Monthly Archives: January 2010

Nifty Stuff I found while working on other great stuff –

Posted by cricketdiane on

**Poetry Live for Haiti
Poetry Live for Haiti by Downing Street.

Gordon Brown speaks during the Poetry Live for Haiti fundraising event in London on 31 January 2010; PA copyright

http://www.flickr.com/photos/downingstreet/4317009866/

***

In nature

Approximate fractals are easily found in nature. These objects display self-similar structure over an extended, but finite, scale range. Examples include clouds, snow flakes, crystals, mountain ranges, lightning, river networks, cauliflower or broccoli, and systems of blood vessels and pulmonary vessels. Coastlines may be loosely considered fractal in nature.

Trees and ferns are fractal in nature and can be modeled on a computer by using a recursive algorithm. This recursive nature is obvious in these examples—a branch from a tree or a frond from a fern is a miniature replica of the whole: not identical, but similar in nature. The connection between fractals and leaves are currently being used to determine how much carbon is contained in trees.[5]

In 1999, certain self similar fractal shapes were shown to have a property of “frequency invariance”—the same electromagnetic properties no matter what the frequency—from Maxwell’s equations (see fractal antenna).[6]

A fractal that models the surface of a mountain (animation)

Photograph of a romanesco broccoli, showing a naturally occurring fractal

Fractal pentagram drawn with a vector iteration program

In creative works

Further information: Fractal art

Fractal patterns have been found in the paintings of American artist Jackson Pollock. While Pollock’s paintings appear to be composed of chaotic dripping and splattering, computer analysis has found fractal patterns in his work.[7]

Decalcomania, a technique used by artists such as Max Ernst, can produce fractal-like patterns.[8] It involves pressing paint between two surfaces and pulling them apart.

Fractals are also prevalent in African art and architecture. Circular houses appear in circles of circles, rectangular houses in rectangles of rectangles, and so on. Such scaling patterns can also be found in African textiles, sculpture, and even cornrow hairstyles.[9]

In a 1996 interview David Foster Wallace admitted that the structure of his novel Infinite Jest was inspired by fractals, specifically the Sierpinski triangle.[10]

A fractal is formed when pulling apart two glue-covered acrylic sheets.

High voltage breakdown within a 4″ block of acrylic creates a fractal Lichtenberg figure.

Fractal branching occurs in a fractured surface such as a microwave-irradiated DVD.[11]

A DLA cluster grown from a copper(II) sulfate solution in an electrodeposition cell

A fractal flame created with the program Apophysis

Fractal made by the program Sterling

A fractal created using the program Apophysis and a julian transform

Applications

Main article: Fractal analysis

As described above, random fractals can be used to describe many highly irregular real-world objects. Other applications of fractals include:[12]

See also

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal

***

DEC – Disasters Emergency Committee – found on number10.gov.uk

Who we are

Children at Otash Camp - Darfur and ChadThe Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) was formed in 1963. We are an umbrella organisation for 13 humanitarian aid agencies.

At times of overseas emergency, the DEC brings together a unique alliance of the UK’s aid, corporate, public and broadcasting sectors to rally the nation’s compassion, and ensure that funds raised go to DEC agencies best placed to deliver effective and timely relief to people most in need.

The DEC’s remit is to unite agency efforts in times of disaster – such as flood, earthquake or famine – wherever it happens in the world. The way we at DEC approach our work is to maximise funds raised and ensure they are spent in an effective and fully accountable way.

DEC Members

The DEC is made up of 13 aid agencies, who are UK registered humanitarian charities that fulfil certain criteria. The DEC members have the expertise in the delivery and provision of aid. Members’ performance and any new applicants are reviewed every two years.

Rapid Response Network

The DEC is also supported by a network of television and radio broadcasters, the banks, the Post Office, BT, regional and national press and a range of organisations in the corporate sector. These organisations help the DEC at the time of an appeal, to publicise the situation and raise funds.

National Appeals
Refugee Camp - SudanCrises and emergencies occur regularly throughout the world and the DEC cannot respond to them all. DEC appeals are reserved for major disasters and emergencies which cannot be dealt with by the usual in-country coping mechanisms, and where DEC agencies are in a position to respond quickly and effectively. Our DEC Decision-making guidelines are used to ensure that a national joint appeal is the appropriate response to a particular emergency.

At the time of appeal, we coordinate a strategic response with our members and Rapid Response Network partners, organising a national fundraising appeal to finance urgently needed humanitarian relief.

Our Mission Statement
The DEC is always striving to raise the standards of humanitarian aid. We work to ensure that the funds raised by the public are spent in the most effective way to finance humanitarian relief. Our DEC Mission Statement outlines this.

Our Achievements
We simply could not carry on working to help people affected by major disasters without the support of the public. Thanks to the generosity of donors we have raised amazing amounts of money which has helped save lives and rebuild communities devastated by disasters.

http://www.dec.org.uk/who_we_are/

DEC members

The Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Member Agencies
The Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) is made up of 13 member agencies who provide humanitarian aid in times of disaster.

The 13 member agencies are:

The agencies are the leading UK registered humanitarian charities that fulfil certain criteria. DEC agencies have the profile to ensure successful national appeals and expertise in the delivery and provision of aid.

In March 2008 the DEC Board agreed that Membership of the DEC will be reviewed in 2008 and then every three years. Prospective Members will be reviewed against the criteria (see the DEC membership criteria page) and any organisation that wishes to join the DEC should submit their proposal by the end of July 2008. Additional guidance on the criteria is available from membership@dec.org.uk

DEC agencies are signatories to the Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief. They have a demonstrable commitment to the principles enshrined in the humanitarian charter to achieve Sphere and People in Aid standards, plus a willingness to be evaluated against them. .

Governance
The DEC is governed by a board of trustees.

Membership Criteria
In March 2008 the DEC Board agreed that Membership of the DEC will be reviewed in 2008 and then every three years. Prospective Members will be reviewed against the criteria (see the DEC membership criteria page) and any organisation that wishes to join the DEC should submit their proposal by the end of July 2008. Additional guidance on the criteria is available from membership@dec.org.uk

http://www.dec.org.uk/who_we_are/dec_members.html

***

Sphere Project Board Organisations

Agencies Piloting Sphere

Quality and Accountability Initiatives

Government Aid Agencies

UN Agencies

Other Resources

(from )

http://www.sphereproject.org/content/view/96/218/lang,english/

2010 Sphere, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response

Sphere Project
Sphere has developed a handbook of standards for four sectors (water/sanitation and hygiene promotion; food security; nutrition and food aid; settlement and non-food items and health services).
www.sphereproject.org

***

Output from a shallow water equation model of water in a bathtub. The water experiences five splashes which generate surface gravity waves that propagate away from the splash locations and reflect off the bathtub walls.

The shallow water equations (also called Saint Venant

equations after Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant) are a set of hyperbolic partial differential equations that describe the flow below a pressure surface in a fluid (sometimes, but not necessarily, a free surface).

The equations are derived[1] from depth-integrating the Navier-Stokes equations, in the case where the horizontal length scale is much greater than the vertical length scale. Under this condition, conservation of mass implies that the vertical velocity of the fluid is small. It can be shown from the momentum equation that vertical pressure gradients are nearly hydrostatic, and that horizontal pressure gradients are due to the displacement of the pressure surface, implying that the horizontal velocity field is constant throughout the depth of the fluid. Vertically integrating allows the vertical velocity to be removed from the equations. The shallow water equations are thus derived.

While a vertical velocity term is not present in the shallow water equations, note that this velocity is not necessarily zero. This is an important distinction because, for example, the vertical velocity cannot be zero when the floor changes depth, and thus if it were zero only flat floors would be usable with the shallow water equations. Once a solution (i.e. the horizontal velocities and free surface displacement) has been found, the vertical velocity can be recovered via the continuity equation.

Situations in fluid dynamics where the horizontal length scale is much greater than the vertical length scale are common, so the shallow water equations are widely applicable. They are used with Coriolis forces in atmospheric and oceanic modeling, as a simplification of the primitive equations of atmospheric flow.

Shallow water equation models have only one vertical level, so they cannot directly encompass any factor that varies with height. However, in cases where the mean state is sufficiently simple, the vertical variations can be separated from the horizontal and several sets of shallow water equations can describe the state.

(from)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_water_equations

***

Hyperbolic system and conservation laws

There is a connection between a hyperbolic system and a conservation law. Consider a hyperbolic system of one partial differential equation for one unknown function u = u(\vec x, t). Then the system ( * ) has the form

(**) \quad \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + \sum_{j=1}^d \frac{\partial}{\partial x_j} {f^j} (u) = 0,

Now u can be some quantity with a flux \vec f = (f^1, \ldots, f^d). To show that this quantity is conserved, integrate ( * * ) over a domain Ω

\int_{\Omega} \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} d\Omega + \int_{\Omega} \nabla \cdot \vec f(u) d\Omega = 0.

If u and \vec f are sufficiently smooth functions, we can use the divergence theorem and change the order of the integration and \partial / \partial t to get a conservation law for the quantity u in the general form

\frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega} u d\Omega + \int_{\Gamma} \vec f(u) \cdot \vec n d\Gamma = 0,

which means that the time rate of change of u in the domain Ω is equal to the net flux of u through its boundary Γ. Since this is an equality, it can be concluded that u is conserved within Ω.

See also

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_partial_differential_equation

***

http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=EUVE6&photoID=euve6_002_ahp.jpg

Images:
Eucladium verticillatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp.

Click on a thumbnail to view an image, or see all the Eucladium thumbnails at the PLANTS Gallery

View a larger version of this image and Profile page for Eucladium verticillatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. View a larger version of this image and Profile page for Eucladium verticillatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. View a larger version of this image and Profile page for Eucladium verticillatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. View a larger version of this image and Profile page for Eucladium verticillatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. View a larger version of this image and Profile page for Eucladium verticillatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. View a larger version of this image and Profile page for Eucladium verticillatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp.
Related Taxa:
Eucladium verticillatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp.

View 41 genera in Pottiaceae, 1 species in Eucladium

***

The PM recording a podcast at Downing Street; Crown copyright

Investment in Britain’s future to continue – PM

The Prime Minister has said the Government will continue to invest “willingly and whole-heartedly” in Britain’s future, as the country moves out of recession.

In his latest podcast, Gordon Brown said that despite emerging from “the toughest recession since the 1930s” the return to strong, sustainable global growth would still take time.

He said the Government would continue with measures put in place to support families and businesses.

Listen to the podcast

Read more:Investment in Britain’s future to continue – PM

Transcript of the PM’s podcast

(from)

http://www.number10.gov.uk/

***

Anatase

Formula:
TiO
2
System: Tetragonal Colour: Brown, yellowish or …
Lustre: Adamantine, Metallic Hardness: 5½ – 6
Name: From the Greek for “extension,” in allusion to the length of the pyramidal faces being longer in relation to their bases than in many tetragonal minerals.
Polymorph of: Brookite, IMA2007-058, Rutile, TiO2 II

Anatase is one of the five forms of titanium dioxide found in nature.

(from)

http://www.mindat.org/min-213.html

***

Lichens Home Page
 nature logo graphic

Nature Photos

This page links to 17 index pages: 16 of them provide links to photos of identified lichens, including those that are identified to genus but not to species. It also links to an index page providing access to about 300 “mystery” lichens that are completely unidentified, and a page that links to topics in lichen natural history. There are about 6,300 photos on the site, illustrating approximately 1,250 species. Most of the photos were taken for the book, Lichens of North America, with text by Dr. Irwin Brodo, published in 2001 by Yale University Press. There are two photos by others. Almost all are from the continental U.S. and Canada, but there are some from Baja California, Mexico, and a few from southern France.

Most of the identifications for the photos were made by Dr. Brodo from voucher specimens that Sylvia and I collected between 1973 and 1998. A smaller number of images were taken by me between 1999 and 2007 and were identified by a number of other lichenologists, including Mariette Cole, Theodore Esslinger, Thomas H. Nash III, Trevor Goward, Roger Rosentreter, Bruce McCune, Stephen Clayden and others. Enormous thanks are due to all who helped! I have attempted to keep the names current with the North American Checklist by Esslinger and Egan, and with other recent sources such as the Sonoran Desert Flora. For the sake of simplicity I have not italicized the scientific names. In particular, we owe more than I can express to Ernie Brodo, without whose generosity, energy, and steadfastness our project with lichens would have never developed beyond a passing fancy.

I am making corrections to the names and information on the site on an ongoing basis, and adding additional photos from my archives. Most recent revision, with 150 photos added: June 27, 2009.

For an informational site about lichens, go to Lichens of North America
Lichens Index 1: Acarospora to Byssoloma alectoria thumbnail graphic
Lichens Index 2: Calicium to Chrysothrix caloplaca thumbnail graphic
Lichens Index 3: Cladonia cladonia_cristatella_2thmb.jpg
Lichens Index 4: Cliostomum to Dypolabia dactylina thumbnail graphic
Lichens Index 5: Echinoplaca to Hypocenomyce evernia thumbnail graphic
Lichens Index 6: Hypogymnia to Lecanora lecanora thumbnail graphic
Lichens Index 7: Lecidea to Megaspora leptogium thumbnail graphic
Lichens Index 8: Melanelia to Orphniospora niebla thumbnail graphic
Lichens Index 9: Pannaria to Peltigera peltigera thumbnail graphic

http://www.sharnoffphotos.com/lichens/lichens_home_index.html

***

Memé Mine, Terre Neuve district, L’Artibonite Department, Haiti

Skarn and porphyry copper deposit.
References:
- Econ. Geol. (1986) 81:1801-1807.
- Evans, A.M. (1997): An Introduction to Economic Geology and its Environmental Impact. Blackwell Science Ltd (Oxford), 370 pp.
- Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models, 2008. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.

// <![CDATA[// // <![CDATA[//

Map data ©2009 Google, INEGI, Europa Technologies – Terms of Use
 Map Reference: 19°31′N , 72°42′W

This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

Mineral List:

Bornite
Chalcocite
Chalcopyrite
Digenite		 Epidote
‘Garnet Group’
Hematite
Magnetite		 Molybdenite
Pyrite

10 entries listed. 9 valid minerals.

The above list contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database!

http://www.mindat.org/loc-205537.html

***

Bornite

Formula:
Cu
5
FeS
4
System: Orthorhombic Colour: Copper-red tarnishing to …
Lustre: Metallic Hardness: 3
Name:

Known since 1725, but not given its current name until 1845 when it was named for Ignaz von Born (1742-1791), Austrian mineralogist.

Important copper ore.
Typically found as massive metallic material, it has a copper-red color on fresh exposures which quickly tarnishes to an iridescent purple after exposure to air and moisture.
May be confused with tarnished chalcopyrite.

// <![CDATA[//

Classification of Bornite
IMA status: Approved 1962
Strunz 8th edition ID: 2/B.02-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID: 2.BA.15

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
A : With Cu, Ag, Au
Dana 7th edition ID: 2.5.2.1
Dana 8th edition ID: 2.5.2.1

2 : SULFIDES
5 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:2
Hey’s CIM Ref.: 3.1.23

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu
mindat.org URL: http://www.mindat.org/min-727.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

Type Occurrence of Bornite
Type Locality: Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal), Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal) District, Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge), Karlovy Vary Region, Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen), Czech Republic
Year of Discovery: 1725

Occurrences of Bornite
Geological Setting: Common and widespread in copper ore deposits. It also occurs in basic intrusives, in dikes, in contact metamorphic deposits, in quartz veins and in pegmatites.

Physical Properties of Bornite
Lustre: Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency): Opaque
Colour: Copper-red tarnishing to an iridescent purplish surface.
Streak: Grey-Black
Hardness (Mohs): 3
Hardness (Vickers): VHN100=92 kg/mm2
Hardness Data: Measured
Tenacity: Brittle
Cleavage: Poor/Indistinct
In traces on {111}.
Parting: None.
Fracture: Irregular/Uneven
Density (measured): 5.06 – 5.09 g/cm3
Density (calculated): 5.09 g/cm3

Crystallography of Bornite
Crystal System: Orthorhombic
Class (H-M): mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) – Dipyramidal
Space Group: Pbca {P21/b 21/c 21/a}
Cell Parameters: a = 10.95Å, b = 21.862Å, c = 10.95Å
Ratio: a:b:c = 0.501 : 1 : 0.501
Unit Cell Volume: V 2621.31 ų
Z: 16
Morphology: Crystals rare, usually blocky with rough curved faces, pseudo-cubic, pseudo-dodecohedral and rarely pseudo-octahedral. Forms noted: {001}, {011}, {111}, {112}, {223} and {335}.
Twinning: On {111}, often as penetration twins.
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading

Click on an icon to view

Bornite no.1 – Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Bornite no.5 – Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Bornite no.7 – Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Bornite no.10 – Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
{100}
Lévy, 1837 (‘Cuivre pyriteux hépatique’), and others. In: V.M. Goldschmidt, Atlas der Krystallformen, 1913-1923 (‘Buntkupfererz’).

About Crystal Atlas

You may need to scroll this box using your mouse to view the full instructions.

The mindat.org Crystal Atlas allows you to view a selection of crystal drawings of real and idealised crystal forms for this mineral and, in certain cases, 3d rotating crystal objects. You need Java to see these. You can download Java for free – click here to download Java

The 3d models and java code are kindly provided by www.smorf.nl. You can control the movement of the models by holding down the left mouse-button over the 3d model and moving your mouse. Keyboard controls are:

: default positions

t/T : decrease/increase transparency x/X : next/previous texture
b/B : next/previous background w : toggle wireframe
s : toggle sticks m : toggle miller indices
k : toggle crystallographic axes =/- : zoom in/out
r : stop/start rotation 1/2/3

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X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading


Radiation – Copper Kα
Data Set: Bethlehem Copper mine, Highland Valley, Logan Lake, British Columbia, Canada 1111
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks: Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacing Intensity
3.31 (40)
3.18 (60)
2.74 (50)
2.50 (40)
1.94 (100)
1.65 (30)
1.26 (50)
1.12 (5)

Optical Data of Bornite
Type: Anisotropic
Anisotropism: Weak
Colour in reflected light: Copper-red.
Internal Reflections: Purpulish iridescence.
Pleochroism: Weak

Chemical Properties of Bornite
Formula:
Cu
5
FeS
4
Essential elements: Cu, Fe, S
All elements listed in formula: Cu, Fe, S
Analytical Data: Wet chemical analysis of material from Messina, Transvaal given first. Ideal given second.

Cu (63.24)
Fe (11.12)
S (25.54)
Total (90.90)
.
Cu (63.32}
Fe (11.13)
S (25.55)
Total (100.00)
Empirical Formula:
Cu
5.00
Fe
1.00
S
4.00
Common Impurities: Ag,Ge,Bi,In,Pb

Relationship of Bornite to other Species
Related Minerals – Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
2.BA.05 Chalcocite
Cu
2
S
2.BA.05 Djurleite
Cu
31
S
16
2.BA.05 Geerite
Cu
8
S
5
2.BA.05 Roxbyite
Cu
9
S
5
2.BA.10 Anilite
Cu
7
S
4
2.BA.10 Digenite
Cu
9
S
5
2.BA.20 Bellidoite
Cu
2
Se
2.BA.20 Berzelianite
Cu
2
Se
2.BA.25 Athabascaite
Cu
5
Se
4
2.BA.25 Umangite
Cu
3
Se
2
2.BA.30 Rickardite
Cu
7
Te
5
2.BA.30 Weissite
Cu
2-x
Te
2.BA.35 Acanthite
Ag
2
S
2.BA.35 Argentite
2.BA.40 Mckinstryite
Ag
5
Cu
3
S
4
2.BA.40 Stromeyerite
AgCuS
2.BA.40d UM2003-13
Ag
6
AuCu
2
S
5
2.BA.45 Jalpaite
Ag
3
CuS
2
2.BA.45 Selenojalpaite
Ag
3
CuSe
2
2.BA.50 Eucairite
AgCuSe
2.BA.55 Aguilarite
Ag
4
SeS
2.BA.55 Naumannite
Ag
2
Se
2.BA.60 Cervelleite
Ag
4
TeS
2.BA.60 Hessite
Ag
2
Te
2.BA.60 Chenguodaite
Ag
9
Fe
3+
Te
2
S
4
2.BA.65 Henryite
Ag
3
Cu
4
Te
4
2.BA.65 Stützite
Ag
5-x
Te
3
, x = 0.24-0.36
2.BA.70 Argyrodite
Ag
8
GeS
6
2.BA.70 Canfieldite
Ag
8
(Sn,Ge)(S,Te)
6
2.BA.70 Putzite
(Cu
4.7
Ag
3.3
)GeS
6
2.BA.75 Fischesserite
Ag
3
AuSe
2
2.BA.75 Penzhinite
(Ag,Cu)
4
Au(S,Se)
4
2.BA.75 Petrovskaite
AuAg(S,Se)
2.BA.75 Petzite
Ag
3
AuTe
2
2.BA.75 Uytenbogaardtite
Ag
3
AuS
2
2.BA.80 Bezsmertnovite
(Au,Ag)
4
Cu(Te,Pb)
2.BA.80 Bilibinskite
PbCuAu
3
Te
2
2.BA.80 Bogdanovite
(Au,Te,Pb)
3
(Cu,Fe)
Related Minerals – Hey’s Index Grouping:

- +
3.1.1 Chalcocite
Cu
2
S
3.1.2 Djurleite
Cu
31
S
16
3.1.3 Digenite
Cu
9
S
5
3.1.4 Anilite
Cu
7
S
4
3.1.5 Roxbyite
Cu
9
S
5
3.1.6 Spionkopite
Cu
39
S
28
3.1.7 Geerite
Cu
8
S
5
3.1.8 Covellite
CuS
3.1.9 Berzelianite
Cu
2
Se
3.1.10 Bellidoite
Cu
2
Se
3.1.11 Umangite
Cu
3
Se
2
3.1.12 Yarrowite
Cu
9
S
8
3.1.13 Athabascaite
Cu
5
Se
4
3.1.14 Klockmannite
CuSe
3.1.15 Krut’aite
CuSe
2
3.1.16 Weissite
Cu
2-x
Te
3.1.17 Rickardite
Cu
7
Te
5
3.1.18 Vulcanite
CuTe
3.1.19 Bambollaite
Cu(Se,Te)
2
3.1.20 Lautite
CuAsS
3.1.21 Mgriite
Cu
3
AsSe
3
3.1.22 Cubanite
CuFe
2
S
3
3.1.24 Fukuchilite
Cu
3
FeS
8
3.1.25 Chalcopyrite
CuFeS
2
3.1.26 Mooihoekite
Cu
9
Fe
9
S
16
3.1.27 Haycockite
Cu
4
Fe
5
S
8
3.1.28 Isocubanite
CuFe
2
S
3
3.1.29 Idaite
Cu
5
FeS
6
3.1.30 Nukundamite
(Cu,Fe)
4
S
4
3.1.31 Putoranite
Cu
9
(Fe,Ni)
9
S
16
3.1.32 Orickite
2CuFeS
2
·H
2
O
3.1.33 Eskebornite
CuFeSe
2
3.1.34 Chaméanite
(Cu,Fe)
4
As(Se,S)
4
3.1.35 Talnakhite
Cu
9
(Fe,Ni)
8
S
16

Other Names for Bornite
Synonyms:
Bornite (of Haidinger) Chalcomiklite Erubescite IMA1962-s.p. Lefverslag
Peacock Ore Phillipsine Phillipsite (of Beudant) Poikilite Purple Copper
Purple Copper Ore Variegated Copper Variegated Copper Ore
Other Languages:
Basque: Bornita
Catalan: Bornita
Czech: Bornit
Dutch: Borniet
French: Cuivre Panaché
German: Bornit
Buntkupferkies
Chalcomiklit
Erubescit
Kupferlasurerz
Kupferlazuerz
Kupfer-Lazul
Kupferlazurerz
Poikilit
Italian: Bornite
Japanese: 斑銅鉱
Lithuanian: Bornitas
Low Saxon: Bornit
Polish: Bornit
Portuguese: Bornita
Russian: Борнит
Serbian (Cyrillic Script): Борнит
Simplified Chinese: 斑銅礦
Slovak: Bornit
Spanish: Bornita
Chalcomiklita
Cobre Panaceo
Erubescita
Pecho de Palorma
Poikilita
Swedish: Brokig kopparmalm
Ukrainian: Борніт
Varieties:
Argentiferous Bornite

Other Information
Health Warning: No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses: A major ore of copper.

References for Bornite
Reference List: Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 834pp.: 195-197.

Acta Crystallographica: 17: 351-360.

Cuthbert, M.E. (1962) Formation of bornite at atmospheric temperature and pressure. Economic Geology: 57: 38-41.

Koto, K. and Morimoto, N. (1975) Superstructure investigation of bornite, Cu5FeS4, by the modified partial Patterson function. Acta Crystallographica: B31: 2268-2273.

American Mineralogist (1978): 63: 1-16.

Jagadeesh, M.S., Nagarathna, H.M., Montano, P.A., and Seehra, M.S. (1981) Magnetic and Mössbauer studies of phase transitions and mixed valences in bornite (Cu4.5Fe1.2S4.7). Phys. Rev.: B23: 2350-2356.

Buckley, A.N. and Woods, R. (1983) An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of the tarnishing of bornite. Australian Journal of Chemistry: 36: 1793-1804.

Robie, R.A., Wiggins, L.B., Barton, P.B., Jr., and Hemingway, B.S. (1985) Low-temperature heat capacity and entropy of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2): estimates of the standard molar enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of formation of chalcopyrite and bornite (Cu5FeS4). Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics: 17: 481-488.

Vaughan, D.J., Tossell, J.A., and Stanley, C.J. (1987) The surface properties of bornite. Mineralogical Magazine: 51: 285-293.

Gaines, Richard V., H. Catherine, W. Skinner, Eugene E. Foord, Brian Mason, Abraham Rosenzweig (1997), Dana’s New Mineralogy : The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, 8th. edition: 52.

Harmer, S.L., Pratt, A.R., Nesbitt, H.W., and Fleet, M.E. (2005) Reconstruction of fracture surfaces on bornite. Canadian Mineralogist: 43: 1619-1630.

Internet Links for Bornite
Search Engines:

  • Look for Bornite on Google

  • Look for Bornite images on Google
    		•
    External Links:
  • Look for Bornite on Webmineral
  • Look for Bornite on Athena Mineralogy
  • Look for Bornite on Wikipedia
  • Look for Bornite on Mineralien Atlas
  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Bornite in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Bornite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
    		•
    Mineral Dealers:
  • Edwards Minerals – Fine Specimens
  • Find Bornite on www.crystalclassics.co.uk
  • Buy minerals from Mineralium.com
  • DAKOTA MATRIX offers Cabinet and Rare Species from Worldwide Localities.
  • High-end worldwide specimens & outstanding customer service
  • Top quality minerals from Kristalle of California
  • Buy Minerals and Crystals from Crystalarium.com
  • Buy from David K Joyce minerals
  • Search for – Bornite – on e-Rocks Mineral Sales & Auctions
  • Fabre Minerals – search for Bornite specimens
  • Buy RARE Minerals from Rocks of Africa
  • Wendel Minerals – Auktion & Shop
    		•
    Jobs:
  • Mining & Geology Jobs
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    http://www.mindat.org/min-727.html

    ***

    Chalcocite

    Formula:
    Cu
    2
    		S
    System: Monoclinic Colour: Blue black, gray, black, …
    Lustre: Metallic Hardness: 2½ – 3
    Name: From Greek, “chalkos”, copper.

    Chalcocite-Digenite Group. Chalcocite-Yarrowite Series.

    A secondary mineral in or near the oxidized zone of copper sulfide deposits. Hexagonal above 105 °C.
    Easily confused with djurleite.

    // <![CDATA[//

    Classification of Chalcocite

    (etc.)

    http://www.mindat.org/min-962.html

    ***

    Bauxite

    Colour: Shades of brown, …
    Name: After the locality at Baux (or Beaux), near St. Reny, Bouches-du-Rhône, France.
    A Mixture Of: Böhmite, Diaspore, Gibbsite

    A mixture, and rock, comprised of iron and aluminium Hydroxides/Oxides. The primary ore of aluminium.
    Originally described from Mas Rouge, Les Baux-de-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France.

    //

    Classification of Bauxite
    mindat.org URL: http://www.mindat.org/min-575.html
    Please feel free to link to this page.

    Physical Properties of Bauxite
    Colour: Shades of brown, red-brown, and yellow-brown

    Other Names for Bauxite
    Synonyms:
    Beauxite Cliachite Kliachite Kljakite Wocheinite
    Other Languages:
    Arabic: بوكسيت
    Bosnian (Latin Script): Boksit
    Bulgarian: Боксит
    Catalan: Bauxita
    Croatian: Boksit
    Czech: Bauxit
    Danish: Bauxit
    Dutch: Bauxiet
    Esperanto: Baŭksito
    Estonian: Boksiit
    Finnish: Bauksiitti
    French: Bauxite
    Alumine hydratée des Baux
    Galician: Bauxita
    German: Bauxit
    Beauxit
    Greek: Βωξίτης
    Hebrew: בוקסיט
    Hungarian: Bauxit
    Italian: Bauxite
    Japanese: ボーキサイト
    Korean: 보크사이트
    Lithuanian: Boksitas
    Malayalam: ബോക്സൈറ്റ്
    Norwegian (Bokmål): Bauksitt
    Norwegian (Nynorsk): Bauksitt
    Polish: Boksyt
    Portuguese: Bauxita
    Romanian: Bauxită
    Russian: Боксит
    Serbian (Cyrillic Script): Боксит
    Simplified Chinese: 铝土矿
    Slovak: Bauxit
    Spanish: Bauxita
    Beauxita
    Swahili: Boksiti
    Swedish: Bauxit
    Turkish: Boksit
    Ukrainian: Боксити
    Vietnamese: Bauxit

    Other Information
    Health Warning: No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

    http://www.mindat.org/min-575.html

    ***

    My Note – all of the sites listed on this post were just too nifty not to share – they are absolutely amazing!

    - cricketdiane

    ***

    Banks and the proprietary trading that is an unfair conflict of interest, destabilizing, and is absolutely a form of insider trading

    Posted by cricketdiane on

    My Note -

    The lambda calculus entry belonged to another document. My apologies.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus

    ^^^

    pr_100122.pdf

    The FSB
    Financial Stability Board

    Press release

    Press enquiries:
    Basel +41 76 350 8430

    Press.service@bis.org

    Ref no: 05/2010
    22 January 2010

    FSB – Financial Stability Forum – Financial Stability Board 2010

    **

    FSB welcomes US proposals for reducing moral hazard risks

    The proposals announced by the US yesterday are amongst the range of options and approaches under consideration by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) in its work to address the moral hazard risks posed by too-big-to-fail (TBTF) institutions.

    This work, which began last fall, will result in recommendations to G20 Leaders in October 2010. The FSB will publish and interim report on this work shortly after the June G20 Summit.

    Several other options for addressing the TBTF problem are being considered by the FSB. These include: targeted capital, leverage, and liquidity requirements; improved supervisory approaches;  simplification of firm structures; strengthened national and cross-border resolution frameworks; and changes to financial infrastructure that reduce contagion risks.

    A mix of approaches will be necessary to address the TBTF (too big to fail) problem, given the different types of institutions and national and cross-border contexts involved. At the same time, these approaches must preserve an integrated financial services market and not create regulatory arbitrage through an uneven playing field.

    Work on the individual options is being carried out by the FSB’s Standing Committee on Supervisory and Regulatory Cooperation and by its Working Group on Cross-border Crisis Management, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems, and by IOSCO.

    Notes to editors -

    The FSB has been established to coordinate at the international level the work of national financial authorities and international standard setting bodies (SSBs) and to develop and promote the implementation of effective regulatory, supervisory and other financial sector policies. It brings together national authorities responsible for financial stability in significant international financial centres, international financial institutions, sector-specific international groupings of regulators and supervisors, and committees of central bank experts.

    The FSB is chaired by Mario Draghi, Governor of the Bank of Italy. Its Secretariat is located in Basel, Switzerland, and hosted by the Bank for International Settlements.

    For further information on the FSB, visit
    http://www.financialstabilityboard.org/

    (Found Here)

    http://www.financialstabilityboard.org/press/pr_100122.pdf

    ***

    IOSCO
    International Organization of Securities Commissions

    http://www.iosco.org/

    26/01/10 IOSCO publishes Quarterly Update – January 2010

    22/01/10 IOSCO Completes Global Framework to Fight against Cross-Border Market Abuse

    08/01/10 Joint Forum Release of Review of the Differentiated Nature and Scope of Financial Regulation

    11/01/10 Joint Forum (IOSCO, BCBS and IAIS) publishes Report on Review of the Differentiated Nature and Scope of Financial Regulation – Key Issues and Recommendations

    **

    Monitoring Board of the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation

    At the meeting of the Trustees of the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation IASCF) in New Delhi, India, on 15 and 16 January 2009 the decision was made to enhance the organisation’s public accountability by establishing a link to a Monitoring Board of public authorities.

    The members of the Monitoring Board are, at this moment, the Emerging Markets and Technical Committees of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), Financial Services Agency of Japan (JFSA), and US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision participates in the Monitoring Board as an observer. Through the Monitoring Board, securities regulators that allow or require the use of IFRS in their jurisdictions will be able to more effectively carry out their mandates regarding investor protection, market integrity, and capital formation.

    The Monitoring Board’s main responsibilities are to ensure that the Trustees continue to discharge their duties as defined by the IASC Foundation Constitution, as well as approving the appointment or reappointment of Trustees. It is envisaged that the Monitoring Board will meet the Trustees at least once a year, or more often if appropriate.

    http://www.iosco.org/monitoring_board/

    ***

    ***

    GerritZalmG20followup.pdf
    http://www.iosco.org/monitoring_board/pdf/GerritZalmG20followup.pdf

    April 2009

    International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation
    London Address
    First Floor, 30 Cannon Street, London EC4M 6XH, United Kingdom
    Telephone: +44 (0)20 7246-6410, Fax: +44 (0)20 7246-6411
    Email: iasb@iasb.org
    Web: www.iasb.org

    9 April 2009

    The Honourable Hans Hoogervorst
    Vice Chairman, Technical Committee
    IOSCO
    C/Oquendo 12
    28006 Madrid
    SPAIN

    Dear Hans

    The Trustees greatly appreciated the opportunity to meet with you and the other members of the Monitoring Board last week. We look forward to meeting again with the Monitoring Board on 8 July in Amsterdam. I am writing to you, as Chairman of the Monitoring Board, to describe the IASC Foundation/IASB’s response to the G20 recommendations that were issued the day following our meeting in London and to the recent decisions taken by the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).

    The Trustees and the IASB are committed to taking action on each of the items recommended by the G20 by the end of 2009, the target date suggested by the G20, in order to ensure globally consistent and appropriate responses to the crisis. I am attaching a matrix that describes how the IASC Foundation Trustees or the IASB is responding to each of the G20 points.

    The g20 called on the IASB and the FASB ‘to reduce the complexity of accounting standards for financial instruments’. This is consistent with our discussions of last week, where both the Monitoring Board and Trustees supported the IASB’s desire to prioritise the comprehensive project rather than making further piecemeal adjustments. This project should result in a proposal being published within six months. This comprehensive view will include the issue of loan-loss provisioning, an issue highlighted by the G20.

    You are also aware that at the time of our meeting the FASB was still deliberating on proposed amendments on fair value measurement and impairment of debt securities. On 2 April, the FASB reached tentative conclusions and plans to publish a final document. Clearly the FASB’s decisions raise questions in the minds of some regarding ‘level playing fields’. The IASB understands the strong desire, voiced by many, for consistency between IFRSs and US GAAP on areas related to the financial crisis. EU Finance Ministers emphasised this point in a statement on 4 April.

    Initial reports regarding new or additional divergences between IFRSs and US GAAP being created by these FASB Staff Positions (FSPs) appear to be overstated. FASB’s objectives and approach on the application of fair value when a market is not active are broadly similar to those in IFRSs. Meanwhile, the concept of other-than-temporary impairments in US GAAP does not exist in IFRSs. Because IFRSs and US GAAP have multiple and different impairment models that relate to different financial asset types in different ways, efforts to align IFRS and US GAAP impairment models could entail significant and complex change.

    Recognising the urgency of the current situation, the IASB has agreed to decide at its 20 – 24 April meeting as to whether, in the light of FASB’s actions, further guidance on the application of fair value in inactive markets and impairment of debt securities is needed in IFRSs. In doing so, the IASB will take into account comments received from a shortened 30-day consultation process and input received from the Financial Crisis Advisory Group and the Standards Advisory Council. We have issued a press release covering the IASB’s response to the FSPs and attach a copy for your information.

    The IASB, my fellow Trustees and I understand the unprecedented circumstances facing economic markets and policymakers. We are committed to acting in an urgent and responsible manner. Broad international adoption of IFRSs, combined with the actions described above, means that the IASB is working urgently to ensure a globally consistent response on financial reporting issues. The Trustees believe that the steps being undertaken by the IASB are appropriate. We look forward to the Monitoring Board’s continued support for the IASB’s efforts and the organisation’s independence.

    Yours sincerely

    Gerrit Zalm
    Chairman of the Trustees

    Attachments
    cc:

    The Honourable Guillermo Larrain, IOSCO Emerging Markets Committee
    The Honourable Charles McCreevy, Commissioner, European Commission
    The Honourable Takafumi Sato, Commissioner, Japan Financial Services Agency
    The Honourable Mary Schapiro, Chairman, US Securities and Exchange Commission
    The Honourable A H E M Wellink, Chairman, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision

    **

    (The International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation is a not-for-profit corporation under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, United States of America), Registered Office: 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware 19801, USA

    http://www.iosco.org/monitoring_board/pdf/GerritZalmG20followup.pdf

    ***

    IOSCO
    International Organization of Securities Commissions

    US GAAP -

    In the U.S., generally accepted accounting principles, commonly abbreviated as US GAAP or simply GAAP, are accounting rules used to prepare, present, and report financial statements for a wide variety of entities, including publicly-traded and privately-held companies, non-profit organizations, and governments. Generally GAAP includes local applicable Accounting Framework, related accounting law, rules and Accounting Standard.

    Similar to many other countries practicing under the common law system, the United States government does not directly set accounting standards, in the belief that the private sector has better knowledge and resources. US GAAP is not written in law, although the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires that it be followed in financial reporting by publicly-traded companies. Currently, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is the highest authority in establishing generally accepted accounting principles for public and private companies, as well as non-profit entities. For local and state governments, GAAP is determined by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), which operates under a set of assumptions, principles, and constraints, different from those of standard private-sector GAAP. Financial reporting in federal government entities is regulated by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB).

    The US GAAP provisions differ somewhat from International Financial Reporting Standards, though former SEC Chairman Chris Cox set out a timetable for all U.S. companies to drop GAAP by 2016, with the largest companies switching to IFRS as early as 2009.[1]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles_%28United_States%29

    (and)

    Financial Accounting Standards Board Website (FASB) — United States

    **

    IFRS -

    International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are Standards,[1] Interpretations and the Framework[2][3] adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

    Many of the standards forming part of IFRS are known by the older name of International Accounting Standards (IAS). IAS were issued between 1973 and 2001 by the Board of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). On 1 April 2001, the new IASB took over from the IASC the responsibility for setting International Accounting Standards. During its first meeting the new Board adopted existing IAS and SICs. The IASB has continued to develop standards calling the new standards IFRS.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards

    AICPA | www.IFRS.com – International Financial Reporting Standards …

    Developed by the American Institute of CPAs, IFRS.com provides comprehensive resources for accounting professionals, auditors, financial managers and other …

    www.ifrs.com/

    ***

    http://www.iosco.org/monitoring_board/pdf/GerritZalmG20followup.pdf

    The Joint Forum has released its report, Review of the Differentiated Nature and Scope of Financial Regulation – Key Issues and Recommendations. This review was requested by the G20 through the Financial Stability Board. The report analyses key issues arising from the differentiated nature of financial regulation in the international banking, securities, and insurance sectors.

    It also addresses gaps arising from the scope of regulation as it relates to different financial activities, with a particular focus on certain unregulated or lightly regulated entities or activities. The objectives of the review were to identify potential areas where systemic risks may not be fully captured in the current regulatory framework and to make recommendations on needed improvements to strengthen regulation of the financial system.

    (Expanded – Press Release- found here – )
    http://www.iosco.org/news/pdf/IOSCONEWS175.pdf

    IOSCONEWS175.pdf

    THE JOINT FORUM BASEL COMMITTEE ON BANKING SUPERVISION INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF SECURITIES COMMISSIONS INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF INSURANCE SUPERVISORS C/O BANK FOR INTERNA T IONAL SET T LEMENTS CH- 4 0 0 2 BAS EL , SWI T ZERL AND Centralbahnplatz 2  CH-4002 Basel  Switzerland  Tel: +41 61 280 8080  Fax: +41 61 280 9100  email@bis.org 1/2
    Press release

    Press enquiries: +41 61 280 8188
    press.service@bis.org
    www.bis.org
    8 January 2010
    Joint Forum release of Review of the Differentiated Nature and Scope of Financial Regulation

    ***

    http://www.facebook.com/CNNQuest#/CNNQuest?v=info

    Plot Outline:
    This group is your chance to get behind the scenes of Richard Quest’s new business show on CNN International QUEST MEANS BUSINESS (Monday to Friday – 7pm BST/8p CET). Get a preview of what we are planning, talk with those of us involved with the show, and let us know what you think about the result.

