 1666 K Street
o 1750 Pennsylvania Avenue
o 1730 M Street
o 1140 Connecticut Avenue
o Nassif Building
Malls
* Bergen Town Center, NJ
* Beverly Connection, CA
* Broadway Mall, NY
* Downtown Crossing, MA
* Green Acres Mall, NY
* Kings Plaza , NY
* Las Catalinas Mall, PR
* Manassas Mall, VA
* Monmouth Mall, NJ
* Montehiedra Town Center, PR
* Oakdale Mall, NY
* Rego Park Center, NY
* Springfield Mall, VA
* The Shops On Lake Avenue, CA
* Waterside Place, MA
New York City Retail
* Upper West Side
o 211-217 Columbus Avenue
* Upper East Side
o 1035 Third Avenue
o 677-679 Madison Avenue
o 759-771 Madison Avenue
o 828-850 Madison Avenue
* Midtown West
o 27-29 West 57th Street
o 31 West 57th Street
o 49 West 57th Street
o 50 West 57th Street
o 825 Seventh Avenue
o 888 Seventh Avenue
o 1740 Broadway
* Plaza Hotel District
o 640 Fifth Avenue
o 689 Fifth Avenue
o 595 Madison Avenue
* Midtown East
o Bloomberg Tower
o 909 Third Avenue
o 964 Third Avenue
o 968 Third Avenue
o 150 East 58th Street
o 715 Lexington Avenue
* Grand Central
o 90 Park Avenue
o 330 Madison Avenue
* Times Square
o 1540 Broadway
* UN District
o 866 UN Plaza
* Pennsylvania Plaza
o One Penn Plaza
o Two Penn Plaza
o 11 Penn Plaza
o Manhattan Mall
o 7 West 34th Street
o 330 West 34th Street
o Hotel Pennsylvania
o 435 Seventh Avenue
o 484 Eighth Avenue
* Union Square
o 4 Union Square South
o 25 West 14th Street
* Greenwich Village
o 692 Broadway
o 770 Broadway
* SOHO
o 122-124 Spring Street
o 386 West Broadway
o 387 West Broadway
o 73 Wooster
o 478-486 Broadway
o 40-42 Thompson Street
* Wall Street
o 40 Fulton Street
o 20 Broad Street
New York State Retail and Strip Malls
* Amherst Shopping Center, Amherst, New York
* Broadway Mall, Hicksville, Bew York
* Bruckner Plaza, Bronx, NY
* Burnside Plaza, Inwood, New York
* Commack Shopping Center, Commack, New York
* Dewitt Shopping Center, DeWitt, New York
* The Flushing, Queens Center, Queens, NY
* Forest Plaza, Staten Island, NY
* Meadowbrook Commons, Freeport, New York
* Freeport Shopping Center, Freeport, New York
* Green Acres Mall, Valley Stream, NY
* Henrietta Shopping Center, Henrietta, New York
* Kings Plaza Shopping Center, Brooklyn, NY
* Menands Shopping Center, Menands, NY
* New Hyde Park Center, New Hyde Park, NY
* North Syracuse Plaza, North Syracuse, NY
* Oakdale Mall, Johnson City, New York
* Forest Hills Shopping Center, Queens, NY
* Rego Park Center, Rego Park, Queens, NY
* Rochester Plaza, Rochester, New York
* South Hills Mall, Poughkeepsie, NY
Merchandise Mart
* Chicago, Il
– The Merchandise Mart
– Kitchen & Bath Design Center
– 350 West Mart Center/Chicago Apparel Center
* High Point, NC
– High Point Market
– Suites at Market Square
– Plaza Suites
* Washington, D.C.
– The Washington Design Center
– Kitchen & Bath Design Center
* New York City
– Architects & Design Building
– 7W New York
– Kitchen & Bath Design Center
* Los Angeles, CA
– L.A. Mart
References
1. ^ http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=VNO&annual
2. ^ http://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=vno
3. ^ Brookfield Loses Lease Bid . Toronto Star. February 23, 2001.
[edit] External links
* Vornado Realty Trust
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vornado_Realty_Trust
***
September 11, 2001
Main articles: September 11 attacks, American Airlines Flight 11, United Airlines Flight 175, and Collapse of the World Trade Center
***
Republicans will undertake an urgent effort to rebuild the intelligence agencies, and to give full support to their knowledgeable and dedicated staffs. We will propose legislation to enable intelligence officers and their agents to operate safely and efficiently abroad.
We will support legislation to invoke criminal sanctions against anyone who discloses the identities of U.S. intelligence officers abroad or who makes unauthorized disclosures of U.S. intelligence sources and methods.
Excerpt from 1980 Republican platform for Ronald Reagan
***
The Iran-Contra affair was a political scandal in the United States which came to light in November 1986, during the Reagan administration, over a supposed “arms-for-hostages” deal with Iranian moderates and funding for the Nicaraguan Contras.
It began as an operation to improve U.S.-Iranian relations, wherein Israel would ship weapons to a relatively moderate, politically influential group of Iranians; the U.S. would then resupply Israel and receive the Israeli payment. The Iranian recipients promised to do everything in their power to achieve the release of six U.S. hostages, who were being held by the Lebanese Shia Islamist group Hezbollah. The plan eventually deteriorated into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in which members of the executive branch sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of the American hostages.[1][2] Large modifications to the plan were conjured by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council in late 1985, in which a portion of the proceeds from the weapon sales was diverted to fund anti-Sandinista and anti-communist rebels, or Contras, in Nicaragua.[3] While President Ronald Reagan was a supporter of the Contra cause,[4] there has not been any evidence uncovered showing that he authorized this plan.[1][2][5]
After the weapon sales were revealed in November 1986, Reagan appeared on national television and stated that the weapons transfers had indeed occurred, but that the United States did not trade arms for hostages.[6] The investigation was compounded when large volumes of documents relating to the scandal were destroyed or withheld from investigators, as well as Reagan himself, by Reagan administration officials.[7] On March 4, 1987, Reagan returned to the airwaves in a nationally televised address, taking full responsibility for any actions that he was unaware of, and admitting that “what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into trading arms for hostages.”[8]
Several investigations ensued, including those by the United States Congress and the three-man, Reagan-appointed Tower Commission. Neither found any evidence that President Reagan himself knew of the extent of the multiple programs.[1][2][5] In the end, fourteen administration officials were charged with crimes, and eleven convicted, including then-Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger.[9] They were all pardoned in the final days of the George H. W. Bush presidency, who had been vice-president at the time of the affair.[10]
According to The New York Times, the United States supplied the following arms to Iran:[22]
* August 20, 1985. 96 TOW anti-tank missiles
* September 14, 1985. 408 more TOWs
* November 24, 1985. 18 Hawk anti-aircraft missiles
* February 17, 1986. 500 TOWs
* February 27, 1986. 500 TOWs
* May 24, 1986. 508 TOWs, 240 Hawk spare parts
* August 4, 1986. More Hawk spares
* October 28, 1986. 500 TOWs
First arms sale
In July 1985, Israel sent American-made BGM-71 TOW antitank missiles to Iran through an arms dealer named Manucher Ghorbanifar, a friend of Iran’s Prime Minister. Hours after receiving the weapons, one hostage, the Reverend Benjamin Weir was released.[15]
Arrow Air 1285 crash
Main article: Arrow Air Flight 1285
After a botched delivery of Hawk missiles, and a failed London meeting between McFarlane and Manucher Ghorbanifar, Arrow Air Flight 1285, a plane containing nearly 250 American servicemen, crashed in Newfoundland on December 12, 1985. On the day of the crash, responsibility was claimed by the Islamic Jihad Organization, a wing of Hezbollah that had taken credit for the kidnapping of the very Americans in Lebanon whom the Reagan administration sought to have released.[23] The crash came on the fourth anniversary of another attack for which Islamic Jihad took credit: the near-simultaneous bombings of six targets in Kuwait, the French and American Embassies among them. Members of Hezbollah had participated in, and were jailed for, those attacks, but most of the conspirators were members of al-Dawa. The accident was investigated by the Canadian Aviation Safety Board (CASB), and was determined to have been caused by the aircraft’s unexpectedly high drag and reduced lift condition, which was most likely due to ice contamination.[24] However, a 2007 article presents evidence of Iran’s complicity.[25]
Modifications in plans
Reagan meets with (left to right) Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of State George Shultz, Attorney General Ed Meese, and Chief of Staff Don Regan in the Oval Office
Robert McFarlane resigned on December 5, 1985,[26] citing that he wanted to spend more time with his family;[27] he was replaced by Admiral John Poindexter.