    QUEST MEANS BUSINESS is the definitive word on how we earn and spend our money. Monday to Friday, host Richard Quest, will preside over a cast of experts and correspondents to deliver unrivalled facts, figures and analysis from the business world – a nightly wealth check. It is the Program of Record on which chief executives come to justify results and the handling of their company.

    The show will destroy the myth that business is boring, bridging the gap between hard economics and entertaining television. The ethos is inspiration, exploring the power of money and celebrating the entrepreneurial spirit.

    Richard Quest’s new business show on CNN International Quest Means Business: Monday to Friday, 1900 BST. This group is THE place on Facebook to get a look behind the scenes of the show – find out what is planned, and talk with the staff.

    CNN International

    «CNN Homepage
    * » Quest Means Business

    January 29, 2010
    Lost luggage and spilt sewage behind scenes at Davos
    Posted: 1935 GMT

    [ . . . ]

    I’m not sure exactly how much rethinking, redesigning and rebuilding was done at Davos this year, but I would certainly endorse its value as a spectacle.

    Posted by: CNN Digital Producer, Paul Armstrong
    Filed under: Davos

    January 28, 2010
    Davos day two
    Posted: 1846 GMT

    Davos, Switzerland (CNN) – Day two of the World Economic Forum in Davos and the issues being talked about in the hallways are truly global. The number one talking point remains the need for new regulation and the new definition of capitalism. Bankers continue their fight against harsh new regulations – Bob Diamond told CNN, “I think it’s really important that the U.S. tries to integrate as closely as they can with the G-20 initiatives, particularly around capital, around leverage and around liquidity.” While John Mack of Morgan Stanley bemoaned the fact there wasn’t a proper forum for government and banks to come together to sort out a solution.

    (etc.)

    Ms. Nooyi did have one caution to offer – she reminded me that some of the issues had been on the Davos agenda over many years. It was time to deal with them and move on. Quite.

    Tune in to CNN International each evening at 1900 GMT (or your local time) to watch Richard Quest on ‘Quest Means Business’.

    For more information on Davos please visit www.cnn.com/davos

    Filed under: Business • Davos

    And the runners are off…
    Posted: 1156 GMT

    Davos, Switzerland (CNN) – The runners are off… Davos has begun. The agenda is clear: how to do things differently in the future, especially when it comes to the banks.

    The discussion has been galvanized by U.S. President Barack Obama’s proposals to split the big Wall Street firms and ban proprietary trading. Stephen Green, chairman of HSBC, told me reform of the banks is needed but cautions against doing it in haste. And he doesn’t like Obama’s proposals for banning prop trading by banks, which he says is unworkable.

    [ . . . ]

    Tune in to CNN International each evening at 1900 GMT (or your local time) to watch Richard Quest on ‘Quest Means Business’.

    For more information on Davos please visit www.cnn.com/davos

    Posted by: Richard Quest
    Filed under: Business • Davos

    January 26, 2010
    Rebuild, Redesign, Rethink
    Posted: 1527 GMT

    Davos, Switzerland (CNN) – The fire is out. It is time to build the new house. That is the underlying theme of Davos 2010, or more elegantly expressed in Davosian-speak as Rebuild, Redesign and Rethink. The founder of Davos Klaus Schwab defines these three Rs as rethinking values, redesigning financial systems and rebuilding institutions.

    Of course this is much easier said than done. Last year few sat around and hesitated over preventing financial Armageddon. Now there are plenty of arguments about what should come next. Lots of these different agendas will be up for debate at the World Economic Forum.

    Klaus Schwab admitted in his interview with me, “everybody will try to push his own interests.” I guess there is nothing wrong with that. However, to build something that will withstand the next financial hurricane, it is essential that it has strength and depth. Everyone needs to guard against weak plans simply because they are acceptable to all. That is not rebuilding, redesigning and rethinking; it is a recipe for ruin.

    Tune in to CNN International each evening at 1900 GMT (or your local time) to watch Richard Quest on ‘Quest Means Business’.

    For more information on Davos please visit www.cnn.com/davos

    Posted by: Richard Quest
    Filed under: Business • Davos

    The UK Q4 GDP figures announced this morning were a shocker. However, the British economy scraped its way from recession in Q4 by its dirty finger nails. The median forecast of a 0.4 percent gain in GDP by the majority of renowned economists were rubbished and the official figure of 0.1 percent increase is a massive set back.

    I wondered why Lord Mandelson was so guarded about the recovery, reiterating that it was so brittle. The services sector underperformed. It expanded by just 0.1 percent and not the 0.5 or 0.6 percent rise suggested by the business surveys.

    With household incomes under pressure, credit in short supply and a major fiscal squeeze looming, the path to a full recovery is going to be a long and tortuous.

    ( . . . )

    Going forward, this recovery may well be achieved with high unemployment. Last month’s retail sales rise of 0.3 percent was disappointing. Going forward we’re all skint with taxation likely to increase and with less disposable income finding its way to the shopping malls.  Retail is so important!

    [etc.]

    Posted by: David Buik, Market Analyst with BGC Partners
    Filed under: Banking • Business

    Quest Means Business is the definitive word on how we earn and spend our money. Monday to Friday, 1900 London, 2000 CET, 0300 HK, host Richard Quest presides over a cast of experts and correspondents to deliver unrivaled facts, figures and analysis from the business world.

    JobQuest introduces you to real people looking for jobs. Follow their progress on the road to recovery every Tuesday on Quest Means Business.
    If you are searching for work and would like to take part in JobQuest, e-mail quest@cnn.com

    Jargon buster gives clear and concise definititions of baffling terms often used in business.
    Contact us

    * Facebook Fan page
    * Email: Quest@CNN.com
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    * Skype: Questmeansbusiness
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    @richardquest: New Blog Entry: “Lost luggage and spilt sewage behind scenes at Davos” – http://tinyurl.com/yjhro3m
    Updated: Fri, 29 Jan 2010 19:36:00 +0000
    @richardquest: New Blog Entry: “Davos day two” – http://tinyurl.com/yaxw7o7
    Updated: Fri, 29 Jan 2010 14:49:01 +0000
    @richardquest: is your recesssion over ? i am doing a web chat at 10am EST 1600 CET http://bit.ly/9bfOsO
    Updated: Fri, 29 Jan 2010 14:22:22 +0000
    @richardquest: New Blog Entry: “Is your recession over? Join CNN’s live chat today at 1500 GMT” – http://tinyurl.com/yb92hk5
    Updated: Fri, 29 Jan 2010 12:53:44 +0000
    @richardquest: it would take me months to get into see them in their home countries and companies. here – they are EVERYWHERE….
    Updated: Fri, 29 Jan 2010 12:15:17 +0000
    Recent Posts

    * Lost luggage and spilt sewage behind scenes at Davos
    * Davos day two
    * And the runners are off…
    * Social media changing world – at what cost?
    * Rebuild, Redesign, Rethink
    * What can the snowman teach us at Davos?
    * Davos for beginners
    * Let’s face it: We’re all skint!
    * Celebrating our first year …
    * Are you going to Davos?

    http://questmeansbusiness.blogs.cnn.com/

    ***

    ***

    http://www.number10.gov.uk/

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsetKROO4DU&feature=youtube_gdata

    number10, Downing Street, UK – official video clip site
    Number10.gov.uk logo
    The official site of the Prime Minister’s Office

    Thursday 28 January 2010
    Afghanistan Conference – PM’s opening remarks

    London Conference family photograph; PA copyrightThe Prime Minister has delivered his opening remarks to the Afghanistan Conference in London on 28 January 2010.
    Read the transcript

    Overall international aid to Afghanistan in the last financial year was $6.3 billion – making up 45% of Afghan GDP.

    International and Afghan forces are weakening the insurgency, applying pressure to its leadership.

    http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page22313

    ***

    ***

    “Welcome to the Tea Party” – ad on CNN – Check what they were saying and when

    **

    My Note -

    On Quest Means Business today, there was a man being interviewed at Davos who was described as responsible for purchasing more ads and media buying than anyone in the world – who was that guy? He said that none of the countries which he named off one after another, were aware of nor expecting the announcement by President Obama about banks not being allowed to continue engaging in proprietary trading and hedge funds. However, that man given airtime on the CNN show, Quest means business lied to all of us and had international coverage without challenge in order to do it.

    It just so happened that I had been looking up some of these things for another project that I was doing. When that man was saying that none of these countries’ leaders knew anything about what President Obama was suggesting about stopping banks from gambling with their depositors’ money by socking them into internal hedge funds and proprietary trading – I knew there was no way it could be being accurately portrayed.

    So, here are some of the things that were sitting in front of me on my computer when that man was getting to tell the world that the changes being made by Washington in banking reform had caught every world leader off-guard . . .

    I found this -
    FSB welcomes US proposals for reducing moral hazard risks

    The proposals announced by the US yesterday are amongst the range of options and approaches under consideration by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) in its work to address the moral hazard risks posed by too-big-to-fail (TBTF) institutions.

    This work, which began last fall, will result in recommendations to G20 Leaders in October 2010. The FSB will publish and interim report on this work shortly after the June G20 Summit.

    Several other options for addressing the TBTF problem are being considered by the FSB. These include: targeted capital, leverage, and liquidity requirements; improved supervisory approaches;  simplification of firm structures; strengthened national and cross-border resolution frameworks; and changes to financial infrastructure that reduce contagion risks.
    Ref no: 05/2010
    22 January 2010

    (and this – )
    ***

    IOSCO
    International Organization of Securities Commissions

    US GAAP -

    IFRS -

    http://www.iosco.org/monitoring_board/pdf/GerritZalmG20followup.pdf

    The Joint Forum has released its report, Review of the Differentiated Nature and Scope of Financial Regulation – Key Issues and Recommendations. This review was requested by the G20 through the Financial Stability Board. The report analyses key issues arising from the differentiated nature of financial regulation in the international banking, securities, and insurance sectors. It also addresses gaps arising from the scope of regulation as it relates to different financial activities, with a particular focus on certain unregulated or lightly regulated entities or activities. The objectives of the review were to identify potential areas where systemic risks may not be fully captured in the current regulatory framework and to make recommendations on needed improvements to strengthen regulation of the financial system.

    (Expanded – Press Release- found here – )
    http://www.iosco.org/news/pdf/IOSCONEWS175.pdf

    (and this – )
    The IASB, my fellow Trustees and I understand the unprecedented circumstances facing economic markets and policymakers. We are committed to acting in an urgent and responsible manner. Broad international adoption of IFRSs, combined with the actions described above, means that the IASB is working urgently to ensure a globally consistent response on financial reporting issues. The Trustees believe that the steps being undertaken by the IASB are appropriate. We look forward to the Monitoring Board’s continued support for the IASB’s efforts and the organisation’s independence.

    (April 2009 quote from a letter by )

    Gerrit Zalm
    Chairman of the Trustees

    ( and the above pdf of his comments has a chart included which shows what was asked by the G20 members and what is being done to resolve the economic regulations and accounting disparities)

    The suggestion that banks should not be investing their capital into internal hedge funds and engaging in proprietary trading has been one of the few suggestions that will ensure their failures do not create systemic risk. This suggested policy solution is one of the few upon which durn near every country agrees. No one was taken by surprise by the announcement of it being put into place at the first of this year. That man lied and you gave him an international forum in which to do it such that it looks like CNN fully supported the truth of what he said.

    - It just isn’t right . . .

    - cricketdiane, 01-30-10

    ***

    http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2010/davos/

    http://questmeansbusiness.blogs.cnn.com/2010/01/29/lost-luggage-and-spilt-sewage-behind-scenes-at-davos/#comment-2119

    http://www.facebook.com/CNNQuest#/CNNQuest?v=box_3

    ***

    ***
    Opening Remarks – World Economic Forum – Davos, Switzerland

    President Sarkozy calls for a “new Bretton Woods”

    In his opening address at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France said that it will not be possible to emerge from the global economic crisis and protect against future crises if the economic imbalances that are at the root of the problem are not addressed. “Countries with trade surpluses must consume more and improve the living standards and social protection of their citizens,” he remarked. “Countries with deficits must make an effort to consume a little less and repay their debts.” The world’s currency regime is central to the issue, Sarkozy argued. Exchange rate instability and the under-valuation of certain currencies lead to unfair trade and competition, he said.

    http://www.weforum.org/en/index.htm

    ((
    Check against delivery 1/7
    PRÉSIDENCE
    DE LA
    RÉPUBLIQUE
    ______

    SPEECH BY M. NICOLAS SARKOZY
    PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC
    40th World Economic Forum
    Davos – Wednesday, January 27, 2010

    Ladies and Gentlemen, Heads of State and Government,

    Ladies and Gentlemen,

    May I begin by thanking Professor Schwab and all the organisational staff for inviting me to give the opening address to this 40th Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum.

    Ladies and Gentlemen, let me make things perfectly clear: as a political leader, I have not come here to teach, but to learn together from the lessons the of the crisis. We are all responsible for the crisis. And we are all responsible for the world we are going to leave to our children.

    We all know what would have occurred, without State intervention to maintain confidence and support industry: total collapse. Not to draw the conclusion that we must, therefore, change our ways would be, quite simply, irresponsible.

    This crisis is not just a global crisis.

    It is not a crisis in globalisation

    This crisis is a crisis of globalisation.

    It is our vision of the world which, at a given moment, revealed its failings.
    That is what we must correct.

    There can be no prosperity without an efficient financial system, without the free circulation of goods and services, without situational revenues being called into question by competition.

    But finance, free trade and competition are only means, not ends. From the moment we accepted the idea that the market was always right and that no other opposing factors need be taken into account, globalisation skidded out of control.

    Let us look at the root of the problem: it was the imbalances in the world economy which fed the growth of global finance. Financial deregulation was introduced in order to be able to service the deficit of those who were consuming too much with the surplus of those who were not consuming enough. The perpetuation and accrual of these imbalances was both the driving force and the consequence of financial globalisation. In just the same way, the instability of financial markets was both the driving force and the consequence of the growth in financial trading.

    Globalisation first took the form of globalisation of savings. It gave rise to a world in which everything was given to financial capital and almost nothing to labour, in which the entrepreneur gave way to the speculator, in which those who lived on unearned income left the workers far behind, in which the use of leverage, to an unreasonably disproportionate extent, created a form of capitalism in which taking risks with other people’s money was the norm, allowing quick and easy profits but all too often without creating either prosperity or jobs.

    One of the most striking characteristics of this type of economy is that, within it, the present was all that mattered and the future counted for nothing. The steady depreciation of the future could be inferred from the exorbitant demand for high yields in the present. Those yields, inflated by leverage and speculation, were the discount rate applied to future revenues: the higher they rose, the lower the value of the future fell.

    The same depreciation of the future could be seen in accounting practices which valued assets at the prices set by a marketplace fluctuating constantly to keep up with the ups and downs in share values. When the markets were on a high, balance sheets were reassessed, and the very same artificially boosted figures would feed a new high. When confidence fell, the balance sheets would suffer as a result and bring share prices down.

    During the financial crisis we saw, up close, the damage done by that kind of accounting, when the collapse of the markets led to a collapse in the banks’ capital reserves and further tightened the credit crunch.

    Our entire system of representation had been falsified: the economic value of a company does not change from one second to another, nor every minute, nor every hour… To gain a clear idea of just how absurd that kind of accounting can be, we need only think of the fact that, in a market value system, a company in trouble can report a profit simply because its diminished credit rating has reduced the market value of its debts

    Our entire system of statistical assessment had been distorted, too.

    In the statistics, we noted the increase in revenues.

    In life, we saw a widening inequality gap.

    In the statistics the standard of living was rising, but meanwhile the number of those feeling ever more keenly the hardships of life was also constantly increasing.

    Let us read through the report from the Commission led by Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen and Jean-Paul Fitoussi on the measurement of economic performance and social progress: to ask ourselves questions about how we measure these things is to ask ourselves what our goals are.

    Such reflections must not be the exclusive province of experts and statisticians. We have to leave behind the culture of experts who talk only among themselves, each in their own field.

    We have to learn to think things through together, to discuss together problems which, whatever their technical specifics, are the concern of all.

    We will not be able to change our set ways if we do not change the way we measure and represent things, our criteria. That is not an issue only for the experts. It concerns us all.

    We will continue to make our economy run risks greater than it can bear, to encourage speculation and to sacrifice our long-term future, if we do not change the regulation of our banking system and the rules for accounting and prudential oversight. That is not an issue only for the experts. It concerns us
    all.

    We will never put an end to hunger, poverty and misery in the world if we do not succeed in stabilising the prices of raw materials, which at present are completely erratic. That is not an issueonly for the experts. It concerns us all.
    We will not save the future of our planet if we do not pay the true price of scarcity. That is not an issue only for the experts. It concerns us all.

    We will not reconcile our citizens to globalisation and to capitalism, if we are not capable of offsetting market forces with counterbalances and corrective measures. That, too, concerns us all.

    By discarding all our responsibilities in the marketplace, we have created an economy which has ended up running counter to the values on which it was nominally based, and to its own objectives. By over-mutualising ownership and risk, we have diluted responsibility.

    By placing free trade above all else we have weakened Democracy, because citizens expect from Democracy that it should protect them.

    By prioritising short-term logic, we have paved the way for our entry into a time of scarcity. We have exhausted non-renewable resources, devastated the environment, caused global warming. Sustainable development cannot be achieved if profits up front and dividends for shareholders are our sole criteria. Through excessive deregulation, we have let dumping and unfair competition set in. We have let globalisation be based on external growth, with everybody trying to grow by taking the businesses, the jobs, the market shares of others, instead of by working harder, investing more, increasing productivity and capacity for innovation.

    The globalisation we had dreamed of at the outset was of the kind where, instead of taking from others by means of monetary, social, fiscal or ecological dumping, each of us would found development on social progress, increased purchasing power, reduced inequality, improved standards of living, health and education…

    Whether the venue is the ILO, the IMF, the World Bank, the FAO or the G20, at bottom we are always talking about the selfsame thing, seen from different points of view: how can we return the economy to the service of mankind? How can we act to ensure that the economy no longer appears as an end
    itself, but as a means to an end? How can we move towards globalisation in which the development of each will assist the development of others? How can we build a more cooperative, less conflictual form of globalisation?

    Let us be clear about this: we’re not asking ourselves what we will replace capitalism with, but whatkind of capitalism we want.

    The crisis we are experiencing is not a crisis of capitalism. It is a crisis of the denaturing of capitalism – a crisis linked to loss of the values and references that have always been the foundation of capitalism.

    Capitalism has always been inseparable from a system of values, a conception of civilisation, an idea of mankind.

    Purely financial capitalism is a distortion, and we have seen the risks it involves for the world economy. But anti-capitalism is a dead end that is even worse.

    We can only save capitalism by rebuilding it, by restoring its moral dimension. I know that this expression will call forth many questions.

    What do we need, in the end, if it is not rules, principles, a governance that reflects shared values, a common morality? We cannot govern the world of the 21st century with the rules and principles of the 20th century. We cannot govern globalisation while relegating half of Humanity to the sidelines, without India, Africa or Latin America.

    We cannot look at the post-crisis world in the same way as the world before the crisis.

    Each of us must hold the conviction that the world of tomorrow cannot be the same as the world of yesterday.

    There are indecent behaviours that will no longer be tolerated by public opinion in any country in the world.

    There are excessive profits that will no longer be accepted because they are without common measure to the capacity to create wealth and jobs.

    There are remuneration packages that will no longer be tolerated because they bear no relationship to merit. That those who create jobs and wealth may earn a lot of money is not shocking. But that those who contribute to destroying jobs and wealth also earn a lot of money is morally indefensible.
    In the future, there will be a much greater demand for income to better reflect social utility and merit.

    There will a much greater demand for justice.

    There will be a much greater demand for protection.

    And no-one can escape this. Either we change of our own accord, or change will be imposed on us by economic, social and political crises.

    Either we are capable of responding to the demand for protection, justice and fairness through cooperation, regulation and governance, or we will have isolation and protectionism.

    The G20 foreshadows the planetary governance of the 21st century. It symbolises the return of politics whose legitimacy was denied by unregulated globalisation.

    In just one year, we have seen a genuine revolution in mentalities. For the first time in history, the Heads of State and government of the world’s 20 largest economic powers decided together on the measures that must be taken to combat a world crisis. They committed themselves, together, to
    adopting common rules that will radically change the way the world economy operates.

    Without the G20, trust could not have been restored.

    Without the G20, we would have had the triumph of  every man for himself.

    Without the G20, it would not have been possible to envisage regulating bonuses, closing down tax havens and changing the rules of accounting and prudential standards.

    These decisions will not solve every problem, but just one year ago, would anyone have thought they were possible?

    Now, however, they must be implemented

    I would like to seize the opportunity to say this: the signs of recovery that seem to herald the end of the global recession should not encourage us to be less daring; rather, we must be even bolder. If we do nothing to change world governance, nothing to regulate the economy, if we do not reform our
    systems of social protection, pensions, education and research, if we do not clean up our public finances, if we do not stringently prosecute the war against tax fraud, if we do not invest to prepare for the future, this recovery will be only a respite. The same causes will produce the same effects. Look at
    the new bubbles that are already starting to form. Here, we cannot be certain that the States will still have the means to guarantee trust.

    And how can we hope that people will continue to trust the word of States if the commitments made are not kept? If the absolutely crucial debate on accounting standards gets bogged down, if the private agencies to which we have delegated regulatory power deliberately flout the mandate given them by Heads of State and government, and we let them get away with it, what will be left of the credibility of the G20 and the prospect of world governance?

    If competition is skewed by prudential rules that remain very different from one country to another, from one continent to another, whereas we had decided to implement the opposite; if we cannot coordinate our efforts, if we cannot even come to an understanding around a common definition of
    capital when we had promised to do so – how can we be surprised that so many players consider it normal to return to the habits they had before the crisis?

    How can we conceive that in a competitive world, we can insist that European banks have three times more capital to cover the risks of their market activities, without demanding the same of American or Asian banks?

    How can we accept the obligation for banks to retain in their balance sheets a portion of their securitised loans if this obligation is not included in the regulation of G20 member countries, given that the principle was adopted by unanimous agreement?

    If we devise standards that do not draw the lessons of the crisis and that lead long-term investors to scale down their equity portfolios, then we must not be surprised that market prices become even more unstable and that a large number of companies find themselves even more threatened by speculative
    pressure.

    Failing to do what we decided would be an economic error, a political error, a moral error. Giving in to unilateralism, to  every man for himself , would also be an economic, political and moral error.

    We must build our common future on the gains of multilateralism, on the gains of the G20, on the gains of Copenhagen.

    Basically, we all know very well what we have to do together.

    We must do away with a system without rules that drags everyone down and replace it with rules that draw everyone up.

    But what is the point of agreeing on the rules if they are not applied?

    This doesn’t mean having the same labour legislation everywhere.

    It doesn’t mean imposing on poor countries the same standards as the rich countries. But how can we accept that some 50 Member States of the ILO have not yet ratified the eight conventions defining the fundamental rights of labour? And how can we ensure these conventions are respected?

    In Copenhagen, quantified commitments on climate change were made by all the big countries. How can we ensure these commitments are respected without a World Environment Organisation to monitor their implementation? How can we not see that the possibility of adopting a carbon tax at borders against environmental dumping would, without any doubt, constitute a strong incentive to respect the common rule?

    The crucial advance would be to put environment law, labour law and health law on the same footing as the law of trade. This revolution in world regulation would imply that specialised institutions can intervene in international – and notably commercial – disputes through prejudicial questions to be decided before an action can be brought. As I said before the General Meeting of the ILO in June last
    year: the international community cannot continue to be schizophrenic by disowning at the WTO or the IMF what it decided at the ILO or the WHO, what it proclaimed in Copenhagen. Establishment of such prejudicial jurisdiction would put an end to this schizophrenia.

    But how can we conceive of implementing these social and environmental standards without helping the poor countries to achieve the capacity to respect them?

    How can we demand such a huge effort from them, given their many difficulties, if we do not support them in their efforts?

    The question of innovative financing is central. We cannot avoid the debate on a tax on speculation. Whether we wish to restrain the frenzy of the financial markets, finance development aid or bring the poor countries into the fight against climate change, it all comes back to taxing financial transactions. Taxing the exorbitant profits of finance to combat poverty: who cannot see how such a decision – even if I am well aware of the complexity of implementing it – would contribute to putting us on the path of a moralisation of financial capitalism? I support without reservation the commitment of Gordon Brown, who was one of the first to defend this idea.

    The other question we can no longer avoid is that of the role banks must play in the economy. The banker’s job is not to speculate, it is to analyse credit risk, assess the capacity of borrowers to repay their loans and finance growth of the economy. If financial capitalism went so wrong, it was, first and foremost, because many banks were no longer doing their job. Why take the risk of lending to entrepreneurs when it is so easy to earn money by speculating on the markets? Why lend only to those who can repay the loan when it is so easy to shift the risks off the balance sheet? President Obama is right when he says that banks must be dissuaded from engaging in proprietary speculation or financing speculative funds. But this debate cannot be confined to a single country, whatever its weight in global finance. This debate must be settled within the G20.

    But I also wanted to say that it will not be possible to emerge from the crisis and protect ourselves against future crises, if we perpetuate the imbalances that are the root of the problem. Countries with trade surpluses must consume more and improve the living standards and social protection of their citizens. Countries with deficits must make an effort to consume a little less and repay their debts. Currency is central to these imbalances. It is the principal instrument of the policies that perpetuate them. We cannot put finance and the economy back in order if we allow the disorder of currencies to persist. Exchange rate instability and the under-valuation of certain currencies militate against fair trade and honest competition. Employment and purchasing power constitute the adjustment variablefor correcting monetary manipulations. The prosperity of the post-war era owed a great deal to Bretton Woods, to its rules and its institutions.

    Today, we need a new Bretton Woods. We cannot have, on the one hand, a multipolar world and, on the other, a single benchmark currency across the globe. We cannot, on the one hand, preach free trade and, on the other, tolerate monetary dumping. France, which will chair the G8 and the G20 in 2011, will place the reform of the international monetary system on the agenda. Until then, we must manage, prudently, the adoption of measures to support activity and the withdrawal of the surplus liquidities injected during the crisis. We must take care to prevent too abrupt a tightening that would result in a global collapse.

    So, what remains to be done is to bring into being a new growth model, invent a new linkage between public action and private initiative, invest massively in the technologies of the future that will drive the digital revolution and the ecological revolution. We must now invent the State, the company and the city of the 21st century.
    A few years ago, people were predicting the end of nations, the advent of nomadism. But in the crisis, even the most globalised companies and the most global banks rediscovered that they had a nationality.

    A few years ago, people were announcing the decline of organisations, the end of companies. We wanted to apply to companies the principles of portfolio management. We are rediscovering the fact that they are, first and foremost, human communities and living organisations. A few years ago, people were predicting that the city would spread, break up, and with it social
    cohesion, human relations and community relations. We are rediscovering the need for community, for urban cohesion.

    Basically, it looked as if citizenship would dissolve in the global market. But it has found new springsin the ordeal of the crisis. In the world of tomorrow, we must again reckon with citizens.

    Citizen is not a separate category, it is each one of us. The company head, the shareholder, the employee, the trade unionist, the non-profit activist, the policy maker – they are all citizens who have responsibilities towards others, towards their country, towards future generations, towards the planet. Yes, in the world of tomorrow, we must again reckon with citizens, with the demands of morality, the demands of responsibility, the demands of dignity for citizens. We must see this not as yet another problem, but as part of the solution; not as an additional difficulty, but as something healthy and
    virtuous, that may, perhaps, allow us to feel happier with what we are, happier with what we accomplish.

    http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Sarkozy_en.pdf

    ***

    Bretton Woods system
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world’s major industrial states in the mid 20th century. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states.

    Preparing to rebuild the international economic system as World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The delegates deliberated upon and signed the Bretton Woods Agreements during the first three weeks of July 1944.

    Setting up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system, the planners at Bretton Woods established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which today is part of the World Bank Group. These organizations became operational in 1945 after a sufficient number of countries had ratified the agreement.

    The chief features of the Bretton Woods system were an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value—plus or minus one percent—in terms of gold and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of payments. Then, on August 15, 1971 the United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the dollar to gold. This action created the situation whereby the United States dollar became the sole backing of currencies and a reserve currency for the member states. In the face of increasing financial strain, the system collapsed in 1971.
    Contents

    * 1 Origins
    o 1.1 Great Depression
    + 1.1.1 The idea of economic security
    + 1.1.2 Rise of governmental intervention
    + 1.1.3 Atlantic Charter
    + 1.1.4 Wartime devastation of Europe and East Asia
    * 2 Design
    o 2.1 Informal
    + 2.1.1 Previous regimes
    + 2.1.2 Fixed exchange rates
    o 2.2 Formal regimes
    + 2.2.1 International Monetary Fund
    # 2.2.1.1 Designing the IMF
    # 2.2.1.2 Subscriptions and quotas
    # 2.2.1.3 Financing trade deficits
    # 2.2.1.4 Changing the par value
    # 2.2.1.5 IMF operations
    + 2.2.2 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
    * 3 Readjustment
    o 3.1 Dollar shortages and the Marshall Plan
    o 3.2 Cold War
    * 4 Late Bretton Woods System
    o 4.1 U.S. balance of payments crisis
    o 4.2 Structural changes underpinning the decline of international monetary management
    + 4.2.1 Return to convertibility
    + 4.2.2 Growth of international currency markets
    + 4.2.3 Decline
    # 4.2.3.1 U.S. monetary influence
    # 4.2.3.2 Dollar
    o 4.3 Paralysis of international monetary management
    + 4.3.1 Floating-rate Bretton Woods system 1968–1972
    + 4.3.2 Nixon Shock
    + 4.3.3 Smithsonian Agreement
    * 5 Bretton Woods II
    * 6 Academic legacy
    * 7 Pegged rates
    o 7.1 Japanese yen
    o 7.2 Deutsche Mark
    o 7.3 Pound sterling
    o 7.4 French franc
    o 7.5 Italian lira
    o 7.6 Spanish peseta
    o 7.7 Dutch gulden
    o 7.8 Belgian franc
    o 7.9 Greek drachma
    o 7.10 Swiss franc
    o 7.11 Danish krone
    o 7.12 Finnish markka
    * 8 See also
    * 9 Notes
    * 10 References
    * 11 Further reading
    * 12 External links

    Origins

    The political basis for the Bretton Woods system was in the confluence of several key conditions: the shared experiences of the Great Depression, the concentration of power in a small number of states (further enhanced by the exclusion of a number of important nations because of the war), and the presence of a dominant power willing and able to assume a leadership role in global monetary affairs.
    Great Depression

    A high level of agreement among the powerful on the goals and means of international economic management facilitated the decisions reached by the Bretton Woods Conference. Its foundation was based on a shared belief in capitalism. Although the developed countries’ governments differed in the type of capitalism they preferred for their national economies (France, for example, preferred greater planning and state intervention, whereas the United States favored relatively limited state intervention), all relied primarily on market mechanisms and on private ownership.

    Thus, it is their similarities rather than their differences that appear most striking. All the participating governments at Bretton Woods agreed that the monetary chaos of the interwar period had yielded several valuable lessons.

    The experience of the Great Depression was fresh on the minds of public officials. The planners at Bretton Woods hoped to avoid a repeat of the debacle of the 1930s, when intransigent American insistence as a creditor nation on the repayment of Allied war debts, combined with an inclination to isolationism, led to a breakdown of the international financial system and a worldwide economic depression.[1] The  beggar thy neighbor  policies of 1930s governments—using currency devaluations to increase the competitiveness of a country’s export products to reduce balance of payments deficits—worsened national deflationary spirals, which resulted in plummeting national incomes, shrinking demand, mass unemployment, and an overall decline in world trade. Trade in the 1930s became largely restricted to currency blocs (groups of nations that use an equivalent currency, such as the  Sterling Area  of the British Empire). These blocs retarded the international flow of capital and foreign investment opportunities. Although this strategy tended to increase government revenues in the short run, it dramatically worsened the situation in the medium and longer run.

    Thus, for the international economy, planners at Bretton Woods all favored a regulated system, one that relied on a regulated market with tight controls on the value of currencies. Although they disagreed on the specific implementation of this system, all agreed on the need for tight controls.


    The idea of economic security
    Cordell Hull

    Also based on experience of inter-war years, U.S. planners developed a concept of economic security—that a liberal international economic system would enhance the possibilities of postwar peace. One of those who saw such a security link was Cordell Hull, the United States Secretary of State from 1933 to 1944.[Notes 1] Hull believed that the fundamental causes of the two world wars lay in economic discrimination and trade warfare. Specifically, he had in mind the trade and exchange controls (bilateral arrangements) [2] of Nazi Germany and the imperial preference system practiced by Britain, by which members or former members of the British Empire were accorded special trade status, itself provoked by German, French, and American protectionist policies. Hull argued

    [U]nhampered trade dovetailed with peace; high tariffs, trade barriers, and unfair economic competition, with war…if we could get a freer flow of trade…freer in the sense of fewer discriminations and obstructions…so that one country would not be deadly jealous of another and the living standards of all countries might rise, thereby eliminating the economic dissatisfaction that breeds war, we might have a reasonable chance of lasting peace.
    —[3]

    Rise of governmental intervention

    The developed countries also agreed that the liberal international economic system required governmental intervention. In the aftermath of the Great Depression, public management of the economy had emerged as a primary activity of governments in the developed states. Employment, stability, and growth were now important subjects of public policy. In turn, the role of government in the national economy had become associated with the assumption by the state of the responsibility for assuring of its citizens a degree of economic well-being. The welfare state grew out of the Great Depression, which created a popular demand for governmental intervention in the economy, and out of the theoretical contributions of the Keynesian school of economics, which asserted the need for governmental intervention to maintain an adequate level of employment.

    However, increased government intervention in domestic economy brought with it isolationist sentiment that had a profoundly negative effect on international economics. The priority of national goals, independent national action in the interwar period, and the failure to perceive that those national goals could not be realized without some form of international collaboration—which resulted in “beggar-thy-neighbor” policies such as high tariffs, competitive devaluations that contributed to the breakdown of the gold-based international monetary system, domestic political instability, and international war. The lesson learned was, as the principal architect of the Bretton Woods system New Dealer Harry Dexter White put it:

    the absence of a high degree of economic collaboration among the leading nations will…inevitably result in economic warfare that will be but the prelude and instigator of military warfare on an even vaster scale.
    —[Notes 2]

    To ensure economic stability and political peace, states agreed to cooperate to closely regulate the production of their individual currencies to maintain fixed exchange rates between countries with the aim of more easily facilitating international trade. This was the foundation of the U.S. vision of postwar world free trade, which also involved lowering tariffs and among other things maintaining a balance of trade via fixed exchange rates that would be favorable to the capitalist system.

    Thus, the more developed market economies agreed with the U.S. vision of post-war international economic management, which was to be designed to create and maintain an effective international monetary system and foster the reduction of barriers to trade and capital flows. In a sense, the new international monetary system was in fact a return to a system similar to the pre-war gold standard, only using US dollars as the world’s new reserve currency until the world’s gold supply could be reallocated via international trade. Thus, the new system would be devoid (initially) of governments meddling with their currency supply as they had during the years of economic turmoil preceding WWII. Instead, governments would closely police the production of their currencies and ensure that they would not artificially manipulate their price levels. If anything, Bretton Woods was in fact a return to a time devoid of increased governmental intervention in economies and currency systems.
    Atlantic Charter
    Roosevelt and Churchill during their secret meeting of August 9 – 12, 1941, in Newfoundland that resulted in the Atlantic Charter, which the U.S. and Britain officially announced two days later.

    The Atlantic Charter, drafted during U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s August 1941 meeting with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on a ship in the North Atlantic, was the most notable precursor to the Bretton Woods Conference. Like Woodrow Wilson before him, whose  Fourteen Points  had outlined U.S. aims in the aftermath of the First World War, Roosevelt set forth a range of ambitious goals for the postwar world even before the U.S. had entered the Second World War. The Atlantic Charter affirmed the right of all nations to equal access to trade and raw materials. Moreover, the charter called for freedom of the seas (a principal U.S. foreign policy aim since France and Britain had first threatened U.S. shipping in the 1790s), the disarmament of aggressors, and the  establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security.

    As the war drew to a close, the Bretton Woods conference was the culmination of some two and a half years of planning for postwar reconstruction by the Treasuries of the U.S. and the UK. U.S. representatives studied with their British counterparts the reconstitution of what had been lacking between the two world wars: a system of international payments that would allow trade to be conducted without fear of sudden currency depreciation or wild fluctuations in exchange rates—ailments that had nearly paralyzed world capitalism during the Great Depression.

    Without a strong European market for U.S. goods and services, most policymakers believed, the U.S. economy would be unable to sustain the prosperity it had achieved during the war. In addition, U.S. unions had only grudgingly accepted government-imposed restraints on their demand during the war, but they were willing to wait no longer, particularly as inflation cut into the existing wage scales with painful force. (By the end of 1945, there had already been major strikes in the automobile, electrical, and steel industries.)

    In early 1945 Bernard Baruch described the spirit of Bretton Woods as: if we can  stop subsidization of labor and sweated competition in the export markets,  as well as prevent rebuilding of war machines,  oh boy, oh boy, what long term prosperity we will have. [4] The United States [c]ould therefore use its position of influence to reopen and control the [rules of the] world economy, so as to give unhindered access to all nations’ markets and materials.
    Wartime devastation of Europe and East Asia

    Besides that, U.S. allies—economically exhausted by the war—accepted this leadership. They needed U.S. assistance to rebuild their domestic production and to finance their international trade; indeed, they needed it to survive.

    Before the war, the French and the British were realizing that they could no longer compete with U.S. industry in an open marketplace. During the 1930s, the British had created their own economic bloc to shut out U.S. goods. Churchill did not believe that he could surrender that protection after the war, so he watered down the Atlantic Charter’s  free access  clause before agreeing to it.

    Yet, the U.S. officials were determined to open their access to the British empire. The combined value of British and U.S. trade was well over half of all the world’s trade in goods. For the U.S. to open global markets, it first had to split the British (trade) empire. While Britain had economically dominated the 19th century, the U.S. officials intended the second half of the 20th to be under U.S. hegemony[Notes 3]

    According to one commentator,

    One of the reasons Bretton Woods worked was that the US was clearly the most powerful country at the table and so ultimately was able to impose its will on the others, including an often-dismayed Britain. At the time, one senior official at the Bank of England described the deal reached at Bretton Woods as “the greatest blow to Britain next to the war”, largely because it underlined the way in which financial power had moved from the UK to the US.
    —Business Spectator[5]

    A devastated Britain had little choice. Two world wars had destroyed the country’s principal industries that paid for the importation of half the nation’s food and nearly all its raw materials except coal. The British had no choice but to ask for aid. Not until the United States signed an agreement on December 6, 1945 to grant Britain aid of $4.4 billion did the British Parliament ratify the Bretton Woods Agreements (which occurred later in December 1945).[6]

    For nearly two centuries, French and U.S. interests had clashed in both the Old World and the New World. During the war, French mistrust of the United States was embodied by General Charles de Gaulle, president of the French provisional government. De Gaulle bitterly fought U.S. officials as he tried to maintain his country’s colonies and diplomatic freedom of action. In turn, U.S. officials saw de Gaulle as a political extremist.

    But in 1945 de Gaulle—at that point the leading voice of French nationalism—was forced to grudgingly ask the U.S. for a billion-dollar loan. Most of the request was granted; in return France promised to curtail government subsidies and currency manipulation that had given its exporters advantages in the world market.

    On a far more profound level, as the Bretton Woods conference was convening, the greater part of the Third World remained politically and economically subordinate. Linked to the developed countries of the West economically and politically—formally and informally—these states had little choice but to acquiesce in the international economic system established for them. In the East, Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe provided the foundation for a separate international economic system.
    Design

    Free trade relied on the free convertibility of currencies. Negotiators at the Bretton Woods conference, fresh from what they perceived as a disastrous experience with floating rates in the 1930s, concluded that major monetary fluctuations could stall the free flow of trade.

    The liberal economic system required an accepted vehicle for investment, trade, and payments. Unlike national economies, however, the international economy lacks a central government that can issue currency and manage its use. In the past this problem had been solved through the gold standard, but the architects of Bretton Woods did not consider this option feasible for the postwar political economy. Instead, they set up a system of fixed exchange rates managed by a series of newly created international institutions using the U.S. dollar (which was a gold standard currency for central banks) as a reserve currency.
    Informal
    Previous regimes

    In the 19th and early 20th centuries gold played a key role in international monetary transactions. The gold standard was used to back currencies; the international value of currency was determined by its fixed relationship to gold; gold was used to settle international accounts. The gold standard maintained fixed exchange rates that were seen as desirable because they reduced the risk of trading with other countries.

    Imbalances in international trade were theoretically rectified automatically by the gold standard. A country with a deficit would have depleted gold reserves and would thus have to reduce its money supply. The resulting fall in demand would reduce imports and the lowering of prices would boost exports; thus the deficit would be rectified. Any country experiencing inflation would lose gold and therefore would have a decrease in the amount of money available to spend. This decrease in the amount of money would act to reduce the inflationary pressure. Supplementing the use of gold in this period was the British pound. Based on the dominant British economy, the pound became a reserve, transaction, and intervention currency. But the pound was not up to the challenge of serving as the primary world currency, given the weakness of the British economy after the Second World War.

    The architects of Bretton Woods had conceived of a system wherein exchange rate stability was a prime goal. Yet, in an era of more activist economic policy, governments did not seriously consider permanently fixed rates on the model of the classical gold standard of the nineteenth century. Gold production was not even sufficient to meet the demands of growing international trade and investment. And a sizeable share of the world’s known gold reserves were located in the Soviet Union, which would later emerge as a Cold War rival to the United States and Western Europe.

    The only currency strong enough to meet the rising demands for international liquidity was the U.S. dollar. The strength of the U.S. economy, the fixed relationship of the dollar to gold ($35 an ounce), and the commitment of the U.S. government to convert dollars into gold at that price made the dollar as good as gold. In fact, the dollar was even better than gold: it earned interest and it was more flexible than gold.
    Fixed exchange rates

    The Bretton Woods system sought to secure the advantages of the gold standard without its disadvantages. Thus, a compromise was sought between the polar alternatives of either freely floating or irrevocably fixed rates—an arrangement that might gain the advantages of both without suffering the disadvantages of either while retaining the right to revise currency values on occasion as circumstances warranted.

    The rules of Bretton Woods, set forth in the articles of agreement of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), provided for a system of fixed exchange rates. The rules further sought to encourage an open system by committing members to the convertibility of their respective currencies into other currencies and to free trade.

    What emerged was the  pegged rate  currency regime. Members were required to establish a parity of their national currencies in terms of gold (a  peg ) and to maintain exchange rates within plus or minus 1% of parity (a  band ) by intervening in their foreign exchange markets (that is, buying or selling foreign money).

    In theory the reserve currency would be the bancor, suggested by John Maynard Keynes; however, the United States objected and their request was granted, making the  reserve currency  the U.S. dollar. This meant that other countries would peg their currencies to the U.S. dollar, and—once convertibility was restored—would buy and sell U.S. dollars to keep market exchange rates within plus or minus 1% of parity. Thus, the U.S. dollar took over the role that gold had played under the gold standard in the international financial system. (Rogue Nation, 2003, Clyde Prestowitz)

    Meanwhile, to bolster faith in the dollar, the U.S. agreed separately to link the dollar to gold at the rate of $35 per ounce of gold. At this rate, foreign governments and central banks were able to exchange dollars for gold. Bretton Woods established a system of payments based on the dollar, in which all currencies were defined in relation to the dollar, itself convertible into gold, and above all,  as good as gold . The U.S. currency was now effectively the world currency, the standard to which every other currency was pegged. As the world’s key currency, most international transactions were denominated in US dollars.

    The U.S. dollar was the currency with the most purchasing power and it was the only currency that was backed by gold. Additionally, all European nations that had been involved in World War II were highly in debt and transferred large amounts of gold into the United States, a fact that contributed to the supremacy of the United States. Thus, the U.S. dollar was strongly appreciated in the rest of the world and therefore became the key currency of the Bretton Woods system.

    Member countries could only change their par value with IMF approval, which was contingent on IMF determination that its balance of payments was in a  fundamental disequilibrium .
    Formal regimes

    The Bretton Woods Conference led to the establishment of the IMF and the IBRD (now the World Bank), which still remain powerful forces in the world economy.

    As mentioned, a major point of common ground at the Conference was the goal to avoid a recurrence of the closed markets and economic warfare that had characterized the 1930s. Thus, negotiators at Bretton Woods also agreed that there was a need for an institutional forum for international cooperation on monetary matters. Already in 1944 the British economist John Maynard Keynes emphasized  the importance of rule-based regimes to stabilize business expectations —something he accepted in the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates. Currency troubles in the interwar years, it was felt, had been greatly exacerbated by the absence of any established procedure or machinery for intergovernmental consultation.

    As a result of the establishment of agreed upon structures and rules of international economic interaction, conflict over economic issues was minimized, and the significance of the economic aspect of international relations seemed to recede.
    International Monetary Fund
    Main article: International Monetary Fund

    Officially established on December 27, 1945, when the 29 participating countries at the conference of Bretton Woods signed its Articles of Agreement, the IMF was to be the keeper of the rules and the main instrument of public international management. The Fund commenced its financial operations on March 1, 1947. IMF approval was necessary for any change in exchange rates in excess of 10%. It advised countries on policies affecting the monetary system.
    Designing the IMF

    The big question at the Bretton Woods conference with respect to the institution that would emerge as the IMF was the issue of future access to international liquidity and whether that source should be akin to a world central bank able to create new reserves at will or a more limited borrowing mechanism.
    John Maynard Keynes (right) and Harry Dexter White at the inaugural meeting of the International Monetary Fund’s Board of Governors in Savannah, Georgia, U.S., March 8, 1946

    Although attended by 44 nations, discussions at the conference were dominated by two rival plans developed by the United States and Britain. As the chief international economist at the U.S. Treasury in 1942–44, Harry Dexter White drafted the U.S. blueprint for international access to liquidity, which competed with the plan drafted for the British Treasury by Keynes. Overall, White’s scheme tended to favor incentives designed to create price stability within the world’s economies, while Keynes’ wanted a system that encouraged economic growth.

    At the time, gaps between the White and Keynes plans seemed enormous. Outlining the difficulty of creating a system that every nation could accept in his speech at the closing plenary session of the Bretton Woods conference on July 22, 1944, Keynes stated:

    We, the delegates of this Conference, Mr. President, have been trying to accomplish something very difficult to accomplish.[...] It has been our task to find a common measure, a common standard, a common rule acceptable to each and not irksome to any.
    —[Notes 4]

    Keynes’ proposals would have established a world reserve currency (which he thought might be called  bancor ) administered by a central bank vested with the possibility of creating money and with the authority to take actions on a much larger scale (understandable considering deflationary problems in Britain at the time).

    In case of balance of payments imbalances, Keynes recommended that both debtors and creditors should change their policies. As outlined by Keynes, countries with payment surpluses should increase their imports from the deficit countries and thereby create a foreign trade equilibrium. Thus, Keynes was sensitive to the problem that placing too much of the burden on the deficit country would be deflationary.

    But the United States, as a likely creditor nation, and eager to take on the role of the world’s economic powerhouse, balked at Keynes’ plan and did not pay serious attention to it. The U.S. contingent was too concerned about inflationary pressures in the postwar economy, and White saw an imbalance as a problem only of the deficit country.

    Although compromise was reached on some points, because of the overwhelming economic and military power of the United States, the participants at Bretton Woods largely agreed on White’s plan.
    Subscriptions and quotas

    What emerged largely reflected U.S. preferences: a system of subscriptions and quotas embedded in the IMF, which itself was to be no more than a fixed pool of national currencies and gold subscribed by each country as opposed to a world central bank capable of creating money. The Fund was charged with managing various nations’ trade deficits so that they would not produce currency devaluations that would trigger a decline in imports.

    The IMF is provided with a fund, composed of contributions of member countries in gold and their own currencies. The original quotas were to total $8.8 billion. When joining the IMF, members are assigned  quotas  reflecting their relative economic power, and, it is as a sort of credit deposit, were obliged to pay a  subscription of an amount commensurate to the quota. The subscription is to be paid 25% in gold or currency convertible into gold (effectively the dollar, which was the only currency then still directly gold convertible for central banks) and 75% in the member’s own currency.

    Quota subscriptions are to form the largest source of money at the IMF’s disposal. The IMF set out to use this money to grant loans to member countries with financial difficulties. Each member is then entitled to withdraw 25% of its quota immediately in case of payment problems. If this sum should be insufficient, each nation in the system is also able to request loans for foreign currency.


    Financing trade deficits

    In the event of a deficit in the current account, Fund members, when short of reserves, would be able to borrow foreign currency in amounts determined by the size of its quota. In other words, the higher the country’s contribution was, the higher the sum of money it could borrow from the IMF.

    Members were required to pay back debts within a period of 18 months to five years. In turn, the IMF embarked on setting up rules and procedures to keep a country from going too deeply into debt year after year. The Fund would exercise  surveillance  over other economies for the U.S. Treasury in return for its loans to prop up national currencies.

    IMF loans were not comparable to loans issued by a conventional credit institution. Instead, they were effectively a chance to purchase a foreign currency with gold or the member’s national currency.

    The U.S.-backed IMF plan sought to end restrictions on the transfer of goods and services from one country to another, eliminate currency blocs, and lift currency exchange controls.

    The IMF was designed to advance credits to countries with balance of payments deficits. Short-run balance of payment difficulties would be overcome by IMF loans, which would facilitate stable currency exchange rates. This flexibility meant a member state would not have to induce a depression to cut its national income down to such a low level that its imports would finally fall within its means. Thus, countries were to be spared the need to resort to the classical medicine of deflating themselves into drastic unemployment when faced with chronic balance of payments deficits. Before the Second World War, European nations—particularly Britain—often resorted to this.
    Changing the par value

    The IMF sought to provide for occasional discontinuous exchange-rate adjustments (changing a member’s par value) by international agreement. Member nations were permitted first to depreciate (or appreciate in opposite situations) their currencies by 10%. This tended to restore equilibrium in their trade by expanding their exports and contracting imports. This would be allowed only if there was a  fundamental disequilibrium . A decrease in the value of a country’s money was called a  devaluation , while an increase in the value of the country’s money was called a  revaluation .

    It was envisioned that these changes in exchange rates would be quite rare. Regrettably, the notion of fundamental disequilibrium, though key to the operation of the par value system, was never spelled out in any detail—an omission that would eventually come back to haunt the regime in later years.


    IMF operations

    Never before had international monetary cooperation been attempted on a permanent institutional basis. Even more groundbreaking was the decision to allocate voting rights among governments, not on a one-state one-vote basis, but rather in proportion to quotas. Since the United States was contributing the most, U.S. leadership was the key. Under the system of weighted voting, the United States exerted a preponderant influence on the IMF. The United States held one-third of all IMF quotas at the outset, enough on its own to veto all changes to the IMF Charter.

    In addition, the IMF was based in Washington, D.C., and staffed mainly by U.S. economists. It regularly exchanged personnel with the U.S. Treasury. When the IMF began operations in 1946, President Harry S. Truman named White as its first U.S. Executive Director. Since no Deputy Managing Director post had yet been created, White served occasionally as Acting Managing Director and generally played a highly influential role during the IMF’s first year.
    International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
    Main article: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

    The agreement made no provisions for international creation of reserves. New gold production was assumed to be sufficient. In the event of structural disequilibria, it was expected that there would be national solutions, for example, an adjustment in the value of the currency or an improvement by other means of a country’s competitive position. The IMF was left with few means, however, to encourage such national solutions.

    It had been recognized in 1944 that the new system could only commence after a return to normalcy following the disruption of World War II. It was expected that after a brief transition period of no more than five years, the international economy would recover and the system would enter into operation.

    To promote the growth of world trade and to finance the postwar reconstruction of Europe, the planners at Bretton Woods created another institution, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), now the most important agency of the World Bank Group. The IBRD had an authorized capitalization of $10 billion and was expected to make loans of its own funds to underwrite private loans and to issue securities to raise new funds to make possible a speedy postwar recovery. The IBRD was to be a specialized agency of the United Nations charged with making loans for economic development purposes.
    Readjustment
    Dollar shortages and the Marshall Plan

    The Bretton Wood arrangements were largely adhered to and ratified by the participating governments. It was expected that national monetary reserves, supplemented with necessary IMF credits, would finance any temporary balance of payments disequilibria. But this did not prove sufficient to get Europe out of its doldrums.

    Postwar world capitalism suffered from a huge dollar shortage. The United States was running huge balance of trade surpluses, and the U.S. reserves were immense and growing. It was necessary to reverse this flow. Dollars had to leave the United States and become available for international use. In other words, the United States would have to reverse the natural economic processes and run a balance of payments deficit.

    The modest credit facilities of the IMF were clearly insufficient to deal with Western Europe’s huge balance of payments deficits. The problem was further aggravated by the reaffirmation by the IMF Board of Governors in the provision in the Bretton Woods Articles of Agreement that the IMF could make loans only for current account deficits and not for capital and reconstruction purposes.

    Only the United States contribution of $570 million was actually available for IBRD lending. In addition, because the only available market for IBRD bonds was the conservative Wall Street banking market, the IBRD was forced to adopt a conservative lending policy, granting loans only when repayment was assured. Given these problems, by 1947 the IMF and the IBRD themselves were admitting that they could not deal with the international monetary system’s economic problems.[7]

    The United States set up the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan) to provide large-scale financial and economic aid for rebuilding Europe largely through grants rather than loans. This included countries belonging to the Soviet block, e.g., Poland. In a speech at Harvard University on June 5, 1947, U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall stated:

    The breakdown of the business structure of Europe during the war was complete. …Europe’s requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products… principally from the United States… are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial help or face economic, social and political deterioration of a very grave character.
    —[Notes 5]

    From 1947 until 1958, the U.S. deliberately encouraged an outflow of dollars, and, from 1950 on, the United States ran a balance of payments deficit with the intent of providing liquidity for the international economy. Dollars flowed out through various U.S. aid programs: the Truman Doctrine entailing aid to the pro-U.S. Greek and Turkish regimes, which were struggling to suppress communist revolution, aid to various pro-U.S. regimes in the Third World, and most important, the Marshall Plan. From 1948 to 1954 the United States provided 16 Western European countries $17 billion in grants.

    To encourage long-term adjustment, the United States promoted European and Japanese trade competitiveness. Policies for economic controls on the defeated former Axis countries were scrapped. Aid to Europe and Japan was designed to rebuild productivity and export capacity. In the long run it was expected that such European and Japanese recovery would benefit the United States by widening markets for U.S. exports, and providing locations for U.S. capital expansion.

    In 1956, the World Bank created the International Finance Corporation and in 1960 it created the International Development Association (IDA). Both have been controversial. Critics of the IDA argue that it was designed to head off a broader based system headed by the United Nations, and that the IDA lends without consideration for the effectiveness of the program. Critics also point out that the pressure to keep developing economies  open  has led to their having difficulties obtaining funds through ordinary channels, and a continual cycle of asset buy up by foreign investors and capital flight by locals. Defenders of the IDA pointed to its ability to make large loans for agricultural programs which aided the  Green Revolution  of the 1960s, and its functioning to stabilize and occasionally subsidize Third World governments, particularly in Latin America.

    Bretton Woods, then, created a system of triangular trade: the United States would use the convertible financial system to trade at a tremendous profit with developing nations, expanding industry and acquiring raw materials. It would use this surplus to send dollars to Europe, which would then be used to rebuild their economies, and make the United States the market for their products. This would allow the other industrialized nations to purchase products from the Third World, which reinforced the American role as the guarantor of stability. When this triangle became destabilized, Bretton Woods entered a period of crisis that ultimately led to its collapse.

    Cold War

    In 1945, Roosevelt and Churchill prepared the postwar era by negotiating with Joseph Stalin at Yalta about respective zones of influence; this same year Germany was divided into four occupation zones (Soviet, American, British, and French).
    Harry Dexter White succeeded in getting the Soviet Union to participate in the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, but his goal was frustrated when the Soviet Union would not join the IMF. In the past, the reasons why the Soviet Union chose not to subscribe to the articles by December 1945 have been the subject of speculation. But since the release of relevant Soviet archives, it is now clear that the Soviet calculation was based on the behavior of the parties that had actually expressed their assent to the Bretton Woods Agreements. The extended debates about ratification that had taken place both in the UK and the U.S. were read in Moscow as evidence of the quick disintegration of the wartime alliance.

    Facing the Soviet Union, whose power had also strengthened and whose territorial influence had expanded, the U.S. assumed the role of leader of the capitalist camp. The rise of the postwar U.S. as the world’s leading industrial, monetary, and military power was rooted in the fact that the mainland U.S. was untouched by the war, in the instability of the national states in postwar Europe, and the wartime devastation of the Soviet and European economies.

    Despite the economic effort imposed by such a policy, being at the center of the international market gave the U.S. unprecedented freedom of action in pursuing its foreign affairs goals. A trade surplus made it easier to keep armies abroad and to invest outside the U.S., and because other nations could not sustain foreign deployments, the U.S. had the power to decide why, when and how to intervene in global crises. The dollar continued to function as a compass to guide the health of the world economy, and exporting to the U.S. became the primary economic goal of developing or redeveloping economies. This arrangement came to be referred to as the Pax Americana, in analogy to the Pax Britannica of the late 19th century and the Pax Romana of the first. (See Globalism)

    Late Bretton Woods System

    U.S. balance of payments crisis

    After the end of World War II, the U.S. held $26 billion in gold reserves, of an estimated total of $40 billion (approx 60%). As world trade increased rapidly through the 1950s, the size of the gold base increased by only a few percent.

    In 1950, the U.S. balance of payments swung negative. The first U.S. response to the crisis was in the late 1950s when the Eisenhower administration placed import quotas on oil and other restrictions on trade outflows. More drastic measures were proposed, but not acted upon.

    However, with a mounting recession that began in 1958, this response alone was not sustainable. In 1960, with Kennedy’s election, a decade-long effort to maintain the Bretton Woods System at the $35/ounce price was begun.

    The design of the Bretton Woods System was that nations could only enforce gold convertibility on the anchor currency—the United States’ dollar. Gold convertibility enforcement was not required, but instead, allowed. Nations could forgo converting dollars to gold, and instead hold dollars.

    Rather than full convertibility, it provided a fixed price for sales between central banks. However, there was still an open gold market. For the Bretton Woods system to remain workable, it would either have to alter the peg of the dollar to gold, or it would have to maintain the free market price for gold near the $35 per ounce official price. The greater the gap between free market gold prices and central bank gold prices, the greater the temptation to deal with internal economic issues by buying gold at the Bretton Woods price and selling it on the open market.

    In 1960 Robert Triffin noticed that holding dollars was more valuable than gold because constant U.S. balance of payments deficits helped to keep the system liquid and fuel economic growth. What would later come to be known as Triffin’s Dilemma was predicted when Triffin noted that if the U.S. failed to keep running deficits the system would lose its liquidity, not be able to keep up with the world’s economic growth, and, thus, bring the system to a halt. But incurring such payment deficits also meant that, over time, the deficits would erode confidence in the dollar as the reserve currency created instability.[8]

    The first effort was the creation of the London Gold Pool on November 1 of 1961 between eight nations. The theory behind the pool was that spikes in the free market price of gold, set by the morning gold fix in London, could be controlled by having a pool of gold to sell on the open market, that would then be recovered when the price of gold dropped. Gold’s price spiked in response to events such as the Cuban Missile Crisis, and other smaller events, to as high as $40/ounce. The Kennedy administration drafted a radical change of the tax system to spur more production capacity and thus encourage exports. This culminated with the 1963 tax cut program, designed to maintain the $35 peg.

    In 1967, there was an attack on the pound and a run on gold in the sterling area, and on November 18, 1967, the British government was forced to devalue the pound.[9] U.S. President Lyndon Baines Johnson was faced with a brutal choice, either institute protectionist measures, including travel taxes, export subsidies and slashing the budget—or accept the risk of a  run on gold  and the dollar. From Johnson’s perspective:  The world supply of gold is insufficient to make the present system workable—particularly as the use of the dollar as a reserve currency is essential to create the required international liquidity to sustain world trade and growth. [10] He believed that the priorities of the United States were correct, and, although there were internal tensions in the Western alliance, that turning away from open trade would be more costly, economically and politically, than it was worth:  Our role of world leadership in a political and military sense is the only reason for our current embarrassment in an economic sense on the one hand and on the other the correction of the economic embarrassment under present monetary systems will result in an untenable position economically for our allies. [citation needed]

    While West Germany agreed not to purchase gold from the U.S., and agreed to hold dollars instead, the pressure on both the dollar and the pound sterling continued. In January 1968 Johnson imposed a series of measures designed to end gold outflow, and to increase U.S. exports. This was unsuccessful, however, as in mid-March 1968 a run on gold ensued, the London Gold Pool was dissolved, and a series of meetings attempted to rescue or reform the existing system.[11] But, as long as the U.S. commitments to foreign deployment continued, particularly to Western Europe, there was little that could be done to maintain the gold peg.[citation needed][original research?]

    All attempts to maintain the peg collapsed in November 1968, and a new policy program attempted to convert the Bretton Woods system into an enforcement mechanism of floating the gold peg, which would be set by either fiat policy or by a restriction to honor foreign accounts. The collapse of the gold pool and the refusal of the pool members to trade gold with private entities—on March 18, 1968 the Congress of the United States repealed the 25% requirement of gold backing of the dollar[12]—as well as the US pledge to suspend gold sales to governments that trade in the private markets,[13] led to the expansion of the private markets for international gold trade, in which the price of gold rose much higher than the official dollar price.[14] [15] The US gold reserves continued to be depleted due to the actions of some nations, notably France,[15] who continued to build up their gold reserves.

    [edit] Structural changes underpinning the decline of international monetary management
    [edit] Return to convertibility

    In the 1960s and 70s, important structural changes eventually led to the breakdown of international monetary management. One change was the development of a high level of monetary interdependence. The stage was set for monetary interdependence by the return to convertibility of the Western European currencies at the end of 1958 and of the Japanese yen in 1964. Convertibility facilitated the vast expansion of international financial transactions, which deepened monetary interdependence.

    [edit] Growth of international currency markets

    Another aspect of the internationalization of banking has been the emergence of international banking consortia. Since 1964 various banks had formed international syndicates, and by 1971 over three quarters of the world’s largest banks had become shareholders in such syndicates. Multinational banks can and do make huge international transfers of capital not only for investment purposes but also for hedging and speculating against exchange rate fluctuations.

    These new forms of monetary interdependence made possible huge capital flows. During the Bretton Woods era countries were reluctant to alter exchange rates formally even in cases of structural disequilibria. Because such changes had a direct impact on certain domestic economic groups, they came to be seen as political risks for leaders. As a result official exchange rates often became unrealistic in market terms, providing a virtually risk-free temptation for speculators. They could move from a weak to a strong currency hoping to reap profits when a revaluation occurred. If, however, monetary authorities managed to avoid revaluation, they could return to other currencies with no loss. The combination of risk-free speculation with the availability of huge sums was highly destabilizing.

    [edit] Decline
    [edit] U.S. monetary influence

    A second structural change that undermined monetary management was the decline of U.S. hegemony. The U.S. was no longer the dominant economic power it had been for more than two decades. By the mid-1960s, the E.E.C. and Japan had become international economic powers in their own right. With total reserves exceeding those of the U.S., with higher levels of growth and trade, and with per capita income approaching that of the U.S., Europe and Japan were narrowing the gap between themselves and the United States.

    The shift toward a more pluralistic distribution of economic power led to increasing dissatisfaction with the privileged role of the U.S. dollar as the international currency. As in effect the world’s central banker, the U.S., through its deficit, determined the level of international liquidity. In an increasingly interdependent world, U.S. policy greatly influenced economic conditions in Europe and Japan. In addition, as long as other countries were willing to hold dollars, the U.S. could carry out massive foreign expenditures for political purposes—military activities and foreign aid—without the threat of balance-of-payments constraints.

    Dissatisfaction with the political implications of the dollar system was increased by détente between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The Soviet threat had been an important force in cementing the Western capitalist monetary system. The U.S. political and security umbrella helped make American economic domination palatable for Europe and Japan, which had been economically exhausted by the war. As gross domestic production grew in European countries, trade grew. When common security tensions lessened, this loosened the transatlantic dependence on defence concerns, and allowed latent economic tensions to surface.
    [edit] Dollar

    Reinforcing the relative decline in U.S. power and the dissatisfaction of Europe and Japan with the system was the continuing decline of the dollar—the foundation that had underpinned the post-1945 global trading system. The Vietnam War and the refusal of the administration of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson to pay for it and its Great Society programs through taxation resulted in an increased dollar outflow to pay for the military expenditures and rampant inflation, which led to the deterioration of the U.S. balance of trade position.[citation needed] In the late 1960s, the dollar was overvalued with its current trading position, while the Deutsche Mark and the yen were undervalued; and, naturally, the Germans and the Japanese had no desire to revalue and thereby make their exports more expensive, whereas the U.S. sought to maintain its international credibility by avoiding devaluation. Meanwhile, the pressure on government reserves was intensified by the new international currency markets, with their vast pools of speculative capital moving around in search of quick profits.[15]

    In contrast, upon the creation of Bretton Woods, with the U.S. producing half of the world’s manufactured goods and holding half its reserves, the twin burdens of international management and the Cold War were possible to meet at first. Throughout the 1950s Washington sustained a balance of payments deficit to finance loans, aid, and troops for allied regimes. But during the 1960s the costs of doing so became less tolerable. By 1970 the U.S. held under 16% of international reserves. Adjustment to these changed realities was impeded by the U.S. commitment to fixed exchange rates and by the U.S. obligation to convert dollars into gold on demand.[citation needed]

    [edit] Paralysis of international monetary management
    [edit] Floating-rate Bretton Woods system 1968–1972

    By 1968, the attempt to defend the dollar at a fixed peg of $35/ounce, the policy of the Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson administrations, had become increasingly untenable. Gold outflows from the U.S. accelerated, and despite gaining assurances from Germany and other nations to hold gold, the unbalanced fiscal spending of the Johnson administration had transformed the dollar shortage of the 1940s and 1950s into a dollar glut by the 1960s. In 1967, the IMF agreed in Rio de Janeiro to replace the tranche division set up in 1946. Special Drawing Rights were set as equal to one U.S. dollar, but were not usable for transactions other than between banks and the IMF. Nations were required to accept holding Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) equal to three times their allotment, and interest would be charged, or credited, to each nation based on their SDR holding. The original interest rate was 1.5%.

    The intent of the SDR system was to prevent nations from buying pegged gold and selling it at the higher free market price, and give nations a reason to hold dollars by crediting interest, at the same time setting a clear limit to the amount of dollars that could be held. The essential conflict was that the American role as military defender of the capitalist world’s economic system was recognized, but not given a specific monetary value. In effect, other nations  purchased  American defense policy by taking a loss in holding dollars. They were only willing to do this as long as they supported U.S. military policy. Because of the Vietnam War and other unpopular actions, the pro-U.S. consensus began to evaporate. The SDR agreement, in effect, monetized the value of this relationship, but did not create a market for it.

    The use of SDRs as paper gold seemed to offer a way to balance the system, turning the IMF, rather than the U.S., into the world’s central banker. The U.S. tightened controls over foreign investment and currency, including mandatory investment controls in 1968. In 1970, U.S. President Richard Nixon lifted import quotas on oil in an attempt to reduce energy costs; instead, however, this exacerbated dollar flight, and created pressure from petro-dollars. Still, the U.S. continued to draw down reserves. In 1971 it had a reserve deficit of $56 billion; as well, it had depleted most of its non-gold reserves and had only 22% gold coverage of foreign reserves. In short, the dollar was tremendously overvalued with respect to gold.
    [edit] Nixon Shock
    Main article: Nixon Shock

    By the early 1970s, as the Vietnam War accelerated inflation, the United States as a whole began running a trade deficit. The crucial turning point was 1970, which saw U.S. gold coverage deteriorate from 55% to 22%. This, in the view of neoclassical economists, represented the point where holders of the dollar had lost faith in the ability of the U.S. to cut budget and trade deficits.

    In 1971 more and more dollars were being printed in Washington, then being pumped overseas, to pay for government expenditure on the military and social programs. In the first six months of 1971, assets for $22 billion fled the U.S. In response, on August 15, 1971, Nixon unilaterally imposed 90-day wage and price controls, a 10% import surcharge, and most importantly  closed the gold window , making the dollar inconvertible to gold directly, except on the open market. Unusually, this decision was made without consulting members of the international monetary system or even his own State Department, and was soon dubbed the  Nixon Shock .

    The surcharge was dropped in December 1971 as part of a general revaluation of major currencies, which were henceforth allowed 2.25% devaluations from the agreed exchange rate. But even the more flexible official rates could not be defended against the speculators. By March 1976, all the major currencies were floating—in other words, exchange rates were no longer the principal method used by governments to administer monetary policy.
    [edit] Smithsonian Agreement
    Main article: Smithsonian Agreement

    The shock of August 15 was followed by efforts under U.S. leadership to develop a new system of international monetary management. Throughout the fall of 1971, there was a series of multilateral and bilateral negotiations of the Group of Ten seeking to develop a new multilateral monetary system.

    On December 17 and 18, 1971, the Group of Ten, meeting in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, created the Smithsonian Agreement, which devalued the dollar to $38/ounce, with 2.25% trading bands, and attempted to balance the world financial system using SDRs alone. It was criticized at the time, and was by design a  temporary  agreement. It failed to impose discipline on the U.S. government, and with no other credibility mechanism in place, the pressure against the dollar in gold continued.

    This resulted in gold becoming a floating asset, and in 1971 it reached $44.20/ounce, in 1972 $70.30/ounce and still climbing. By 1972, currencies began abandoning even this devalued peg against the dollar, though it took a decade for all of the industrialized nations to do so. In February 1973 the Bretton Woods currency exchange markets closed, after a last-gasp devaluation of the dollar to $44/ounce, and reopened in March in a floating currency regime.
    [edit] Bretton Woods II
    Main article: Bretton Woods II

    Dooley, Folkerts-Landau and Garber have referred to the monetary system of today as Bretton Woods II. They argue that today, like 40 years ago, the international system is composed of a core issuing the dominant international currency, and a periphery. The periphery is committed to export-led growth based on the maintenance of an undervalued exchange rate. In the 1960s, the core was the United States and the periphery was Europe and Japan. This old periphery has since ‘graduated’, and the new periphery is Asia. The core remains the same, the United States. The argument is that a system of pegged currencies, in which the periphery export capital to the core that provides a financial intermediary role is both stable and desirable, although this notion is controversial.[16]

    This meaning of  Bretton Woods 2  has been somewhat superseded in the wake of the Global financial crisis of 2008, as policymakers and others have called for a new international monetary system that some of them dub Bretton Woods 2. On the other side this crisis has revived the debate about Bretton Woods II.[Notes 6]

    The term dollar hegemony is coined by Henry C.K. Liu to describe the hegemonic role of the US dollar in the globalized economy.
    On September 26, 2008, French president, Nicolas Sarkozy, said,  we must rethink the financial system from scratch, as at Bretton Woods.”[17]

    On September 24-25, 2009 US President Obama hosted the G20 in Pittsburgh at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center. A realignment of currency exchange rates was proposed. This meeting’s policy outcome could be known as the Pittsburgh Agreement of 2009, where deficit nations may devalue their currencies and surplus nations may revalue theirs upward.
    [edit] Academic legacy

    The collapse of the Bretton Woods system led to the study in economics of credibility as a distinct field, and to the prominence of  open  macroeconomic models, such as the Mundell-Fleming model.[citation needed]
    [edit] Pegged rates

    Dates shown are those on which the rate was introduced;  *  indicates floating rate supplied by IMF[18]
    [edit] Japanese yen
    Date     # yens = $1 US
    August 1946     15
    12 March 1947     50
    5 July 1948     270
    25 April 1949     360
    20 July 1971     308
    30 December 1998     115.60*
    5 December 2008     92.499*

    Note: GDP for 2007 is $4.272 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] Deutsche Mark
    Date     # marks = $1 US     Note
    21 June 1948     3.33
    18 September 1949     4.20
    6 March 1961     4
    29 October 1969     3.67
    30 December 1998     1.673*     Last day of trading; converted to euro (Jan 4 1999)

    Note: GDP for 2007 is $2.807 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] Pound sterling
    Date     # pounds = $1 US
    27 December 1945     1/4.03 = 0.25
    18 September 1949     1/2.8 = 0.36
    17 November 1967     1/2.4 = 0.42
    30 December 1998     0.598*
    5 December 2008     0.681*

    Note: GDP for 2007 is $2.1 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] French franc
    Date     # francs = $1 US     Note
    27 December 1945     119.11     £1 = 480 FRF
    26 January 1948     214.39     £1 = 864 FRF
    18 October 1948     263.52     £1 = 1062 FRF
    27 April 1949     272.21     £1 = 1097 FRF
    20 September 1949     350     £1 = 980 FRF
    10 August 1957     420     £1 = 1176 FRF
    27 December 1958     493.71     1 FRF = 1.8 mg gold
    1 January 1960     4.9371     1 new franc = 100 old francs
    10 August 1968     5.48     1 new franc = 162 mg gold
    31 December 1998     5.627*     Last day of trading; converted to euro (Jan 4 1999)

    Note: GDP for 2007 is $2.075 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] Italian lira
    Date     # lire = $1 US     Note
    4 January 1946     225
    26 March 1946     509
    7 January 1947     350
    28 November 1947     575
    18 September 1949     625
    31 December 1998     1,654.569*     Last day of trading; converted to euro (Jan 4 1999)

    Note: GDP for 2007 is $1.8 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] Spanish peseta
    Date     # pesetas = $1 US     Note
    17 July 1959     60
    20 November 1967     70     Devalued in line with sterling
    31 December 1998     142.734*     Last day of trading; converted to euro (Jan 4 1999)

    Note: GDP for 2007 is $1.361 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] Dutch gulden
    Date     # gulden = $1 US     Note
    27 December 1945     2.652
    20 September 1949     3.8
    7 March 1961     3.62
    31 December 1998     1.888*     Last day of trading; converted to euro (Jan 4 1999)

    Note: GDP for 2007 is $0.645 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] Belgian franc
    Date     # francs = $1 US     Note
    27 December 1945     43.77
    1946     43.8725
    21 September 1949     50
    31 December 1998     34.605*     Last day of trading; converted to euro (Jan 4 1999)
    Note: GDP for 2007 is $0.376 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] Greek drachma
    Date     # drachmae = $1 US     Note
    1954     30
    31 December 1998     281.821*     Last day of trading; converted to euro (Jan 4 1999)

    Note: GDP for 2007 is $0.327 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] Swiss franc
    Date     # francs = $1 US     Note
    27 December 1945     4.30521     £1 = 17.35 CHF
    September 1949     4.375     £1 = 12.25 CHF
    31 December 1998     1.377*     £1 = 2.289 CHF
    5 December 2008     1.211*     £1 = ? CHF

    Note: GDP for 2007 is $0.303 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] Danish krone
    Date     # kroner = $1 US     Note
    August 1945     4.8
    19 September 1949     6.91     Devalued in line with sterling
    21 November 1967     7.5
    31 December 1998     6.392*
    5 December 2008     5.882*

    Note: GDP for 2007 is $0.203 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] Finnish markka
    Date     # markkaa = $1 US     Note
    17 October 1945     136
    5 July 1949     160
    19 September 1949     230
    15 September 1957     320
    1 January 1963     3.2     1 new markka = 100 old markkaa
    12 October 1967     4.2
    30 December 1998     5.084*     Last day of trading; converted to euro (Jan 4 1999)

    Note: GDP for 2007 is $0.188 trillion US Dollars
    [edit] See also

    * List of international trade topics
    * Anti-globalization
    * General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
    * Globalization
    * Gold as an investment
    * Globalization and Health

    * Foreign exchange reserves
    * Monetary hegemony
    * Neoliberalism
    * Post-war economic boom
    * Triffin’s dilemma
    * Washington Consensus
    * World Bank

    [edit] Notes

    1. ^ For discussions of how liberal ideas motivated U.S. foreign economic policy after World War II, see, e.g., Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969) and David P. Calleo and Benjamin M. Rowland, American and World Political Economy (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1973).
    2. ^ Quoted in Robert A. Pollard, Economic Security and the Origins of the Cold War, 1945-1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), p.8.
    3. ^ discussed in: Lundestad, Geir, Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945–1952, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Sep., 1986), pp. 263–277, Sage Publications, Ltd. http://www.jstor.org/stable/423824 and Ikenberry, G. John, A World Economy Restored: Expert Consensus and the Anglo-American Postwar Settlement, International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 1, Knowledge, Power, and International Policy Coordination (Winter, 1992), pp. 289–321, The MIT Press http://www.jstor.org/stable/2706958
    4. ^ Comments by John Maynard Keynes in his speech at the closing plenary session of the Bretton Woods Conference on July 22, 1944 in Donald Moggeridge (ed.), The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (London: Cambridge University Press, 1980), vol. 26, p. 101. This comment also can be found quoted online at [1]
    5. ^ Comments by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall in his June 1947 speech  Against Hunger, Poverty, Desperation and Chaos  at a Harvard University commencement ceremony. A full transcript of his speech can be read online at [2]
    6. ^ For a recent publication see: Michael P. Dooley, David Folkerts-Landau, Peter M. Garber: Bretton Woods II still defines the international monetary system. National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2009. http://www.nber.org/papers/w14731

    [edit] References

    1. ^ Michael Hudson, Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance, 2nd ed. (London and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2003), ch. 5.
    2. ^ Dimitrova, K., Nenovsky, N., G. Pavanelli. (2007). Exchange Control in Italy and Bulgaria in the Interwar Period: History and Perspectives, ICER, Working Paper No. 40.
    3. ^ Hull, Cordell (1948). The Memoirs of Cordell Hull: vol. 1. New York: Macmillan. pp. 81.
    4. ^ Baruch to E. Coblentz, March 23, 1945, Papers of Bernard Baruch, Princeton University Library, Princeton, N.J quoted in Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War (New York, 2002), p.12.
    5. ^ http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Why-Bretton-Wood-II-will-flop-L9VEK?OpenDocument&src=sph[dead link]
    6. ^ P. Skidelsky,  John Maynard Keynes , (2003), pp. 817-820
    7. ^ Mason, Edward S.; Asher, Robert E. (1973). The World Bank Since Bretton Woods. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. pp. 105–107, 124–135.
    8. ^ http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/center/mm/eng/mm_sc_03.htm
    9. ^  Wilson defends ‘pound in your pocket’ . BBC News. 1967-11-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/19/newsid_3208000/3208396.stm.
    10. ^ Francis J. Gavin, Gold, Dollars, and Power – The Politics of International Monetary Relations, 1958-1971, The University of North Carolina Press (2003), ISBN 0-8078-5460-3
    11. ^  Memorandum of discussion, Federal Open Market Committee . Federal Reserve. 1968-03-14. http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/fomcmod19680314.pdf.
    12. ^ United States Congress, Public Law 90-269, 1968-03-18
    13. ^ Speech by Darryl R. Francis, President Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (1968-07-12).  The Balance of Payments, The Dollar, and Gold . p. 7. http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/historicaldocs/DRF68/download/38004/Francis_19680712.pdf.
    14. ^ Larry Elliott , Dan Atkinson (2008). The Gods That Failed: How Blind Faith in Markets Has Cost Us Our Future. The Bodley Head Ltd. p. 6–15, 72-81. ISBN 1847920306.
    15. ^ a b c Laurence Copeland. Exchange Rates and International Finance (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 10–35. ISBN 0273-683063.
    16. ^ Dooley, Folkerts-Landau, and Garber (2003): ‘An Essay on the Revived Bretton Woods System’ NBER Working Papers; for a critique, Eichengreen, Barry (2004): Global Imbalances and the Lessons of Bretton Woods NBER Working Papers
    17. ^ George Parker, Tony Barber and Daniel Dombey (October 9, 2008).  Senior figures call for new Bretton Woods ahead of Bank/Fund meetings . http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2988.
    18. ^ Data & Statistics supplied by the International Monetary fund web site

    [edit] Further reading

    * Van Dormael, A.; Bretton Woods : birth of a monetary system; London MacMillan 1978
    * Michael D. Bordo and Barry Eichengreen; A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform; 1993
    * Harold James; International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods; Oxford University Press, USA 1996

    [edit] External links

    * Donald Markwell, John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press, 2006
    * The Gold Battles Within the Cold War (PDF) by Francis J. Gavin (2002)
    * International Financial Stability (PDF) by Michael Dooley, PhD, David Folkerts-Landau and Peter Garber, Deutsche Bank (October 2005)
    *  Bretton Woods System , prepared for the Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy by Dr. B. Cohen
    * Bretton Woods Agreement by Addison Wiggin, co-author of Empire of Debt
    * Dollar Hegemony by Henry C.K. Liu

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    Retrieved from  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system
    Categories: Economic history | International trade | International economics | Foreign exchange market | World Bank

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system

    the actual place -

    http://www.brettonwoods.com/
    with mountains, lodge and skiing

    ***

    http://www.utexas.edu/lbj/faculty/gavin/articles/gold_battles.pdf

    gold_battles.pdf

    THE GOLD BATTLES WITHIN THE COLD WAR:
    American Monetary Policy and the Defense of Europe, 1960-1963
    Accepted for Publication in Diplomatic History
    Francis J. Gavin
    University of Texas at Austin
    President John F. Kennedy often told his advisers that “the two things which scared him most were nuclear weapons and the payments deficit.”1

    Kennedy’s sensitivity to the nuclear danger is well documented and completely understandable. But why was he so afraid of the U.S. balance of payments deficit? Why did he compare a technical problem of international monetary economics to the dangers of a nuclear war?
    These two problems–one involving monetary policy, the other a question of basic American security policy–were inextricably linked in fundamental ways during the Kennedyyears. It is impossible to understand the full complexities and nuances of U.S. Cold War strategy in Europe during this pivotal period without coming to terms with the balance of payments and
    gold question. Likewise, these complicated monetary issues make no sense unless they are understood within their political and security context. The whole spectrum of the Kennedy administration’s policy toward Europe–ranging from the German question to nuclear sharing policy–cannot be understood without reference to U.S. monetary policy.
    Although there is no shortage of scholarship on the foreign policy and Cold War strategy of the Kennedy administration, the question of the U.S. balance of payments deficit and gold outflow has been ignored or marginalized in the historical literature. For example, the standard account of U.S. strategy and foreign policy during the Kennedy years, Michael Beschloss’s The Crisis Years, does not once mention the payments deficit or gold outflow problem.2