Two days later, Reagan met with his advisors at the White House, where a new plan was introduced. This one called for a slight change in the arms transactions: instead of the weapons going to the moderate Iranian group, they would go to moderate Iranian army leaders.[28] As the weapons were delivered from Israel by air, the hostages held by Hezbollah would be released.[28] Israel would still pay the United States for reimbursing the weapons. Though staunchly opposed by Secretary of State George Shultz and Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, Reagan authorized the plan, stating that, “We were not trading arms for hostages, nor were we negotiating with terrorists.”[29] Now retired National Security Advisor McFarlane flew to London to meet with Israelis and Ghorbanifar in an attempt to persuade the Iranian to use his influence to release the hostages before any arms transactions occurred; this plan was rejected by Ghorbanifar.[28]
On the day of McFarlane’s resignation, Oliver North, a military aide to the United States National Security Council (NSC), proposed a new plan for selling arms to Iran, which included two major adjustments: instead of selling arms through Israel, the sale was to be direct, and a portion of the proceeds would go to Contras, or Nicaraguan guerilla fighters opposed to communism, at a markup. North proposed a $15 million markup, while contracted arms broker Ghorbanifar added a 41% markup of his own.[30] Other members of the NSC were in favor of North’s plan; with large support, Poindexter authorized it without notifying President Reagan, and it went into effect.[31] At first, the Iranians refused to buy the arms at the inflated price because of the excessive markup imposed by North and Ghorbanifar. They eventually relented, and in February 1986, 1,000 TOW missiles were shipped to the country.[31] From May to November 1986, there were additional shipments of miscellaneous weapons and parts.[31]
Both the sale of weapons to Iran, and the funding of the Contras, attempted to circumvent not only stated administration policy, but also the Boland Amendment.[5] Administration officials argued that regardless of the Congress restricting the funds for the Contras, or any affair, the President (or in this case the administration) could carry on by seeking alternative means of funding such as private entities and foreign governments.[32] Funding from one foreign country, Brunei, was botched when North’s secretary, Fawn Hall, transposed the numbers of North’s Swiss bank account number. A Swiss businessman, suddenly $10 million richer, alerted the authorities of the mistake. The money was eventually returned to the Sultan of Brunei, with interest.[33]
On January 7, 1986, John Poindexter proposed to the president a modification of the approved plan: instead of negotiating with the moderate Iranian political group, the U.S. would negotiate with moderate members of the Iranian government.[34] Poindexter told Reagan that Ghorbanifar had important connections within the Iranian government, so with the hope of the release of the hostages, Reagan approved this plan as well.[34] Throughout February 1986, weapons were shipped directly to Iran by the United States (as part of Oliver North’s plan, without the knowledge of President Reagan) and none of the hostages were released. Retired National Security Advisor McFarlane conducted another international voyage, this one to Tehran. He met directly with the moderate Iranian political group that sought to establish U.S.-Iranian relations in an attempt to free the four remaining hostages.[35] This meeting also failed. The members requested demands such as Israel’s withdrawal from the Golan Heights, which the United States rejected.[35]
“Operation Donation”
“Operation Donation” involved systematic Insurance fraud; planes and boats needed by the Contras “disappear,” allowing owners to claim insurance.[36]
Subsequent dealings
In late July 1986, Hezbollah released another hostage, Father Lawrence Martin Jenco, former head of Catholic Relief Services in Lebanon. Following this, William Casey, head of the CIA, requested that the U.S. authorize sending a shipment of small missile parts to Iranian military forces as a way of expressing gratitude.[37] Casey also justified this request by stating that the contact in the Iranian government might otherwise lose face, or be executed, and hostages killed. Reagan authorized the shipment to ensure that those potential events would not occur.[37]
In September and October 1986 three more Americans — Frank Reed, Joseph Ciccipio, Edward Tracy — were abducted in Lebanon by a separate terrorist group. The reasons for their abduction are unknown, although it is speculated that they were kidnapped to replace the freed Americans.[38] One more original hostage, David Jacobsen, was later released. The captors promised to release the remaining two, but the release never happened.[39]
Discovery and scandal
North’s mugshot, after his arrest
After a leak by Iranian radical Mehdi Hashemi, the Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa exposed the arrangement on November 3, 1986.[11] This was the first public reporting of the weapons-for-hostages deal. The operation was discovered only after an airlift of guns was downed over Nicaragua. Eugene Hasenfus, who was captured by Nicaraguan authorities, initially alleged in a press conference on Nicaraguan soil that two of his coworkers, Max Gomez and Ramon Medina, worked for the Central Intelligence Agency.[40] He later said he did not know whether they did or not.[41] The Iranian government confirmed the Ash-Shiraa story, and ten days after the story was first published, President Ronald Reagan appeared on national television from the Oval Office on November 13 stating:
The scandal was compounded when Oliver North destroyed or hid pertinent documents between November 21 and November 25, 1986. During North’s trial in 1989, his secretary, Fawn Hall, testified extensively about helping North alter, shred, and remove official United States National Security Council (NSC) documents from the White House. According to The New York Times, enough documents were put into a government shredder to jam it.[42] North’s explanation for destroying some documents was to protect the lives of individuals involved in Iran and Contra operations.[42] It wasn’t until years after the trial that North’s notebooks were made public, and only after the National Security Archive and Public Citizen sued the Office of the Independent Council under the Freedom of Information Act.[42]
During the trial North testified that on November 21, 22, or 24, he witnessed Poindexter destroy what may have been the only signed copy of a presidential covert-action finding that sought to authorize CIA participation in the November 1985 Hawk missile shipment to Iran.[42] US Attorney General Edwin Meese admitted on November 25 that profits from weapons sales to Iran were made available to assist the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. On the same day, John Poindexter resigned, and Oliver North was fired by President Reagan.[43] Poindexter was replaced by Frank Carlucci on December 2, 1986.[44]
Tower Commission
On November 25, 1986, President Reagan announced the creation of a Special Review Board to look into the matter; the following day, he appointed former Senator John Tower, former Secretary of State Edmund Muskie, and former National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft to serve as members. This Presidential Commission took effect on December 1 and became known as the “Tower Commission”. The main objectives of the commission were to inquire into “the circumstances surrounding the Iran-Contra matter, other case studies that might reveal strengths and weaknesses in the operation of the National Security Council system under stress, and the manner in which that system has served eight different Presidents since its inception in 1947.”[1] The commission was the first presidential commission to review and evaluate the National Security Council.