    Those historians who have addressed U.S. monetary policy treat the issue as strictly a question of foreign economic policy, unrelated to the core power political issues of the period. Thus, William Borden characterizes Kennedy’s monetary policy as “an aggressive but ultimately futile defense of American economic hegemony.” Other historians and political scientists have
    suggested that the deficit was a symbol of American decline, produced by a combination of economic malaise at home and imperial overstretch abroad. 3 This assessment, however, has been largely rejected in the professional economics literature.4 All of these accounts fail to consider how the dollar and gold problem was central to the most important security questions of the day.
    Because of Kennedy’s advocacy of the so-called flexible response doctrine, it has been an article of faith among diplomatic historians that his administration sought to strengthen and enlarge the U.S. conventional commitment in Europe.5 But in fact the link between monetary and security policy led the Kennedy administration, starting in the spring of 1962, to seriously consider plans to withdraw U.S. troops from Europe. Kennedy, like Eisenhower before him, identified generous U.S. political and security policy in Europe — chiefly the decision to station six army divisions in West Germany — as the root cause of the nation’s international monetary woes. Furthermore, Kennedy was terrified that the countries that benefited most from American military protection — France and West Germany — might use their newfound monetary leverage to compel changes in U.S. political and security policies in Europe.
    This struggle over the U.S. troop commitment and the nature of America’s relations with
    Europe was at the heart of the “gold battles” within the Cold War. On the surface, it appeared to
    be a contentious but simple dispute over burden-sharing within the Western Alliance. In fact, the
    3
    gold battle within the alliance during the early 1960s was one of the most important components
    of a complex and bitter political struggle between the United States and France and West
    Germany over the direction of the alliance and its Cold War strategy. While the dispute was at
    heart over political and strategic matters – West German chancellor Konrad Adenauer and French
    president Charles de Gaulle were deeply disturbed by Kennedy’s nuclear sharing and Berlin
    policies — the field of battle was often economic and monetary. Negotiations and discussions
    about payments deficits and gold holdings, which by mid-1962 included serious threats of
    American troop withdrawals, often masked a deeper struggle over the leadership and direction of
    the NATO alliance.
    Would the president order American troops back home from Europe? This question was
    the starting point for the second gold battle, namely the sharp and at times acrimonious
    bureaucratic struggle within the Kennedy administration over resolving the balance of payments
    deficit and gold outflow. Secretary of the Treasury Douglas Dillon and his undersecretary,
    Robert Roosa, argued that troop withdrawals were necessary to avoid international monetary
    chaos abroad and deflation and possibly depression at home. Surprisingly, Secretary of Defense
    Robert McNamara and his lieutenant, Roswell Gilpatric, supported the Treasury Department’s
    efforts to bring American troops back home.6 The State Department, led in this struggle by
    Undersecretary of State George Ball, vehemently opposed even the smallest reduction in
    American ground forces in Western Europe. They understood that American troops served a
    political as well as a military role, and feared that a large withdrawal could undermine West
    Germany’s confidence in NATO and possibly lead to an anti-American Franco-German bloc, or
    worse, a nuclearized Bundeswehr. Supported by the Council of Economic Advisers, the State
    4
    Department advocated plans to reform and recast the international monetary system in the hope
    that improved payments arrangements would eliminate the monetary pressure to withdraw U.S.
    ground forces from Western Europe.
    These gold battles offer a window into a dramatic interallied conflict in which monetary
    disputes often masked a bitter political struggle over NATO strategy, the German question, and
    the politics of nuclear weapons. This story also calls into question the standard historical view
    that the Bretton Woods monetary system functioned smoothly and efficiently during the late
    1950s and early 1960s. Most importantly, the history of the gold battles within the Cold War
    forces us to reconsider the false divide that persists between the study of economic policy — and
    particularly monetary policy — and foreign policy and military strategy in the historical literature
    on that period. No history of this critical time in American foreign policy is complete unless the
    story behind economic and security policy is woven together and presented as a whole.
    Charles de Gaulle claimed that the international monetary system allowed the United
    States to live beyond its means and forced the European surplus countries to finance America’s
    military empire overseas. He wanted the major Western powers to negotiate a new arrangement
    that was more fair and rational.7 President Kennedy also argued that the global payments system
    was unfair. The unique role of the dollar left U.S. foreign policy and military strategy hostage to
    the whims of European surplus countries that selfishly exploited the system to accumulate
    payments surpluses. What might explain such conflicting perspectives? Why did both the
    leaders of both surplus and deficit states connect monetary relations to larger security concerns?
    5
    At first glance, these questions are perplexing. The founders of the Bretton Woods
    system explicitly designed the system to disentangle international monetary relations from power
    politics, and the conventional wisdom among historians holds that they succeeded.8 But, in fact,
    postwar monetary relations were highly politicized and required constant political intervention to
    keep the system functioning smoothly.9
    The most troubling design flaw was the lack of an effective, automatic mechanism to adjust and settle the payments imbalances that inevitably arose between surplus and deficit countries. Payments imbalances emerge because countries pursue different economic and monetary policies. This produces different national inflation and savings rates, changing the relative value or purchasing power of their currency. If Country A starts out with a currency equal in value to its trading partner, Country B, but has monetary policies that make its prices rise twice as fast, eventually Country A will run a balance of payments deficit with Country B.
    This deficit could be settled in any number of ways. Country A could change its exchange rate to reflect the new purchasing power of its currency (i.e., devalue or let its value be determined by currency markets), arrange for Country B to finance its deficit with loans (if B was willing), or settle its deficit by transferring a mutually acceptable reserve asset, such as gold. In certain types of systems, there is no decision to be made, because adjustment happens automatically. In a pure gold standard, the exchange rates remain fixed, but gold is transferred to settle deficits.10 In a flexible or floating exchange rate system, market driven shifts in the exchange rate between countries A and B will remedy the balance of payments imbalance.11
    The Bretton Woods planners rejected both systems on principle. Mindful of the competitive devaluations during the 1930s, they believed that flexible exchange rates — where the
    6
    relative value of currencies is determined by purchases and sales in an open market — were erratic, allowed destabilizing capital flows, and gave far too much control over the economy to bankers and speculators.12 To their mind, a pure gold standard was no better. Under this type of system, a state with a payments deficit lost gold, which would decrease the domestic monetary base and result in a decline in the currency’s purchasing power. Imports would fall, exports would rise, and the payments would balance. But the loss of gold and the decreased money supply also meant a fall in aggregate domestic demand, which meant deflation or even depression.13 In an era where full employment and robust social spending were promised, it was
    politically inconceivable that national governments would accept a process that depressed
    national income and led to unemployment in order to balance international payments.14
    The Bretton Woods system was designed to produce stable exchange rates while shielding
    national economies from demand shifts produced by gold flows. But from the standpoint of
    monetary policy, these two goals contradicted each other. This system did not provide a way to
    guarantee price stability across borders, and there was no automatic mechanism to adjust the
    payments imbalances that inevitably arose.15 These structural problems guaranteed that chronic
    balance of payments problems would mushroom into full-scale political problems, both
    domestically and between nations. This problem first arose during the immediate postwar
    period, when Western Europe ran massive payments deficits with the United States. European
    governments were unwilling to allow their national exchange rates to be determined by currency
    markets. Nor did they want to impose the type of deflationary policies that would have been
    required to reduce imports and increase exports. Instead, the so-called dollar gap was resolved by
    a series of political interventions: the Europeans imposed trade and exchange controls, undertook
    7
    a round of devaluations vis-à-vis the dollar in 1949, and received large amounts of American aid
    to close their deficits.16
    As the economies of Western Europe recovered and became more competitive during the
    1950s, these payments deficits vis-à-vis the United States began to turn to surpluses. By
    Eisenhower’s second term, the dollar gap became a glut. As these dollars were increasingly traded
    in for gold, American policymakers became worried. If the balance of payments deficits
    continued at the rate of $3-4 billion per year, and if most of these deficit dollars were used to
    purchase American gold, the U.S. gold supply would disappear in short order.17 The normal
    recourse might be devaluation. But here again the Bretton Woods system had a design flaw. The
    U.S. dollar supplemented gold as a reserve, held by countries around the world to finance their
    trade. If the dollar’s value were in doubt, no one would hold it as a reserve asset in their central
    banks: they would sell it for a more reliable asset, like gold. But if the dollar no longer
    supplemented gold as a reserve asset, then a large portion of the world’s liquidity used to finance
    international trade would be destroyed. The competition for scarce gold might unleash trade and
    currency wars, beggar-thy-neighbor economic policies, and competitive devaluations. This was
    precisely the scenario that most economists and policymakers believed had caused and deepened
    the Great Depression of the 1930s.18
    The administration rejected a policy of trade and capital controls to end the deficit and
    gold outflow. Instead, they began to scrutinize balance of payments cost of government
    expenditures overseas, particularly troop deployment costs, an account the administration could
    control without reversing the cherished goal of trade and currency liberalization. U.S. foreign
    8
    exchange expenditures in NATO Europe were roughly the size of the national deficit, a fact few
    found coincidental.
    President Dwight D. Eisenhower had supported troop withdrawal schemes even before
    the dollar weakened.19 If the Americans made a permanent commitment to defend the
    Europeans, he reasoned, the latter would have no incentive to provide for their own security.
    But by 1959, Eisenhower felt that the burgeoning U.S. balance of payments deficit and gold
    outflow made U.S. troop withdrawals urgent. Eisenhower told the Supreme Allied Commander,
    Europe (SACEUR), General Lauris Norstad, that it was time to  put the facts of life before the
    Europeans concerning the reduction of our forces.  The Europeans were  ‘making a sucker out of
    Uncle Sam.  With the United States paying for the whole strategic deterrent force, all space
    activities, most of NATO’s infrastructure cost, and large naval and air forces, why should it also
    pay for six U.S. Army divisions, especially when these troops were threatening American
    financial strength?  Our gold is flowing out and we must not weaken our basic economic
    strength.  20
    Eisenhower was thwarted in his efforts to implement massive troop withdrawals by the
    same bureaucratic alignments that confronted Kennedy during his presidency.21 While the
    Treasury Department was a strong advocate of “redeployment” schemes, the Europeanists
    within the State Department successfully resisted the president’s preference for American troop
    withdrawals. And he never developed an alternate monetary policy. For one thing, Eisenhower
    had little understanding of how monetary policy actually worked and once suggested that
    perhaps the monetary crisis could be solved if uranium could “be substituted for gold” as the
    reserve metal of the international monetary system.22 The president tried to get the Western
    9
    Europeans to help offset the American deficit through military purchases and grants; but by the
    time he sent a high-level State-Treasury delegation to West Germany to discuss the matter, he
    was already a lame duck president with little leverage over his allies.23 Before departing, the
    administration did manage to warn the alliance that the United States was determined to correct
    the international payments situation, which has an importance beyond the financial field. 24
    But it would be left to the Kennedy administration to find a way to make the Western European
    surplus countries accept this principle that monetary and security issues were inextricably
    interconnected.
    The balance of payments question did not catch the incoming Kennedy administration by
    surprise. During the campaign there had been rumors that Kennedy would pursue loose
    monetary and or fiscal policies if elected, or even follow Franklin Roosevelt’s example and
    devalue the dollar. Kennedy’s campaign moved quickly to squelch this speculation, and on 31
    October Kennedy issued a public statement declaring his commitment to maintain the dollar price
    of gold at $35 an ounce.25
    Ironically, this public concern was unwarranted, as the incoming president wanted to
    convince the public — and especially Wall Street and the international banking community — that
    he would not pursue unrestrained fiscal and monetary programs. During their first transition
    meeting, Kennedy nodded approvingly when Eisenhower warned that the United States was
    carrying “far more than her share of free world defense” and would have to start bringing
    American troops home from Europe.26 A transition committee on the balance of payments
    advised Kennedy to appoint a secretary of the treasury who “enjoys high respect and confidence
    10
    in the international financial world” in order to restore confidence to the dollar.27 To the horror
    of many New Frontiersmen, Kennedy passed over economic liberals like John Kenneth Galbraith
    and Averell Harriman and chose the conservative Republican and Wall Street stalwart Douglas
    Dillon to be his Secretary of the Treasury. Kennedy risked alienating his closest supporters to
    demonstrate his concern for the stability of the dollar. When Senator Albert Gore, Sr., a
    Tennessee Democrat (and a presumptive candidate for the Treasury position himself) told
    Kennedy that selecting Dillon signaled a continuation of the stagnant policies of the Republicans,
    Kennedy protested. “Albert, I got less than 50 percent of the vote. The first requirement of the
    Treasury job is acceptability to the financial community.”28
    As a counterweight to Dillon, the president selected the pro-growth liberal economist
    Walter Heller as the chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. Heller advocated looser
    fiscal and monetary policies to spur high domestic growth, policies that would inevitably weaken
    the dollar and increase the gold outflow. By putting advisers with diametrically opposed views
    in the top economic policymaking spots, Kennedy guaranteed that, like FDR, he would never be
    railroaded into a decision.29 Kennedy also strived to break down what he saw as the
    bureaucratic morass and inertia that had plagued the Eisenhower administrations. He relied on
    key White House advisers like Carl Kaysen and Walt Rostow from a pared-down National
    Security Council to make sense of the conflicting opinions offered by cabinet secretaries. While
    this process provided Kennedy with an array of opinions, it often prevented his advisers from
    unanimously supporting a policy option. Kennedy often felt out of his league on questions of
    international monetary relations, and the president often deferred making difficult choices for as
    long as he could.30
    11
    During its first months, the Kennedy administration developed a three-pronged
    international monetary policy that mirrored aspects of Eisenhower’s philosophy but that
    differed dramatically from his predecessor’s tactics. First, those countries that gained foreign
    exchange because of U.S. defense expenditures were pressured to “offset” this gain by spending
    those surplus dollars on military equipment from the United States. Surplus countries were also
    asked to hold “voluntarily” surplus dollars earned through U.S. defense commitments and not use
    them to purchase U.S. gold. The second part of the Kennedy strategy involved constructing
    elaborate, multilateral defenses against speculative attacks on the dollar or runs on the American
    gold supply. Concurrently, the administration considered plans and proposals to reform and
    improve the global payments system. Finally, the Kennedy administration initiated serious trade
    negotiations aimed at lowering European tariffs. European support was expected for all of these
    initiatives. If the Europeans — and especially the Germans — did not come forward and
    cooperate, this would be taken as a sign that Europe no longer needed American protection.
    Dillon’s lieutenant and undersecretary for international monetary affairs, Robert Roosa,
    successfully negotiated an elaborate array of multilateral defenses for the dollar in 1961 and 1962.
    Roosa constructed sophisticated currency swap arrangements and standby borrowing
    arrangements that allowed deficit countries to stave off attacks on their currencies.31 Roosa’s
    most important accomplishment was establishing the gold pool, a consortium of industrial
    nations who intervened in the London gold markets whenever the price of the dollar seemed
    threatened. Though the cooperative arrangements negotiated by Roosa were quite impressive,
    they were at best temporary expedients, that did nothing to solve the basic problem: the
    American balance of payments deficit. Furthermore, these arrangements depended upon the
    12
    cooperation of the two largest surplus countries, France and West Germany, to keep the dollar
    afloat.
    The strategy of seeking “offsets” proved far more difficult and acrimonious. Kennedy
    wanted to establish the principle that every dollar spent in Germany defending Europe should be
    used by the Federal Republic to purchase American military equipment-hence the term “offset.”
    This would serve two purposes: relieve the American payments deficit and increase the West
    German Bundeswehr’s capacity to fight a conventional war. The Germans resented both of these
    aims. They felt singled out, since the U.S. troops were defending all of Western Europe but the
    Federal Republic was the only country offering significant relief. And the West German
    leadership disliked any change in strategy that emphasized fighting the Soviets with conventional
    rather than nuclear forces. The offset arrangement would also make West Germany even more
    dependent upon the United States by foreclosing arms arrangements with European, and
    especially French, suppliers. Finally, there was the fear that by building up West German
    conventional forces, the Kennedy administration was making it possible for the United States to
    withdraw its own conventional forces in the future.
    These factors made the negotiations very difficult at first, and the same German
    negotiating team that had rejected Eisenhower’s proposals seemed no more inclined to accept
    Kennedy’s ideas.32 But the new administration rejected both the Federal Republic’s offer and its
    framework for viewing the balance of payments problem. Kennedy insisted that the dollar and
    gold crisis be seen as a problem for all of NATO, and not just the United States. The West
    German surplus was the “mirror” image of the American deficit, and it was wrong for NATO
    countries to exploit dollars acquired through U.S. expenditures defending Europe.33 The
    13
    president would not shy away from hardball tactics to make this point during his negotiations
    with the Federal Republic. “As the Chancellor is interested in power it would seem to me that I
    should give Mr. Brentano a sense of our disappointment with their progress.”34
    The intensification of the Berlin crisis in the summer of 1961 brought a rapid
    improvement in the offset negotiations, as the Americans exploited their newfound leverage
    against the Germans.35 “We are approaching the strongest bargaining position since the
    negotiations began. Our negotiating leverage is increased by the possibility of major deployments
    to assist in the defense of Berlin and Germany.”36 A full offset agreement was reached in
    October, and it included a provision to examine how to reduce the American balance of payments
    costs of any crisis induced troop buildup.37 The agreement seemed to establish a link between
    the American troop presence and continued, full offset of U.S. foreign exchange costs. But if this
    linkage was embraced by the Kennedy administration, it was not fully accepted in West
    Germany, where offset was seen as a temporary arrangement to give the Americans time to get
    their monetary house in order.
    This difference in views would become a great source of tension in the future. In fact,
    disagreements over the nature and meaning of the offset arrangement became a symbolic
    battlefield where the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States clashed over larger
    issues of NATO strategy in Europe. For the Germans, the question became: Why should we
    support the dollar and underwrite U.S. security policies in Europe when they are at crosspurposes
    with our own foreign policy? The question for the Kennedy administration was
    equally sharp: why should we continue to threaten our international monetary position if those
    we are protecting refuse to help us out, and in fact, continue to exploit our monetary
    14
    vulnerability for their own gain? Monetary policy became an important inter allied lever to
    influence and affect NATO’s security policies.
    By early 1962, the Kennedy administration’s balance of payments strategy seemed to be
    in place. The Federal Republic of Germany had signed an offset agreement, trade negotiations
    had begun, and Robert Roosa had negotiated a whole series of sophisticated defenses for the U.S.
    dollar and gold supply. But two problems remained. First, the deficit was still dangerously
    large. Second, Kennedy’s monetary policy relied on the goodwill of the European surplus
    countries. The countries with the largest surpluses were West Germany and France. And by the
    spring of 1962, U.S. political relations with both these countries had deteriorated sharply. How
    much sense did it make sense to base U.S. monetary policy on continued cooperation from two
    allies who were increasingly hostile to Kennedy’s security policies in Europe?38
    There were two, related reasons for the deep political tensions between the United States
    and France and West Germany: U.S. Berlin policy and its attitude toward independent national
    nuclear forces.39 On Berlin, Adenauer and de Gaulle feared that the policy developed by
    Kennedy during the summer of 1961 was simultaneously too belligerent and too accommodating
    towards the Soviets.40 Adenauer and de Gaulle were also angered by what they believed was
    Kennedy’s revision of U.S. military strategy toward a greater reliance on conventional forces in
    the event of a Soviet attack and greater centralization of nuclear decision making in the hands of
    the American president.41 Both Adenauer and de Gaulle hated both aspects of a policy that
    eventually involved what came to be known as the “flexible response” doctrine.42
    15
    In fact, the changes between Eisenhower and Kennedy’s security policies were nowhere
    near as dramatic as the Europeans supposed.43 Both the flexible response doctrine and the
    Multilateral Force had its origins in the Eisenhower administration. Many of the strategic
    changes were driven by the rather unique dilemma presented by the Berlin crisis.44 Furthermore,
    Kennedy was often agnostic on the question of national nuclear forces and actually considered
    Robert McNamara’s remarkable suggestion that the United States aid the French nuclear program
    in return for de Gaulle’s help with the U.S. balance of payments deficit.45 The policy was
    rejected — largely because of its presumed effects on West Germany — but Kennedy never
    completely ruled out aiding the French program if de Gaulle were willing to support NATO in a
    meaningful way.46
    Still, a deep and far-reaching conflict was developing between the Kennedy
    administration, France and West Germany over the direction of NATO strategy by spring 1962.
    And from Kennedy’s perspective, a European attack on the weakened U.S. monetary position
    seemed a logical way to undermine U.S. security policies. Douglas Dillon told the president that
    a Bank of France official made a statement “which could indicate possible difficulties ahead with
    France. He said that it must be realized that France’s dollar holdings represented a political as
    well as an economic problem.”47 A widely circulated State Department memo summarized an
    article from The Statist that warned that de Gaulle was  fully prepared to play diplomatic trump
    card he holds in form of substantial French holdings of dollars. In other words, if America’s
    policy towards Europe clashed with French interests, de Gaulle would pressure Kennedy by
    purchasing gold from the United States.” Unless France was accepted as an equal, de Gaulle
    16
    “would not hesitate to make himself felt by resorting to devices liable to cause grave
    embarrassment to United States,” even at the cost of weakening free world strength. 48
    This deep strain in Franco-American relations was exposed in a remarkable meeting
    between President Kennedy and the French minister of state for Cultural Affairs, Andre Malraux.
    The president warned Malraux that if de Gaulle preferred a Europe dominated by Germany, then
    Kennedy would bring the troops home and save $1.3 billion, an amount that “would just about
    meet our balance of payments deficit.” If France wanted to lead a Europe independent from the
    United States, then Kennedy would “like nothing better than to leave Europe.” The United
    States had no taste for empire building:
    The president said that we have no sense of grandeur, and no
    tradition of leadership among the nations. Our tradition is
    fundamentally isolationist. Yet since World War II, we have carried
    heavy burdens. In our international balance of payments we have lost
    $12 billion, and the drain on our gold continues. We engaged in a
    heavy military buildup, and we have supported development of the
    Common Market . . . We find it difficult to understand the apparent
    determination of General de Gaulle to cut across our policies in
    Europe. 49
    The French leader dismissed the possibility that the United States could withdraw from
    Europe.50 De Gaulle accused the United States of dictating to its allies by entering into
    negotiations with the Soviets over Berlin and publicly stating that France should not have an
    atomic force. The Americans should stay out of European affairs except in the case of war.51
    17
    The president responded furiously: “We cannot give this kind of blank check.” The U.S. was not
    going to defend Europe, weaken the dollar, and remain politically silent. If Europe were ever
    organized in such a way as to leave the United States on the outside, the nation would bring its
    troops back home. “We shall not hesitate to make this point to the Germans if they show signs
    of accepting any idea of a Bonn-Paris axis.” 52 A Franco-American showdown appeared
    imminent, and Kennedy feared that France would exploit the vulnerability of the dollar to achieve
    its political ends.
    In July French finance minister Giscard D’Estaing told American officials that defenses
    for the dollar against a speculative attack were weak and that a cooperative effort was needed “on
    a grand scale.”53 Giscard suggested that the United States could not handle a real run on the
    dollar by itself, not even with the help of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Only if those
    European central banks that held large quantities of dollars cooperated with the United States
    could such a run be handled. Was Giscard making a threat or offering to help? Gold purchases
    had been increasing and the dollar market was weak. Alexis Johnson, a top State Department
    official, warned Giscard that the administration could end the deficit quickly if it “were to
    institute measures that we do not wish to undertake and which would be undesirable,” a clear
    reference to troop withdrawals.54 Giscard’s hints fed into the administration’s suspicions of
    French intentions, which combined with worsening gold outflow figures to stimulate a massive,
    inter governmental effort to develop plans to meet a monetary crisis.
    This whole question of a French attack on the dollar sparked the domestic component of
    the gold battles between State/CEA and Treasury during the summer of 1962. The
    administration began considering plans to overhaul American monetary policy and reform the
    18
    international monetary system that included gold guarantees, gold standstill agreements, and
    raising the dollar price of gold, either in concert with others or unilaterally.55 The State
    Department even prepared a draft memo for the use of the president should he want to end the
    American policy of redeeming gold on demand.56 Carl Kaysen sent the president an essay
    written by J. M. Keynes proposing an international payments system that dispensed with gold
    altogether, a dramatic departure from the conventional approach. Kaysen wrote the president:
    “The great attention paid to gold is another myth…. As you said of the Alliance for Progress,
    those who oppose reform may get revolution.”57
    George Ball set the terms for this new round of debate in a forceful memo to the president
    entitled “A Fresh Approach to the Gold Problem.” The under secretary of state believed that
    neither the Europeans, the Wall Street bankers, nor the administration’s own Treasury
    Department understood that the problem was at heart about politics, not economics. As long as
    the current rules were maintained, the U.S. would remain “subject to the blackmail of any
    government that wants to employ its dollar reserves as political weapons against us.” Ball
    recommended that the United States negotiate a “thorough-going” revision of the Bretton Woods
    system, “multi-lateralizing” responsibility for the creation of liquidity. Why did Ball think the
    Europeans would go along? “Central bankers may regard our expenditures to defend the Free
    World as a form of sin, but the political leaders of our Western allies do not.” 58 Predictably,
    Treasury found nothing “fresh” in Ball’s proposal. From Dillon’s perspective, the Ball proposal
    reflected the State Department’s “reluctance to squarely tackle the more difficult but
    fundamentally necessary job of obtaining a more adequate sharing of the burden of our European
    friends.”59
    19
    How did Kennedy respond to the irreconcilable alternatives presented by the State and
    Treasury Departments? As he had before, and would again in the future, Kennedy stalled.60
    Instead of making a decision, he dispatched a joint State-Treasury delegation to Europe to sound
    out the possibilities of a European sponsored initiative. The president wanted an agreement that
    would limit foreign purchases of U.S. gold; but Kennedy insisted that it had to appear to be a
    voluntary European initiative. The president feared that any evidence of U.S. pressure could
    shake the confidence of financial markets and lead to a run on American gold.61 Unable to speak
    openly and honestly with their European counterparts, the mission failed to elicit the hoped-for
    initiative, and high-level discussions of international monetary policy were pushed well into the
    background during the Cuban missile crisis and its aftermath.62
    Was the French government planning an attack on the dollar? It was well known that
    many high French officials believed that the international monetary system was rigged in favor of
    the Americans. The famous international monetary economist and close de Gaulle adviser
    Jacques Rueff had argued that the current gold exchange regime should be replaced by a pure gold
    standard.63 Rueff was to influence de Gaulle’s decision to publicly attack the dollar in a famous
    press conference in February 1965.64 The French foreign minister, Couve de Murville, argued
    that the dollar should be devalued. But was de Gaulle considering an attack on the dollar during
    the summer of 1962?65 France’s ambassador to the United States, Herve Alphand, told de Gaulle
    that Kennedy was receiving all sorts of dangerous advice on monetary policy from his advisers.
    Controls and a gold embargo were being considered. Alphand speculated that since Kennedy did
    not understand the economics of the issue, he would do what was politically expedient, which in
    the end might harm France’s interests. Kennedy wanted a secret negotiation with de Gaulle to
    20
    settle these issues on the highest political level. Alphand asked how he should respond to the
    American President. De Gaulle’s answer was cryptic. Just wait, he said. There was no point in
    talking to him now.66
    In January 1963, Secretary of the Treasury Douglas Dillon received two urgent memos
    from the president. The first concerned Dillon’s estimates for American gold losses. “I am
    concerned about the figures that you sent me on the gold drain for 1963. Won’t this bring us in
    January 1964 to a critically low point? What are the prospects that we could bring this under
    control by 1964?” Two days later the president warned Dillon that “our present difficulties with
    France may escalate. If things become severe enough it is conceivable that they will take some
    action against the dollar-to indicate their power to do something if nothing else.” Kennedy
    wanted a plan to deal with any French action, including options of taking “extreme steps if that
    should prove necessary.” 67 Less than a week later, the president warned the National Security
    Council (NSC) that “de Gaulle may be prepared to break up NATO…. the French may suddenly
    decide to cash in their dollar holdings as a means of exerting economic pressure on us.”68
    Why had this inter-allied tension exploded into a full-blown public dispute, only weeks
    after the successful resolution of the Cuban missile crisis? Two events, de Gaulle’s press
    conference on 14 January, rejecting both the U.S. offer of nuclear assistance and Great Britain’s
    entry into the Common Market, and the announcement, only nine days later, of the Franco-
    German treaty, combined to provoke a political crisis that shook the foundations of the Western
    alliance. 69 Both events appeared to signal a Franco-German revolt against U.S. policy towards
    Europe.70 Both events appeared to be an attempt to undermine and weaken American influence
    21
    on the continent. And both appeared to threaten key elements of U.S. foreign economic policy,
    including trade negotiations, the American gold supply, the position of the dollar, and the
    German offset arrangement. The long-feared European revolt had finally appeared, and Kennedy
    wanted to be prepared should France-alone or with West Germany-move to weaken the U.S.
    monetary position. “The U.S. military position is good but our financial position is
    vulnerable.”71
    To make matters worse, the balance of payments figures for 1962 were far poorer than
    had been expected. The commercial trade surplus had fallen from $3.2 billion to $2 billion. The
    deficit figures would have been even poorer if not for European debt repayments of $666 million,
    a source of financing that was a rapidly wasting asset, and $250 million in fifteen-sixteen month
    borrowings from surplus countries. The predictions made by the cabinet Balance of Payments
    Committee in October 1962, that the 1964 deficit would be “only” $1 billion, had been “overly
    optimistic.” Most alarming was the loss of gold. Surplus countries “are becoming less prepared
    to increase their dollar holdings, much less to increase the ratio of dollars to gold in their
    reserves.” The State Department predicted that 1963 gold losses would be “fairly heavy,” and
    the United States would find itself financing an increasing percentage of its deficit in gold sales in
    future years. What was urgently needed was “time and protection” to allow the administration to
    achieve payments equilibrium without having to resort to actions that might permanently damage
    fundamental U.S. interests. 72 But how was this to be accomplished?
    The president linked the continued presence of American troops in Europe to a resolution
    of U.S. payments difficulties. In a NSC meeting soon after de Gaulle’s press conference,
    Kennedy declared that the payments deficit  must be righted at the latest by the end of 1964”
    22
    and the Europeans must be prevented from “taking actions which make our balance of payments
    worse.” It was time to exploit what power the United States had to achieve its objectives. “We
    cannot continue to pay for the military protection of Europe while the NATO states are not
    paying for their fair share and living off the ‘fat of the land.’” It was time for the United States to
    “consider very hard the narrower interests of the United States.”73 The United States no longer
    had any source of financial pressure it could exert on the Europeans and had to exploit its
    military power before the Europeans went nuclear. “This sanction is wasting away as the French
    develop their own nuclear capability.”74
    Dillon pushed Kennedy to order troop withdrawals. “He felt that if the French did attack
    our financial stability we should consider ways of responding by actions in the military and
    political areas.” The secretary of the treasury wondered “whether the withdrawal of U.S. troops
    would be the disaster some say it would . . . especially if Europe could defend itself against a
    Soviet attack.” Kennedy appeared to agree: “Congress might well conclude that we should not
    help Europe if de Gaulle continues to act as he has been.” 75 When Dean Acheson suggested that
    the administration guarantee the U.S. troop commitment to reassure the Europeans, the president
    dismissed the idea outright. “He said that the threat of withdrawing our troops was about the
    only sanction we had, and, therefore, if we made such a statement, we would give away our
    bargaining power.”76
    From a purely economic standpoint, redeploying American troops should have been an
    uncomplicated issue. It could have been argued that after the American “victory” in the Cuban
    missile crisis, the danger of a Soviet move against Berlin was small. Kennedy was now convinced
    that the Soviets were not going to risk thermonuclear war to invade Europe, and he found
    23
    arguments that they would go for some sort of limited land grab in West Germany
    preposterous.77 If large troop deployments abroad threatened the strength of the dollar and the
    health of the global payments system, then it made perfect sense to reduce them. Kennedy could
    hardly support domestic deflation, restrict American tourism abroad, and prohibit capital exports
    by American banks and industries in order to finance unneeded U.S. troops in Europe.
    But the issue of troop redeployments was not simply an economic concern: it went to the
    heart of both the German and nuclear question. If the America redeployed, West Germany
    would feel uncertain about the American commitment to defend it with its nuclear arsenal,
    thereby increasing pressure to acquire its own national deterrent. If West Germany sought
    nuclear weapons, the tentative European “détente” that was emerging between the United States
    and the Soviet Union in 1963 would unravel.78 The president would have to choose between the
    strong economic and domestic political appeal of troop withdrawals and the complicated but
    indisputable strategic-political logic of a continued American troop presence.
    The bureaucratic gold battle was resumed with vigor. Instead of troop withdrawals, the
    State Department once again proposed high-level political negotiations within the alliance in order
    to restructure the international monetary system to protect the American dollar and gold supply.
    The Chairman of the Policy Planning Council, Walt Rostow, argued that the United State’s
    difficulties were the product of the dollar being “a unique reserve currency which leaves us
    vulnerable to sudden withdrawals.” Explicitly rejecting troop withdrawals, Rostow wanted to
    “spread the burden” of maintaining a reserve currency to the surplus countries of the world79
    Dillon vehemently disagreed and argued that Rostow’s plan would put the United States “in a
    position similar to Brazil or Argentina, who, when they cannot pay their debts, go to their
    24
    creditors and get an agreement to stretch out the debt over a period” Dillon charged that this
    represented the irresponsible views of those in State and on the CEA who wanted  this very real
    problem go away without interfering with their own projects, be they extra low interest rates in
    the U.S. or the maintenance of large U.S. forces in Europe.” 80
    Presented with conflicting advice and uncertain what to do, Kennedy hesitated. “I know
    everyone thinks I worry about this too much” he told his speechwriter, Ted Sorensen, but the
    balance of payments “is like a club that de Gaulle and all the others hang over my head.” In a
    crisis, Kennedy complained, they could cash in all their dollars, and then “where are we?”81 The
    United States would be forced off the Continent in the most humiliating way.
    Kennedy decided to go outside official bureaucratic channels and asked Dean Acheson to
    study the issue as a “layman” would and recommend what policy the president should follow to
    solve the balance of payments question. Kennedy told Acheson that we “had respect for people
    who had diametrically opposite views, and the language that they used seemed very confusing to
    him.” 82 With the help of James Tobin from the CEA, Acheson produced a bold plan. He did
    not rule out a devaluation of the dollar or a suspension of the dollar-gold convertibility.83 Given
    his role in promoting the monetary agreement two decades earlier, Acheson surprisingly
    concluded that “the Bretton Woods arrangements have been outgrown; outdated.”84 Acheson
    recommended drawing on the IMF and negotiating large, long-term loans with the Europeans to
    finance anticipated deficits of $10 billion over the next five years. The former secretary of state
    suggested that the whole point of his plan “was to get a period of time in which it would not be
    necessary to use small expedients with troublesome side effects.”85 Given this breathing space,
    the United States could get its house in order and determine whether or not the Europeans were
    25
    prepared to carry their fair share of alliance military burdens. If they were not, the United States
    could make “careful plans for rearrangements of our own commitments.”86
    Ball produced a similar plan for high-level political negotiations with the Europeans to
    arrange a supplemental financing scheme. The under secretary suggested that the Europeans
    would be attracted by the chance to “share world authority as well as world responsibility,”87 or
    what Rostow called the desire to “re-emerge as big boys on the world scene.”88 This scheme for
    “full Atlantic partnership” could be linked to other initiatives, including the MLF and Kennedy
    round trade negotiations. The time gained with this supplementary financing could be used to
    dramatically revise the international payments system. Perhaps a new, non-national medium of
    exchange and liquidity could be created to supplement or replace the dollar and gold.89 Ball also
    presented a proposal to restrict foreign access to American capital markets.
    As they had in the past, Dillon blocked the State Department’s schemes. In a meeting
    with the president, the Treasury secretary called Ball’s proposals “reckless.” Roosa told the
    president that the problem faced by the United States was the same as “any other borrower-how
    to keep our credit standing good.” 90 This could only be accomplished with a sound financial
    policy that reduced unnecessary overseas expenditures. Roosa also dismissed Ball and
    Acheson’s suggestion that the Europeans would be willing to lend such large amounts to the
    Americans.
    In April, the president finally appeared to have made a choice. He sent a memo to the
    Cabinet Committee on the Balance of Payments that rejected or postponed the State Department
    approach to reform the global payments system, establish strict capital controls, and institute
    gold standstill agreements and massive European loans. This left large cuts in overseas
    26
    expenditures as the only method of realizing meaningful balance of payments savings.91
    “Secretary McNamara should proceed to develop recommendations . . . after consultation with
    State . . . on specific actions which can be completed by end CY 1964 with the target of a gross
    reduction … of between $300 – $400 million below FY 1963.”92 This could only be accomplished
    through troop withdrawals. The secretary of defense had no qualms about doing this: “The only
    way to improve our position was to reduce troop deployments.”93
    The State Department complained that the Secretary of Defense “seems to assign almost
    primordial importance to the military balance of payments aspects alone.”94 After rumors
    reached Western European capitals of an impending redeployment,95 Rusk warned the Defense
    Department that major troop withdrawals from Europe would “be contrary to U.S. interests”
    and that balance of payments concerns did not appear to warrant such withdrawals, at least not
    until all other solutions were exhausted.96 State offered a detailed report that argued major troop
    withdrawals would end the administration’s efforts to “induce the Europeans to accept a broadspectrum
    strategy designed to avoid . . . recourse to nuclear war.” Pulling out American troops
    would play right into de Gaulle’s hands, corroborating the French president’s thesis “that Europe
    cannot depend upon the U.S. to help defend it.” The pressure to create national nuclear forces
    would increase. And the Soviet Union could be tempted into a more aggressive posture if the
    United States withdrew large numbers of forces. “Once … as much as a full division was
    removed from Europe we would begin to see some of the problems described.” These enormous
    risks were hardly worth the “10 to 20 percent” reduction in the payments deficit that troop
    withdrawals would bring. 97 But the president seemed to ignore the State Department’s pleas.
    The State Department got wind of further, more politically damaging cuts, requested by Kennedy
    27
    himself. “G/PM has advised us that the Department of Defense program to reduce overseas
    military expenditures … was considered by the president as only a beginning . . . it can be
    expected that any further major reductions can only be achieved by withdrawing combat
    forces.”98
    In August and September the dollar weakened. The president demanded that his advisers
    “give this problem our most urgent attention.”99 Kennedy ordered Treasury, State, and Defense
    to prepare plans for direct capital controls, trade sanctions, and troop withdrawals. McNamara
    returned with a plan that would return thirty thousand U.S. ground forces from Europe, in
    addition to re-deploying important tactical air forces. Secretary of State Rusk protested
    vigorously, repeating the arguments laid out in the State Department study of the political impact
    of troop withdrawals.100 The president only agreed to $190 million in cuts (McNamara’s total
    package, if accepted, would have realized $339 million). But the president also “indicated his
    desire that a political base be established which would make it possible at some later stage to
    reconsider the disapproved actions…”101
    The Defense Department wasted no time establishing this political base. The military
    planned a deployment exercise called “Big Lift” to demonstrate the United States’s ability to
    airlift large numbers of combat troops to the European theater quickly and efficiently.
    McNamara’s deputy, Roswell Gilpatric, noted in a widely discussed speech that by “employing
    such a multi-base capability the U.S. should be able to make useful reductions in its heavy
    overseas military expenditures without diminishing its effective military strength or its capacity
    to apply that strength swiftly in support of its world-wide policy commitments.”102 That same
    week, former President Eisenhower wrote an article for the Saturday Evening Post calling for the
    28
    return of all but one of the U.S. Army divisions in Europe. The timing of Gilpatric’s speech,
    Eisenhower’s article, and operation Big Lift led the Washington Post to declare that the Pentagon
    was seeking a major showdown on strategy with its NATO allies at the next conference in
    December.103
    State Department officials were horrified: they had lost control over U.S. policy toward
    Europe. When the department warned Gilpatric that the speech would “create serious political
    problems for us.”104 They were shocked when they were told that “Mr. Gilpatric would not
    accept the proposed deletions.”105 It turned out that McGeorge Bundy had already signed off on
    the speech, presumably with the president’s approval.106 Alexis Johnson warned Rusk that the
    West German government, already nervous about the real motives of operation Big Lift, would
    get all the wrong signals from this speech. Johnson demanded that “before a governmental
    decision is made on the advisability, militarily and politically, of making any major force
    withdrawal, a much more thorough consideration of the issue at the top level is required.”107 But
    these were exactly the signals the president wanted to send to the West Germans. The Dillon-
    McNamara approach seemed victorious in the domestic-political gold battle. Massive U.S. troop
    withdrawals appeared imminent.
    What about the international component of the gold battles? Relations with the Federal
    Republic were quite strained, and by 1963 Adenauer had distanced himself from U.S. NATO
    policy and fully embraced de Gaulle. One of the ways this political conflict revealed itself was in
    difficulties with the offset arrangement. The Americans expected a complete offset of the foreign
    exchange costs of troops stationed in West Germany as an absolute requirement for the American
    29
    presence.108 But the West German leadership did not accept this linkage. When American
    representatives complained that the Federal Republic was not fulfilling its obligations under the
    Strauss-Gilpatric accord, German foreign minister Gerhard Schroeder claimed that neither “the
    Chancellor nor he knew the details of the problems which had arisen.”109 During the spring of
    1963, Ambassador George McGhee was warned that the offset agreement faced difficulties in the
    future.110 McGhee complained in July that the German military was unwilling to commit to
    more than $1 billion for 1964-65, at least $300 million short of the amount needed to fully offset
    the payments costs of U.S. troops. But McNamara told Kennedy that it was vital for the
    administration to “get the dollars out of them.”111 Only a full offset arrangement would
    accomplish that.
    Kennedy put tremendous pressure on the Germans to accept the link between full and
    continued offset and the maintenance of six American divisions in West Germany. Spanish
    Dictator Francisco Franco told the German ambassador to Spain that the American President
    claimed “the question of the American balance of payments constituted one of his greatest
    concerns.” If he did not resolve the dollar and gold problem, then Kennedy would be forced to
    “change his whole policy” and “dismantle the military support of Europe.”112 Bundes minister
    Heinrich Krone was explicitly told that the United States would be forced to withdraw because
    of its balance of payments problem.113 During a tense meeting, President Kennedy warned
    Adenauer that “economic relations, including such matters as monetary policy, offset
    arrangements and the Kennedy Round of trade negotiations” were “possibly even more
    important to us now than nuclear matters” because the nuclear position of the West was strong
    enough to deter any attack. West German cooperation was expected for all of these economic
    30
    initiatives. “Trade was important to us only because it enabled us to earn balances to carry out
    our world commitments and play a world role.” 114 During a meeting with West German foreign
    minister Gerhard Schroeder in September, the president warned that “the U.S. does not want to
    take actions which would have an adverse impact on public opinion in Germany but does not
    wish to keep spending money to maintain forces which are not of real value.”115 And McNamara
    told his German counterpart, Kai-Uwe von Hassel, that  America cannot carry this burden any
    longer if it couldn’t reduce this deficit.” Maintaining the troop commitment to Europe would be
    impossible if the offset is not found for this…. the Americans have no choice whatsoever
    here.”116
    What could the Federal Republic do? The American threat to withdraw troops forced the
    West German government to make fundamental policy choices that would affect German security
    for years. The Germans were being asked to abandon their temptation to join France and toe the
    American line. But Adenauer, for one, no longer believed that the Americans were reliable allies
    who could be trusted.117 In the wake of the Cuban missile crisis, the United States and the
    Soviet Union appeared ready to try to negotiate an arrangement to reduce the danger of war in
    Central Europe. The United States appeared willing to offer the Soviets de facto recognition of
    East Germany and a promise to keep the Federal Republic of Germany non-nuclear, if the
    Soviets would accept the status quo in Berlin. These concessions would undermine the
    foundation of Adenauer’s foreign policy, which had been based on non-recognition of the DDR,
    equality with its Western allies, and seeking reunification through a policy of strength. U.S.-
    Soviet arrangements that stabilized the status quo would appear to put an official stamp of
    approval on the division of Germany. And if Berlin was no longer a problem, then Kennedy held
    31
    there was no longer any military need for six U.S. divisions in West Germany. The president
    believed that the deterrent affect of the United State’s strategic nuclear forces would prevent a
    Soviet attack on Western Europe.118 Refusing to cooperate with U.S. economic policies
    (especially its monetary policy) would be one way to express German resentment toward
    Kennedy’s “détente” policy.
    The Kennedy administration’s move to reach some sort of accommodation with the
    Soviets in 1963 caused consternation among West Germany’s policy-making elites.119 But
    Adenauer’s policy of embracing de Gaulle offered nothing more than dependence on another,
    albeit much weaker, ally, one that had even more incentive to sell out West German interests to
    the Soviets. In the end, there was little choice but to accept a NATO policy based on American
    leadership.120 The alternatives to a strong alliance with the United States, backed by six
    American divisions, were not very promising. This meant accepting many compromises that
    were distasteful. The key now was to make sure that the Americans did not become so fed up
    with Europe that they pulled their troops out. And this meant that U.S. monetary policy had to
    be supported. There could be no more hints of monetary collaboration with the French, no more
    rumors that surplus dollars would be turned in for gold, and, most importantly, the offset
    arrangement had to be fulfilled and renewed. The American demands for German monetary
    cooperation would have to be met.