President Reagan (center) receives the Tower Commission Report in the White House Cabinet Room; John Tower is at left and Edmund Muskie is at right, 1987
President Reagan appeared before the Tower Commission on December 2, 1986, to answer questions regarding his involvement in the affair. When asked about his role in the authorizing the arms deals, he first stated that he had; later, he appeared to contradict himself by stating that he had no recollection of doing so.[45] In his 1990 autobiography, An American Life, Reagan acknowledges authorizing the shipments to Israel.[46]
The report published by the Tower Commission was delivered to the President on February 26, 1987. The Commission had interviewed 80 witnesses to the scheme,[1] including Reagan, and two of the arms trade middlemen: Manucher Ghorbanifar and Adnan Khashoggi.[45] The 200 page report was the most comprehensive of any released,[45] criticizing the actions of Oliver North, John Poindexter, Caspar Weinberger, and others. It determined that President Reagan did not have knowledge of the extent of the program, especially not the diversion of funds to the Contras,[1] although it argued that the President ought to have had better control of the National Security Council staff.[1] The report heavily criticized Reagan for not properly supervising his subordinates or being aware of their actions.[1] A major result of the Tower Commission was the consensus that Reagan should have listened to his National Security Advisor more, thereby placing more power in the hands of that chair.[1]
The Democratic-controlled United States Congress issued its own report on November 18, 1987, stating that “If the president did not know what his national security advisers were doing, he should have.”[2] The congressional report wrote that the president bore “ultimate responsibility” for wrongdoing by his aides, and his administration exhibited “secrecy, deception and disdain for the law.”[47] It also read in part: “The central remaining question is the role of the President in the Iran-contra affair. On this critical point, the shredding of documents by Poindexter, North and others, and the death of Casey, leave the record incomplete.”[5]
Internationally the damage was more severe. Magnus Ranstorp wrote, “U.S. willingness to engage in concessions with Iran and the Hezbollah not only signalled to its adversaries that hostage-taking was an extremely useful instrument in extracting political and financial concessions for the West but also undermined any credibility of U.S. criticism of other states’ deviation from the principles of no-negotiation and no concession to terrorists and their demands.[52]
In Iran Mehdi Hashemi, the leaker of the scandal, was executed in 1987, allegedly for activities unrelated to the scandal. Though Hashemi made a full video confession to numerous serious charges, some observers find the coincidence of his leak and the subsequent prosecution highly suspicious.[53]
Convictions, pardons, and reinstatements
Oliver North and John Poindexter were indicted on multiple charges on March 16, 1988.[54] North, indicted on 16 counts, was found guilty by a jury of three minor counts. The convictions were vacated on appeal on the grounds that North’s Fifth Amendment rights may have been violated by the indirect use of his testimony to Congress which had been given under a grant of immunity. In 1990, Poindexter was convicted on several felony counts of conspiracy, lying to Congress, obstruction of justice, and altering and destroying documents pertinent to the investigation. His convictions were also overturned on appeal on similar grounds. Arthur L. Liman served as chief counsel for the Senate during the Iran-Contra Affair.[55]
The Independent Counsel, Lawrence E. Walsh, chose not to re-try North or Poindexter. Caspar Weinberger was indicted for lying to the Independent Counsel but was later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush.[56]
In 1992 George H. W. Bush pardoned six convicted administration officials, namely Elliott Abrams, Duane R. Clarridge, Alan Fiers, Clair George, Robert McFarlane, and Caspar Weinberger.[57]
George W. Bush selected some individuals that served under Reagan for high-level posts in his presidential administration.[58][59] They include:
* Elliott Abrams:[60] under Bush, the Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director on the National Security Council for Near East and North African Affairs; in Iran-Contra, pleaded guilty on two counts of unlawfully withholding information, pardoned.
* Otto Reich:[61] head of the Office of Public Diplomacy under Reagan.
* John Negroponte:[62] under Bush, served as the Ambassador to Iraq, the National Intelligence Director, and the Deputy Secretary of State.
* Admiral John Poindexter:[63] under Bush, Director of the Information Awareness Office; in Iran-Contra, found guilty of multiple felony counts for conspiracy, obstruction of justice, lying to Congress, defrauding the government, and the alteration and destruction of evidence, convictions reversed.
In Poindexter’s hometown of Odon, Indiana, a street was renamed to John Poindexter Street. Bill Breedan, a former minister, stole the street’s sign in protest of the Iran-Contra Affair. He claimed that he was holding it for a ransom of $30 million, in reference to the amount of money given to Iran to transfer to the Contras. He was later arrested and confined to prison, making him, as satirized by Howard Zinn, “the only person to be imprisoned as a result of the Iran-Contra affair.”[64]
* “Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (S. Rep. No. 216, H.R. Rep. No. 433, 100th Cong., 1st Sess.)”. United States Government Printing Office, via Google Books. November 11, 1987. http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0788126024&id=ew_K3auTwEgC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=committees&as_brr=1&sig=jrbRSeUgdNVpav3Eh1pijaCG-sY#PPR1,M1. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
Categories: Political scandals in the United States | History of anti-communism in the United States | Iran–United States relations | Cold War | History of the foreign relations of the United States | History of Iran | History of Nicaragua | Iran-Contra affair | Military scandals | Reagan Administration | Reagan Administration controversies | Investigations and hearings of the United States Congress | Conspiracy | 1980s in the United States | Secret government programs | Terrorism in Nicaragua | Drug control history
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Contra_affair
***
The New York Times runs a front-page story December 22 under the banner headline, Huge CIA Operation Reported in U.S. Against Anti-War Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years (see 1967). Written by Seymour M. Hersh, the article about the Central Intelligence Agency’s Operation Chaos concludes that the laws are fuzzy with regard to the agency’s powers with regard to domestic surveillance of Americans (see 1975).
http://www.answers.com/topic/1974
***
http://www.answers.com/topic/1967
**
CIA director Richard Helms initiates Operation Chaos August 15, setting up a Special Operations Group headed by former OSS counter-intelligence operative Richard Ober, 45, to infiltrate domestic antiwar and civil rights organizations in violation of the agency’s 1947 statutory authority. Former president Eisenhower began the practice in 1959 when he ordered that refugees from Cuba be debriefed to obtain information. Helms has responded to a presidential request that the CIA unearth any ties between antiwar groups and foreign interests; by the time Operation Chaos ends in 1974, the CIA and National Security Agency will have indexed 300,000 names, tapped the telephones of antiwar activists such as Jane Fonda and Benjamin Spock, and intercepted large numbers of letters and cables to spy on the domestic activities of more than 13,000 subjects, including more than 7,000 U.S. citizens, with no public outcry and no objection from Congress (see 1974).
**
***
Ronald Reagan takes office as governor and cuts the University of California’s budget by 10 percent (see 1964; politics, 1966). He proposes charging tuition. The university’s enrollment has doubled to 87,000 under the leadership of Clark Kerr, but Kerr freezes admissions temporarily. The Regents dismisses him 3 weeks after Reagan takes office, and he will tell a reporter 20 years hence, All that effort, all that passion, all that turmoil was mostly for nought.
http://www.answers.com/topic/1967
***
The American Spectator magazine has its beginnings in The Alternative founded at Bloomington, Ind., by Chicago-born student satirist R. (Robert) Emmett Tyrrell, Jr., 23, who will rename his monthly in 1977 as it moves to embrace increasingly right-wing views.
http://www.answers.com/topic/1967
***
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Emmett_Tyrrell
Robert Emmett Tyrrell, Jr. (born December 14, 1943 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American conservative magazine editor, New York Times bestselling author, and columnist. He is the founder and editor-in-chief of The American Spectator. He writes under the byline R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr. but is known socially as Bob Tyrrell. Mr. Tyrrell is a 1961 graduate of Fenwick H.S. in Oak Park, Illinois, where he was on the swim team. He then went to Indiana University and swam for three national champion swim teams coached by the notable Doc Councilman. While at Indiana University, he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi, living in a chapter house where over the years resided such figures as Mark Spitz, Steve Tesich, and Evan Bayh.
In 2000, government investigations of The American Spectator caused Tyrrell to sell the magazine to venture capitalist George Gilder. In 2003, Gilder, having a series of financial and legal setbacks, resold the magazine to Tyrrell and the American Alternative Foundation, the organization under which the magazine was originally incorporated, for a dollar.
Contents
* 1 The Arkansas Project
* 2 Vanity Fair Plagiarism Scandal
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links
The Arkansas Project
Tyrrell was one of those behind the Arkansas Project, financed by Richard Mellon Scaife, to investigate Bill Clinton.[1][2] His book, Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House (2003), likened Hillary Rodham Clinton’s tenure as First Lady to that of the reign of a pre-revolutionary French monarch. In his book The Clinton Crack-Up, Tyrrell analyzed the scandalous post-presidential life of Bill Clinton.
Vanity Fair Plagiarism Scandal
During the 2008 Presidential Election, Todd Purdum wrote an article for Vanity Fair that drew criticism from former president Bill Clinton. Tyrrell released a statement noting instances of similar phrasing and ordering to arguments his own book, hinting at possible plagiarism. Todd Purdum never responded to the claim.[3]
See also
* Arkansas Project
References
1. ^ The American Spectator
2. ^ Arkansas Project Led to Turmoil and Rifts Washington Post May 2, 1999
3. ^ http://newsbusters.org/blogs/tim-graham/2008/06/04/tyrrell-todd-purdums-plagiarizing-my-latest-clinton-book
External links
* Tyrrell’s weekly column at The American Spectator
* Profile
* Healing the Poll Wounds – Commentary in Washington Times
* Recent syndicated columns found at Townhall.com.
* Podcasts of Tyrrell’s recent articles
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Tyrrell
Categories: 1943 births | Living people | People from Chicago, Illinois | American journalists | American magazine editors | American magazine founders | American political writers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Emmett_Tyrrell
***
***
Robert Kagan (born September 26, 1958 in Athens, Greece) is an American historian and foreign policy commentator and widely regarded as a leading intellectual of the neo-conservative school of foreign policy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kagan
Kagan graduated from Yale University in 1980. He later earned a master’s degree from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a PhD from American University in Washington, DC.
Career
In 1983, Robert Kagan was foreign policy advisor to New York Representative Jack Kemp. Between 1984 and 1986, he worked at the State Department Policy Planning Staff and was a speechwriter for Secretary of State George P. Shultz. From 1986-1988, he served in the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs at the State Department.
In 1997, Kagan co-founded the Project for the New American Century [1] [2], notably co-signing an open letter to President Clinton on Iraq [3],
Kagan is a Senior Associate with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.[4][5][6][7] He was a foreign policy advisor to John McCain, the Republican Party’s nominee for President of the United States in the 2008 election.[8][9]
Kagan is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Kagan is a columnist for the Washington Post and is syndicated by the New York Times Syndicate. He is a contributing editor at both the The New Republic and the Weekly Standard, and has also written for the New York Times, Foreign Affairs, the Wall Street Journal, Commentary, World Affairs, and Policy Review. His book, Of Paradise and Power, was a national and international bestseller and has been translated into 25 languages. His book, Dangerous Nation, won the 2007 Lepgold Prize from Georgetown University. [[1]] He is listed by Foreign Policy and Prospect Magazine as one of the world’s Top 100 Public Intellectuals. [[2]]
Personal
Robert Kagan is the son of Yale classical historian and author, Donald Kagan. He is married to Victoria Nuland, the former U.S. ambassador to NATO, and has two children.
Books
* Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order. (2003) ISBN 1400040930
* Dangerous Nation: America’s Place in the World from its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century. (2006) ISBN 0375411054
* The Return of History and the End of Dreams. (2008) ISBN 978-0307269232
* A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990. (1996)
External links
Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robert Kagan
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Robert Kagan
* The End of the End of History: Why the twenty-first century will look like the nineteenth. Kagan in The New Republic, 23 April 2008.
* Video interviews and discussions on Bloggingheads.tv
Notes
1. ^ PNAC. Robert Kagan . http://www.newamericancentury.org/robertkaganbio.htm. Retrieved on 13 November 2008. Robert Kagan is co-founder with William Kristol of the Project for the New American Century.
2. ^ PNAC. About PNAC . http://www.newamericancentury.org/aboutpnac.htm. Retrieved on 13 November 2008. Established in the spring of 1997, the Project for the New American Century is a non-profit, educational organization whose goal is to promote American global leadership. (…) Project Directors: William Kristol, Chairman; Robert Kagan; Bruce P. Jackson; Mark Gerson; Randy Scheunemann
3. ^ PNAC. Letter to President Clinton on Iraq . http://www.newamericancentury.org/iraqclintonletter.htm. Retrieved on 13 November 2008. We urge you to act decisively. If you act now to end the threat of weapons of mass destruction against the U.S. or its allies, you will be acting in the most fundamental national security interests of the country. If we accept a course of weakness and drift, we put our interests and our future at risk. Sincerely, Elliott Abrams, Richard L. Armitage, William J. Bennett, Jeffrey Bergner, John Bolton, Paula Dobriansky, Francis Fukuyama, Robert Kagan, Zalmay Khalilzad, William Kristol, Richard Perle, Peter W. Rodman, Donald Rumsfeld, William Schneider Jr., Vin Weber, Paul Wolfowitz, R. James Woolsey, Robert B. Zoellick
4. ^ Profile on the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace site
5. ^ I Am Not a Straussian by Robert Kagan
6. ^ Robert Kagan Follows Father but Forges Own Path , Andrew Mangino, Yale Daily News
7. ^ Robert Kagan profile on conservative site Right Web
8. ^ Foreign policy: 2 camps seek McCain’s ear – International Herald Tribune
9. ^ Reynolds, Paul (2008-04-29). Not the end of history after all . BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7370992.stm. Retrieved on 2008-04-29.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kagan
Categories: 1958 births | Living people | American University alumni | American writers | Lithuanian-American Jews | Political scientists | Yale University alumni | Harvard University alumni | Weekly Standard people
Robert Kagan in Warsaw on April 17, 2008
Born September 26, 1958
Athens, Greece
Residence Virginia
Nationality American
Ethnicity Unknown
Education PhD
Alma mater Yale University, Harvard University and American University
Political party Republican
Religious beliefs Unknown
Spouse(s) Victoria Nuland
Parents Donald Kagan
Relatives Frederick Kagan, brother
Signature
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kagan
***
Donald Kagan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Donald Kagan
Born 1932
Lithuania,
Nationality United States
Fields Classics
Institutions Yale University
Alma mater Brooklyn College
Brown University
Ohio State University
Known for History of the Peloponnesian War
Notable awards National Humanities Medal, 2002
Donald Kagan (born 1932) is an American historian at Yale specializing in ancient Greece, notable for his four-volume history of the Peloponnesian War. He was Dean of Yale College from 1989–1992. He formerly taught in the Department of History at Cornell University. In a review in The New Yorker, critic George Steiner said of Kagan’s seminal four-volume history of the Peloponnesian War: The temptation to acclaim Kagan’s four volumes as the foremost work of history produced in North America in this century is vivid. Kagan is generally considered the foremost scholar of Ancient Greek history at present.
Born into a Jewish family in Lithuania, Kagan grew up in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, New York, where his family emigrated shortly after the death of his father. He graduated from Brooklyn College, then received an MA from Brown University and a PhD from the Ohio State University in 1958.[1]
Once a liberal Democrat, Professor Kagan changed his views by the 1970s and became one of the original signers to the 1997 Statement of Principles by the neoconservative think tank Project for the New American Century.[2] According to Jim Lobe, cited in The Fall Of The House Of Bush by Craig Unger (p.39, n.), Kagan’s turn away from liberalism occurred in the late sixties when Cornell University was pressured into starting a Black studies program by protesting students: Watching administrators demonstrate all the courage of Neville Chamberlain had a great impact on me, and I became much more conservative. On the eve of the 2000 presidential elections, Kagan and his son, Frederick Kagan, published While America Sleeps, a call to increase defense spending. The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) awarded Donald Kagan the National Humanities Medal in 2002, and selected him to deliver the 2005 Jefferson Lecture, which the NEH calls the highest honor the federal government confers for distinguished intellectual achievement in the humanities. [3] Kagan’s Jefferson Lecture was entitled In Defense of History ;[4] he argued that history is of primary importance in the study of the humanities.[5][6]
Kagan is currently Sterling Professor of Classics and History at Yale University – a title reserved for only the select few most accomplished academics at Yale. His course The Origins of War was one of the university’s most popular courses for twenty-five years. He currently teaches Introduction to Ancient Greek History and upper level History and Classical Civilization seminars focusing on topics from Thucydides to Spartan Hegemony. He lives in New Haven, Connecticut.
Another son, Robert Kagan, is also active in conservative politics and foreign relations.
Books
* Kagan, Donald. (1965). The Great Dialogue: A History of Greek Political Thought from Homer to Polybius. New York: Free Press.
* Kagan, Donald. (1969). The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0501-7.
* Kagan, Donald. (1974). The Archidamian War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0889-X.
* Kagan, Donald. (1981). The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1367-2.
* Kagan, Donald. (1987). The Fall of the Athenian Empire. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1935-2
* Kagan, Donald. (1991). Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 0-684-86395-2.
* Kagan, Donald. (1995). On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-42374-8.
* Kagan, Donald and Kagan, Frederick. (2000). While America Sleeps. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-20624-0.
* Kagan, Donald, Ozment, Steven, and Turner, Frank M.. (2003). The Western Heritage. New York: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-182839-8.
* Kagan, Donald, Craig, Albert M., Graham, William A., Ozment, Steven, and Turner, Frank M. (2000). The Heritage of World Civilizations.
* Kagan, Donald. (2003). The Peloponnesian War. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-03211-5.