    In October Rusk traveled to West Germany. In a meeting with Defense Minister von
    Hassel, Rusk stated that the administration’s policy maintaining troops in West Germany
    depended on two things: NATO meeting its force goals and a continuation of the offset
    arrangement. “If our gold flow is not brought under control, the question could become an issue
    32
    in next year’s elections. The continuation of Germany’s payments under the offset is vital in
    this respect.”121 The new West German government understood what was at stake and with few
    other options, accepted these conditions. Flanked by Rusk, the new Chancellor Ludwig Erhard
    gave a major speech in Frankfurt in which he publicly acknowledged that the American payments
    deficit arose from the U.S. “rendering the major portion of economic and military aid to the free
    world.”122 This was an important shift for Erhard, who had previously stated that the American
    payments deficit could only be reduced through basic internal adjustments in the U.S. economy.
    Negotiations for a new, full offset arrangement began soon thereafter.123
    The administration got what it wanted from West Germany.124 The Federal Republic had
    rejected the Adenauer-DeGaulle policy, and West Germany had, among other concessions,
    grudgingly accepted the link between offset and American troop deployments in Europe. The
    Kennedy administration decided that it had to end any threat — at least for the time being — of
    major troop withdrawals. In Frankfurt, Rusk formally promised an end to the talk of
    redeployment. “We have six divisions in Germany. We intend to maintain these divisions here as
    long as there is need for them — and under present circumstances there is no doubt that they will
    continue to be needed.”125 The president also surprised many observers when he publicly
    disavowed any intention of removing any American divisions from West Germany.126 In
    December, a full offset arrangement was reached, and the settlement was announced as an
    agreement of “great value to both governments” which should be “fully executed and
    continued.”127 Both the international and domestic gold battles were over, at least for now.128
    The troops would remain as long as the Federal Republic toed the United State’s political line
    and offered full offset through military purchases.
    33
    America’s Cold War confrontation with the Soviet Union in Europe reached its most
    intense and dangerous point during the Kennedy period. Kennedy tried to craft a security policy
    that met the Soviet challenge with strength but left room for negotiations and respect for each
    other’s interests. But the United States’s two most important continental allies, France and
    West Germany, felt threatened by Kennedy’s policies and openly challenged his administration’s
    cold war strategy. Concurrently, the Kennedy administration faced a grave balance of payments
    crisis. These two crises –one political, the other monetary — were inextricably connected in the
    minds of the participants. The administration believed that the dollar and gold problem could be
    solved in one or two ways: with cooperation from the European surplus countries, namely
    France and West Germany, or by reducing government expenditures abroad. Since most of these
    government expenses were related to NATO expenses, this meant large withdrawals from U.S.
    conventional forces in Western Europe.
    These two questions — the inter allied dispute over NATO strategy and the dollar and
    gold question — have traditionally been treated as separate problems. But these questions were,
    in fact, two sides of the same coin. The issues surrounding NATO’s Cold War strategy and the
    balance of payments question centered on the issue of the United States’s large conventional
    force commitment to Western Europe. The troop commitment, in turn, was related to a host of
    fundamental power political questions — Berlin policy, the German question, and the politics of
    nuclear sharing. Monetary pressure became a tool for each side to signal their intentions and
    bring about desired outcomes. The French and the Germans signaled their unhappiness with
    Kennedy’s security policies by cashing in dollars for gold or by abrogating arrangements, like
    34
    offset, that were meant to ease the U.S. dollar and gold drain. The Kennedy administration could
    express its anger at the Franco-German bloc by threatening to withdraw U.S. troops in Europe
    for balance of payments purposes. American monetary policy during this period only makes
    sense when seen through this power political lens. Perhaps more importantly, U.S. policy
    toward the most fundamental questions of European security can only be understood if the
    American fears about the balance of payments deficit and gold outflow are fully explored.
    The lessons of the gold battles have a significance that goes well beyond the Kennedy
    administration’s monetary and security policies and feeds into fundamental questions of
    international history: namely: how do international monetary relations influence international
    political stability, and vice-versa? Are certain kinds of monetary arrangements better at
    preventing political tension and promoting international peace and security? Do monetary
    struggles reflect deeper security conflicts?129 These questions are not just of historical
    importance. These are core issues in the study of international politics. And as recent events in
    Southeast Asia, Russia, and Latin America have demonstrated, the relationship among money,
    power, and international security will be of even greater significance during the twenty-first
    century. While economic globalization has brought growth and unprecedented economic
    integration, it has also left many nations highly vulnerable to the changes in the global economy.
    Nothing drives this integrative dynamic more than participation in the world monetary order.
    Will this monetary chaos spill over into political tension and undermine international peace and
    security? Will future rivals exploit monetary power to achieve its political ends? The urgency of
    these questions makes an understanding of past international monetary battles more important
    than ever.130
    35
    36
    ENDNOTES
    This paper emerged from a presentation given at the John M. Olin Institute of Strategic Studies at Harvard
    University. The author would like to thank the participants in that seminar for their comments and suggestions,
    particularly Andrew Erdmann, Eugene Gholz, Colin Kahl, Michael Desch, Sam Huntington, and Commander James
    Stein. The author would also like to thank Michael Creswell, Harold James, Robert Kane, Walter McDougall,
    Michael Parrish, Emily Rosenberg, Mary Sarotte, Thomas Schwartz, Jeremi Suri, Tom Zeiler, Hubert Zimmerman,
    the two anonymous Diplomatic History reviewers, and especially Andrew Erdmann and Marc Trachtenberg for their
    most helpful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this article.
    1 See Arthur Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, John F. Kennedy in the White House (New York, 1965), 601; W. W.
    Rostow, The Diffusion of Power, An Essay in Recent History (New York, 1972), 136; and memcon between
    Kennedy and Adenauer, 24 June 1963, Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter cited as FRUS) , 1961-63,
    9: 1995, 170; Schlesinger also quotes Kennedy as saying “What really matters is the strength of the currency. It is
    this, not the force de frappe, which makes France a factor.” George Ball claimed that Kennedy was “absolutely
    obsessed with the balance of payments.” See George Ball Oral History, no. 2, AC 88-3, 29, Lyndon B. Johnson
    Presidential Library. Austin, Texas.
    2 Michael R. Bechloss, The Crisis Years, Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960-1963 (New York, 1991).
    3 See William S. Borden, “Defending Hegemony, American Foreign Economic Policy,” in Kennedy’s Quest for
    Victory, American Foreign Policy, 1961-1963 ed. Thomas G. Paterson (New York, 1989), 83-85; David Calleo,
    The Imperious Economy (Cambridge MA, 1982), 23; David Calleo, Beyond American Hegemony, The Future of the
    Western Alliance (New York, 1987), 13, 44-52; Frank Costigliola, “The Pursuit of Atlantic Community, Nuclear
    Arms, Dollars, and Berlin,” in Paterson, ed., 24-56; Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers,
    Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1987), 434; Diane B. Kunz, Butter and
    Guns, America’s Cold War Economic Diplomacy (New York, 1997), esp. 94-108. Despite the promising title of
    her book, Kunz does not link the dollar crisis to the political crisis between the Kennedy administration and its
    NATO allies. For interpretations that see Kennedy’s monetary policy as a series of “ad-hoc” expedients designed to
    37
    maintain the privileged place the dollar held in the postwar “capitalist world-system,  see Borden, 57-62, 84; David
    P. Calleo and Benjamin M. Rowland, America and the World Political Economy, Atlantic Dreams and National
    Realities (Bloomington, 1973), 88-89; John S. Odell, U.S. International Monetary Policy, Markets, Power, and
    Ideas as a Source of Change (Princeton, 1982), 88; and Susan Strange, International Monetary Relations (London,
    1976), 82, 207.
    4 Again, the professional literature on international monetary economics is quite large, but for the best works see
    Robert M. Stern, The Balance of Payments, Theory and Economic Policy (Chicago, 1973); Richard Cooper, The
    International Monetary System, Essays in World Economics (Cambridge, MA, 1987); and Paul de Grauwe,
    International Money, Post-War Trends and Theories (Oxford, 1989). For an excellent examination of the postwar
    period that combines the best of historical and economic analysis see Harold James, International Monetary
    Cooperation since 1945 (New York, 1997).
    5 For the conventional wisdom on the Kennedy’s “flexible response” policy see John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of
    Containment, A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (Oxford, 1982), 198-236; and
    Jane E. Stromseth, The Origins of Flexible Response, NATO’s Debate over Strategy in the 1960s (New York,
    1988). For the idea that the U.S. government was firmly committed to a NATO system based on a strong,
    permanent American presence, even in the Eisenhower period see what has become the classic work on American
    foreign policy during the Cold War see Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 168. For a reinterpretation of the
    flexible response doctrine, see Francis J. Gavin, “The Myth of Flexible Response: American Strategy in Europe
    during the 1960s,” International History Review, Summer 2002.
    6 At first glance, McNamara and the Office of the Secretary of Defense seems an odd ally for Treasury’s troop
    withdrawal policies. But as will become clear, while McNamara supported a conventional buildup by Western
    Europe, he also supported downsizing U.S. conventional forces in Europe. George Ball claims that McNamara was
    almost as obsessed with the balance of payments problem as the president, “Because Bob was prepared to distort
    any kind of policy in order to achieve some temporary alleviation to the balance of payments, which again to my
    mind was a function of his preoccupation with quantification.” See George Ball Oral History, no. 2, AC 88-3, 29,
    LBJ Library. For additional evidence of McNamara’s willingness to distort budgetary and security policy because
    38
    of the balance of payments Deborah Shapley, Promise and Power, The Life and Times of Robert McNamara
    (Boston, 1993), 225-226.
    7 de Gaulle claimed the system allowed for “l’hegemonie americaine.” See Press Conference, February 4, 1965,
    from Charles de Gaulle, Discours et messages, vol. 4, “Pour l’effort, Aout 1962-Decembre 1965 (Paris, 1993; see
    also Raymond Aron, Le Republique Imperiale (Paris, Calmann Levy, 1973); Jean Lacouture, de Gaulle, The Ruler,
    1945-1970 (New York, 1992), p 380-82; and Georges-Henri Soutou, L’alliance incertaine, Les rapports politicostrategiques
    franco-allemands, 1954-1996 (Paris, 1996), 287. For the economic theories behind de Gaulle’s beliefs
    see Jacques Rueff, Le lancinant probleme des balance de paiments (Paris, 1965).
    8 For two good accounts of the negotiations and results of the Bretton Woods Monetary Conference see Richard N.
    Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy, The Origins and the Prospects of Our International Economic Order, rev. ed.
    (New York, 1969); and Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., A Search for Solvency, Bretton Woods and the International Monetary
    System, 1941-1971 (Austin, 1975). See also the collected essays in Orin Kirshner, ed., The Bretton Woods-GATT
    System, Retrospect and Prospect after Fifty Years (Armonk, NY, 1996). For an excellent, more recent account see
    Harold James International Monetary Cooperation since Bretton Woods (Oxford, 1996). For a less enthusiastic
    interpretation of Bretton Woods see Fred Block, The Origins of International Economic Disorder, A Study of
    United States International Monetary Policy from World War II to the Present (Berkeley, 1977). The economic
    ideas and philosophy of John Maynard Keynes had an enormous affect of monetary negotiations. See especially
    The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 25, ed. by D.E. Moggridge, Activities, Shaping the Post-
    War World – Bretton Woods and Reparations (London, Macmillan); D.E. Moggridge, Maynard Keynes, An
    Economist’s Biography (London, 1992); and Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, The Economist as Savior,
    1920-1937 (New York, 1992).
    9 I use the term “system” loosely, as it can be debated when the Bretton Woods system actually began. de Gaulle
    and Rueff essentially ignored the whole concept of Bretton Woods and argued that the flaws in the system to the
    Genoa conference of 1922, where the principle that sterling and dollars could supplement gold as a reserve asset was
    established, therefore creating a “gold-exchange” standard. An argument can be made that the Tripartite Agreement
    between the United States, Great Britain, and France in 1937 is the key event, because the United States declared its
    39
    intention to convert dollars into gold at $35/oz. Other possible starting dates are July 1944, when the Bretton
    Woods agreements were signed; 1947, the year that it became clear that sterling would not be a reserve currency and
    the United States reaffirmed its commitment to redeem dollars for gold; or the end of 1958, when many Western
    European governments removed the restrictions on current account convertibility for their currencies. Most scholars
    accept 1958. See Francis J. Gavin, “The Legends of Bretton Woods,” O rbi s (Spring, 1996), 3-16.
    10 See Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital, A History of the International Monetary System (Princeton, , 1996),
    7-44. Recent scholarship suggests the “classical” gold standard of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century
    may not have been as “pure” as was once thought and, in fact, shared many characteristics of later gold-exchange
    systems. See especially Giulo M. Gallarotti, The Anatomy of an International Monetary Regime, The Classical
    Gold Standard, 1880-1914 (New York, 1995).
    11 Milton Friedman, “The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates,” in Essays in Positive Economics (Chicago1953).
    Economists often call the post-Bretton Woods system a “dirty float” because of widespread government intervention
    in global currency markets since 1971.
    12 Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten, Changing Fortunes, The World’s Money and the Threat to American
    Leadership (New York, 1992), 7-8.
    13 In practice, gold inflows and outflows were often “sterilized” under the gold standard, which just meant that gold
    was added or subtracted from the national treasuries without changing the domestic monetary base. But even with
    some sterilization, the gold standard was nowhere near as stable as was once thought. See Gallarotti, The Anatomy
    of an International Monetary Regime. The United States is a case in point. During the nineteenth and early
    twentieth centuries, the United States ran large trade deficits and was a net importer of capital. Furthermore, a large
    portion of America’s exports were made of agricultural commodities whose prices were very unstable. A sudden fall
    in foreign investment (caused by, for example, a banking crisis in Europe) or a drop in agricultural prices, could
    mean a deterioration in the American balance of payments, the loss of gold, domestic deflation, and a fall in prices
    (particularly agricultural commodity prices). This made the whole question of America’s participation in the gold
    standard a divisive domestic political issue, and was perhaps the key factor in William Jennings Bryan’s popularity
    40
    during the 1896 presidential election. It is not a coincidence that as America’s monetary position became stronger
    and more stable after 1896, Bryan’s political popularity waned considerably. See Milton Friedman and Anna
    Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 (Princeton, 1963), 89-188; see also Milton
    Friedman, Money Mischief: Episodes in Monetary History (New York, 1994), especially the essays “The Crime of
    1873” and “William Jennings Bryan and the Cyanide Process.”
    14 See especially Moggridge, Keynes, An Economist’s Biography.
    15 The system did allow for IMF-approved changes in par value. But exchange rate variations were difficult because
    they unsettled foreign exchange markets and it was hard to get countries to agree to shifts because they feared the
    adverse effects on their terms of trade. Speculators always knew the direction of any revaluation in advance,
    guaranteeing windfall profits whenever exchange rates were changed. Countries were equally reluctant to sacrifice
    full employment and social policy goals for balance of payments purposes. In the end, this meant that there was no
    effective means to automatically close balance of payments gaps.
    16 For the best accounts of how monetary relations were structured in Western Europe during the late 1940s and
    early 1950s see Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan, America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western
    Europe, 1947-1952 (Cambridge, 1987); Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-1951
    (Berkeley, 1984); and Brian Tew, The Evolution of the International Monetary System, 1945-1988 (London, 1988).
    17 This is a common problem with a gold exchange system. Any country that ran a payments deficit could settle it
    with dollars or gold. Many Europeans naturally wondered how fair it was for the United States to settle its deficits
    in dollars, its own currency. But economists now recognize that some part of this deficit was the result of the
    demand for dollars for reserve purposes, meaning that countries wanted to hold dollars in their central banks for
    liquidity purposes, not for purchasing American goods and services. So part of the deficit was not a deficit at all,
    and the actual “equilibrium” point for the U.S. balance of payments was not zero. But that was not well recognized
    at the time. See Stern, The Balance of Payments, 152.
    41
    18 This was the scenario laid out by Robert Triffin in Gold and the Dollar Crisis, The Future of Convertibility
    (New Haven, Yale, 1960). This book was very influential, and the “Triffin thesis” was much discussed by
    economists and policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic. But as Barry Eichengreen demonstrates, the Great
    Depression was worsened not by competitive devaluations but by the deflationary policies pursued in order to
    maintain the gold standard. Nations that went off gold and devalued for the most part came out of the Depression
    quicker and in a more robust fashion than those that stayed on the gold standard. See Eichengreen, Golden Fetters,
    The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919-1939 (New York1995).
    19 For Eisenhower’s desire to pull American troops out once Western Europe recovered see Marc Trachtenberg,
    History and Strategy (Princeton, 1991), 163-168, 185-187.
    20 Memorandum of Conference with President Eisenhower, 4 November 1959, Eisenhower Library, Whitman File,
    DDE Diaries. For a more complete analysis of Eisenhower’s monetary policy during the gold crisis see Francis J.
    Gavin, “Defending Europe and the Dollar, The Politics of the United States Balance of Payments, 1958-1968,”
    (Ph.D diss, University of Pennsylvania, 1997). Note that there was an important strategic element to the debate
    over monetary policy and troop withdrawals; the State Department suspected that Eisenhower was using the balance
    of payments deficit as an excuse to pull out troops for political reasons. See memorandum from the Assistant
    Secretary of State for Policy Planning to Secretary of State Herter, 29 October 1959, FRUS, 1958-60, 7: 1993, 494-
    496. Many State officials had been trying to move NATO policy away from such a heavy reliance on the nuclear
    deterrent for several years. Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning Gerard Smith attacked Eisenhower’s
    assumption that any conflict with the Soviet Union would automatically escalate to general war.  Almost two years
    ago Foster Dulles on a number of occasions told the Secretary of Defense and the president that he believed this
    principle was obsolescent and that we should be developing a new strategic concept and military posture to
    implement it.  If the balance of payments and gold crisis forced a troop withdrawal, the administration should be
    honest about it. “If economic factors require us to weaken American military influence abroad, I think it is most
    important that we not fool ourselves by rationalizing such retraction as being warranted by the military situation.”
    21 For the bureaucratic struggles between State and Treasury over the question of troop withdrawals and the dollar
    and gold crisis see memcon, president, Herter, Reinhardt, Merchant and Kohler, drafted 22 October 1959, in
    42
    Whitman File, DDE Diaries, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library; and FRUS, 1958-60; 4: Washington, 1992) 129, 130,
    134, 520-38, 539-42,
    22 Memorandum of November 9, 1960, FRUS, 1958-60, 4: 1992, 131. Certainly, Eisenhower was shocked by how
    quickly America’s monetary situation had deteriorated. Several years earlier, the administration had used its
    enormous monetary power to compel the British to abandon their Suez adventure. It appeared the Europeans were
    developing the same capacity to affect American policy. For an example of how the Eisenhower administration
    used explicit threats of monetary coercion against the British during the Suez Crisis see Telegram from Embassy in
    Washington to British Foreign Office, 2 December 1956, PREM 11/1826, XC 7840, Public Records Office, Kew,
    England. See also Jonathan Kirshner, Currency and Coercion, The Political Economy of International Monetary
    Power (Princeton, 1995), 63-82.
    23 For the documents on the disastrous Anderson-Dillon trip to the Federal Republic of Germany see memorandum
    of conference with President Eisenhower in Augusta, Georgia, 15 November 1960, in FRUS, 1958-1960, vol. IV;
    Cable to Herter from Dillon, copy of cable to the president from Anderson, 23 November 1960, in UPA, DDE
    Office Files, Administration-International Series, Anderson; memorandum of conference with President
    Eisenhower, 28 November 1960, in FRUS, 1958-60, 4: 142-147; for a contemporary press report see Communiqué
    on Anderson-Dillon talks with W. Ger leaders indirectly admits failure of mission,  New York Times, 23 November
    1960.
    24 Secretary Herter’s speech to the NATO Ministerial Meeting,  NATO Long-Range Planning,” 17 December 1960,
    FRUS, 1958-60, 7: 679.
    25 Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy (New York1965), 406. See also John Kenneth Galbraith’s letter to the president
    from October 1960, in his Letters to Kennedy (Harvard, 1998), 29-31.
    26 Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power (New York1993), 23.
    43
    27 “Report to the Honorable John F. Kennedy by the Task Force on the Balance of Payments,  27 December 1960,
    from file AP/SD & WNA/Report to the president on the Balance of Payments, 25 February 1963, found in the
    Papers of Dean Acheson, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri.
    28 Reeves, President Kennedy, 27-28.
    29 A useful study on Roosevelt’s policymaking style is Robert Dallek’s Franklin D. Roosevelt and American
    Foreign Policy, 1932-1945 (New York, 1995). For a discussion of how the Kennedy administration consciously
    set out to create a different foreign policy making structure than Eisenhower’s see Frank A. Mayer, Adenauer and
    Kennedy, A Study in German-American Relations, 1961-1963 (New York, 1996), 9. For Kennedy’s inability to
    make decisions about long-term policy see George W. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern (New York, 1982), 167-
    68.
    30 The French were convinced that Kennedy had no idea of what he was doing on the balance of payments question.
    See Alphand’s comments about Kennedy in Jean Lacouture, de Gaulle, The Ruler, 1945-1970 (New York, 1992), p
    381 and Herve Alphand, L’etonnement d’etre (Paris, 1977), 381.
    31 The swap arrangements were standby credit lines that allowed participants to draw on each other’s currencies in
    order to defend their own exchange rates. The increased IMF credit was arranged through a procedure called the
    General Arrangements to Borrow, which were negotiated at the end of 1961. While connected to the IMF, these
    arrangements were unique in that they gave the lending countries some discretion over the size and use of the loans.
    For an excellent discussion of these innovations see James International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton
    Woods, 159-165.
    32 Werner Knieper, a Ministry of Defense official, told American negotiators that “a long-range FRG commitment
    on military procurement in the U.S. was . . . not acceptable-not even ‘in principle’” Large-scale procurement in the
    United States would alienate important French and British military suppliers and undermine the joint European
    production programs the Eisenhower administration had supported. The German attitude might be different if
    missile systems that could deliver nuclear weapons were included in the purchase list, but Knieper admitted that
    44
    such decisions would have to be made at a much higher level. See memcon, 4 January 1961, “Federal Republic
    Procurement of Military Equipment in the U.S. to Assist in the Latter’s Balance of Payments Problems,”
    Declassified Documents Collection (hereafter referred to as DDC) 1991, no. 2559. See also Dowling to State, 13
    January 1961, DDC 1991, no. 1849.
    33 Rusk, Memo for the president, “German Balance of Payments Proposals and Your Meeting with German
    Foreign Minister von Brentano on February 17,” UPA, National Security Files, Western Europe, 1961-1963,
    Germany, reel 9, 363; “Points which the president may wish to emphasize in discussion with foreign minister von
    Brentano,” 16 February 1961, UPA, President’s Office Files, part 5, Countries file, Germany, reel 8, 738, 1-2;
    “Draft Aide Memoire for Brentano,” 16 February 1961, UPA, President’s Office Files, Countries, Germany, 8,731.
    34 Memo, Kennedy to Rusk, undated (but probably early February 1961), President’s Office Files, State, UPA, reel
    23.
    35 For a detailed account of the shift in negotiations see Hubert Zimmerman, “Offset and Monetary Policy in
    German-American Relations during Kennedy’s Presidency 1961-1963,” unpublished manuscript. In addition to the
    offset agreement, the administration successfully pushed the FRG on several fronts connected with the balance of
    payments. The Germans increased their foreign aid program considerably. They also prepaid $587 million of their
    postwar debt. Trade restrictions against American poultry were liberalized. The deutschmark was revalued by 5
    percent. Most importantly, the Bundesbank was persuaded to hold its reserves in dollars and not gold, a
    controversial arrangement that the Federal Republic refused to formalize or publicize until 1967. See memo, Rusk
    to the president, “Recent German Measures Relating to United States Balance of Payments,” 9 July 1961, FRUS,
    1961-63, 9: 1995, 120-121.
    36 Memo, Dillon to Kennedy, 14 September 1961, President’s Office Files, Departments and Agencies, Treasury,
    89, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston, Massachusetts.
    37 Walter Heller, memo for the president, “Current Status of ‘Lend-Lease’ or ‘Mutual Support’ Plan for Financing
    U.S. Troop costs in Germany,” 8 September 1961, UPA, President’s Office Files, CEA, 7.
    45
    38 For evidence that the Franco-German bloc came into existence in 1962, and that its policies were meant as a
    rejection of Kennedy’s Berlin and nuclear sharing policies see Hans-Peter Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer, German
    Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution, and Reconstruction (Providence, 1997), especially 590
    and 605.
    39 For the best account of both the dispute over Berlin policy and nuclear sharing from the European side, see,
    Georges-Henri Soutou, L’alliance incertaine, Les rapports politico-strategiques franco-allemands, 1954-1996
    (Paris, 1996, 203-265; see also Frank A. Mayer, Adenauer and Kennedy, A Study in German-American Relations,
    1961-1963 (New York, 1996), especially 43-74; Schwarz, Adenauer, 513-712. Schwarz’s account is somewhat
    unbalanced: he calls Kennedy’s Berlin strategy the “appeasement” strategy and credits Adenauer for saving Berlin
    (even while admitting that the German Chancellor was prepared to let Berlin fall without a war). For the American
    side of the story see Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, The Making of the European Settlement, 1945-1963
    (Princeton, 1999) 251-402. Another good source is the diary entries for 1962 and 1963 in C.L. Sulzberger, The
    Last of the Giants (New York, 1970).
    40 The administration had ordered a military buildup and authorized direct negotiations with the Soviets. Adenauer
    and de Gaulle feared that the American policy might lead to a war through miscalculation or dangerous concessions
    to the Soviets that undermined West European security. Both the French and West German government went to
    great lengths in the first half of 1962 to block any negotiated settlement with the Soviets over Berlin. See
    Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, 283-351.
    41 For a summary of the nuclear question from the European response to the “flexible response” strategy see
    Schwarz, Adenauer, 663-665 and Soutou, L’alliance incertain, 214-229..
    42 The Europeans feared that by emphasizing conventional forces, the credibility of America’s promise to use its
    strategic nuclear weapons against a Soviet attack would be compromised. This would weaken deterrence. And by
    demanding a monopoly over NATO’s nuclear forces, the Kennedy administration appeared to be pursuing the most
    blatantly hegemonic policies vis-à-vis its allies. If the United States was the only NATO country with strategic
    46
    nuclear weapons, then Western Europe would be completely dependent on the Americans. The administration tried
    to save face by offering NATO something called the Multilateral Force. MLF was a State Department proposal to
    develop a seaborne nuclear force that would be manned by any NATO country that wished to participate. But as the
    Kennedy administration refused to give up the American veto on the firing of the force, it was of little interest to
    the French or British, although the Germans were very interested. The French called this whole concept the
    “Multilateral Farce,” and there is some evidence that Kennedy himself agreed with this assessment. For evidence
    that Kennedy had moved away from supporting MLF by late 1962 see McNamara’s comments, “Anglo-American
    Meeting,” 20 December 1962, Prem 11/4229, PRO, England; Anglo-American meeting, 19 December 1962, FRUS,
    1961-63, 13: 1994, 1097; see also the apparent willingness to trade MLF away if the Soviets offered something
    meaningful see FRUS, 1961-63, vol. 7, 728 notes, 732, 735, 780-81, 790. Note that Kennedy himself called the
    MLF a “facade”; see FRUS, 1961-63, 13: 1994, 499, and 173, 367, 502-503.
    43 The change between Eisenhower’s policy and Kennedy’s military policy was more complicated and nuanced than
    the simple move from a strategy of “massive retaliation” — the immediate and massive use of America’s nuclear
    forces against the Soviets in the event of an attack — and flexible response. Eisenhower’s views on independent
    nuclear forces was at times contradictory; he seemed to support the idea of a French and even a West German atomic
    force, but was unwilling to risk much political capital to do anything about it. And almost every one of his top
    advisers believed that by the end of the 1950s, the development of Soviet strategic forces that could hit the United
    States meant that the threat of “massive retaliation” was no longer a viable policy. In fact, most aspects of the
    flexible response doctrine had their origins in the Eisenhower administration. For his part, Kennedy was not, as the
    Europeans generally believed, vehemently against the Europeans having independent nuclear forces, although many
    of his advisers in the White House and State Department certainly were. For a reinterpretation of the origins and
    real meaning of the flexible response doctrine see Gavin,  The Myth of Flexible Response: American Strategy in
    Europe during the 1960s,” International History Review, Summer 2002.
    44 Much of the changes in strategy had to do with the problematic question of what to do if the Soviets closed off
    West Berlin. In this respect, the general thrust of Kennedy’s policy was not so much different from Eisenhower’s,
    neither believed that the threat of a full-scale nuclear war would be a credible response to a Soviet move on West
    Berlin. Both presidents wanted to be able to ratchet up the escalation ladder more slowly, demonstrating resolve
    47
    with each step but giving the Soviets a chance to see America’s determination and back down. Eisenhower
    described the whole process as a poker game, and Kennedy simply wanted to have as many chips as possible to play
    with before having to call. To successfully implement such a calibrated policy, the American president would need
    strong conventional forces, and he would need complete command and control over the West’s nuclear forces. But
    the important thing to remember here is that this whole strategy was designed with the unique difficulties the Berlin
    crisis presented — a city within enemy territory, surrounded by Soviet forces, where Khrushchev could control the
    intensity of the crisis. Absent Berlin, Kennedy, much like Eisenhower, believed that the United States could
    significantly decrease its conventional forces in Europe and rely on nuclear deterrence alone. For this view see
    Kennedy-Bundy-Rusk-McNamara meeting, 10 December 1962, FRUS, 1961-63, michofiche supplement, vol. 13-
    15, document 27, and Kennedy-McNamara-JCS meeting, 27 December 1962, FRUS 1961-63, 8: 449, and
    memorandum for the Record, “Joint Chiefs of Staff Meeting with the president, February 28th, 1963 – Force
    Reductions in Europe,” 28 February 1963, FRUS, 1961-63, 13.
    45 Bundy to the president, “Action on Nuclear Assistance to France,” 7 May 1962, President’s Office Files, box
    116a, Kennedy Library. See also Paul Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision-A Memoir
    (New York, 1989), 211.
    46 See, for example, Sulzberger, The Last of the Giants, 1004-5 for evidence that the administration may have
    offered France nuclear assistance if it agreed to sign the partial test ban treaty.
    47 Dillon, memo for the president, 25 May 1962, National Security Files, Departments and Agencies, Treasury,
    Box 289, Kennedy Library.
    48 Jones to State Department, 13 June 1962, UPA, President’s Office Files, Treasury, 25.
    49 Memo of Meeting between the president, Ambassador Alphand, M. Malraux, and McGeorge Bundy, 11 May
    1962, FRUS, 1961-63, 13: 1994, 695-701.
    50 Gavin to the State Department, 28 May 1962, FRUS, 1961-63, 13: 1994, 705-707.
    48
    51 Gavin to the State Department, 16 May 1962, ibid., 702-03.
    52 President to Gavin,18 May 1962, ibid., 704.
    53 Gavin to Rusk, 12 July 1962, UPA, National Security Files, W. Europe, France. See also Heller, memo to the
    president, 16 July 1962, UPA, President’s Office Files, CEA, 9.
    54 Memcon, “Payments Arrangements Among the Atlantic Community,” 20 July 1962, FRUS, 1961-63, 13: 1994,
    733. See also Ball, memo for the president, “Visit of French Finance Minister,” 18 July 1962, UPA, National
    Security Files, W. Europe, France. For direct indications of Kennedy’s willingness to withdraw American troops
    from Europe – and even completely  haul out  if pushed too far by the French and West Germans – see  Visit to the
    United States, 9-17 September, 1962,  DEFE 13/323, PRO. For Kennedy agreeing with Eisenhower that the
    United States should reduce its conventional force presence in Europe see “Conversation between President John F.
    Kennedy and Dwight D. Eisenhower,” 10 September 1962, Presidential Recordings, JFKL, transcribed by Erin
    Mahan.
    55 A gold guarantee was an American promise to overseas central banks ensuring the gold value of the dollar in the
    event the U.S.devalued its currency. One of the reasons central banks did not want to hold too many dollars in
    their reserves was the fear of these dollars suddenly losing their value if the American government devalued. A gold
    standstill would be an agreement where central banks holding dollars agree to not purchase gold from the U.S.
    Treasury for a specified period of time.
    56 Memo, Coppock to Johnson, 1 August 1962, DDC 1993.
    57 Memo, Kaysen to the president, 6 July 1962, FRUS, 1961-63, 9: 1995, 138.
    49
    58 Memo, Ball to the president, “A Fresh Approach to the Gold Problem,” 24 July 1962, the Papers of George W.
    Ball, Box no. 15b, “Memorandum to the president on the Gold Problem,” Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library,
    Princeton University.
    59 Dillon, memo for the president, 7 August 1962, Acheson Papers, State Department and White House Adviser,
    Report to the president on the Balance of Payments, 2-25-63, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library.
    60 The tapes of the top meetings to discuss international monetary strategy have recently been made available. The
    sharpness of the dispute between Dillon and Roosa on one hand and Ball, Kaysen, Tobin on the other comes out
    quite clearly. So does Kennedy’s frustration at being unable to determine what policy to chose. For transcripts see
    Tape 11, 10 August 1962, 11:20 a.m. –12:30 p.m., President’s Office Files, transcribed by Francis J. Gavin, and
    Tape 14, 20 August 1962, 4:00-5:30 p.m., President’s Office Files, transcribed by Francis J. Gavin.
    61 Memo, president for the secretary of the treasury, the under secretary of state, and chairman of the CEA, August
    24, 1962, National Security Files, Department and Agencies, Treasury, 6/62 – 4/63/ 289, Kennedy Library.
    62 The whole subject of high-level monetary negotiations during the Johnson-Leddy mission was shrouded in
    mystery and innuendo. When Leddy and Johnson asked Giscard what Chancellor of Exchequer Maudling’s thoughts
    were on the subject, Giscard replied that “the two were in agreement that there should be high level secret
    discussions of the subject.” (memo from Dillon and Ball to the president, 12 September 1962, with attachment,
    memo for Dillon and Ball from Johnson and Leddy, 10 September 1962, FRUS, 1961-63, 1961-63, 9: 1995, 146.)
    Giscard did not tell Johnson and Leddy what the “subject” actually was. Was it the hoped for initiative to limit
    gold takings? Giscard didn’t say, and the American representatives thought it imprudent to ask. Several days later,
    British representatives asked the Americans what Giscard had said, and after being told, observed that “the whole
    affair was mysterious.” The next day, French officials said the same thing  The American team decided to drop the
    issue until after the IMF and World Bank meeting, because they believed that “open pressure on the French might
    lead them to think that political questions could be successfully interjected.”
    63 See Jacques Rueff, Le lancinant probleme des balance de paiments (Paris, Payot, 1965).
    50
    64 Press Conference, 4 February 1965, from Charles de Gaulle, Discours et messages, vol. 4: “Pour l’effort, Aout
    1962-Decembre 1965” (Paris, 1993).
    65 de Gaulle’s biographer, Jean Lacouture, argues that de Gaulle was interested in attacking the privileges of the
    during the Kennedy period. See Lacouture, de Gaulle, The Ruler, 1945-1970 (New York, 1992), p 381.
    66 Herve Alphand, L’etonnement d’etre (Paris, Fayard, 1977), 380-381.
    67 Memo for the secretary of the treasury, 19 January 1963, UPA, President’s Office Files, Treasury, 25.
    68 Summary record of NSC executive committee meeting, No. 38 (Part II), 25 January 1963, F RU S , 13: 1994, 488.
    69 For the issues surrounding France’s rejection of Great Britain’s application to enter the Common Market and de
    Gaulle’s rejection of Kennedy’s offer of nuclear assistance see Soutou, L’alliance incertaine, 230-240. In large
    measure, de Gaulle was reacting to the result of the Anglo-American Nassau conference, where Kennedy offered
    British prime minister Harold Macmillan the Polaris missile system to replace the Skybolt missile, which had been
    cancelled. Kennedy offered de Gaulle the same weapon; but since he did not have the submarines to fire the
    weapon, he considered the weapons worthless. It turns out that Kennedy was willing to discuss any aspect of the
    offer, including helping de Gaulle build the submarines. Marc Trachtenberg argues that the French were genuinely
    interested in this offer until George Ball essentially sabotaged Kennedy’s policy during his January meeting with de
    Gaulle. See Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, 359-70. Kennedy commissioned Richard E. Neustadt to write an
    in-house history and analysis of the events that led to the disastrous Nassau meeting and subsequent de Gaulle press
    conference. See the recently declassified “Skybolt and Nassau, American Policy-Making and Anglo-American
    Relations,” 15 November 1963, the Papers of Francis Bator, Johnson Library.
    70 For the origins, meaning, and implications of the Franco-German Treaty see Lacouture, de Gaulle, 333-62;
    Schwarz, Adenauer, 662-75; and Soutou, L’alliance incertain, 241-59.
    51
    71 Summary record of NSC executive committee meeting No. 39, 31 January 1963, FRUS, 13: 1994, 158.
    72 Memo, State to Bundy, “A Proposal for Strengthening our International Financial Position,” 24 January 1963,
    RG 59, SF 1963, FN 12, box 3451, U.S. National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
    73 Remarks of President Kennedy to the National Security Meeting, January 22, 1963, FRUS, 13: 1994, 486.
    74 Summary record of NSC executive committee meeting, No. 38 (Part II), January 25, 1963, ibid., 486-487.
    75 Summary record of NSC executive committee meeting, No. 39, 31 January 1963, ibid., 159-161.
    76 Summary record of NSC executive committee meeting No. 40, 5 February 1963, ibid., 178.
    77 Memorandum for the record, “Joint Chiefs of Staff Meeting with the president, 28 February 1963 – Force
    Strengths in Europe,” 28 February 1963, ibid., 517.
    78 For the idea that U.S.-Soviet relations moved toward “détente” during 1963, which made it possible for the
    superpowers to cooperate on a range of issues, from Berlin to nuclear proliferation, to the consternation of the
    Germans see Frank A. Mayer, Adenauer and Kennedy, A Study in German-American Relations, 1961-63 (New
    York, 1996); Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to
    Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA, 1996), esp. 236-74; Hans-Peter Schwarz , Konrad Adenauer, German Politician and
    Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction (Providence, 1997), especially the chapter entitled
    “We Are the Victims of American Détente Policy,” 687-99; Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, The Making
    of the European Settlement, 1945-1963 (Princeton, 1999), especially chapter 9. Note the following analysis of
    superpower relations after the Cuban Missile Crisis from p. 271 from Zubok and Pleshakov Inside the Kremlin’s
    Cold War: “By the end of the crisis, Khrushchev began to lean on the idea of joint management of the world with
    the United States much more than his Communist creed and his – albeit very crude – sense of social justice
    permitted …. The taming of the Cold War, fifteen years after its inception, and almost a decade after Stalin’s death,
    finally happened.” As Schwarz points out Adenauer saw these developments as a threat to the Federal Republic’s
    52
    security, “Adenauer again complained bitterly about the Americans, they would deceive no-one, but they were a
    people at the mercy of such changing moods  …. Adenauer’s immediate entourage was very familiar with his
    obsession that the Kennedy administration … was prepared to come to an American-Soviet arrangement over Berlin
    and Germany, despite the Cuba crisis. He became more and more obsessed with this idee fixe as 1963 advanced.
    Every event aroused his deepest distrust …. the lowest point in relations with the United States was reached in
    August 1963 during the quarrel about the GDR signing the Test Ban Treaty.” Adenauer, 666.
    79 Memo, Rostow for the president, “Balance of Payments Problem,” February 4, 1963, FRUS, 1961-63, 9: 1995,
    161.
    80 Memo, Dillon for the president, February 11, 1963, ibid., 163.
    81 Reeves, President Kennedy, 431.
    82 Transcript of oral history interview with Dean Acheson, 31, Kennedy Library.
    83 “In this whole discussion I have not mentioned the possibility of a change in the rate of exchange of the dollar.
    This is not because there is anything in the nature of the universe or the Constitution or good common sense to
    prevent the consideration of this matter at an appropriate time …. I do not think that time is now …. I did not want
    you, however, to think I thought this subject unmentionable.” Acheson to the president, cover letter for Dean
    Acheson, “Recommendations Relating to United States International Payments Problem,” February 25, 1963,
    President’s Office Files, 27, Special Correspondence Series, Kennedy Library.
    84 Acheson oral history, Kennedy Library.
    85 “Meeting between the president and Mr. Dean Acheson, February 26, 1963, 11 AM, on Balance of Payments,”
    February 27, 1963, FRUS, 1961-63, 9: 1995, 46.
    86 Ibid., 46.
    53
    87 George Ball, memorandum for the president, “Negotiations at Political Level for Supplementary Financing of
    Balance of Payments Deficit,” pp. 2-3, George W. Ball Papers, box 15b, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library,
    Princeton University.
    88 Rostow to Ball, “Negotiating Posture Balance of Payments,” 26 March 1963, UPA, President’s Office Files,
    State, 24, 1.
    89 George Ball, memorandum for the president, “Negotiations at Political Level for Supplementary Financing of
    Balance of Payments Deficit,” pp. 22-25, George W. Ball Papers, box 15b, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library,
    Princeton University.
    90 Memorandum for the Record, “Meeting with the president, April 18, 1963, 10,00 A.M. to 12 Noon – Balance of
    Payments,” April 24, 1963, National Security Files, M&M, Meetings with the president, 4/63, 317, Kennedy
    Library, 4-5. For Ball’s proposal to restrict the sale of foreign securities in the U.S. see George Ball, Memorandum
    for the president, “The Possible Restriction of the Sale of Foreign Securities in United States Markets,” 16 April
    1963, George W. Ball Papers, box 15b, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University.
    91 There is an unsigned memo, perhaps written by the Cabinet Committee on the Balance of Payments, which
    rejects capital controls and “extraordinary new arrangements” to fund the deficit. Instead, it recommends that the
    U.S. “cut down” and “reduce” American contributions to the common defense. Unidentified and unsigned memo,
    “The Balance of Payments,” 26 April 1963, President’s Office Files, Departments and Agencies, Treasury, 4/63, 90,
    Kennedy Library.
    92 Memorandum from the president to the Cabinet Committee on the Balance of Payments, 20 April 1963,
    President’s Office Files, Departments and Agencies, Treasury, 4/63, 90, Kennedy Library.
    54
    93 “Meeting with the president, April 18, 1963, 10,00 A.M. to 12 Noon-Balance of Payments,” 24 April 1963,
    National Security Files, M&M: Meetings with the President, 4/63, 317, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, p.
    4-5.
    94 Kitchen to Johnson, “Present Status of Defense Balance of Payments Problems Affecting State Department’s
    Interests,” 4 March 1963, RG 59, SF 1963, FN 12, box 3451, 2.
    95 See, for example, Brussels to State, May 28, 1963, RG 59, SF 1963, Def 6, Box 3747, U.S. National Archives;
    Paris to State, 23 May 1963, RG 59, SF 1963, Def 6, box 3747.
    96 Rusk to Missions in the NATO Capitals, 18 June 1963, FRUS, 1961-63, 9: 1995, 596-97.
    97 Memo, Johnson to Rusk, “Political Effect of Troop Withdrawals from Europe,” 17 May 1963, and attached
    report, “The Implications for US National Interests of American Military Retrenchment in Europe,” RG 59, SF
    1963, Def 6-8, box 3749.
    98 Memo for the Record, “Troop Withdrawals,” 4 September 1963, RG 59, SF 1963, Def 6-8, U.S. National
    Archives. See also memo, McNamara to the president, “Reduction in Department of Defense Expenditures Entering
    the International Balance of Payments,” 16 July 1963, FRUS, 1961-63, 9: 1995, 73.
    99 Memo for the Record, 12 September 1963, FRUS, 1961-63, 9: 1995, 87.
    100 Memo, Rusk to Kennedy, “Department of Defense Proposals for further Reductions in Balance of Payments
    Drain,” undated, ibid., 89-93. See also Popper to Schaetzel, “Points for Discussion with Ambassador Finletter,” 19
    September 1963, RG 59, SF 1963, Def 6, box 3747.
    101 Memo, “Meeting on Defense Proposals for further reductions in balance of payments drain, 19 September 1963,
    4 PM,” 23 September 1963, FRUS, 1961-63, 9: 1995, 98.
    55
    102 Remarks by Roswell Gilpatric, deputy ecretary of defense, at the Annual UPI Editors and Publishers Conference,
    19 October 1963, RG 59, SF 1963, Def 6-8, box 3749, p. 6.
    103 John G. Norris, “Pentagon to Seek Showdown on Basic NATO Strategy,” Washington Post, 20 October 1963,
    A-15.
    104 Johnson to Rusk, “U.S. Policy on our Public Position on Troop Withdrawals,” October 21, 1963, RG 59, SF
    1963, Def 6-8, box 3749, U.S. National Archives, 1.
    105 Johnson to Rusk, “U.S. Policy on our Public Position on Troop Withdrawals,” October 21, 1963, ibid., 1.
    106 Memo, Bundy to Gilpatric, 18 October 1963, National Security Files, Departments and Agencies, Defense, box
    274, Kennedy Library.
    107 Memo, Bundy to Gilpatric, 18 October 1963, ibid., 2. See also Weiss, memorandum for the record, 24 October
    1963, RG 59, SF 1963, Def 6, Box 3747.
    108 Telegram, State Department to embassy in Germany, 30 July 1963, FRUS, 1961-63, 9: 184-185. See also
    footnote 1, 184. See also Telegram, State Department to Embassy in Germany, 11 July 1963, FRUS, FRUS, 1961-
    63, 9: 176.
    109 Memo of Conversation, “Military Offset Arrangements; Developmental Assistance Activities,” 15 November
    1962, ibid., p. 157.
    110 Donfried, Karen Erika, The Political Economy of Alliance, Issue Linkage in the West German-American
    Relationship. (Ph.D. dissertation, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 1991), 110.
    111 Kennedy Library Tape No. 102/A38, 30 July 1963 meeting, second side of cassette no. 1, right after first
    excision (43,26).
    56
    112 Gesprach des Botschafters Freiherr von Welck mit Staatspasident Franco in 29 Madrid, May 1963, Akten zur
    Auswartigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Munich, 1963) vol. I, no. 185.
    113 Ibid., no. 185, footnote 9.
    114 Memo of conversation, “Trade and Fiscal Policy Matters,” 24 June 1963, FRUS, 1961-63, 9: 1995, 170.
    115 Memcon, “U.S. Troop Reductions in Europe,” 24 September 1963, ibid., 187.
    116 Gesprach des Bundeskanzlers Adenauer mit dem amerikanischen Verteidigungsminister McNamara, 31 July
    1963. Akten zur Auswartigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1963, vol. II, no. 257.
    117 See the sources and Adenauer quote in fn. 77.
    118 Kennedy-Bundy-Rusk-McNamara Meeting, 10 December 1962, 3, FRUS 1961-63, vos. 13-15, microfiche
    supplement, document 27.
    119 See Schwarz, Adenauer, 688, “This was linked to a situation of considerable change in the international political
    scene, which was considerably altered in the spring of 1963. Kennedy and Khrushchev drew the same conclusions
    from the Cuban crisis. After they had stared into the abyss of nuclear war, they believed it advisable to turn to
    détente . . . This meant, that in Europe, the Soviet Union must also be prepared not to make any more threats to
    the Western allies’ encalve of Berlin. The acceptance of the GDR and the Wall were also the price of détente. U.S.
    and British readiness for an agreement in arms control also had to be taken into account; this would be at the cost
    of basic German positions that until then had been vigorously defended (emphasis added).
    120 For a document showing the Germans analyzing and weighing all their foreign policy options, but suggesting
    that the FRG had little choice but to follow the American line see “Aufzeichnung des Staatssekretars Carstens,” 16
    August 1963, Akten zur Auswartigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vol. 2 (Munich, 11994), 306.
    57
    121 This quote is taken from Hubert Zimmerman, “Dollars, Pounds, and Transatlantic Security, Conventional
    Troops and Monetary Policy in Germany’s Relations to the United States and the United Kingdom 1955-1967,”
    (Ph.D. diss., European University Institute, 1997). Original document is from the Papers of George McGhee, 1988
    add, box 1, memorandum on von Hassel Rusk talks, 10 October 1963.
    122 Background Paper, “Germany and the U.S. Balance of Payments,” 20 December 1963, National Security Files,
    Country File, Germany, box 190, LBJL, 1. See also Soutou, L’alliance incertaine, 265.
    123 Brief Talking Points on Offset Agreement, 26 December 1963, National Security Files, Country File, Germany,
    box 190, Johnson Library.
    124 The story of the battle within the West German CDU/CSU parties over foreign policy is told in Schwarz,
    Adenauer, 676-98. There were many other issues involved in Adenauer’s removal from the chancellorship in the
    fall of 1963, including the infamous “Spiegal” affair. But it is clear that Ludwig Erhard understood the
    implications of Adenauer’s turn toward France, a policy he reversed upon entering office. Part of this reversal
    included an affirmation of the U.S. troop-offset link.
    125 “Excerpt from Proposed Speech by Secretary Rusk at Frankfurt, Germany, on Sunday, 27 October 1963,” RG
    59, SF 1963, Def 6-8, box 3749.
    126 “President’s news conference statements on US Troop levels was widely covered in Saturday’s German press
    under such headlines as, ‘Kennedy puts an end to speculation’ (Die Welt), Kennedy decides against troop
    withdrawals from Germany’ (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung); and ‘Troops remain in Germany’ (Deutsche Zeit
    Ung). Bonn to Secretary of State, 2 November 1963, RG 59, SF 1963, Def 6-8, box 3749.
    127 McNamara to the president, 19 September 1966, Papers of Francis Bator, box 21, 1. Also in National Security
    Files, Trilateral Negotiations and NATO, box 50, Johnson Library.
    58
    128 The transatlantic bargain between the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany would be threatened in
    1966 and 1967, until a new arrangement was negotiated during the Trilateral Talks. See Francis J. Gavin,
    “Defending Europe and the Dollar, The Politics of the United States Balance of Payments, 1958-1968 (Ph.D. diss.,
    University of Pennsylvania, 1997) chapter 5; and Gregory Treverton, The Dollar Drain and American Forces in
    Germany (Athens, 1978).
    129 There are other historical examples of the interconnectedness of monetary and security policy in international
    relations. As Marc Trachtenberg and Stephen Schuker demonstrated in their studies, the Franco-German clash over
    reparations after WWI — an ostensibly economic clash that on the surface seemed to be over highly technical
    monetary issues — in fact masked a fundamental dispute over the shape of the balance of power in Europe after the
    First World War. See Stephen Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe, The Financial Crisis of 1924
    and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1976); and Marc
    Trachtenberg, Reparation in World Politics, France and European Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (New York,
    1980).
    130 For example, what is the real relationship between the monetary chaos of the 1920s and 1930s, the collapse of
    the international monetary system, the intensification of international political rivalry and the origins of the Second
    World War in both Asia and Europe?