References
1. ^ Lion in Winter . yalealumnimagazine.com. April 2002. http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_04/kagan.html. Retrieved on 2007-08-19.
2. ^ Statement of Principles . newamericancentury.org. http://www.newamericancentury.org/statementofprinciples.htm. Retrieved on 2007-08-19.
3. ^ Jefferson Lecturers at NEH Website (retrieved January 22, 2009).
4. ^ Donald Kagan, In Defense of History, text of Jefferson Lecture at NEH website.
5. ^ Philip Kennicott, Yale Historian Donald Kagan, Mixing the Old And the Neo, Washington Post, May 13, 2005.
6. ^ George F. Will, History’s Higher Ground, Washington Post, May 19, 2005.
External links
* DonaldKagan.com – personal website
* Kagan Classics faculty page at Yale
* Project for the New American Century
* Ancient Greek History video course with Prof. Donald Kagan from Open Yale Courses
* NEH biography
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kagan
Categories: 1932 births | American classical scholars | American historians | Brown University alumni | City University of New York people | Cornell University Department of History faculty | Jewish American writers | Jewish American historians | Lithuanian-American Jews | Living people | Military historians | Naturalized citizens of the United States | Ohio State University alumni | People from Brooklyn | People from New Haven, Connecticut | Yale University faculty
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kagan
****
Aspen Strategy Group
***
Frederick Kagan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Frederick W. Kagan (born March 1970) is an American resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), and a former professor of military history at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He earned a B.A. in Soviet and East European studies and a Ph.D. in Russian and Soviet military history, both from Yale University. He worked as an Assistant professor of military history at West Point from 1995–2001 and as an Associate professor of military history from 2001–2005. The courses he taught at West Point included the history of military art, grand strategy, revolutionary warfare and diplomatic history. He is brother to foreign policy analyst Robert Kagan. Frederick Kagan is married to Kimberly Kagan, Assistant Professor of History at West Point and Executive Director of the Institute for the Study of War.
Frederick Kagan and his father Donald Kagan, who is a professor at Yale and a fellow at the Hudson Institute, together authored While America Sleeps: Self-Delusion, Military Weakness, and the Threat to Peace Today (2000). The book argued in favor of a large increase in military spending and warned of future threats, including from a potential revival of Iraq’s WMD program.[1] Frederick along with his brother Robert Kagan, who is a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and their father Donald are all signatories to the neoconservative Project for the New American Century manifesto titled Rebuilding America’s Defenses (2000).[2]
Kagan authored the real Iraq Study Group report as the AEI’s rival to the ISG report of James Baker and Lee H. Hamilton in December 2006. The AEI report, titled Choosing Victory: A Plan for Success in Iraq, was released on January 5, 2007, and Kagan was said to have won-over the ear of President George W. Bush,[3] strongly influencing his subsequent surge plan for changing the course of the Iraq War. Along with retired Gen. Jack Keane, retired Col Joel Armstrong, and retired Maj Daniel Dwyer, Kagan is credited as one of the intellectual architects of the surge plan.[4]
References
1. ^ Kennicott, Philip (2005-05-13). Yale Historian Donald Kagan, Mixing the Old And the Neo . Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/13/AR2005051300041_pf.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-19.
2. ^ Donnelly, Thomas; et al. (September 2000). Rebuilding America’s Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources for a New American Century (PDF). Project for the New American Century. 78. http://www.newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-01-19.
3. ^ Benjamin, Mark (2007-01-06). The real Iraq Study Group . salon.com. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/01/06/aei/. Retrieved on 2007-01-19.
4. ^ Beinart, Peter (2007-01-18). Bush’s ‘surge’ could deep-six McCain’s 2008 presidential hopes . The Free Lance—Star. http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2007/012007/01182007/251062/printer_friendly. Retrieved on 2007-01-19.
External links
* AEI profile
* Fred Kagan’s site, Understanding War
* Rebuilding America’s Defenses (2000)
Transcript
* PBS NewsHour : As Violence Peaks and Dips, Debate Over ‘Surge’ Persists (March 11, 2008) Kagan, an architect of the Iraq surge strategy, debates the outcome of that strategy with journalist Nir Rosen.
See also
* Napoleon I of France bibliography#Related history
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Kagan
Categories: 1970 births | American Enterprise Institute | Jewish American writers | Jewish American historians | Living people | Military historians | Yale University alumni | Lithuanian-American Jews
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Kagan
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Aspen Strategy Group
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Aspen Strategy Group (ASG), founded in 1984, is a program of the Aspen Institute. It is a bipartisan forum composed of current and former politicians, civil servants, academics, journalists and business leaders who discuss issues of key importance in the realms of foreign policy, strategy and international security.
The ASG is also involved in the creation and development of the Aspen Atlantic Group, composed of former foreign ministers from North America and Europe, as well as the U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue which the ASG co-sponsors with the Confederation of Indian Industry.
Contents
* 1 Leadership
* 2 Group Members
o 2.1 Emeritus Members
* 3 External links
Leadership
* Kurt Campbell, director
* Joseph Nye, co-group chairman
* Brent Scowcroft, co-group chairman
Group Members
* Madeleine Albright
* Michael Armacost
* Zoë Baird
* Stephen Biegun
* Lael Brainard
* Sam Brownback
* Ashton Carter
* Eliot Cohen
* Richard Cooper
* Kenneth W. Dam
* Richard Danzig
* John Deutch
* Thomas E. Donilon
* Richard A. Falkenrath
* Dianne Feinstein
* Michele Flournoy
* Robert Gates
* Richard Haass
* Chuck Hagel
* Margaret Hamburg
* Jane Harman
* Robert Kagan
* Arnold Kanter
* Nicholas D. Kristof
* David Lipton
* Richard Lugar
* Jane Holl Lute
* Sylvia Mathews
* Janne Nolan
* Sam Nunn
* Thomas O’Gara
* William J. Perry
* Jack Reed
* Susan Rice
* Dennis Ross
* David Sanger
* Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall
* James B. Steinberg
* Marin Strmecki
* Strobe Talbott
* Christopher Williams
* Fareed Zakaria
Emeritus Members
* Richard Armitage
* Judith H. Bello
* Dick Cheney
* Stephen Friedman
* David Gergen
* Al Gore
* Jim Hoagland
* Kay Bailey Hutchison
* David C. Jones
* Jan Lodal
* Jessica Mathews
* Judith Miller
* William Owens
* Condoleezza Rice
* Alice Rivlin
* Walter B. Slocombe
* John W. Warner
* William Webster
* Paul Wolfowitz
* R. James Woolsey
* Philip D. Zelikow
* Robert Zoellick
External links
* Aspen Institute Aspen Strategy Group Home Page
* Aspen Institute / Aspen Strategy Group – Disinfopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Strategy_Group
***
Notable Members – Phi Kappa Psi
Education
* Current and recent presidents of the University of Cincinnati, MIT, University of San Francisco, Creighton University, Slippery Rock University, and the West Virginia University
* Former presidents of Case Western Reserve, Cornell University, University of Illinois, Johns Hopkins University, University of Kentucky, University of Montana, University of Pennsylvania, Penn State University, Princeton University, Wittenberg University, The College of New Jersey, and Washington and Jefferson College
Many leaders of major Fortune 500 corporations, banks, and national professional associations
Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City, founder of Bloomberg L.P. (Maryland Alpha, Johns Hopkins University, 1961)
Herbert H. Dow, Dow Chemical Company founder (Ohio Epsilon, Case Institute of Technology)
Mark Spitz, Olympic swimming legend, won 7 gold medals in 1972 (Indiana Beta, Indiana University, 1969)
Michael Troy, gold medalist in the 200m butterfly and 800m freestyle at the 1960 Summer Olympics and Sports Illustrated cover subject, (Indiana Beta, Indiana University, 1959)
Dan Dakich, former college basketball player and coach, played under Bob Knight from 1981 to 1985, Coached at Bowling Green, radio host in Indianapolis on 1070thefan (Indiana Beta, Indiana University, 1985)
Kevin Berry, Olympic gold and bronze medal swimmer in 1964 (Indiana Beta, Indiana University, 1965)
Tex Schramm, Pro Football Hall of Fame member, former Dallas Cowboys GM, key NFL innovator (Texas Alpha, University of Texas at Austin, 1940)