    http://www.utexas.edu/lbj/faculty/gavin/articles/gold_battles.pdf

    ***

    International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

    Available in: ???????, Español, Français

    ibrd-hpimage.gif

    The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) aims to reduce poverty in middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries by promoting sustainable development through loans, guarantees, risk management products, and analytical and advisory services. Established in 1944 as the original institution of the World Bank Group, IBRD is structured like a cooperative that is owned and operated for the benefit of its 186 member countries.
    IBRD raises most of its funds on the world’s financial markets and has become one of the most established borrowers since issuing its first bond in 1947. The income that IBRD has generated over the years has allowed it to fund development activities and to ensure its financial strength, which enables it to borrow at low cost and offer clients good borrowing terms.

    At its Annual Meeting in September 2006, the World Bank — with the encouragement of its shareholder governments — committed to make further improvements to the services it provides its members. To meet the increasingly sophisticated demands of middle-income countries, IBRD is overhauling financial and risk management products, broadening the provision of free-standing knowledge services and making it easier for clients to deal with the Bank.

    http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/EXTIBRD/0,,menuPK:3046081~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:3046012,00.html

    ***

    Why did banks and investment brokerages ever get to work as internal hedge fund players – President and the Economy
    Posted by cricketdiane under America – USA, Creating Solutions That Work, Creating Solutions for America, Creating Solutions for Real-life, Cricket D, Cricket Diane C Phillips, Cricket Diane C Sparky Phillips, Economics, Economy, International Concerns, Life In The USA – Rotterdam Club, Making It All Work Quickly, Money, New Boston Tea Party Actions, Physics of Change, Principles of Economics, Real-World, Reality-based Analysis, Solutions, Systems Analysis, US At Home – Domestic Policy, United States of America, cricket diane, cricketdiane, macro-economics | Tags: banking, banks, bonds, credit default swaps, cricketdiane, hedge funds, macroeconomics 2010, President Obama financial reform, proprietary trading, Wall Street | (edit this)
    Leave a Comment

    ***

    Today – 01-21-10
    President Obama is announcing financial reform guidelines including the exclusion of banks from engaging in proprietary trading and investing their own funds into internal hedge funds while having inside knowledge of auctions / trades and using taxpayer dollars to cover their losses. Also announced the intention for risk to no longer be concentrated due to consolidating many smaller and mid-sized firms into large conglomerate ones – President Obama described the intention to proceed with regulations that would no longer allow huge banking, investment, brokerage and financial institutions to become conglomerate concentrations of risk and of such size to jeopardize the entire system if they were to fail.

    On CNN 11.41 – 11.44 amET
    check transcript and WhiteHouse website for transcript / video clip of announcement

    (34) – CNN – LIVE
    President (Uncle Barack) Obama and Vice President (Uncle Joe) Biden

    ***

    Paul Volcker has been talking about these things for a year – anchor’s comment

    ***

    Proprietary trading
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Proprietary trading, proprietary trading desk, or “prop desk” are terms used in investment banking to describe when the firm’s traders actively trade stocks, bonds, options, commodities, derivatives or other financial instruments with its own money as opposed to its customers’ money, so as to make a profit for itself. Although investment banks are usually defined as businesses which assist other business in raising money in the capital markets (by selling stocks or bonds), in fact most are also involved in trading for their own accounts as well. They may use a variety of strategies such as index arbitrage, statistical arbitrage, merger arbitrage, fundamental analysis, volatility arbitrage or macro trading, much like a hedge fund. Many reporters and analysts believe investment banks purposely leave ambiguous the amount of non proprietary trading they do versus the amount of proprietary trading they do because it is felt that proprietary trading is riskier and results in more volatile profits.
    Contents

    * 1 The relationships between trading and investment banking
    * 2 Arbitrage
    * 3 Conflicts of interest in proprietary trading
    * 4 Famous trading banks and traders
    * 5 References
    * 6 External links

    The relationships between trading and investment banking

    Investment banks are defined as companies that assist other companies in raising financial capital in the capital markets, through things like the issuance of stocks and bonds. Trading has almost always been associated with investment banks however, because they are often required to make a market in the stocks and bonds they help issue.

    For example, if General Store Co. sold stock with an investment bank, whoever first bought shares would possibly have a hard time selling them to other individuals if people are not familiar with the company. The investment bank agrees to buy the shares sold in order to find a buyer. This provides liquidity to the markets. The bank normally does not care about the fundamental, intrinsic value of the shares, but only that it can sell them at a slightly higher price than it could buy them. To do this, an investment bank employs traders. Over time these traders began to devise different strategies within this system to earn even more profit independent of providing client liquidity, and this is how proprietary trading was born.

    The evolution of proprietary trading at investment banks has come to the point whereby banks employ multiple desks of traders devoted solely to proprietary trading with the hopes of earning added profits above that of market-making trading. These desks are often considered internal hedge funds within the investment bank, performing in isolation away from client-flow traders.

    Proprietary desks routinely have the highest value at risk among other desks at the bank. Investments banks such as Goldman Sachs, Deutsche Bank, and Merrill Lynch are known to earn a significant portion of their quarterly and annual profits through proprietary trading efforts.[citation needed] Unlike other type of auctioneers, the traders in investment banks are allowed to bid shares while conducting the auction.

    If you think a trader’s ability to see the incoming orders for the trade gives him a built in advantage when trading for himself, you are not wrong. It is like being in the card game in which only one of the players has the ability to see everyone else’s hand.
    Arbitrage

    One of the main strategies of trading traditionally associated with investment banks is arbitrage. In the most basic sense, arbitrage is defined as taking advantage of a price discrepancy through the purchase/sale of certain combinations of securities to lock in a profit.

    Many people confuse arbitrage with what is essentially a normal investment. The difference between arbitrage and a typical investment is the amount of risk: the risk in what is known as arbitrage today (to distinguish it from theoretical arbitrage, which effectively does not exist) is market neutral. From the second the trade is executed, a profit is locked in. Investment banks, which are often active in many markets around the world, constantly watch for arbitrage opportunities.

    One of the more notable areas of arbitrage, called risk arbitrage, evolved in the 1980’s. When a company plans to buy another company, often the price of a share in the capital of the buyer falls (because the buyer will have to pay money to buy the other company) and the price of a share in the capital of the other company rises (because the buyer usually buys those shares at a price higher than the current price). When an investment bank believes a buyout is imminent, it often sells short the shares of the buyer (betting that the price will go down) and buys the shares of the company being acquired (betting the price will go up).
    Conflicts of interest in proprietary trading

    There are a number of ways in which proprietary trading can create conflicts of interest between a trader’s interests and those of its customers.[1]

    Some suspect that traders engage in “front running”, buying shares in companies the traders’ customers are buying so as to profit from the price increase resulting from the customers’ purchases and thereby harming the customers’ interests.

    Some suspect that investment bank salesmen (who encourage customers to buy particular securities) assist their firm’s proprietary traders by encouraging customers to buy securities performing poorly after the proprietary traders have bought them for the firm.

    Lastly, because investment banks are key figures in mergers and acquisitions, a possibility exists that the traders could use prohibited inside information to engage in merger arbitrage. Investment banks are required to have a Chinese wall separating their trading and investment banking divisions, however in recent years, dating most recently back to the Enron saga, these have come under great scrutiny.

    One example of an alleged conflict of interest can be found in charges brought by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission against Citigroup in 2007.[2]
    [edit] Famous trading banks and traders

    Famous proprietary traders have included Robert Rubin, Steven A. Cohen, Edward Lampert, and Daniel Och. Some of the investment banks most historically associated with trading was Salomon Brothers and Drexel Burnham Lambert, and currently Goldman Sachs. Nick Leeson took down Barings Bank with unauthorized proprietary positions. Another trader, Brian Hunter, brought down the hedge fund Amaranth Advisors when his massive positions in natural gas futures went bad.
    [edit] References

    1. ^ “Conflict of Interest Lessons From Financial Services”. 2005-02-22. http://www.complianceweek.com/article/1562/conflict-of-interest-lessons-from-financial-services. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
    2. ^ “Citigroup challenges Australian commission’s conflict of interest ruling”. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/03/23/business/citigroup.php.

    [edit] External links

    * http://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/3004344?f=related
    * http://www.trading-lab.com/forums/introduction_proprietary_trading-t305.html

    Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_trading”
    Categories: Financial markets

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_trading

    ***

    http://www.blackhat.com/

    BlackHat DC
    Jan. 31 – Feb. 3, 2010
    Arlington, VA

    Register now for Black Hat DC, the largest and the most important security conference series in the world. It happens Jan. 31-Feb. 3, 2010, in Arlington, Va. Find out more and register.

    ***

    http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=222301030

    ***

    The White House

    Office of the Press Secretary
    For Immediate Release
    January 21, 2010
    President Obama Calls for New Restrictions on Size and Scope of Financial Institutions to Rein in Excesses and Protect Taxpayers

    WASHINGTON, DC- President Obama joined Paul Volcker, former chairman of the Federal Reserve; Bill Donaldson, former chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission; Congressman Barney Frank, House Financial Services Chairman; Senator Chris Dodd, Chairman of the Banking Committee and the President’s economic team to call for new restrictions on the size and scope of banks and other financial institutions to rein in excessive risk taking and to protect taxpayers.

    The President’s proposal would strengthen the comprehensive financial reform package that is already moving through Congress.

    “While the financial system is far stronger today than it was a year one year ago, it is still operating under the exact same rules that led to its near collapse,” said President Barack Obama. “My resolve to reform the system is only strengthened when I see a return to old practices at some of the very firms fighting reform; and when I see record profits at some of the very firms claiming that they cannot lend more to small business, cannot keep credit card rates low, and cannot refund taxpayers for the bailout.  It is exactly this kind of irresponsibility that makes clear reform is necessary.”

    The proposal would:

    1.   Limit the Scope – The President and his economic team will work with Congress to ensure that no bank or financial institution that contains a bank will own, invest in or sponsor a hedge fund or a private equity fund, or proprietary trading operations unrelated to serving customers for its own profit.

    2.   Limit the Size – The President also announced a new proposal to limit the consolidation of our financial sector.  The President’s proposal will place broader limits on the excessive growth of the market share of liabilities at the largest financial firms, to supplement existing caps on the market share of deposits.

    In the coming weeks, the President will continue to work closely with Chairman Dodd and others to craft a strong, comprehensive financial reform bill that puts in place common sense rules of the road and robust safeguards for the benefit of consumers, closes loopholes, and ends the mentality of “Too Big to Fail.”   Chairman Barney Frank’s financial reform legislation, which passed the House in December, laid the groundwork for this policy by authorizing regulators to restrict or prohibit large firms from engaging in excessively risky activities.

    As part of the previously announced reform program, the proposals announced today will help put an end to the risky practices that contributed significantly to the financial crisis.

    http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-calls-new-restrictions-size-and-scope-financial-institutions-rein-e

    ***

    Next Page »

    ***

    IOSCO_Quarterly_Update_January_2010.pdf

    03 November 2009 IOSCO Consults on Principles to Mitigate Private Equity Conflicts Of Interest
    Consultation period closes on 01 February 2010
    The International Organization of Securities Commissions’ (IOSCO) Technical Committee published a Consultation Report on Private Equity Conflicts of Interest. The Report proposes a number of Principles for the effective mitigation of the potential conflicts of interest encountered in private equity firms, and the risks these conflicts pose to fund investors or the efficient functioning of the market.

    29 September 2009 Joint Forum Final Release of Report on Special Purpose Entities
    The Joint Forum released its paper entitled Report on Special Purpose Entities. This paper serves two broad objectives. First, it provides background on the variety of special purpose entities found across the financial sectors, the motivations of market participants to make use of these structures, and risk management issues that arise from their use. Second, it suggests policy implications and issues for consideration by market participants and the supervisory community.
    14 September 2009 IOSCO Publishes Regulatory Standards for Funds of Hedge Funds
    The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) published Elements of International Regulatory Standards on Funds of Hedge Funds Related Issues Based on Best Market Practices containing standards aimed at addressing regulatory issues of investor protection which have arisen due to the increased involvement of retail investors in hedge funds through funds of hedge funds.

    04 September 2009 IOSCO Issues Final Regulatory Recommendations on Securitisation and CDS Market
    The International Organization of Securities Commissions’ (IOSCO) Technical Committee published Unregulated Financial Markets and Products – Final Report prepared by its Task Force on Unregulated Financial Markets and Products.

    http://www.iosco.org/library/briefing_notes/pdf/IOSCO_Quarterly_Update_January_2010.pdf

    ***

    Joint Release
    Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
    Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
    Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
    Office of Thrift Supervision

    NR 2010-6
    For Immediate Release
    January 21, 2010

    Agencies Issue Final Rule for Regulatory Capital Standards Related to Statements of Financial Accounting Standards Nos. 166 and 167

    WASHINGTON — The federal banking and thrift regulatory agencies today announced the final risk-based capital rule related to the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s adoption of Statements of Financial Accounting Standards Nos. 166 and 167. These new accounting standards make substantive changes to how banking organizations account for many items, including securitized assets, that had been previously excluded from these organizations’ balance sheets.

    Banking organizations affected by the new accounting standards generally will be subject to higher risk-based regulatory capital requirements. The rule better aligns risk-based capital requirements with the actual risks of certain exposures. It also provides an optional phase-in for four quarters of the impact on risk-weighted assets and tier 2 capital resulting from a banking organization’s implementation of the new accounting standards.

    The final rule, issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and Office of Thrift Supervision, will take effect 60 days after publication in the Federal Register, which is expected shortly. Banking organizations may choose to comply with the final rule as of the beginning of their first annual reporting period after November 15, 2009.

    # # #

    Attachment
    Media Contacts:
    Federal Reserve     Barbara Hagenbaugh     202-452-2955
    OCC     Dean DeBuck     202-874-5770
    FDIC     David Barr     202-898-6992
    OTS     William Ruberry     202-906-6677

    http://occ.gov/ftp/release/2010-6.htm

    ***

    My Note -

    It will take a class action suit against the banking and financial institutions for this to change. Apparently the new regulations and reform promised were hindered by the blinding light of the bankers, hedge fund managers, financial executives and their powerful, well-funded lobbyists. The abilities they have to charge themselves nothing in interest or liabilities, while pecking the skin off everybody else in the population to get our nickels and dimes and dollars until no one has anything except for the financial players, is astounding. They have no reason to learn any differently than they have been playing it.

    There are no safeguards to insure fair trade, fair consumer practices and a level playing field for the rest of us. And, the bankers and investment / financial institutions, including the credit card companies will continue to drive human lives, families, communities and most of the population straight into generations of poverty while they lavish gifts and the riches of kings upon themselves.

    Oh, Marie,    -  Marie Antoinette,

    Why did you lose your head?

    - cricketdiane, 01-30-10

    ***

    ***

    http://www.number10.gov.uk/

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsetKROO4DU&feature=youtube_gdata

    number10, Downing Street, UK – official video clip site
    Number10.gov.uk logo
    The official site of the Prime Minister’s Office

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    Home > Afghanistan Conference – PM’s opening remarks
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    Thursday 28 January 2010
    Afghanistan Conference – PM’s opening remarks

    London Conference family photograph; PA copyrightThe Prime Minister has delivered his opening remarks to the Afghanistan Conference in London on 28 January 2010.
    Read the transcript

    Let me first of all welcome you to London -

    * My fellow hosts – President Karzai and Secretary General Ban
    * Secretary General Rasmussen – representing NATO, the largest partner in the international coalition
    * Admiral Stavridis and General McChrystal, who head the international forces: serving with such courage and distinction in Afghanistan, and soon to be over 100,000 strong
    * Leaders, foreign ministers and distinguished guests
    * Representing over seventy nations and international organisations – including every member of the forty-three nation strong International Security Assistance Force
    * And representing also Afghanistan’s key regional and Muslim partners – with whom we are pleased to work, and whose involvement in this worldwide coalition to support peace and stability in this crucial region we especially welcome

    This is a decisive time for the international operation that is helping the Afghan people secure and govern their own country. For this conference marks the beginning of the transition process – agreeing the necessary conditions under which we can begin – district by district and province by province – the process for transferring responsibility for security from international forces to Afghan forces.

    2009 was a difficult year in Afghanistan – and there will be more tough times ahead.

    All our forces have made great sacrifices, with hundreds of lives lost and thousands of casualties sustained; in the last year Britain alone has suffered over 100 fatalities.

    But these sacrifices are not in vain – all the countries represented here recognise that this campaign is vital to our own national security, to the stability of this crucial region, and to the security of the world.

    We have a clear strategy – as I and President Obama and Secretary General Rasmussen and others set out last autumn – and we are making progress.

    A military surge is turning the tide against the Taleban-led insurgency, and at the same time building the capacity of the Afghan forces who are fighting alongside us.

    And a civilian surge is ensuring that, as military forces clear areas of Taleban, our stabilisation experts go in immediately to work with local leaders to hold the ground that has been gained.

    Britain leads the largest joint military-civilian provincial reconstruction team in Afghanistan. During 2008 we doubled the number of British civilian experts in Helmand – and Secretary Clinton has announced that America is now tripling the number of American civilian personnel deployed; and I urge other countries to follow this lead.

    And to help deliver this co-ordinated military and civilian surge across the many countries involved, I welcome the appointment of Mark Sedwill – as the new senior NATO civilian representative in Kabul; and Staffan de Mistura – as the UN Secretary General’s representative in Afghanistan.

    I have described our shared strategy as one of “Afghanisation” – building up Afghan institutions – the army, the police, and the Government – so that as they become stronger we can hand over to them the responsibility of tackling terrorism and extremism, and our forces can start to come home.

    It will take time – but I believe the conditions set out in the plan we will sign up to today can be met sooner than many expect, and that as a result the process of handover will begin later this year.

    This will not signal an end to our support for Afghanistan. I know that none of us here today wants to repeat the mistakes of past decades – when the international community abandoned Afghanistan and the region. But it will mark the beginning of a new phase, and a decisive step towards the Afghans taking control of their own security.

    Last November, to support this strategy of Afghanisation, I announced an increase in British forces to 9,500 plus special forces and their support: an uplift that is part of an approach agreed across the international coalition – with America taking the lead and all countries bearing their share of the burden.

    36 countries have already offered additional manpower – and I warmly welcome the most recent commitments from Chancellor Merkel: increasing the German troop numbers to 5000, and numbers of police training staff to 260 – an increase of over 50 per cent. And more than eight thousand additional NATO troops have been committed to the campaign since President Obama announced the American increase with more being announced this week.

    But in return for this commitment we, as the international community, must today agree with President Karzai plans for the expansion of the Afghan army and police force – and pledge the necessary support to do so.

    So we will agree that the Afghan national army will number 134,000 by October 2010 and 171,600 by October 2011.

    And similarly today we will commit to supporting a police reform plan: with Afghan national police numbers reaching 109 thousand by this October, and 134 thousand by October 2011.

    This will bring Afghan national security forces to 300,000 in total – a presence that is far bigger than our coalition forces.

    And because we badly need more international police trainers, the UK is more than doubling the number of military mentoring teams for the Afghan police starting in April of this year.

    International forces will be 135,000; Afghan security forces will be 300,000. And the balance will continue to shift towards Afghan security control.

    As President Obama made clear last month, by the middle of next year we have to turn the tide in the fight against the insurgency and also in our work to support the Afghan Government in winning the trust of its people.

    So today we affirm as an international community that the increase in our military efforts must be matched with governance and economic development – a political and civilian surge to match and complement the current military surge – and with the Afghan Government committed to playing its full part too.

    President Karzai – as an international community we will stand united with you in your work on the five areas we agreed at the time of your election – fighting corruption, securing stronger governance, economic development, supporting an Afghan-led peace and reintegration programme, and strengthening the partnerships with Afghanistan’s neighbours. And I commend the progress you have made since then.

    Today we welcome your decision to appoint an independent high office of oversight with
    investigative and wide-ranging powers and an international monitoring group of experts which will provide regular reports to you, to the Afghan parliament, the Afghan people and to the international community.

    I know from my many visits to Helmand that local governance is also critical. We have agreed to provide additional support to train twelve thousand sub-national civil servants in core administrative functions in support of provincial and district governorships by the end of 2011. And I am pleased to announce that in partnership with the Asia Foundation and the Afghan Independent Directorate for Local Governance – the British, American, Canadian and Belgian governments are launching a new performance-based governors’ fund – which will provide more finance for provincial governors – based on need and evidence of accountability and effectiveness.

    In return for action on corruption and better governance, the international community will not just maintain its aid but also aim to increase the share which is delivered through the Afghan Government and budget to 50% in the next two years.

    And under the heavily indebted poor countries initiative – the World Bank, the IMF and Afghanistan’s major creditors have this week agreed to provide up to $1.6 billion in debt relief from major creditors, taking total debt relief to $11 billion.

    But, if Afghanistan is to enjoy greater stability, farmers and working people in towns and villages must have a greater stake in their economic future. So Britain is contributing over £72 million in new programmes to support agriculture and other projects to encourage growth.

    And I also welcome chancellor Merkel’s decision earlier this week to double Germany’s development aid to 430 million Euros this year and for the next three years. Overall international aid to Afghanistan in the last financial year was $6.3 billion – making up 45% of Afghan GDP.

    International and Afghan forces are weakening the insurgency, applying pressure to its leadership.

    But a familiar element of successful conflict resolution through history is to combine this strategy of strengthening our security forces with the offer of a way forward for those prepared to renounce violence and choose to join the political process – so let me welcome today the plans from President Karzai and his Government for an Afghan-led peace and reintegration programme that offers insurgents a way back into mainstream life on the condition that they renounce violence, cut ties with al Qaeda and all other terrorist groups, respect the constitution and pursue their political goals peacefully.

    As an international community responding to President Karzai’s leadership, we are today establishing an international trust fund to finance this Afghan-led peace and reintegration programme to provide an economic alternative for those who have none. But for those insurgents who refuse to accept the conditions for reintegration, we will have no choice but to pursue them militarily.
    Let me conclude as we look forward to the next conference in Kabul by paying tribute to all those who have served in Afghanistan through these troubled times – not just our brave forces and the Afghan army and police but also the civilian staff – both Afghan and international – who have been doing crucial work with international agencies and non-government organisations.

    And let us remember in particular those who gave their lives, making the ultimate sacrifice for the security and stability of Afghanistan and the protection of people at home.

    All around the world, thousands of men and women of all religions – including thousands of the Muslim faith – have been murdered in al Qaeda attacks.

    Today our message to al Qaeda is clear. And it is the same message we send to all those who pursue violent and extremist ideologies that pervert the true Islamic faith. We will defeat you. Not just on the battlefield, but in the hearts and minds of the people in Afghanistan – and in any and every country where you seek refuge.

    For today, the people of the world speak as one. United and resolute we will win the fight against global terrorism; united in supporting the government of Afghanistan to deliver peace and security for its people; and united in our resolve to do what is right to support all those determined to build a more secure, more prosperous life, free of terrorism.

    Tags: Afghanistan, London conference
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    Who decided that credit card companies and banks could change the rules and charge 31% interest or more on balances made at another rate and being paid on time? What happened to the financial fair practices regulations that were supposed to protect us?

    Posted by cricketdiane on

    Consumer Complaints and Assistance:
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    OCCAlertResponses

    Legal and Regulatory:
    Pending Legislation of Interest

    Select these sites for pending legislation related to banks and banking.

    The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Financial Services is responsible for:

    Banks and banking, including deposit insurance and Federal monetary policy,
    Economic Stabilization, defense production, renegotiation, and control of the price of commodities, rents, and services,
    Financial aid to commerce and industry (other than transportation),
    Insurance generally,
    International finance,
    International financial and monetary organizations,
    Money and credit, including currency and the issuance of notes and redemption thereof; gold and silver, including the coinage thereof; valuation and revaluation of the dollar,
    Public and private housing,
    Securities and exchanges, and
    Urban development. top

    The U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs has jurisdiction over

    Banks, banking, and financial institutions,

    Control of prices of commodities, rents and services,

    Deposit insurance,

    Economic stabilization and defense production,

    Export and foreign trade promotion,

    Export controls,

    Federal monetary policy, including the Federal Reserve System,

    Financial aid to commerce and industry,

    Issuance and redemption of notes,

    Money and credit, including currency and coinage,

    Nursing home construction,

    Public and private housing (including veterans housing),

    Renegotiation of Government contracts, and

    Urban development and urban mass transit.

    The Committee also studies and reviews on a comprehensive basis, matters relating to international economic policy as it affects United States monetary affairs, credit, and financial institutions; economic growth, urban affairs, and credit, and report thereon from time to time.

    (from)

    http://occ.gov/law/Pendinglegislation.htm

    ***

    My Note – I found this list above because these are the legislators that have authority over the credit cards that are increasing the interest rates on outstanding balances from 14% up to 31% and sometimes, even more. This is continuing despite the new package of regulations preventing and prohibiting it which was passed early last year and was going to go into effect by January, then was going to go into effect early last August or December 2009, and then finally, will now go into effect on February 22, 2010.

    (And this – )

    Legal and Regulatory:

    Code of Federal Regulations

    Banks and Banking

    12 CFR Parts 1 to 199

    Part #1 Investment securities
    Part #2 Sales of credit life insurance
    Part #3 Minimum capital ratios; issuance of directives
    Part #4 Organization and functions, availability and releases of information, contracting outreach program
    Part #5 Rules, policies, and procedures for corporate activities
    Part #6 Prompt corrective action
    Part #7 Interpretive rulings
    Part #8 Assessment of fees; national banks; District of columbia banks
    Part #9 Fiduciary activities of national banks
    Part #10 Municipal securities dealers
    Part #11 Securities Exchange Act disclosure rules
    Part #12 Recordkeeping and configuration requirements for securities transactions
    Part #13 Government securities sales practices
    Part #14 Consumer Protections for Depository Institution Sales of Insurance
    Part #16 Securities offering disclosure rules
    Part #18 Disclosure of financial and other information by national banks
    Part #19 Rules of practice and procedure
    Part #21 Minimum security devices and procedures, reports of suspicious activities, and Bank Secrecy Act Compliance Program
    Part #22 Loans in areas having special flood hazards
    Part #23 Leasing
    Part #24 Community development corporations, community development projects, and other public welfare investments
    Part #25 Community Reinvestment Act and Interstate Deposit Production regulations
    Part #26 Management official interlocks
    Part #27 Fair housing home loan data system
    Part #28 International banking activities
    Part #30 Safety and soundness standards
    Part #31 Extensions of credit to insiders and transactions with affiliates
    Part #32 Lending Limits
    Part #34 Real estate lending and appraisals
    Part #35 Disclosure and Reporting of CRA Related Agreements
    Part #37 Debt Cancellation Contracts and Debt Suspension Agreements
    Part #40 Privacy of Consumer Financial Information
    Part #41 Fair Credit Reporting Regulations
    *Parts 37 and 41 are proposed. Parts 15, 17, 20, 29, 33, 36, 38, 39, 42-199 are reserved.
    12 C.F.R. Part 1
    Investment Securities
    12 C.F.R. Part 2
    Sales of Credit Life Insurance
    12 C.F.R. Part 3
    Minimum Capital Ratios; Issuance of Directives; including Appendix A, Risk-Based Capital Guidelines, and Appendix B, Risk-Based Capital Guidelines; Market Risk Analysis
    12 C.F.R. Part 4
    Organization and Functions, Availability and Release of Information, Contracting Outreach Program
    12 C.F.R. Part 5
    Rules, Policies, and Procedures for Corporate Activities
    12 C.F.R. Part 6
    Prompt Corrective Action
    12 C.F.R. Part 7
    Bank Activities and Operations
    12 C.F.R. Part 8
    Assessment of Fees
    12 C.F.R. Part 9
    Fiduciary Activities of National Banks
    12 C.F.R. Part 10
    Municipal Securities Dealers
    12 C.F.R. Part 11
    Securities Exchange Act Disclosure Rules
    12 C.F.R. Part 12
    Recordkeeping and Confirmation Requirements for Securities Transactions
    12 C.F.R. Part 13
    Government Securities Sales Practices
    12 C.F.R. Part 14
    Consumer Protection in Sales of Insurance
    12 C.F.R. Part 16
    Securities Offering Disclosure Rules
    12 C.F.R. Part 18
    Disclosure of Financial and Other Information by National Banks
    12 C.F.R. Part 19
    Rules of Practice and Procedure
    12 C.F.R. Part 21
    Minimum Security Devices and Procedures, Reports of Suspicious Activities, and Bank Secrecy Act Compliance Program
    12 C.F.R. Part 22
    Loans in Areas Having Special Flood Hazards
    12 C.F.R. Part 23
    Leasing
    12 C.F.R. Part 24
    Community Development Corporations, Community Development Projects, and Other Public Welfare Investments
    12 C.F.R. Part 25
    Community Reinvestment Act and Interstate Deposit Production Regulations
    CRA Ratings
    CRA Notice
    12 C.F.R. Part 26
    Management Official Interlocks
    12 C.F.R. Part 27
    Fair Housing Home Loan Data System
    12 C.F.R. Part 28
    International Banking Activities
    12 C.F.R. Part 30
    Safety and Soundness Standards
    12 C.F.R. Part 31
    Extensions of Credit to Insiders and Transactions with Affiliates
    12 C.F.R. Part 32
    Lending Limits
    12 C.F.R. Part 34
    Real Estate Lending and Appraisals
    12 C.F.R. Part 35
    Disclosure and Reporting of CRA Related Agreements
    12 C.F.R. Part 40
    Privacy of Consumer Financial Information
    [END FILE]

    (from -)

    http://occ.gov/cra/craindx.htm

    http://occ.gov/cra/craindx.htm

    ***

    Rights, Laws, and Reference Materials
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    http://occ.gov/sites.htm

    OCC Public Information Room
    The OCC’s public information room provides immediate access to public OCC documents and publications.

    http://occ.gov/
    Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
    file a complaint about credit cards increasing interest on outstanding balances
    law prohibiting these increases will go into effect Feb. 22, 2010
    (from Clark Howard, 01-30-10, on Headline News – CNN/HLN)
    Comptroller of the Currency
    Administrator of National Banks,
    Department of the Treasury
    http://occ.gov/

    http://occ.gov/customer.htm
    Consumer Complaints and Assistance

    Making Home Affordable
    Relief for responsible homeowners is one step closer under the Treasury’s “Making Home Affordable” plan. For more, visit www.makinghomeaffordable.gov

    HelpWithMyBank.gov
    HelpWithMyBank.gov provides answers and assistance to customers of national banks. The site includes answers to common questions and helps walk people through the process of contacting the OCC for additional assistance. Visit the site

    Contact OCC CAG

    * Toll Free: 1-800-613-6743
    * TDD Number 713-658-0340
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    https://appsec.helpwithmybank.gov/olcc_form/
    complaint form page online

    (from )

    http://occ.gov/consumernews.htm

    **

    The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency was created by Congress to charter national banks, to oversee a nationwide system of banking institutions, and to assure that national banks are safe and sound, competitive and profitable, and capable of serving in the best possible manner the banking needs of their customers.

    **

    NR 2009-99
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
    August 26, 2009     Contact: Dean DeBuck
    (202) 874-5770

    OCC Issues Additional Guidance on Credit Card Account Rate Increases

    WASHINGTON — The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) issued a bulletin today on provisions of the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 (Credit CARD Act). The bulletin describes an interim final rule issued by the Federal Reserve Board that requires banks to notify customers 45 days in advance of any rate increase or significant changes in credit card account terms. The rules also require lenders to disclose that their customers have the right to reject those changes.

    However, under the rules, the new rates or terms can be applied to any transaction that occurs more than 14 days after the notice is provided – even if the customer ultimately rejects the changes. The rules do not require creditors to tell their customers that new terms can be applied during the 45-day period.

    Until the issue is clarified in Federal Reserve rulemaking, the OCC is directing national banks to include an additional disclosure to notify consumers of this consequence. The OCC believes that this additional disclosure will prevent consumer confusion, particularly for customers who opt to reject the changes in terms.

    Today’s bulletin is the second guidance that the OCC has issued about the Credit CARD Act. On July 30, the OCC issued Bulletin 2009-25 to remind national banks that effective August 22, 2010, they must conduct periodic reviews of accounts whose interest rates have been increased since January 1, 2009, based on factors including market conditions and borrower credit risk. If such factors have changed, the Credit CARD Act requires that the rates on the accounts must be reduced. The OCC required national banks to maintain and have available information concerning any rate increases as needed to conduct the required periodic reviews.

    http://occ.gov/ftp/release/2009-99.htm

    ***

    My Note -

    It will take a class action suit against the banking and financial institutions for this to change. Apparently the new regulations and reform promised were hindered by the blinding light of the bankers, hedge fund managers, financial executives and their powerful, well-funded lobbyists. The abilities they have to charge themselves nothing in interest or liabilities, while pecking the skin off everybody else in the population to get our nickels and dimes and dollars until no one has anything except for the financial players, is astounding. They have no reason to learn any differently than they have been playing it.

    There are no safeguards to insure fair trade, fair consumer practices and a level playing field for the rest of us. And, the bankers and investment / financial institutions, including the credit card companies will continue to drive human lives, families, communities and most of the population straight into generations of poverty while they lavish gifts and the riches of kings upon themselves.

    Oh, Marie,    -  Marie Antoinette,

    Why did you lose your head?

    - cricketdiane

    ***

    DAVOS –

    Posted by cricketdiane on

    Davos

    http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/7087566/Bright-lights-of-Las-Vegas-cast-a-shadow-over-its-burgeoning-poverty.html

    Bright lights of Las Vegas cast a shadow over its burgeoning poverty

    Beneath the glitz, glamour and gambling that is synonymous with the Las Vegas Strip, live hundreds of downtrodden beings, in a series of storm drains that run underneath the city and its suburbs.

    By James Quinn in Las Vegas
    Published: 11:02PM GMT 27 Jan 2010

    Bright lights of Las Vegas cast a shadow over its burgeoning poverty

    Bright lights of Las Vegas cast a shadow over its burgeoning poverty

    [ . . .]

    Usually a warm, dry environment, five freak days of rain flooded the city, and the tunnel dwellers saw their cardboard-box homes washed away.

    The situation brings into stark relief an increasingly dark side to the neon-lit city of Las Vegas. Poverty and homelessness are two of the city’s biggest social problems, spurred by financial disparities and the continuing US recession.

    Despite the billions of dollars that go through the hands of croupiers and cashiers along the Strip, many Vegas citizens fail to feel the benefits. The city’s most recent homeless census, conducted this time last year, found that 13,338 people sleep rough in Las Vegas, up from 11,417 two years earlier.

    The situation is exacerbated by the fact that the area’s two homeless shelters have just 552 beds between them.

    Statistics from the US Census Bureau show that 11.9pc of Las Vegas’s 550,000 population live below the poverty line. This rises to 14.8pc in the old downtown area, north of the Strip – the original destination for visiting gamblers.

    [ . . . ]

    Walking along the line, the stories are all the same; people selling heirlooms and personal possessions to cash them in for money for basic needs.

    Estimates from local charities put the number of Las Vegas locals struggling with hunger at one-in-eight people.

    And just over 45pc of school children in the Clark County area of the county in which Vegas sits are enrolled to receive free school meals because of their family’s low income.

    As a result, food banks are beginning to run out. Las Vegas’s Three Square Food Bank served £17m worth of food last year, and is doing all it can to keep the charities it serves stocked.

    The whole situation is being aggravated by the area’s unemployment rate, close to 13pc, which has been worsened not only by recession but the area’s tourist-related problems.

    One woman who knows what this feels like is Delores Witherspoon, a middle-aged single mother of one, who lost her job at Southwest Gas in February last year.

    “Some days I ate, some days I didn’t,” she recalls, stressing her main aim was to put food on the table for her daughter and her ill grandmother.

    [ . . . ]

    As a former employee of MGM Mirage’s Bellagio casino on the city’s Strip, she received a call about available jobs at the company’s soon-to-open $8.5bn CityCenter complex.

    Six days before her grandmother died, in August 2009, she got a job, as a security guard at the development’s Vdara hotel, greeting guests.

    [ . . . ]

    Witherspoon, who is waiting for the bank to foreclose on her former home and now in a small apartment in east Las Vegas, says she is happy to be busy and working.

    (excerpt from Telegraph UK article)

    ***

    International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

    Part of the World Bank

    Aims to reduce poverty in middle-income and credit-worthy poorer countries by promoting sustainable development through loans, guarantees, risk management products and analytical and advisory services.

    International Development Association (IDA)

    The arm of the World Bank that provides interest-free loans and grants to low-income countries.

    Since January 2005, has provided a total of US $308 million for Haiti (not including new money flowing in for disaster relief after the earthquake.)

    In addition, trust funds administered by the World Bank have given more than US$55 million since 2003. Plus there have been moneys given from a variety of other sources, income streams, US and UN development funds, corporate funds, investors, organizations (NGOs), charities, and the Inter-American Development Bank along with other international development fund sources.

    Recently on CNN – there was a mention that the power plant in Haiti has been devastated by the earthquake but before the earthquake it was only running at 50% which meant that only 8 hours of electricity was being supplied to any one neighborhood at a time each day.

    There continues the call for clean, fresh, potable, water and water systems, despite grants, loans and investments by the US and international development communities to do that very thing in substantial amounts since 1977 / 1981/ 1992 / 2003 / 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009.

    Now, after watching several days of Davos and that of the summit last year at Davos, listening to the interviews with those attending and in light of the studies I’ve been making about funds which have been pouring through Haiti for years only to leave it with an infrastructure negligent and poor before the earthquake – I would say something is very wrong in the way money works (or in fact, doesn’t do what was intended.)

    I’ve listened to the State of the Union address, read President Sarkozy’s speech at Davos, watched the testimony of Geithner and Paulson in pieces (again) and witnessed the town hall meeting held by President Obama and Vice President Biden in Tampa, Fla. today. And, then watched the interviews throughout the night and today from Davos with Barney Frank, Jean Claude Trichet and George Soros. I thought about the $4.5 Billion + that has gone into Haiti over the course of the last ten years without solving any of the most basic problems that are still there even today and will continue to need to be solved in areas of basic infrastructure, poverty, education, opportunity and economic development. And, I think why is it that local populations from Las Vegas to Haiti to London to New Orleans to Atlanta to Washington, D.C. to Iceland have continued to be treated like the intruders, the unworthy and the undesirable – by the money men and women around the world? How is that possible?

    I say this because in each case, the entities that are no more than corporate interests of a few are served at the expense of the many, and because interest-free loans, grants, services gratis, incentives, perks, opportunities, economic opportunities, funding, tax-free packages and special building / development packages are put up for them which serve no one’s pockets but their own. And in many cases – these funds and opportunities are being made available from our pockets, our taxes, our charitable donations and our dollars through international development banks and regional development groups around the US and around the world.

    If they shared that windfall? If they made pay commensurate with the profits they take from it? If they were required to place funds to some extent back into the place where they are harvesting their profits to provide improvements in local infrastructures, education, resources, roads, schools, hospitals, and quality of life? If they were required to keep both feet in the country or county or city where they profit by those funds underwriting them and by taking advantage of those resources including human resources in those communities? What would work?

    The local people wherever they are – aren’t the deadbeats and bad guys compared to the corporate entities served with greater regard than us. The voice and desires and hunger for necessities does not count greater for those with business interests than for the local and national populations of individual needs and voices. There is no need for a corporation nor for a business nor for banks and financial institutions without the needs of the public and the real people they were designed to serve in a greater arc of advantage than the ceo’s, bankers and politicians that run them.

    What if, the reason that these funds going into development around the world and in cities across America, the Caribbean and throughout developing economies as well, will never do as they were intended without the participation and involvement of applied intelligence with a set of priorities which place the profits in the hands of the communities rather than in the pockets of consultants, bankers, entities outside the country or community, Wall Street, and paid politicians / development fund managers / financial administrators.

    - cricketdiane

    ***

    My other note -

    It is really, really, really disgusting to watch Stephen Schwartzmann, CEO of Blackstone flitting around Davos telling everybody including the news, that (my paraphrasing,) you’re going to scare the banks and they won’t lend, won’t extend credit and won’t invest – they will restrict credit because of the negative “tone” about them. Well, they are a bunch of shits or we wouldn’t be in this mess which has destroyed lives, families and communities across the United States and throughout the world. They can all go to hell and would be doing us a favor.

    They aren’t lending now after having been given our money to cover their gambling free-for-all profiteering and risk taking. I am figuring out which toilet paper to buy for less than $2.00 and they are stealing that $2.00 from my back pocket to use to cover their bets because they made a boo-boo on the way they perceived the “risk”. Now, wait a minute . . . I wouldn’t have spent my money that way, why do they get to steal it from the taxes we’ve paid and spend it that way to suit themselves and make a profit from it while ruining three generations of people’s lives, livelihoods and opportunities across every population in the Western economies?

    And somebody needs to look at Blackstone anyway – as a place where regulation is desperately needed considering it has become “too big to fail” as well and if people wanted their money back from them today – they couldn’t give it . . .

    ***

    US General and the UN peacekeepers are expecting to feed a percentage of Haiti each day so once every two weeks Haitians will have gotten a meal – Relief aid? or Slow death? – Haiti earthquake turns into a tragedy of incompetence

    Posted by cricketdiane on

    There was a horrible little general somebody who just told CNN on CNNInternational “CNN Today” at 2.08 am ET that they couldn’t feed all the people in Haiti affected by the earthquake each day. He said they will feed a percentage of the population each day so over two weeks everyone will have eaten. That is insane with the amount of money, personnel, equipment and resources available to them. And it is wrong, women, pregnant women, children, elderly and disabled – already victimized by the earthquake and now this!

    The military is not any good at handing out stuff like food – their middle name is “hurry up and wait.” They stand around in the UN peacekeeping doing security like they are ready to shoot somebody and those jackasses are getting around with enough petroleum in their armored vehicles to run fourteen cars the same distance. And for what? They can’t give out food and water while waiting to shoot somebody for stepping out of the queue?

    Across every military in the world, they feed literally armies of meals and drinks every day for three and sometimes, four mealtimes. And, this UN group “organizing” this relief aid for Haiti and their American military general at their beck and call, only want to feed a percentage of the people once every two weeks? And they think that is okay? That is unacceptable. That is grossly incompetent. They are obviously not the right people for the job if that is the best they can do after having a full twelve days to get their shit together and “organize” it. There are Boy Scout leaders and Girl Scout leaders across America and in fact, across the world that could do a better job of organizing an operation than that.

    A child in Haiti already suffering from the devastation of the earthquake, loss of home and family, torn apart in a community that is in turmoil and chaos, physically and emotionally in pain and trauma should not have to suffer only eating a meal once every two weeks, if they can get that and get to it. What kind of nightmare is that which would turn a catastrophe into a cataclysmic suffering of sadistic and inhumane proportions?

    What pregnant woman will bear a healthy son or daughter or survive childbirth herself, after all she has suffered in the aftermath of the earthquake only to be punished by the hands of UN “peacekeepers” and Generals that withhold food and sustenance for her precious life and that of her child (- except once every two weeks, if she is in the right place with the percentage of the population getting fed when it is her turn)?

    So this General with the organizational skills of a rock gets to decide along with the United Nations and Haiti’s government that only a percentage of the people affected by the earthquake in Haiti get to eat every day and have no intention of feeding people, children, babies, old people, sick people, pregnant women, mothers, grandmothers, free democratic people,  – more than once every two weeks. And, I bet they didn’t tell the Haitian people any of that – or that they could expect their next meal after the protein biscuits they are getting today – to be two weeks from now . . .

    God, I hate them at the decision making table of the United Nations and military when they do horrible shitty things like this. They are worse than the earthquakes and the natural disasters themselves and all of the damage that was done in the first place. Letting people die in the rubble while dicking around on a runway about who should land or not. Sending search teams off to sit for hours waiting to be deployed while they could’ve been doing some good. Letting good food, water and medicines wither into unusable crud in 90 degree sun out on a runway in quantities that could’ve and should’ve saved the lives it was intended to help. Leaving people to suffer without medicines and without water for well over nine days. Forcing people to endure open air amputations without pain relief, without antibiotics, without sutures, without bandages, without any chance of anything but gangrene and excruciating constant pain, thirst and hunger. It was wrong and it never, never, never would have been a greater disaster than the earthquake if it hadn’t been for the outrageously incompetent decision making of those United Nations representatives, the demanded choices of the Haitian government ministers and the Haitian president along with the military generals and charities being required to follow the dictates of the Haitian president’s whims. I think that man is brain damaged from the earthquake or something – unless he is taking something that has detracted from his ability to reason.

    Military and “peacekeeping” military forces that can’t operate at least as effectively as the McDonald’s corporation to serve daily food rations, water, medical aid and shelter to a population in dire need – isn’t a military operation. It is a disdain and contempt for the human life they are sent to serve.

    And, Generals like that one I saw on CNN tonight saying they would only be trying to feed a percentage of the population each day so that over two weeks most of them would get a meal, ought to be digging latrines instead of organizing anything because that is the only thing he is obviously qualified to do. Just as the president of Haiti, his prime ministers, and his UN colleagues along with this US General have managed to accomplish thus far – digging a bigger hole than the one they started with.

    - cricketdiane, 01-25-10

    ***

    And, Mr. President, and Mr. Ban ki Moon – if that is the best these authorities and organizational leadership can do – please get them the hell out of there.

    In absolute truth – considering that you could give every person in Haiti eight dollars and let them walk over to the Dominican Republic and buy a happy meal or two – which would do a better job than the billions that are being spent not even doing that much for them – then something is way, way wrong.

    Why can’t the military people feed them the same way they feed millions of troops every single day three times a day with snacks in between? They manage to do that effectively every single day across every division in every theater of operation on this planet . . .

    Why can’t they do that?

    Money for Haiti has been studying the hell out of the problems for years while never getting anything accomplished –

    Posted by cricketdiane on

    **************

    COUNTRY    NOTICE TITLE    PROJECT    PROJECT NAME    PUBLICATION DATE    DUE DATE
    HAITI    TRAVAUX DE CONSTRUCTION DE ROUTE    HA0093    Basic Infraestructure Rehabilitation Fund    07-Dec-2009    26-Jan-2010
    HAITI    TRAVAUX DE CONSTRUCTION DE ROUTE    HA0093    Basic Infraestructure Rehabilitation Fund    07-Dec-2009    26-Jan-2010
    HAITI    ETUDES ET CONSTRUCTION DES PONTS    HA1019    Road program    07-Dec-2009    28-Jan-2010
    HAITI    ÉCLAIRAGE ROUTIER, SIGNALISATION, MARQUAGE (LOT B)    HA0093    Basic Infraestructure Rehabilitation Fund    23-Dec-2009    01-Feb-2010
    HAITI    REMISE EN ÉTAT ÉLÉMENTS ÉLECTROMÉCANIQUES ET TRANSFORMATIO    HA1032    Edh investment plan – peligre hidro    04-Dec-2009    09-Mar-2010

    http://www5.iadb.org/idbppi/aspx/ppProcurement.aspx

    ***

    My Note -

    This information is from one source where a river of funds have been streaming into Haiti for various projects – but how many times does the same need for clean water systems have to be originally funded in order to be fulfilled? There have been enough clean potable water projects and water systems projects funded in Haiti to have covered solving the problem and building the systems to serve 9 million people many times over.

    How many studies need to be done at $150,000 – $300,000 each to determine that people who have no money are poor, that poverty produces slums and an impoverished standard of living, rampant crime, homelessness and an overwhelming desperation just to survive? Let’s see – an analysis could be done right now and cut out the siphoning of the funds to do it – People are hungry. Yes. People are impoverished. Yes. People need better tools of education. Yes. People are suffering diminished opportunities to support themselves, to pay their own way and to thrive. Yes. Analysis -Yes, there are real problems – Solve them. Apply the solutions that are available and use the countless studies that have already been made to actually accomplish something.

    How much study needs to be done to determine that vocational training would be of help? And, to have studied that and restudied that while producing no solutions whatsoever which resulted in better education and opportunities for the adult population of Haiti is unconscionable.

    As evidenced by the pictures on the news that we have all seen, before the earthquake Haiti stood in financial ruin and poverty, not because of the hurricanes and not because money hasn’t been flooding into the country from a multitude of sources – because it has. It is almost as if there is a hidden net that sits above the population of Haiti which siphons off every dollar and asset that goes there, no matter how large its funding and no matter how diligent the stewards of that money.

    These funds have been used to study the problems while paying hundreds of thousands to the firms around the world who acted as consultants. These funds have been used to do poor and shoddy work on the infrastructure while the difference is being pocketed somewhere along the way. These funds have been used to provide microenterprise money at the ratio of 1/1000th of what would have been needed for the inventive capitalist talents to succeed in a microenterprise or small business. And, these funds have been used to neglect the people of Haiti while feeding on the trough of funds using them as an excuse to be available. Why is that?

    None of the numbers add up – whether it is to see the overall shipping of goods from Haiti economic development funding manufacturing or anything else being exported for a return which was intended to provide a better quality of life and stronger infrastructure for Haiti. If the volunteers going there for NGOs and charities are paying their own way for the most part and not being paid, if the substance of what is being made available directly to the population of Haiti and its infrastructure is only a drop of what is being sent, and if the infrastructure obviously exists in an impoverished form even today and prior to the earthquake with huge portions of the population living in 80% unemployment and on less than $2.00 a day when they are employed, then something is grossly wrong.

    There were over 10,000 NGOs in Haiti before the earthquake, each with substantial flows of money coming to them. There were economic development funds from a variety of income streams coming from several  agency sources in the United States and through a multitude of international and United Nations funding sources. There have been numerous Haitians in America and around the world feeding money back to their families and communities in Haiti. And, there have been tourist and tourism dollars flowing in consistently which should have resulted in a better standard of living for the Haitian people.

    Now, there are tremendous amounts of new money from donations to relief and rebuilding and economic development funds for the recovery of Haiti after the earthquake’s devastation. Who have been the stewards of the money that previously hit the net held above the nation of Haiti and was siphoned off, diverted or used to feed the academics and consultants around the world by using studies upon studies upon studies of the same problems without ever fixing them or solving anything?

    Who will be the stewards now of a new way of life for Haiti as a member of the international community with a strong foundation of economic prosperity and opportunity? Will they pay to study it again? Or will it be as simple as using existing knowledge, applying results from studies already done and intelligently applying some common sense to solve the problems with workable solutions that can go forward for the people of Haiti to prosper?

    Does anybody even know how to do it that way?

    - cricketdiane

    Oh yeah, and one

    ***

    Partnerships

    To increase the impact of its technical cooperation as well as to promote major issues related to industrial development, UNIDO has joined forces with other organizations and counterparts from the international community, as well as with actors from the private sector, including non-governmental organizations, and the Academia.

    1) PARTNERSHIPS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION THROUGH PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES

    United Nations Development Programme (UNDP):
    UNDP and UNIDO further strengthened their cooperation through an inter-agency agreement that combines the core competencies and specialized expertise of UNIDO with the broad country-level representation and delivery capacity of UNDP. The operational focus of the agreement lies on two components: expanding UNIDO field coverage in a cost-effective manner through the establishment of UNIDO Desks in UNDP Country Offices, and developing joint activities in private sector development. As a result, UNIDO Desks have been set up in 16 countries, and UNDP and UNIDO have developed a number of joint programmes aimed at strengthening private sector enterprises and institutions in support of national development goals.

    Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):
    The partnership between FAO and UNIDO focuses on the need to meet mounting global challenges related to agri-business and agro-industry development, bio-energy, economic recovery in post-crisis countries and the organization of global forums. The joint FAO-UNIDO activities have had a distinct qualitative impact: a number of technical manuals, including toolkits, have been prepared on agro-industrial development, and comprehensive technical assessments have been undertaken to gauge the challenges faced by countries in need of assistance.

    International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD):
    IFAD and UNIDO cooperate in the areas of value chain development and market linkages. agro-industry and agro-processing, and food production and bio-energy in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Under a recent initiative, IFAD and UNIDO have agreed to intensify their strategic partnership and increase the developmental impact of their complementary assistance. Government support and funding has been secured for three major programmes carried out under this partnership in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and India.

    International Labour Organization (ILO):
    The collaboration between ILO and UNIDO focuses on issues concerning youth and women, two particularly vulnerable groups in developing countries. As such, ILO and UNIDO are key players in the multi-stakeholder programme for productive and decent work for youth in the Mano River Union countries (Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone), which are telling examples of the dangerous link between high youth unemployment and insecurity. Likewise, in Eritrea, Kenya, Malawi, United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe, ILO and UNIDO have jointly formulated entrepreneurship development training programmes designed to strengthen capacities in private sector agencies and NGOs, and to support businesswomen and young entrepreneurs in the establishment of competitive micro- and small-scale agri-businesses.

    2) PARTNERSHIPS FOR TRADE CAPACITY-BUILDING

    World Trade Organization (WTO):
    WTO and UNIDO are truly complementary: while the core mandate of WTO is to foster the opening-up of trade in a manner that supports the developmental priorities of developing countries, the mandate of UNIDO is to support developing countries as they build up the industrial and productive capacities they need to exploit the benefits to be derived from more open trade. Thus, WTO and UNIDO focus their joint activities on trade capacity-building and on developing technical cooperation programmes towards developing manufacturing and export capacities in selected industrial sectors. UNIDO is a key contributor to the “Aid for Trade” initiative: the Organization has identified multi-agency supply-side development projects in eight pilot countries (Benin, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Lesotho, Mozambique, Rwanda, Senegal and Yemen) that will draw on the initial analyses contained in the EIF diagnostic trade integration studies. UNIDO also actively contributes to the WTO-led Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF) on Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) issues, which is an inter-agency coordination mechanism that analyzes trade-related challenges.

    United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) inter-agency cluster on trade and productive capacity:
    UNIDO works alongside the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International Trade Centre (ITC), WTO, UNDP and the five UN regional commissions as part of the CEB inter-agency cluster on trade and productive capacity. The cluster’s primary aim is to mainstream trade into poverty reduction, ensuring the inclusion of trade and productive capacity in poverty reduction strategy papers and United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks (UNDAFs). The cluster also provides assistance in the development of policies designed to improve the trade performance and productive capacities of developing countries.

    European Commission (EC):
    The European Commission and UNIDO are cooperating on the implementation of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), which are WTO-compatible trade and development arrangements between the European Union and six African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) regions, namely: Central Africa, East and Southern Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. At the request of the ACP EPA regional groupings, UNIDO is formulating programmes for the upgrading and modernization of the industrial sector with the objectives of strengthening the productive and trade capacities and export competitiveness of SMEs, enhancing the quality infrastructure; and upgrading technical support institutions providing services for industrial sectors with a high potential for generating exports and employment.

    International Organization for Standardization (ISO):
    UNIDO’s cooperation with ISO is centred on support in the formulation of industrial standards, and on their dissemination through training and capacity-building activities. In the field of trade capacity-building, UNIDO provided input to the development of the ISO 26000 standard on Social Responsibility to Small and Medium Enterprises, and through its Corporate Social Responsibility Programme will play a substantial role in preparing smaller enterprises operating in developing countries for its implementation.

    3) PARTNERSHIPS FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY

    United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP):
    The flagship of the partnership between UNEP and UNIDO is the National Cleaner Production Centres (NCPC) Programme, which aims at achieving cost-effective reduction of environmental pollutants, improving efficiency of resource use and, to the extent possible, enhancing industrial productivity through cleaner production and the application of environmentally sound technologies. Today, the programme operates in 37 countries.

    Global Environment Facility (GEF):
    UNIDO is an implementing partner of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for projects related to ozone depletion, persistent organic pollutants and climate change. As a GEF implementation agency, UNIDO plays a key role in managing GEF projects on the ground by assisting eligible governments and NGOs in the development, implementation, and management of GEF projects.

    Multilateral Fund (for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol):
    Since UNIDO first assumed its role as implementing agency of the MLF of the Montreal Protocol in 1992, the Organization has assisted 85 developing countries and economies in transition to comply with their obligations. In all, UNIDO has implemented more than 600 projects and executed more than 500 non-investment activities. For the year 2008, UNIDO again achieved the top ranking for having the best performance of all implementing agencies according to the annual performance evaluation conducted by the Multilateral Fund (MLF) Secretariat.

    UN Energy:
    Energy is a major cross-cutting challenge affecting all aspects of development, as well as climate change, economic growth and global security. To ensure cooperation and coherence among UN agencies with substantial energy portfolios, it was decided to create a coordination mechanism, UN-Energy. In 2007, the CEB nominated the Director-General of UNIDO to serve as chairman of this group, which draws its membership from twenty UN system organizations. In support of this, UNIDO has set about bolstering the work of UN-Energy to ensure a prompt and coherent system-wide response to the energy challenge in an increasingly compex and ever-changing global environment.

    http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=1000350

    ***

    Haiti: WB Approves US$24.5 Million in Grants for Economic Governance, Road Rehabilitation

    Available in: Français
    Press Release No:2010/180/LAC

    Contacts:

    In Washington: Alejandro Cedeño (202) 473-3477

    acedeno@worldbank.org

    Patricia da Camara (202) 473-4019

    pdacamara@worldbank.org

    WASHINGTON, December 8, 2009 – The World Bank Board of Directors today approved two grants for a total of US$24.5 million to support Haiti’s economic governance reform agenda and rehabilitation of key roads and bridges.

    “The new funds will allow us to create fiscal space for priority poverty reduction programs while addressing urgent recovery and reconstruction needs,” said Haitian Finance Minister Ronald Baudin.

    The first US$12.5 million grant approved today, for the Third Economic Governance Reform Operation (EGRO III), seeks to improve the effectiveness, transparency and accountability of public sector institutions by consolidating economic governance reforms and strengthening core institutions.

    In particular, the operation aims to contribute to:

     Reducing inefficiencies in the electricity sector through improvements in the management of Electricité d’Haïti (EDH), the public electricity utility.

     Improving public financial management, to raise and use public resources in a more efficient and transparent way, prioritizing actions related to poverty reduction and growth.

     Strengthening the legal framework for public procurement, to contribute to more transparent and cost-effective public expenditure.

    The grant will provide further support to Government reforms initiated under two previous operations, EGRO I (June 2006) and EGRO II (May 2008), as well as through the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative (completion point – June 2009). These supported reforms in governance, the civil service, public finance management, and public procurement.

    “These grants bolster the Government’s program and are aimed at combining longer-term institution building with the delivery of quick, visible results to the population,” said Yvonne Tsikata, World Bank Director for the Caribbean.

    The second grant approved today provides US$12 million of additional financing for the Transport and Territorial Development Project. This will replenish the project for road and bridge reconstruction undertaken following the hurricanes and tropical storms that struck Haiti in 2007 (Noel) and 2008 (Fay, Gustav, Hanna, Ike), as well as cover additional costs related to the road rehabilitation works included in the original project approved by the Board in April 2006.

    Among the post-storm reconstruction works financed by the project are a number of spot interventions, road repairs and road protection against erosion on the Departmental Road No. 41 (RD41) between the towns of Jacmel and Marigot, as well as on the National Road No. 7 (RN7) near the city of Les Cayes and on the National Road No. 2 (RN2) between Saint-Louis du Sud and Aquin. Road maintenance and protection works have proved to significantly increase the resilience of road and bridge infrastructure to natural disasters such as the ones that struck Haiti in 2007 and 2008.

    Another important project objective is to rehabilitate the National Road No. 3 (RN3) between Carrefour Barrière Battant and Carrefour la Mort (8.5 km). The other sections of RN3 (Barrière Battant – Saint Raphael – Hinche) will be rehabilitated with financing from the European Union and the French development agency (Agence Française de Développement, AFD). This will convert RN3 into a major transport corridor, an alternative to the country’s main highway, RN1, which links Haiti’s two largest cities, Port-au-Prince and Cap Haitian. The expected increase in traffic justifies an upgrade of standards, and subsequently more costly rehabilitation works than originally planned. Close coordination between the Haitian Government and the three donors will help ensure that these major road improvement works on RN3 bring the most benefits to the Haitian population.

    The two grants approved today come from the International Development Association (IDA), the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries by providing interest-free credits and grants for programs that boost economic growth, reduce inequalities and improve people’s living conditions. Since January 2005, IDA has provided a total of US$308 million in assistance for Haiti. In addition, trust funds administered by the World Bank have given more than US$55 million since 2003.

    For more information on these projects, please visit:

    Third Economic Governance Reform Operation (EGRO III)

    http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P117944

    Transport and Territorial Development Project – Additional Financing

    http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P114059

    For more information on the World Bank’s work in Haiti, please visit:

    http://www.worldbank.org/ht

    Related News
    World Bank Statement on Haiti Debt
    World Bank to Provide an Additional $100 Million to Haiti, Following Earthquake
    World Bank Expresses Strong Support for Haiti Following Earthquake

    http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22412192~menuPK:34463~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html

    ***

    Support mechanisms of the Regional Programme for LAC: 2006-2009

    The Technical Assistance Knowledge Bank

    This UNIDO-sponsored initiative was approved as a support tool based on contributions from countries through the sharing of expertise and experience to foster horizontal cooperation.With this tool, UNIDO aims at facilitating the provision of technical assistance in the LAC region by matching countries’ supply and demands and proposing the technical-financial support required.

    * More

    Observatory on Renewable Energies in Latin America and the Caribbean

    The Renewable Energy Observatory intends to be a multi-institutional and multi-disciplinary mechanism unifying and promoting renewable energy technologies and projects inside and outside the LAC region.The Observatory aims to alleviate poverty and enhance economic development by increasing investments in renewable energies and promoting its use.

    * More

    Consultative Groups

    To assess the evolution of the Regional Programme, consultative groups have been set up to provide substantive input by offering revision of project’s implementation and to facilitate interaction with national stakeholders. This mechanism is also in charge of defining new areas for technical cooperation with UNIDO based on country needs. Consultative groups are already active in Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay, being constituted by high authorities from several Ministries of the countries.

    *

    Establishment of a virtual community

    with viodeoconferencing capability on the themes of advanced technologies and competitiveness and updating of UNIDO’s activities in the region.

    http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=6833

    ***
    December 2009 – IDB Portfolio in Haiti

    The IDB’s portfolio as Haiti’s largest multilateral donor consists of programs for a total of more than $700 million. In 2009, program disbursements will reach $130 million, well over double the 2005 and 2006 levels. Disbursements are expected to continue to increase in the years to come.

    The IDB also granted this year $511 million in debt relief, clearing the way for the Government to undertake vital public investments.

    In an effort to help Haiti recover from the multiple 2008 shocks and restore the path to sustained economic growth, in 2009 the Bank provided unparalleled financial and technical assistance:

    * In the first quarter of the year, the Board of Governors increased grants for Haiti to a total of $250 million for 2009/2010, almost tripling the amount established originally in the IDB’s Country Strategy document. The additional grants would be used to finance reconstruction works and investment projects in key areas such as social infrastructure, urban drainage and sanitation, access to potable water in urban areas, and nutrition.

    * The IDB approved six major operations in 2009 for a total of $122 million from the Grant Facility, including $25 million in budget support already disbursed. These major high priority operations, aligned with the Government Program for reconstruction and reactivation of the economy, included:

    * Watersheds Management and Natural Disaster Risk Prevention and Mitigation. A $30 million IDB grant will help limit flooding and erosion in watersheds. Planned public anti-flooding works in three critical watersheds will cover 6 percent of Haitian territory, bringing benefits 360,000 people of the Grande Rivière du Nord, Ravine du Sud and Cavaillon watersheds. . The works seek to limit torrential flows and protect infrastructure and property exposed to flooding or landslides. The project will also offer direct support for sustainable agriculture in the watersheds.

    * Road Rehabilitation. A $25 million grant to continue improving the road network and road maintenance in the southern departments of Nippes, Grand Anse and Sud, where many areas still face transportation problems. The new grant, third in a series of four annual donations of $25 million each for road rehabilitation in Haiti, will help improve transportation conditions and safety, contributing to economic development in a region with considerable productive and tourism potential.

    * Fiscal Reform and Budget Support. A $25 million grant will back Haitian Government’s efforts to boost revenues and increase efficiency of public spending and debt management. The policy-based grant will support priority public expenditures and fiscal reforms to increase tax and customs revenues, improve the efficiency of public spending and strengthen the management of public debt. The assistance will also contribute to Haiti’s efforts to reinforce its Public Works Ministry’s capacity to plan, develop and maintain the national road network as well as to the government’s efforts to increase the efficiency of the EDH power utility.

    * School Reconstruction. A $20.5 million grant to help rebuild and equip schools destroyed or damaged by hurricanes or in dire need of repairs. The bulk of the IDB grant will be used to replace, repair or improve the buildings of at least 50 public schools, including the construction of sufficient classrooms, offices, dining rooms, kitchens and bathroom facilities. Resources will also be used to equip the schools with new furniture, clean water systems and solar lamp posts. The project will be carried by Haiti’s FAES economic and social assistance fund. Over the years FAES had built or repaired more than 330 schools using IDB financing. None of these schools suffered significant damage during last year’s hurricanes.

    * Water and Sanitation. A $19 million operation complements an existing operation for Drinking Water and Sanitation Sector Reform, especially with respect to investments in sanitation and in water services coverage for six periurban areas (Saint-Marc, Port-De Paix, Les Cayes, Jacmel, Ouanaminthe and Cap-Haitien). The operation will address urgent needs in the sanitation sector and continue supporting the Government of Haiti’s efforts to develop the water sector. As it is expected that new projects will be coming on stream, it is critical that the institutions involved in the sector be strengthened. The project will include support to DINEPA and to the future decentralized OREPAS.

    * Nutrition and Social Safety Net. A $2.5 million in IDB grants and an additional $3 million from the Food Price Crisis Fund managed by the Bank will support a national micronutrient delivery program to boost child and maternal health and to strengthen the Ministry of Health’s Nutrition Division. The program will help improve infant and child health and nutrition and social safety nets to fight extreme poverty in Haiti. Under the program, the distribution of vitamin A supplements will more than double over a four-year period from the current 31 percent to 70 percent of children under five years of age. Additionally, the program is expected to cut in half the incidence of infants affected by intestinal parasites.

    Technical Cooperation

    * In 2009 the IDB maximized the use of technical cooperation to support the operational program. More than $3 million from IDB resources and different trust funds managed by the Bank brought the total size of the active technical cooperation portfolio to around $16 million.

    Private Sector

    * MIF and IIC. IDB Group support to the private sector continued through the Multilateral Investment Fund, focusing on the productive sector and promoting entrepreneurship. MIF approvals for 2009 reached $4.9 million. Also the IDB’s Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC) became an active player in Haiti through the approval of an $18 million loan to Distributeurs Nationaux, S.A. (Dinasa), a Haitian-owned company that is a leading marketer and distributor of fuel, as well as a $300,000 loan to Carifresh, a major supplier of quality agricultural products for export and domestic markets.

    * HaitInvest will address and leverage foreign investment opportunities in key economic sectors. A front desk, or “one stop services center,” will be incorporated as part of the existing Center for Facilitation of Investments at the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. It will facilitate foreign investments by enhancing links between foreign investors and local partners; by easing access to public and private services for new businesses; ensuring linkages with existing business development programs from other agencies, such as the United Nations, USAID and the European Union; and increasing access to the internal markets associated with new businesses.

    * Business Plan Competition. This contest for Caribbean tourism projects involving low-income communities in their value chains will be organized by the IDB’s Opportunities for the Majority Initiative. It is open to companies based in the Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Plans must include low-income communities as suppliers of goods or services, so that both companies and local residents benefit from the development of tourism ventures. (link to press release)

    * Other IDB private sector efforts included technical cooperation to explore the economic feasibility of a new industrial park in the north of the country, and for the design of the value chain strategy for fruits and biodiesel.

    Co-financing

    * Following up on the Donors Conference held at IDB headquarters in April 2009, co-financing resources were actively pursued in the sectors led by the IDB. Bank co-financing agreements include: €12 million from Germany for energy and social protection, €1.5 million from the European Union for rural supply chains, US$15 million from OFID for electricity, and US$30 million from Spain for water and sanitation, and US$3.5 million from the Global Environmental Facility for watershed management. The IDB already administers or facilitates the co-financing of over $120 million from Canada, the European Union, OFID and the Caribbean Development Bank.

    Looking ahead, IDB support to Haiti will continue to focus on priority areas that have been identified with country authorities: transportation and infrastructure, productive activities and private sector development, basic services, prevention and mitigation of natural disaster risk and environmental sustainability, and economic governance.

    The IDB also reaffirmed its commitment to strengthen collaboration among donors and other cooperation partners.

    For more information: IDB and Haiti

    http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:YZPfeMvszagJ:idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx%3Fdocnum%3D35025547+economic+development+grants+Haiti+government&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

    This is the html version of the file http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35025547.
    Google automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web.

    ***

    The IDB, established in 1959 to support the process of economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean, is the main source of multilateral financing in the region. The IDB Group provides solutions to development challenges by partnering with governments, companies and civil society organizations, thus reaching its clients ranging from central governments to city authorities and businesses.

    The IDB lends money and provides grants. With a triple-A rating, the Bank borrows in international markets at competitive rates. Hence, it can structure loans at competitive conditions for its clients in its 26 borrowing member countries.

    In addition, it also offers research, advice and technical assistance to support key areas like education, poverty reduction and agriculture. The Bank is also active on cross-border issues like trade, infrastructure and energy.