# Steve Tesich, Academy Award-winning screenwriter (Indiana Beta, Indiana University, 1962)
Frank Morgan, Academy Award-nominated actor (New York Alpha, Cornell University, 1908)
Edward Herrmann, Emmy and Tony Award-winning actor (Pennsylvania Gamma, Bucknell University, 1965)
Peter Graves, actor (Minnesota Beta, University of Minnesota, 1946)
Roy Crane, nationally-syndicated cartoonist (Texas Alpha, University of Texas at Austin, 1922)
# Pat Weaver, pioneering television executive and Emmy Award winner (New Hampshire Alpha, Dartmouth College, 1927)
# Roy Scheider, Academy Award-nominated actor (Pennsylvania Eta, Franklin and Marshall College, 1954)
Tony Aiello, broadcast journalist, WCBS-TV (Indiana Beta, Indiana University, 1982)
# Over 60 Generals, 20 Admirals and at least 2 ships, including:
# The USS James C. Owens (DD-776) named after James C. Owens, Jr. (California Delta University of Southern California 1930)
# The USS Walter X. Young (APD-131) named after Walter X. Young (Illinois Beta, University of Chicago, 1937)
Brig. Gen. William Billy Mitchell, Army General, Congressional Gold Medal recipient, (D.C. Alpha, George Washington University, 1896)
# John Marsh, Secretary of the Army (1981-89), U.S. Congressman (VA) (Virginia Beta, Washington and Lee University, 1948)
Maj. Gen. William Wild Bill Donovan, World War I Medal of Honor recipient, founder of the Office of Strategic Services (precursor of the CIA) during World War II (New York Gamma, Columbia University, 1903)
Captain Henry H. Bingham, Congressman and Medal of Honor Recipient
Stephen Ailes, Secretary of the Army (1964-65) (West Virginia Alpha, West Virginia University, 1934)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi
****
Raymond P. Shafer, Governor of Pennsylvania (1967-71) (Pennsylvania Beta, Allegheny College, 1935)
Thomas H. Kuchel, U.S. Senator (CA), (1953-69; Senate Minority Whip) (California Delta, University of Southern California, 1929)
John F. Kennedy, Jr., son of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, founder of George Magazine (Rhode Island Alpha, Brown University)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi
***
***
Edward W. Gillespie is an American Republican political strategist and former Counselor to the President in the George W. Bush White House. Gillespie, along with Jack Quinn, former Chief of Staff to Vice President Al Gore, founded Quinn Gillespie & Associates, a bipartisan lobbying firm.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Gillespie
Biography
Gillespie was born August 1, 1962 in Browns Mills, New Jersey. He is a graduate of The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. While at CUA he began his career on Capitol Hill as a Senate parking lot attendant. He is married to Cathy Gillespie and has three kids.
Political career
He began his political career as a telephone solicitor for the Republican National Committee in 1985. He later worked for a decade as a top aide to former House Majority Leader Dick Armey (R-TX), and was a principal drafter of the GOP’s 1994 Contract With America. [citation needed] In 1996, he became Director of Communications and Congressional Affairs for the Republican National Committee under Haley Barbour. In 1997, Gillespie formed Policy Impact Communications, a public affairs communications firm, with Barbour.
From 1999-2008, Gillespie served as a political strategist to several American politicans. In 1999, Gillespie worked as the Press Secretary for the Presidential campaign of John Kasich until his withdrawal from the race. In 2000, Gillespie served as senior communications advisor for the presidential campaign of George W. Bush, organizing the party convention program in Philadelphia for Bush’s nomination and Bush’s inauguration ceremony. He also played an aggressive role as spokesman for the Bush campaign during the vote recount in Florida.
In 2002, he was a strategist for Elizabeth Dole’s 2002 Senate campaign.
In 2003, Gillespie was selected as Chairman of the RNC, serving in that role through the 2004 elections that saw President Bush win re-election and Republicans retain control of the House and Senate. His book Winning Right was released in the September of 2006.
Gillespie has been particularly active in his home state of Virginia. He served as Chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia from December 2006 to June 2007. He played a visible role in 2006 Virginia Senate elections as a spokesman for defeated Virginia Senator George Allen. He had been tapped by Allen as a political adviser for a possible presidential run in 2008 before that loss. In February 2009, Virginia Attorney General Bob McDonnell announced that Gillespie will serve as General Chairman of his campaign for Governor.
Role as White House counselor
In late June 2007, President Bush brought Gillespie into the White House on a full-time basis, to replace the departing Counselor to the President Dan Bartlett with the mandate to help raise Bush’s flagging popularity ratings. When Karl Rove also departed in August, the Washington Post described Gillespie as stepping up to do part of Karl Rove’s job in the White House. Michael A. Fletcher. As Rove Departs, President Again Turns to Gillespie. Washington Post. August 16, 2007 A later Post article describes Gillespie’s role orchestrating a PR unit dedicated to selling the surge to American voters and the media. Peter Baker et. al. Among Top Officials, ‘Surge’ Has Sparked Dissent, Infighting. Washington Post. September 9, 2007. According to this article:
From the start of the Bush plan, the White House communications office had been blitzing an e-mail list of as many as 5,000 journalists, lawmakers, lobbyists, conservative bloggers, military groups and others with talking points or rebuttals of criticism…Gillespie arranged several presidential speeches to make strategic arguments, such as comparing Iraq to Vietnam or warning of Iranian interference. When critics assailed Bush for overstating ties between al-Qaeda and the group called al-Qaeda in Iraq, Gillespie organized a Bush speech to make his case. The whole idea is to take these things on before they become conventional wisdom, said White House communications director Kevin Sullivan. We have a very short window.
** among the external links –
* Jim VandeHei, Bush Policies Ease Transition For Aides Into Lobbyist Jobs, Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2001.
* Ed Gillespie: The Embedded Lobbyist, Public Citizen, June 2003.
* Mike Allen, Bush Picks Campaign Chief, RNC Chairman, Washington Post, June 17, 2003.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Gillespie
***
Kenneth Brian Mehlman (born August 21, 1966, Baltimore, Maryland) is an American attorney who is now Managing Director and head of Global Public Affairs for Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co, LLP. Before joining KKR, Mehlman was a Partner at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP. He was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 2005 to 2007. He served as the campaign manager for George W. Bush’s 2004 re-election campaign. In a June 2007 press release by the White House website, Mehlman was nominated by President Bush to be a board member of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial committee.
Personal
Mehlman is the son of Judith A. Mehlman and Arthur S. Mehlman, a director of MuniMae and formerly a partner at KPMG, for which he was the head of the firm’s auditing department in the Baltimore/Washington region.[1] Mehlman’s brother, Bruce Mehlman, works as a lobbyist at Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti. [2][3]
Mehlman is Jewish and lives in Washington, D.C..
Education
Mehlman received his undergraduate degree in 1988 from Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1991. He was a classmate of President Barack Obama. He is a member of Phi Kappa Tau Fraternity’s Xi Chapter at Franklin and Marshall.
Career
Mehlman practiced environmental law at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld in Washington, D.C. (1991–1996) and assisted campaigns in Massachusetts (William Weld’s 1990 gubernatorial campaign), Ohio, Virginia, Texas, and Georgia as well as the 1992 and 1996 Presidential campaigns.
Mehlman was Congresswoman Kay Granger’s (TX-12) Chief of Staff and Congressman Lamar S. Smith’s (TX-21) Legislative Director. Mehlman served George W. Bush as the field director for his 2000 campaign and later became the White House Director of Political Affairs. He managed the Bush presidential re-election campaign in 2004. In January 2005, the American Association of Political Consultants gave Mehlman the Campaign Manager of the Year award for his management of the Bush/Cheney presidential ticket. [4]
Republican Party chair
Mehlman was Bush’s choice to replace Ed Gillespie as the chair of the Republican National Committee and was elected to the post on January 19, 2005.
He announced after the November 2006 general election that he would not seek re-election to another term as Republican National Chairman. One of his top deputies, RNC political Director Michael DuHaime, announced in December that he would become Campaign Manager for Rudy Giuliani’s 2008 presidential campaign.
As head of the RNC, Mehlman played a key role, along with Karl Rove, in executing the Republican Party’s long-term yet ultimately doomed plan for electoral dominance. This is discussed at length in Peter Wallsten and Tom Hamburger’s book, One Party Country.[11]
During his tenure as Chairman of the RNC, Mehlman co-founded the United States Senate Joint Advisory Committee (better known as the USSJAC), a republican federal political committee which advises on domestic and foreign policy and protects at-risk Republican Senate seats. Mehlman stepped down as Chairman of the RNC voluntarily at the end of 2006.[12] He was replaced by Mike Duncan and Mel Martinez.
Controversies
Phone jamming scandal
Main article: 2002 New Hampshire Senate election phone jamming scandal
A Democratic analysis of phone records introduced at the 2005 criminal trial of James Tobin, the Northeast political director for the RNC in 2002, show that he made 115 outgoing calls – mostly to the same number in the White House office of political affairs – between September 17 and November 22, 2002. At the time, the office of political affairs was headed by Mehlman. Two dozen of the calls were made from 9:28 a.m. the day before the election through 2:17 a.m. the night after the voting, a three-day period during which the criminal phone jamming operation was finalized, carried out, and then abruptly shut down.
Virtually all the calls to the White House went to the same phone number. In April 2006, Mehlman issued a statement on the matter, noting that his deputy for the Northeast states routinely discussed election business with RNC officials, and categorically stated that none of my conversations nor the conversations of my staff, involved discussion of the phone-jamming incident. [13][14]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Mehlman
***
My note – KPGM is the auditor that examines the national budget – interesting that Mehlman worked for them in Washington.
***
USHERING IN AN OWNERSHIP ERA
The role of government is not to control or dominate the lives of our citizens. The role of government is to help our citizens gain the time and the tools to make their own choices and improve their own lives. That’s why I will continue to work to usher in a new era of ownership and opportunity in America.
— President George W. Bush
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25850
***
***
John Kenneth Blackwell (born February 28, 1948), is a former secretary of state of the U.S. state of Ohio who made an unsuccessful bid as the Republican nominee for Governor of Ohio in the 2006 election. He was the first African-American to be the candidate for governor of a major party in Ohio. He is currently Vice Chairman of the Republican National Committee’s Platform Committee [1] and was a candidate for chairman of the Republican National Committee.[2]
Blackwell gained national prominence for his dual roles as Chief Elections Official of Ohio and honorary co-chair of the Committee to re-elect George W. Bush during the 2004 election. Allegations of conflict of interest and voter disenfranchisement led to the filing of at least sixteen related lawsuits naming Blackwell. Regarding voter disenfranchisement, a federal appellate court ruled, in agreement with Blackwell, that provisional ballots cast in the wrong polling location should not be counted in the election, but the court overturned his directive to poll workers that they refuse to issue provisional ballots unless satisfied as to the voter’s residence. Blackwell was also named in a 2006 lawsuit related to his office’s public disclosure of the Social Security numbers of Ohio residents.
Blackwell served in the administration of President George H.W. Bush as undersecretary in the Department of Housing and Urban Development from 1989 to 1990. He returned to Cincinnati to run for the first district seat in the United States House of Representatives being vacated by Tom Luken. Blackwell lost to Luken’s son, Charlie Luken, by a narrow 51% to 49% margin. Following his close defeat, President Bush appointed Blackwell ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Commission. Blackwell served in that post from 1992 to 1993.
Blackwell was appointed Ohio State Treasurer by then-Gov. George Voinovich in 1994 to complete the term of Mary Ellen Withrow, who was appointed U.S. treasurer by President Bill Clinton. Blackwell was elected treasurer in 1994 and was elected Ohio Secretary of State in 1998. That year, Blackwell considered a run for governor, but Ohio Republican Party chairman Robert T. Bennett persuaded Blackwell to run for secretary of state instead, leaving the governorship open to Bob Taft. Blackwell was national chairman of longtime friend Steve Forbes’ presidential campaign in 2000. [1] Blackwell was re-elected secretary of state in 2002.
Involvement in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election
As Secretary of State of a hotly contested swing state, Blackwell played a prominent role in the 2004 national election. As Secretary of State, Blackwell held the position of Chief Elections Officer, overseeing Ohio’s elections process. In Congressional testimony, Blackwell stated that every Republican holder of statewide office in Ohio was named an honorary co-chair of the Bush campaign, that the position carried no responsibilities, and that previous Ohio Secretaries of State from both parties had held similar honorary positions.[6]
Blackwell also announced he would enforce an Ohio State election law decreeing that any person who appeared at a polling place to vote but whose registration could not be confirmed would be given only a provisional ballot; if it were later determined that the person had attempted to vote in the wrong precinct, then their provisional ballot would not be counted. He also directed poll workers to refuse to distribute provisional ballots unless they were satisfied as to the voter’s residence. The Democratic party promptly filed a lawsuit claiming that the policy was intended to disenfranchise minority voters and in violation of federal election law, specifically section 302 of the Help America Vote Act (HAVA).[7]
On October 21, 2004, U.S. District Court Judge James G. Carr issued an order rejecting Blackwell’s policy.[8] Blackwell said that he would go to jail rather than comply.
The Libertarian Party of Ohio’s legal battle started when they appealed Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell’s 2004 decision to deny them access to the ballot.
Democratic members of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary asked Blackwell to explain irregularities in the Ohio election in two letters, (pdf) (pdf) and requested his presence at a Public Congressional Hearing. (pdf) He did not attend the hearing, but responded to the first letter, refusing to comply with their requests for explanation, noting that he was already responding to requests from the Government Accountability Office and the Department of Justice. (pdf)
On April 16, 2006, the Toledo Blade reported that Blackwell had accepted more than $1 million dollars in campaign contributions from employees of firms seeking business with the statewide offices he’s held over the past 12 years. Furthermore, the same organizations donated $1.34 million dollars to the Ohio Republican Party, $1.29 million of which was forwarded directly to Blackwell’s campaign fund. Several of the firms which have been awarded contracts from Blackwell’s office have also been hired on to his gubernatorial campaign. The investigators argue that the suggestion of quid pro quo based on the actions of contributors raise an issue of a serious conflict of interest. Petro has responded by demanding that a law which bans political contributors from being awarded state contracts. Blackwell has stated that no illegal activity took place. In response to Petro’s call for reform, Blackwell stated If you are asking me … ‘Am I advocating for campaign spending limits?’ No. Never have. Never will. [49]
Blackwell had been well supported by many religious leaders in Ohio both politically and financially; according to campaign filings, Blackwell has received $25,031 from clergy and more than 27 times as much as Strickland.[51]
However, on January 16, 2006, a group of 31 pastors, led by Rev. Eric Williams, pastor of North Congregational Church (United Church of Christ) in Columbus, wrote a 13-page letter to the IRS alleging that Blackwell has enjoyed special treatment by two Ohio mega-churches, World Harvest Church and Fairfield Christian Church. In the letter, the pastors accused the two organizations of sponsoring at least nine events with Blackwell as the sole invited politician, partisan voter-registration drives, and distribution of biased voting guides. Rev. Russell Johnson, pastor of the Fairfield Christian Church in Lancaster, Ohio defended his actions by saying that the event in question was not a meet the candidate forum, but rather he was giving Blackwell an award for courageous leadership. [52] Blackwell later called the group of 31 pastors bullies. [53]
Release of Ohio Social Security numbers
On March 1, 2006 Blackwell’s office accidentally published a list of 1.2 million Social Security numbers of Ohio citizens on a website along with their business filings. A Federal class-action lawsuit was filed by Darrell Estep who claimed that the release of the data had caused his Social Security number to appear three times on the website.[24] The lawsuit was settled on March 28, 2006 after the numbers were removed from the website, a registration process was enacted to view the data and Blackwell’s office agreed to make monthly progress reports to the court.[25] The data was part of a centralized voter database, required by Federal law. At that time, Blackwell promised to only retain the last four digits of the Social Security number in the database to prevent future problems.[26]
However, on April 26, 2006, Blackwell’s office disclosed Ohio Social Security numbers again, mailing out computer disks containing the names, addresses, and the Social Security numbers of 5.7 million registered voters in Ohio (80% of all registered voters in the state).[27] The list was released as a standard practice under the Freedom of Information Act and Help America Vote Act. Blackwell’s office apologized, indicating that the release of the Social Security numbers was accidental and attempted to recall all 20 of the disks. At least one recipient of the disks has refused to comply.
Jim Petro, then Republican Attorney General of Ohio, has launched an investigation into the disclosure, citing a legal requirement to investigate any state entity where there may be a risk of a loss of private data. Blackwell stated that he considered the issue to be closed, but Petro disagreed, saying that he will use maximum due diligence to ensure that the data was not copied before it was returned. Ohio law requires that individuals be notified if their Social Security numbers are compromised.[28][29]
Diebold controversies
Ohio State Senator Jeff Jacobson asked Blackwell in July 2003 to disqualify Diebold Election Systems’ bid to supply voting machines for the state, after security problems were discovered in its software,[30] but was refused. Blackwell had ordered Diebold touch screen voting machines, reversing an earlier decision by the state to purchase only optical scan voting machines which, unlike the touch screen devices, would leave a paper trail for recount purposes.[citation needed] The controversy was inflamed the next month when Walden O’Dell, chief executive of Diebold, sent a fund-raising letter to Ohio Republicans, stating that he was committed to helping Ohio deliver its electoral votes to the president next year. [31]
On April 4, 2006, the Columbus Dispatch reported that Blackwell owned stock [83 shares, down from 178 shares purchased in January 2005] in Diebold, a voting-machine [and ATM] manufacturer, at the same time his office negotiated a deal with the company. After discovering the stock ownership, Blackwell promptly sold the shares at a loss.[32] He attributed the purchase to an unidentified financial manager at Credit Suisse First Boston who he said had, without his knowledge, violated his instructions to avoid potential conflict of interest.[33]
When Cuyahoga County’s primary was held on May 2, 2006, officials ordered the hand-counting of more than 18,000 paper ballots after Diebold’s new optical scan machines produced inconsistent tabulations, leaving several local races in limbo for days and eventually resulting in a reversal of the outcome of one race for state representative. Blackwell ordered an investigation by the Cuyahoga County Board of Elections; Ohio Democrats demanded that Blackwell, due to his prior role in acquiring the Diebold equipment as well as his status as the Republican gubernatorial candidate in this election, recuse himself from the investigation due to conflicts of interest, but Blackwell did not do so.[34]
On April 4, 2006, the Columbus Dispatch reported that Blackwell owned stock [83 shares, down from 178 shares purchased in January 2005] in Diebold, a voting-machine [and ATM] manufacturer, at the same time his office negotiated a deal with the company. After discovering the stock ownership, Blackwell promptly sold the shares at a loss.[32] He attributed the purchase to an unidentified financial manager at Credit Suisse First Boston who he said had, without his knowledge, violated his instructions to avoid potential conflict of interest.[33]
When Cuyahoga County’s primary was held on May 2, 2006, officials ordered the hand-counting of more than 18,000 paper ballots after Diebold’s new optical scan machines produced inconsistent tabulations, leaving several local races in limbo for days and eventually resulting in a reversal of the outcome of one race for state representative. Blackwell ordered an investigation by the Cuyahoga County Board of Elections; Ohio Democrats demanded that Blackwell, due to his prior role in acquiring the Diebold equipment as well as his status as the Republican gubernatorial candidate in this election, recuse himself from the investigation due to conflicts of interest, but Blackwell did not do so.[34]
RNC Chairman Election
Blackwell announced his intentions to run for the Republican Chairmanship, but withdrew after the 5th round of voting.
RNC Chairman Vote
Source: CQPolitics [59], and Poll Pundit [60]
Candidate Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6
Michael Steele 46 48 51 60 79 91
Katon Dawson 28 29 34 62 69 77
Saul Anuzis 22 24 24 31 20 Withdrew
Ken Blackwell 20 19 15 15 Withdrew
Mike Duncan 52 48 44 Withdrew
Candidate won that Round of voting
Candidate withdrew
Candidate won RNC Chairmanship
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Blackwell
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The Privacy Act of 1974 signed into law by President Ford January 1 gives U.S. citizens the right to request, inspect, and challenge their own federal files; effective September 27, the law bars government agencies from keeping secret records on individuals or collecting information that is not relevant and necessary for them to carry out agency functions. It also provides adequate safeguards to protect records from unauthorized access and disclosure, keeps agencies from sharing information on individuals, and bars them from disclosing personal information except under court order or in certain other limited circumstances (see 1974). President Ford calls former CIA director Richard Helms into the Oval Office January 5 and tells him, Frankly, we are in a mess. Helms defends Operation Chaos: The basic allegation—that we spied on dissidents, stemmed from the charge to me to discover if there was any foreign connection to the dissidents. If you get a name, of course you make a record and open a file in case it is relevant thereafter. Ford says he plans no witchhunt, but in this environment I don’t know if I can control it. He informs Helms that he is appointing a blue ribbon panel headed by Vice President Rockefeller to investigate the agency’s domestic operations. Sen. Frank (Forrester) Church, 50 (D. Idaho) chairs a Senate Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (the House of Representatives also appoints such a committee), CIA director William E. Colby supplies the Church Committee with details of the agency’s efforts to sabotage Chile’s economy, Sen. Goldwater (R. Ariz.) and other right-wing politicians attack Colby for cooperating with the Church Committee.
http://www.answers.com/topic/1975
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Cyberterrorism and cybersecurity
Clarke, as Special Advisor to the President on Cybersecurity, spent his last year in the Bush Administration focusing on cybersecurity and the threat of terrorism against the critical infrastructure of the United States. At a security conference in 2002, after citing statistics that indicate that less than 0.0025 percent of corporate revenue on average is spent on information-technology security, Clarke was famously heard to say, If you spend more on coffee than on IT security, then you will be hacked. What’s more, you deserve to be hacked. [27]
Book: Against All Enemies
Main article: Against All Enemies
On March 22, 2004, Clarke’s book, Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror—What Really Happened (ISBN 0-7432-6024-4), was published. The book was critical of past and present presidential administrations for the way they handled the war on terror both before and after September 11, 2001 but focused much of its criticism on Bush for failing to take sufficient action to protect the country in the elevated-threat period before the September 11, 2001 attacks and for the 2003 invasion of Iraq, which Clarke feels greatly hampered the war on terror, and was a distraction from the real terrorists.
Additional works
* Defeating the Jihadists: A Blueprint for Action, 2004. In this book Clarke outlines his idea of a more effective U.S. counterterrorism policy. (ISBN 0-87078-491-9)
* The Scorpion’s Gate, 2005 (novel). (ISBN 0-399-15294-6)
* Breakpoint, 2007 (novel). (ISBN 0-399-15378-0).
* Your Government Failed You: Breaking the Cycle of National Security Disasters, 2008. (ISBN 9780061474620)
Affiliations
* Chairman, Good Harbor Consulting, LLC, a strategic planning and corporate risk management firm.
* Contributor, GoodHarborReport.com, an online resource for homeland security, defense and political issues, operated by Good Harbor Consulting, LLC.
* Faculty affiliate, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
* Advisory Board Member, Civitas Group, LLC
* On-air consultant, ABC News.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Clarke
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The Republican Party is currently the second largest party with 55 million registered voters as of 2004, encompassing roughly one-third of the electorate.[1] There have been nineteen Republican Presidents. Republicans currently fill a minority of seats in both the United States Senate and the House of Representatives, hold a minority of state governorships, and control a minority of state legislatures.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)
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The Republican National Committee (RNC) provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and election strategy. It is also responsible for organizing and running the Republican National Convention. Similar committees exist in every U.S. state and most U.S. counties, although in some states party organization is structured by congressional district, allied campaign organizations being governed by a national committee. Michael Steele is the current RNC chairman, and will serve until January 2011.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee
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The second half of the 20th century saw election of Republican presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush. The Republican Party, led by House Republican Minority Whip Newt Gingrich campaigning on a Contract with America, were elected to majorities to both houses of Congress in the Republican Revolution of 1994. Their majorities were generally held until the Democrats regained control in the mid-term election of 2006. In the 21st century the Republican Party is defined by social conservatism, an aggressive foreign policy to defeat terrorism and promote global democracy, a more powerful executive branch, tax cuts, and deregulation and subsidization of industry.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)
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