    To ensure the Bank’s accountability, transparency and effectiveness in its activities, the IDB has the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE), the Office of Institutional Integrity (OII), and the Independent Investigation Mechanism (IIM) in place to ensure sufficient oversight for its projects.

    http://www.iadb.org/aboutus/

    ***

    1.
    PDF]
    Industrial Development Board
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – Quick View
    privileged partner for Haiti. He outlined several areas in which he saw UNIDO playing a role in … programming mission to Haiti, with emphasis on indus- …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/28006_idb29_11e.pdf
    Labeled Main Site
    2.
    HAITI – Country Information
    UNIDO does not currently maintain an Office in HAITI. Please contact UNIDO Headquarters directly. unido.org. About  UNIDO in Brief  Mission  Structure …
    www.unido.org/data/geodoc.cfm?cc=HAI – Cached
    Labeled Main Site
    3.
    [PDF]
    HAITI / Port-au-Prince
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – Quick View
    Haiti is one of the principal countries of origin of immigrants to the United States, and since last year, remittances from Haitians …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/LDC_SSC/…/Haiti.pdf
    Labeled Main Site
    4.
    [PDF]
    UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – Quick View
    Nov 30, 2005 … The Prime Minister of the Republic of Haiti, H.E. Mr. Gérard Latortue, made a statement. The Prime Minister of the United Republic of …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/46230_journal_2.pdf
    Labeled Main Site
    5.
    Earthquake in Haiti
    All UNIDO staff are profoundly shocked and saddened by the catastrophe that hit Haiti and caused countless deaths, unimaginable human suffering, and misery. …
    www.unido.org/index.php?id=1000791 – Cached
    Labeled Main Site
    6.
    UNIDO Databases
    Title: (R) HAITI. RAPPORT SUR LES ECONOMIES D’ENERGIE. … Abstract: Final report on assistance to energy saving in factories in Haiti, with special …
    www.unido.org/data//data/ida/016xxx/016375.cfm – Cached
    Labeled Main Site
    7.
    HAITI the Republic of Haiti UNIDO Contacts Projects implemented in …
    Projects implemented in HAITI  Contributions to UNIDO Regular Budget  UN Rate of Exchange … UNIDO does not currently maintain an Office in HAITI. …
    www.unido.org/data1/geodoc.cfm?cc=HAI – Cached
    Labeled Main Site
    8.
    [PDF]
    GENERAL CONFERENCE
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – Quick View
    Bissau, Haiti, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan,. Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lithuania, Malawi,. Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mongolia, …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/PMO/…/GC.8_4_add.1e.pdf
    Labeled Main Site
    9.
    [XLS]
    COUNTRY ECO_GROUP ECO_VAL GEO_GROUP GEO_VAL PERIOD WORLD_VAL Haiti …
    File Format: Microsoft Excel – View as HTML
    Haiti, Developing Countries .0185, Low Income .2049, 2005 .0047 … Haiti, Developing Countries .0253, Least developed countries, 1.7695, 2000 .0053 …
    www.unido.org/Data1/Country/Stats/DataToExcel.cfm?t…P_Table…
    Labeled Main Site
    10.
    [PDF]
    Policies for Promoting Industrial Energy Efficiency in Developing …
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
    Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico,. Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/media/…/ind_energy_efficiencyEbookv2.pdf
    Labeled Main Site

    #
    [PDF]
    Growth, Industry and Trade of the Least Developed Countries*
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – Quick View
    by G Robyn – Related articles – All 7 versions
    Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Lesotho, Liberia,. Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Myanmar, Nepal, …

    https://unido.org/…/Aspects_of_marginalization_growth_industry_and_trade_of_LDCs.pdf

    Labeled Main Site
    #
    [PDF]
    Ap̈ndices
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat
    UNIDOÛS SUPPORT PROGRAMME IN HAITI Ó SEED MONEY. HONDURAS. Ongoing. FM/HON/08/003 …… HAITI, IRAQ, LIBERIA, SIERRA LEONE AND TIMORJLESTE). US/GLO/01/048 …

    https://unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/News/…/Spanish_Appendices.pdf

    Labeled Main Site

    #
    [PDF]
    GC.13/5–IDB.36/14 United Nations Industrial Development Organization
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
    and activities in Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Haiti, Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia,. Pakistan, Sierra Leone, southern Sudan and Timor-Leste. …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/PMO/IDB36/idb.36_14e.pdf
    Labeled Main Site
    #
    UNIDO Exchange
    … GREECE, GRENADA, GUATEMALA, GUINEA, GUINEA-BISSAU, GUYANA, HAITI, HOLY SEE, HONDURAS, HUNGARY, ICELAND, INDIA, INDONESIA, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) …
    exchange.unido.org/main2.asp?… – Cached
    Labeled UNIDO Exchange
    #
    [PDF]
    UNIDO
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
    Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Indonesia, Israel,. Jamaica, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Namibia,. Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Poland, …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/PMO/ReportsPBC/IDB.4_4e.pdf
    Labeled Main Site
    #
    [PDF]
    Industrial Development Board Programme and Budget Committee
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
    Haiti. 0.00284. -. 2016. -. 2016. -. -. -. Honduras. 0.00711 ….. Haiti. 0.00284. 211. 223. (12). -. Honduras. 0.00711. 528. 520. 8. -. Hungary. 0.17059 …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/…/36455_einterimfinancialperformancereport
    Labeled Main Site
    #
    [PDF]
    COMFAR III EXPERT
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat
    HAITI: SOCIETE FINANCIERE HAITIENNE DE DEVELOPPEMENT. HONDURAS: MINISTERIO DE ECONOMIA Y COMERCIO. JAMAICA: JAMPRO JAMAICA PROMOTIONS CORPORATION, …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/…/brochure_english.pdf
    Labeled Main Site
    #
    [PDF]
    Annual Report 1998 (final)
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
    STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS. HAITI. Ongoing …… IN SELECTED COUNTRIES (AFGHANISTAN, HAITI, IRAQ, LIBERIA, SIERRA LEONE AND …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/37481_addannualreport
    Labeled Main Site
    #
    [PDF]
    GENERAL CONFERENCE
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – Quick View
    People’s Republic of Korea, Ethiopia, Finland, Georgia, Guatemala, Haiti, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait,. Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/PMO/…/GC.7_6_add.1e.pdf
    Labeled Main Site
    #
    [PDF]
    UNIDO GENERAL
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
    Guatemala, Haiti, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait,. Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahinya, Luxembourg, Malaysia,. Malta, Namibia, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/PMO/ReportsIDB/GC.7_5e.pdf
    Labeled Main Site
    #
    [PDF]
    UNIDO
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
    Finland, Guatemala, Haiti, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Jordan,. Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab. Jamahinya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/PMO/ReportsIDB/GC.7_3e.pdf
    Labeled Main Site
    #
    [PDF]
    UNIDO
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – Quick View
    Finland, Gabon, Guatemala, Haiti, Iraq, Ireland, Jordan,. Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Liberia,. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/PMO/ReportsIDB/GC.7_6e.pdf
    Labeled Main Site

    search onsite – UNIDO

    ***

    Basic Facts

    President:
    Luis Alberto Moreno
    Membership:
    48 countries represented by the Board of Executive Directors
    Approved lending and grants over the past 12 months:
    $10 billion
    Employees:
    About 2,000
    Offices:
    Headquarters in Washington, DC, with country offices in 26 borrowing countries, plus a regional office in Tokyo and another one in Paris.
    Clients:
    Central governments, provinces, municipalities, private firms and non-governmental organizations.
    Download:
    PDF version of Basic Facts 2009 (We’re here)

    http://www.iadb.org/aboutus/BasicFacts.cfm

    Inter-American Development Bank

    ***

    custom.htm
    This is the html version of the file http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/36455_einterimfinancialperformancereport.
    Google automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web.
    Page 1
    V.05-82685 (E)
    For reasons of economy, this document has been printed in a limited number. Delegates are kindly requested to bring
    their copies of documents to meetings.
    United Nations Industrial Development Organization
    Distr.
    GENERAL
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    30 March 2005
    ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
    Industrial Development Board
    Thirtieth session
    Vienna, 20-23 June 2005
    Item 4 (a) of the provisional agenda
    Programme and Budget Committee
    Twenty-first session
    Vienna, 10-12 May 2005
    Item 3 of the provisional agenda
    PERFORMANCE REPORT AND PROGRAMME PERFORMANCE
    REPORT FOR THE BIENNIUM 2004-2005
    Interim financial performance report for the biennium 2004-2005
    Submitted by the Director-General
    CONTENTS
    Page
    Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
    3
    Chapter
    I. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE 12-MONTH PERIOD OF THE
    BIENNIUM 2004-2005 ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2004 ………………………………………………………
    3
    Statement I
    Statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund
    balances for the year ended 31 December 2004………………………………………….
    4
    Statement II
    Statement of assets, liabilities, and reserves and fund balances as at
    31 December 2004 …………………………………………………………………………………
    5
    Schedule 2.1
    Status of assessed contributions to the regular budget as at 31 December 2004
    6
    Schedule 2.2
    Status of advances to the Working Capital Fund as at 31 December 2004 ……..
    12
    Itemizes the utilization of financial resources during the period 1 January – 31 December 2004 in accordance
    with Programme and Budget Committee conclusion 1987/19.
    Page 2
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 2
    CONTENTS (continued)
    Page
    Statement III
    General Fund and Working Capital Fund: Statement of cash flow for the year
    ended 31 December 2004………………………………………………………………………..
    16
    Statement IV
    General Fund: Status of appropriations by major programme for 2004 as at
    31 December 2004…………………………………………………………………………………
    17
    Schedule 4.1
    General Fund: Status of appropriations by major object of expenditure for
    2004 as at 31 December 2004 ………………………………………………………………….
    18
    Schedule 4.1
    Other Headquarters funds—Buildings Management Services:
    (Supplementary) Status of appropriations by major object of expenditure for 2004 as at
    31 December 2004………………………………………………………………………………….
    19
    II. NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ………………………………………………………………….
    20
    Preface: UNIDO MISSION STATEMENT …………………………………………………………………………
    20
    Annexes
    I. Technical cooperation activities executed by UNIDO…………………………………………………………..
    36
    Table 1: Combined statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund
    balances for the year ended 31 December 2004 in euros………………………………………….
    36
    Table 1: Combined statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund
    balances for the year ended 31 December 2004 in US dollars ………………………………….
    37
    Table 2: Combined statement of assets, liabilities, and reserves and fund balances as at
    31 December 2004 in euros…………………………………………………………………………………
    38
    Table 2: Combined statement of assets, liabilities, and reserves and fund balances as at
    31 December 2004 in US dollars …………………………………………………………………………
    39
    Table 3: Summary of transactions on sub-accounts of the Industrial Development Fund for the
    year 2004 as at 31 December 2004 ………………………………………………………………………
    40
    Table 4: Summary of technical cooperation activities financed by trust funds for the year 2004
    as at 31 December 2004……………………………………………………………………………………..
    42
    Table 5: Summary of technical cooperation activities for 2004 financed under inter-
    organization agreements …………………………………………………………………………………….
    46
    II. Operating funds—UNDP and UNDP trust funds………………………………………………………………….
    47
    III. Special account for Buildings Management Services (for other than staff costs): ……………………..
    51
    Statement of income and expenditure for the year ended 31 December 2004……………………………
    51
    Statement of assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2004 …………………
    51
    Page 3
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 3
    Introduction
    1. In its conclusion 1987/19, paragraph (j), the Programme and Budget Committee requested the Director-General to
    submit each year to the Industrial Development Board through the Committee a clear and detailed financial
    performance report itemizing the utilization of financial resources.
    2. The present financial report covers the period 1 January 2004 – 31 December 2004 and is based on the
    appropriations contained in the programme and budgets 2004-2005, as adopted by the General Conference at its tenth
    session (decision GC.10/Dec.17).
    I. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE 12-MONTH PERIOD OF THE
    BIENNIUM 2004-2005 ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2004
    Certification of financial statements
    Director-General’s responsibility
    The Director-General of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization is responsible for the
    preparation and integrity of the financial statements. These statements have been prepared in accordance with the
    United Nations System Accounting Standards and article X of the Financial Regulations of UNIDO and include certain
    amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgements. Financial information used elsewhere is
    consistent with that in the financial statements. Management considers that the statements present fairly the financial
    position of the Organization and of funds held in trust by it, the results of their operations and the changes in their
    financial position.
    To fulfil its responsibility, the Organization maintains systems of internal accounting controls, policies and
    procedures to ensure the reliability of financial information and the safeguarding of assets. The internal control systems
    and financial records are subject to reviews by the Office of the Comptroller General and the External Auditor during
    their respective audits.
    The following appended financial statements, comprising Statements I to IV, relevant schedules and supporting
    notes, were properly prepared in accordance with the United Nations System Accounting Standards and article X of the
    Financial Regulations of UNIDO.
    [signed]
    [signed]
    Amita Misra
    Carlos A. Magariños
    Director, Financial Services Branch
    Director-General
    Page 4
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 4
    Statement I
    STATEMENT OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE AND CHANGES IN RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    for the year ended 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    General Fund and
    Other Headquarters
    Technical
    Total
    Total
    Heading
    Working Capital Fund
    funds
    cooperation
    Eliminations
    2004
    2002
    (Note or schedule No. 2) (Note or schedule No. 3) (Note or schedule No. 4) (Note No. 2 q)
    INCOME
    Assessed contributions
    71,000.0
    (a)
    71,000.0
    66,844.9
    Voluntary contributions
    260.9
    111,200.0
    111,460.9
    87,547.3
    OTHER INCOME
    Revenue-producing activities
    37.7
    (b)
    8,846.3
    8,884.0
    9,522.0
    Funds under inter-organization arrangements
    5,048.0
    5,048.0
    10,461.7
    Jointly-financed activities
    19,804.9
    (2,897.2)
    16,907.7
    14,454.2
    Income for services rendered
    599.2
    (203.9)
    395.3
    689.2
    Interest income
    660.5
    (c)
    267.9
    682.2
    (d)
    1,610.6
    1,921.6
    Currency exchange adjustments
    174.3
    (d)
    (415.7)
    (c)
    (1,157.1)
    (e, f)
    45.5
    (1,353.0)
    417.8
    Miscellaneous income
    328.0
    (e)
    21.0
    (13.5)
    (0.3)
    335.2
    784.0
    TOTAL INCOME
    72,461.4
    29,123.6
    115,759.6
    (3,055.9)
    214,288.7
    192,642.7
    EXPENDITURE
    .
    .
    Salaries and common staff costs
    41,471.9
    13,980.0
    26,581.1
    2,755.2
    84,788.2
    90,256.3
    Operating costs and contractual services
    11,830.6
    13,947.1
    30,687.3
    (1,880.9)
    54,584.1
    49,841.2
    Acquisitions
    14,278.5
    749.3
    15,027.8
    16,825.4
    Fellowships
    4,049.9
    427.1
    4,477.0
    4,003.5
    RPTC and SRA activities
    5,506.4
    (f)
    (5,106.6)
    399.8
    2,312.9
    Programme support costs
    41.0
    8,545.9
    8,586.9
    9,227.2
    TOTAL EXPENDITURE
    58,808.9
    27,968.1
    84,142.7
    (3,055.9)
    167,863.8
    172,466.5
    EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE
    13,652.5
    1,155.5
    31,616.9
    0.0
    46,424.9
    20,176.2
    Prior biennium adjustments
    (119.3)
    (g)
    (119.3)
    9.1
    Savings on cancellation of obligations from prior biennium
    3,277.8
    (h)
    1,359.3
    4,637.1
    5,187.7
    Provision for delays in the collection of contributions
    (6,093.9)
    (6,093.9)
    (4,680.4)
    NET EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF INCOME OVER
    EXPENDITURE
    10,717.1
    2,514.8
    (d)
    31,616.9
    44,848.8
    20,692.6
    Transfers to reserves
    410.9 (b, f)
    103.2
    (g)
    514.1
    2,431.4
    Transfers from reserves
    (0.4)
    (0.4)
    (34.1)
    Credits to Member States
    (2,941.1)
    (p)
    (2,941.1)
    Transfers to and from other funds
    0.0
    (247.9)
    Other adjustments to reserves and fund balances
    (9,557.5)
    (9,557.5)
    (23,762.1)
    Reserves and fund balances, beginning of biennium
    13,623.3
    12,174.6
    99,814.1
    125,612.0
    135,147.4
    RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES, END OF BIENNIUM
    21,809.8
    14,689.4
    121,976.7
    0.0
    158,475.9
    134,227.3
    Page 5
    IDB.3
    0/9
    P
    BC.21/9
    Page 5
    Statement II
    STATEMENT OF ASSETS, LIABILITIES, RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    General Fund and
    Other Headquarters
    Technical
    Total
    Total
    Heading
    Working Capital Fund
    funds
    cooperation
    Eliminations
    2004
    2002
    (Note or schedule No. 2)
    (Note or schedule No. 3) (Note or schedule No. 4)
    (Note 2 q)
    ASSETS
    Cash and term deposits
    24,981.6
    16,684.4
    173,757.8
    (i)
    215,423.8
    194,676.4
    Accounts receivable
    Assessed contributions receivable from Member States
    117,401.9
    117,401.9
    111,404.2
    Voluntary contributions receivable
    Other contributions receivable
    93.7
    154.7
    248.4
    6,133.7
    Provision for delays in the collection of contributions
    (110,666.8)
    (110,666.8)
    (106,756.7)
    Interfund balances
    458.1
    1,691.2
    2,149.3
    5,571.4
    Other
    3,741.2
    (i)
    8,352.9
    (e)
    1,891.9
    13,986.0
    11,850.0
    Other assets
    614.5
    0.6
    4,199.3
    4,814.4
    5,413.0
    TOTAL ASSETS
    36,166.1
    25,496.0
    181,694.9
    0.0
    243,357.0
    228,292.0
    LIABILITIES
    .
    .
    Payments or contributions received in advance
    1,324.0
    (j)
    54.5
    7,780.6
    9,159.1
    14,126.8
    Borrowings payable within one year
    737.0
    (k)
    737.0
    958.0
    Unliquidated obligations
    5,116.7
    8,109.0
    26,002.4
    39,228.1
    38,945.2
    Accounts payable—interfund
    677.7
    1,162.8
    308.8
    2,149.3
    5,571.4
    Accounts payable—other
    6,500.9 (d, i, p)
    1,480.3
    (e)
    25,626.4
    (d, e)
    33,607.6
    32,547.3
    Other funds and special accounts
    Other liabilities
    Borrowings payable after one year
    1,916.0
    TOTAL LIABILITIES
    14,356.3
    10,806.6
    59,718.2
    0.0
    84,881.1
    94,064.7
    RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    Operating reserves
    4,828.9
    (f)
    405.3
    (j)
    5,234.2
    5,355.8
    Other reserves
    10,340.2 (l, m, n)
    1,921.3
    12,261.5
    10,213.8
    Balances relating to projects funded by donors
    117,364.5
    117,364.5
    104,087.3
    Working Capital Fund
    7,423.0
    (o)
    7,423.0
    7,423.0
    Surplus (deficit)
    4,046.6
    (p)
    9,860.5
    2,285.6
    (h)
    16,192.7
    7,147.4
    TOTAL RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    21,809.8
    14,689.4
    121,976.7
    0.0
    158,475.9
    134,227.3
    TOTAL LIABILITIES, RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    36,166.1
    25,496.0
    181,694.9
    0.0
    243,357.0
    228,292.0
    Page 6
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 6
    Schedule 2.1
    STATUS OF ASSESSED CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE REGULAR BUDGET (in euros)
    as at 31 December 2004
    Scale %
    Contributions payable 1 January 2004
    Credits and Collections in 2004
    Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Prior biennium
    Current biennium
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    Afghanistan
    0.00100
    90,146
    710
    18,934
    -
    71,212
    710
    71,922
    Albania
    0.00426
    -
    3,025
    -
    3,025
    -
    -
    -
    Algeria
    0.09951
    -
    70,652
    -
    6,050
    -
    64,602
    64,602
    Angola
    0.00284
    -
    2,016
    -
    2,016
    -
    -
    -
    Argentina
    1.37752
    4,638,854
    978,039
    20,215
    -
    4,618,639
    978,039
    5,596,678
    Armenia
    0.00284
    912,755
    2,016
    2,080
    -
    910,675
    2,016
    912,691
    Austria
    1.34625
    -
    955,838
    -
    955,838
    -
    -
    -
    Azerbaijan
    0.00569
    1,021,570
    4,040
    10,213
    -
    1,011,357
    4,040
    1,015,397
    Bahamas
    0.01706
    -
    12,113
    -
    12,113
    -
    -
    -
    Bahrain
    0.02559
    506
    18,169
    506
    664
    -
    17,505
    17,505
    Bangladesh
    0.01000
    -
    7,100
    -
    639
    -
    6,461
    6,461
    Barbados
    0.01279
    688
    9,081
    538
    -
    150
    9,081
    9,231
    Belarus
    0.02701
    275,188
    19,177
    143,574
    -
    131,614
    19,177
    150,791
    Belgium
    1.60498
    -
    1,139,535
    -
    1,139,535
    -
    -
    -
    Belize
    0.00100
    562
    710
    562
    710
    -
    -
    -
    Benin
    0.00284
    2,620
    2,016
    2,603
    -
    17
    2,016
    2,033
    Bhutan
    0.00100
    -
    710
    -
    710
    -
    -
    -
    Bolivia
    0.01137
    14,666
    8,073
    1,180
    -
    13,486
    8,073
    21,559
    Bosnia and Herzegovina
    0.00569
    -
    4,040
    -
    4,040
    -
    -
    -
    Botswana
    0.01422
    -
    10,096
    -
    10,096
    -
    -
    -
    Brazil
    3.39761
    16,554,949
    2,412,303
    -
    -
    16,554,949
    2,412,303
    18,967,252
    Bulgaria
    0.01848
    -
    13,121
    -
    13,121
    -
    -
    -
    Burkina Faso
    0.00284
    -
    2,016
    -
    2,016
    -
    -
    -
    Burundi
    0.00100
    66,368
    710
    7
    -
    66,361
    710
    67,071
    Cambodia
    0.00284
    4,010
    2,016
    25
    -
    3,985
    2,016
    6,001
    Cameroon
    0.01279
    -
    9,081
    -
    3,345
    -
    5,736
    5,736
    Cape Verde
    0.00100
    96,115
    710
    7
    -
    96,108
    710
    96,818
    Central African Republic
    0.00100
    111,478
    710
    7
    -
    111,471
    710
    112,181
    Chad
    0.00100
    84,776
    710
    -
    -
    84,776
    710
    85,486
    Chile
    0.30138
    211,795
    213,980
    159,755
    -
    52,040
    213,980
    266,020
    China
    2.17788
    -
    1,546,295
    -
    1,474,600
    -
    71,695
    71,695
    Colombia
    0.28574
    205,274
    202,875
    78,184
    -
    127,090
    202,875
    329,965
    Comoros
    0.00100
    121,682
    710
    -
    -
    121,682
    710
    122,392
    Congo
    0.00100
    109,354
    710
    108,246
    -
    1,108
    710
    1,818
    Costa Rica
    0.02843
    105,580
    20,185
    1,880
    -
    103,700
    20,185
    123,885
    Côte d’Ivoire
    0.01279
    -
    9,081
    -
    9,081
    -
    -
    -
    Croatia
    0.05544
    -
    39,362
    -
    39,362
    -
    -
    -
    Page 7
    IDB.3
    0/9
    P
    BC.21/9
    Page 7
    Scale %
    Contributions payable 1 January 2004
    Credits and Collections in 2004
    Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Prior biennium
    Current biennium
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    Cuba
    0.04265
    26,672
    30,282
    26,672
    -
    -
    30,282
    30,282
    Cyprus
    0.05402
    -
    38,354
    -
    38,354
    -
    -
    -
    Czech Republic
    0.28858
    -
    204,892
    -
    204,892
    -
    -
    -
    Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
    0.01279
    4,279
    9,081
    926
    -
    3,353
    9,081
    12,434
    Democratic Republic of the Congo
    0.00569
    121,858
    4,040
    30
    121,828
    4,040
    125,868
    Denmark
    1.06477
    -
    755,987
    -
    755,987
    -
    -
    -
    Djibouti
    0.00100
    84,776
    710
    -
    -
    84,776
    710
    85,486
    Dominica
    0.00100
    649
    710
    93
    -
    556
    710
    1,266
    Dominican Republic
    0.03270
    350,535
    23,217
    -
    -
    350,535
    23,217
    373,752
    Ecuador
    0.03554
    -
    25,233
    -
    25,233
    -
    -
    -
    Egypt
    0.11515
    71,745
    81,757
    71,745
    81,757
    -
    -
    -
    El Salvador
    0.02559
    158,458
    18,169
    -
    -
    158,458
    18,169
    176,627
    Equatorial Guinea
    0.00100
    121,682
    710
    -
    -
    121,682
    710
    122,392
    Eritrea
    0.00100
    639
    710
    86
    -
    553
    710
    1,263
    Ethiopia
    0.00569
    -
    4,040
    -
    4,040
    -
    -
    -
    Fiji
    0.00569
    -
    4,040
    -
    560
    -
    3,480
    3,480
    Finland
    0.74207
    -
    526,870
    -
    526,870
    -
    -
    -
    France
    9.19202
    -
    6,526,334
    -
    6,526,334
    -
    -
    -
    Gabon
    0.01990
    38,458
    14,129
    70
    -
    38,388
    14,129
    52,517
    Gambia
    0.00100
    74,084
    710
    7
    -
    74,077
    710
    74,787
    Georgia
    0.00711
    1,599,047
    5,048
    102
    -
    1,598,945
    5,048
    1,603,993
    Germany
    13.88754
    -
    9,860,153
    -
    9,860,153
    -
    -
    -
    Ghana
    0.00711
    1,610
    5,048
    436
    -
    1,174
    5,048
    6,222
    Greece
    0.76624
    -
    544,030
    -
    544,030
    -
    -
    -
    Grenada
    0.00100
    76,959
    710
    10,496
    -
    66,463
    710
    67,173
    Guatemala
    0.03838
    280
    27,250
    280
    27,250
    -
    -
    -
    Guinea
    0.00426
    -
    3,025
    -
    516
    -
    2,509
    2,509
    Guinea-Bissau
    0.00100
    116,788
    710
    7
    -
    116,781
    710
    117,491
    Guyana
    0.00100
    1,800
    710
    1,800
    208
    -
    502
    502
    Haiti
    0.00284
    -
    2,016
    -
    2,016
    -
    -
    -
    Honduras
    0.00711
    -
    5,048
    -
    5,048
    -
    -
    -
    Hungary
    0.17059
    -
    121,119
    -
    121,119
    -
    -
    -
    India
    0.48476
    -
    344,180
    -
    344,180
    -
    -
    -
    Indonesia
    0.28432
    -
    201,867
    -
    201,867
    -
    -
    -
    Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    0.38667
    437,147
    274,536
    192,640
    -
    244,507
    274,536
    519,043
    Iraq
    0.19334
    1,697,868
    137,271
    -
    -
    1,697,868
    137,271
    1,835,139
    Ireland
    0.41795
    -
    296,745
    -
    296,745
    -
    -
    -
    Israel
    0.58996
    -
    418,872
    -
    418,872
    -
    -
    -
    Italy
    7.20001
    -
    5,112,007
    -
    5,112,007
    -
    -
    -
    Jamaica
    0.00569
    11,530
    4,040
    11,530
    4,040
    -
    -
    -
    Japan
    22.00000
    -
    15,620,000
    -
    15,620,000
    -
    -
    -
    Page 8
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 8
    Scale %
    Contributions payable 1 January 2004
    Credits and Collections in 2004
    Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Prior biennium
    Current biennium
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    Jordan
    0.01137
    -
    8,073
    -
    378
    -
    7,695
    7,695
    Kazakhstan
    0.03980
    495,863
    28,258
    122,173
    -
    373,690
    28,258
    401,948
    Kenya
    0.01137
    -
    8,073
    -
    8,073
    -
    -
    -
    Kuwait
    0.20897
    -
    148,369
    -
    148,369
    -
    -
    -
    Kyrgyzstan
    0.00100
    375,752
    710
    30
    -
    375,722
    710
    376,432
    Lao People’s Democratic Republic
    0.00100
    -
    710
    -
    710
    -
    -
    -
    Lebanon
    0.01706
    20,479
    12,113
    20,479
    12,113
    -
    -
    -
    Lesotho
    0.00100
    -
    710
    -
    171
    -
    539
    539
    Liberia
    0.00100
    87,358
    710
    -
    -
    87,358
    710
    88,068
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
    0.09525
    -
    67,628
    -
    25,844
    -
    41,784
    41,784
    Lithuania
    0.02417
    335,321
    17,161
    101,073
    -
    234,248
    17,161
    251,409
    Luxembourg
    0.11373
    73,672
    80,748
    73,672
    80,748
    -
    -
    -
    Madagascar
    0.00426
    -
    3,025
    -
    2,471
    -
    554
    554
    Malawi
    0.00284
    38,194
    2,016
    26
    -
    38,168
    2,016
    40,184
    Malaysia
    0.33407
    -
    237,190
    -
    237,190
    -
    -
    -
    Maldives
    0.00100
    577
    710
    577
    467
    -
    243
    243
    Mali
    0.00284
    19,136
    2,016
    18,678
    -
    458
    2,016
    2,474
    Malta
    0.02132
    -
    15,137
    -
    15,137
    -
    -
    -
    Mauritania
    0.00100
    113,982
    710
    7
    -
    113,975
    710
    114,685
    Mauritius
    0.01564
    -
    11,104
    -
    11,104
    -
    -
    -
    Mexico
    1.54385
    210,056
    1,096,133
    210,056
    1,096,133
    -
    -
    -
    Monaco
    0.00569
    -
    4,040
    -
    4,040
    -
    -
    -
    Mongolia
    0.00100
    -
    710
    -
    171
    -
    539
    539
    Morocco
    0.06255
    100
    44,411
    100
    44,411
    -
    -
    -
    Mozambique
    0.00100
    -
    710
    -
    93
    -
    617
    617
    Myanmar
    0.01000
    6,577
    7,100
    522
    -
    6,055
    7,100
    13,155
    Namibia
    0.00995
    -
    7,065
    -
    7,065
    -
    -
    -
    Nepal
    0.00569
    -
    4,040
    -
    311
    -
    3,729
    3,729
    Netherlands
    2.47073
    -
    1,754,218
    -
    1,754,218
    -
    -
    -
    New Zealand
    0.34260
    -
    243,246
    -
    243,246
    -
    -
    -
    Nicaragua
    0.00100
    134,643
    710
    7
    -
    134,636
    710
    135,346
    Niger
    0.00100
    96,150
    710
    7
    -
    96,143
    710
    96,853
    Nigeria
    0.09667
    89,011
    68,636
    2,654
    86,357
    68,636
    154,993
    Norway
    0.91835
    -
    652,029
    -
    652,029
    -
    -
    -
    Oman
    0.08672
    -
    61,571
    -
    61,571
    -
    -
    -
    Pakistan
    0.08672
    -
    61,571
    -
    61,571
    -
    -
    -
    Panama
    0.02559
    2,193
    18,169
    833
    -
    1,360
    18,169
    19,529
    Papua New Guinea
    0.00853
    5,241
    6,056
    479
    -
    4,762
    6,056
    10,818
    Paraguay
    0.02275
    57,580
    16,153
    15,125
    -
    42,455
    16,153
    58,608
    Peru
    0.16775
    296,101
    119,103
    344
    -
    295,757
    119,103
    414,860
    Philippines
    0.14216
    32,009
    100,934
    32,009
    37,103
    -
    63,831
    63,831
    Page 9
    IDB.3
    0/9
    P
    BC.21/9
    Page 9
    Scale %
    Contributions payable 1 January 2004
    Credits and Collections in 2004
    Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Prior biennium
    Current biennium
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    Poland
    0.53736
    41,061
    381,526
    41,061
    381,526
    -
    -
    -
    Portugal
    0.65678
    -
    466,314
    -
    466,314
    -
    -
    -
    Qatar
    0.04833
    -
    34,314
    -
    2,183
    -
    32,131
    32,131
    Republic of Korea
    2.63137
    -
    1,868,272
    -
    634,678
    -
    1,233,594
    1,233,594
    Republic of Moldova
    0.00284
    872,848
    2,016
    93
    -
    872,755
    2,016
    874,771
    Romania
    0.08245
    50,631
    58,540
    50,631
    58,540
    -
    -
    -
    Russian Federation
    1.70591
    -
    1,211,196
    -
    1,211,196
    -
    -
    -
    Rwanda
    0.00100
    9,263
    710
    27
    -
    9,236
    710
    9,946
    Saint Kitts and Nevis
    0.00100
    -
    710
    -
    93
    -
    617
    617
    Saint Lucia
    0.00284
    1,914
    2,016
    1,914
    2,016
    -
    -
    -
    Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    0.00100
    110,948
    710
    7
    -
    110,941
    710
    111,651
    Sao Tome and Principe
    0.00100
    121,682
    710
    -
    -
    121,682
    710
    122,392
    Saudi Arabia
    0.78756
    -
    559,168
    -
    559,168
    -
    -
    -
    Senegal
    0.00711
    -
    5,048
    -
    5,048
    -
    -
    -
    Serbia and Montenegro
    0.02843
    18,049
    20,185
    18,017
    -
    32
    20,185
    20,217
    Seychelles
    0.00284
    45,828
    2,016
    26
    -
    45,802
    2,016
    47,818
    Sierra Leone
    0.00100
    82,375
    710
    16,788
    -
    65,587
    710
    66,297
    Slovakia
    0.06113
    -
    43,402
    -
    43,402
    -
    -
    -
    Slovenia
    0.11515
    331,781
    81,757
    184,206
    -
    147,575
    81,757
    229,332
    Somalia
    0.00100
    134,656
    710
    7
    -
    134,649
    710
    135,359
    South Africa
    0.58001
    -
    411,807
    -
    411,807
    -
    -
    -
    Spain
    3.58064
    -
    2,542,254
    -
    2,542,254
    -
    -
    -
    Sri Lanka
    0.02275
    -
    16,153
    -
    16,153
    -
    -
    -
    Sudan
    0.00853
    4,615
    6,056
    4,615
    6,056
    -
    -
    -
    Suriname
    0.00284
    41,522
    2,016
    26
    -
    41,496
    2,016
    43,512
    Swaziland
    0.00284
    -
    2,016
    -
    482
    -
    1,534
    1,534
    Sweden
    1.45962
    -
    1,036,330
    -
    1,036,330
    -
    -
    -
    Switzerland
    1.81111
    -
    1,285,888
    -
    1,285,888
    -
    -
    -
    Syrian Arab Republic
    0.11373
    -
    80,748
    -
    80,748
    -
    -
    -
    Tajikistan
    0.00100
    277,104
    710
    651
    -
    276,453
    710
    277,163
    Thailand
    0.41795
    75,331
    296,745
    75,331
    296,745
    -
    -
    -
    TFYR of Macedonia
    0.00853
    6,021
    6,056
    6,021
    -
    -
    6,056
    6,056
    Timor-Leste
    0.00100
    -
    710
    -
    710
    -
    -
    -
    Togo
    0.00100
    72,475
    710
    15,186
    -
    57,289
    710
    57,999
    Tonga
    0.00100
    -
    710
    -
    710
    -
    -
    -
    Trinidad and Tobago
    0.02275
    14,457
    16,153
    14,457
    16,153
    -
    -
    -
    Tunisia
    0.04265
    2,336
    30,282
    2,336
    28,293
    -
    1,989
    1,989
    Turkey
    0.62550
    -
    444,105
    -
    444,105
    -
    -
    -
    Turkmenistan
    0.00426
    155,308
    3,025
    -
    -
    155,308
    3,025
    158,333
    Uganda
    0.00711
    -
    5,048
    -
    4,690
    -
    358
    358
    Ukraine
    0.07534
    6,804,134
    53,491
    1,025,511
    -
    5,778,623
    53,491
    5,832,114
    Page 10
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 10
    Scale %
    Contributions payable 1 January 2004
    Credits and Collections in 2004
    Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Prior biennium
    Current biennium
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    United Arab Emirates
    0.28716
    -
    203,884
    -
    203,884
    -
    -
    -
    United Kingdom
    7.86994
    -
    5,587,656
    -
    5,587,656
    -
    -
    -
    United Republic of Tanzania
    0.00569
    -
    4,040
    -
    4,040
    -
    -
    -
    Uruguay
    0.11373
    192,516
    80,748
    31,366
    -
    161,150
    80,748
    241,898
    Uzbekistan
    0.01564
    469,275
    11,104
    159
    -
    469,116
    11,104
    480,220
    Vanuatu
    0.00100
    78,344
    710
    7
    -
    78,337
    710
    79,047
    Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
    0.29569
    328,131
    209,940
    328,131
    -
    -
    209,940
    209,940
    Viet Nam
    0.02275
    -
    16,153
    -
    16,153
    -
    -
    -
    Yemen
    0.00853
    323
    6,056
    323
    6,056
    -
    -
    -
    Zambia
    0.00284
    55,544
    2,016
    26
    -
    55,518
    2,016
    57,534
    Zimbabwe
    0.01137
    7,226
    8,073
    7,226
    8,046
    -
    27
    27
    Subtotal:
    100
    42,521,493
    71,000,000
    3,288,436
    64,264,899
    39,233,057
    6,735,101
    45,968,158
    FORMER MEMBER STATES:
    USA
    69,228,235
    -
    21,887
    -
    69,206,348
    -
    69,206,348
    Yugoslavia (former)
    2,081,702
    -
    -
    -
    2,081,702
    -
    2,081,702
    Sub total:
    71,309,937
    -
    21,887
    -
    71,288,050
    -
    71,288,050
    NEW MEMBER STATES:
    Chad
    9,809
    -
    7
    -
    9,802
    -
    9,802
    Comoros
    12,975
    -
    7
    -
    12,968
    -
    12,968
    Djibouti
    8,787
    -
    7
    -
    8,780
    -
    8,780
    El Salvador
    17,250
    -
    -
    -
    17,250
    -
    17,250
    Equatorial Guinea
    12,975
    -
    7
    -
    12,968
    -
    12,968
    Liberia
    18,620
    -
    7
    -
    18,613
    -
    18,613
    Sao Tome and Principe
    12,975
    -
    7
    -
    12,968
    -
    12,968
    Timor-Leste
    668
    -
    668
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Turkmenistan
    52,332
    -
    -
    -
    52,332
    -
    52,332
    Subtotal:
    146,391
    -
    710
    -
    145,681
    -
    145,681
    TOTAL
    113,977,821
    71,000,000
    3,311,033
    64,264,899
    110,666,788
    6,735,101
    117,401,889
    1986
    50,465
    35
    50,430
    50,430
    1987
    53,410
    -
    53,410
    53,410
    1988
    82,281
    17
    82,264
    82,264
    1989
    109,948
    1,094
    108,854
    108,854
    1990
    525,661
    9,835
    515,826
    515,826
    1991
    763,259
    9,856
    753,403
    753,403
    1992
    942,764
    26,744
    916,020
    916,020
    1993
    1,140,298
    48,632
    1,091,666
    1,091,666
    1994
    8,072,707
    56,864
    8,015,843
    8,015,843
    1995
    37,918,785
    1,040,500
    36,878,285
    36,878,285
    1996
    35,079,800
    24,831
    35,054,969
    35,054,969
    1997
    5,047,707
    95,669
    4,952,038
    4,952,038
    Page 11
    IDB.3
    0/9
    P
    BC.21/9
    Page 11
    Scale %
    Contributions payable 1 January 2004
    Credits and Collections in 2004
    Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Prior biennium
    Current biennium
    Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    1998
    3,956,766
    133,424
    3,823,342
    3,823,342
    1999
    4,628,093
    235,359
    4,392,734
    4,392,734
    2000
    3,028,794
    87,689
    2,941,105
    2,941,105
    2001
    3,172,139
    100,188
    3,071,951
    3,071,951
    2002
    3,985,584
    388,833
    3,596,751
    3,596,751
    2003
    5,419,360
    1,051,463
    4,367,897
    4,367,897
    TOTAL
    113,977,821
    71,000,000
    3,311,033
    64,264,899
    110,666,788
    6,735,101
    117,401,889
    Page 12
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 12
    Schedule 2.2
    STATUS OF ADVANCES TO THE WORKING CAPITAL FUND
    as at 31 December 2004
    Scale of assessment
    Amount of
    Collections
    Adjustments Collections
    Amount
    M e m b e r S t a t e
    (per cent)
    advance
    1986-2003
    2004
    2004 outstanding
    Afghanistan
    0.00100
    74
    308
    (234)
    -
    Albania
    0.00426
    316
    297
    19
    -
    Algeria
    0.09951
    7,387
    7,349
    38
    -
    Angola
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Argentina
    1.37752
    102,254
    120,847
    (18,593)
    -
    Armenia
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Austria
    1.34625
    99,933
    99,617
    316
    -
    Azerbaijan
    0.00569
    422
    445
    (23)
    -
    Bahamas
    0.01706
    1,266
    1,262
    4
    -
    Bahrain
    0.02559
    1,900
    1,930
    (30)
    -
    Bangladesh
    0.01000
    742
    742
    -
    -
    Barbados
    0.01279
    949
    965
    (16)
    -
    Belarus
    0.02701
    2,005
    2,005
    -
    -
    Belgium
    1.60498
    119,139
    118,769
    20
    350
    -
    Belize
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Benin
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Bhutan
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Bolivia
    0.01137
    844
    817
    27
    -
    Bosnia and Herzegovina
    0.00569
    422
    445
    (23)
    -
    Botswana
    0.01422
    1,056
    1,039
    17
    -
    Brazil
    3.39761
    252,206
    170,093
    3,064
    79,049
    Bulgaria
    0.01848
    1,372
    1,336
    36
    -
    Burkina Faso
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Burundi
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Cambodia
    0.00284
    211
    150
    61
    -
    Cameroon
    0.01279
    949
    965
    (16)
    -
    Cape Verde
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Central African Republic
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Chad
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Chile
    0.30138
    22,372
    22,269
    103
    -
    China
    2.17788
    161,665
    161,080
    585
    -
    Colombia
    0.28574
    21,211
    21,156
    55
    -
    Comoros
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Congo
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Costa Rica
    0.02843
    2,110
    2,078
    14
    18
    -
    Côte d’Ivoire
    0.01279
    949
    965
    (16)
    -
    Croatia
    0.05544
    4,115
    4,083
    32
    -
    Cuba
    0.04265
    3,166
    3,192
    (26)
    -
    Cyprus
    0.05402
    4,010
    4,010
    -
    -
    Czech Republic
    0.28858
    21,421
    21,376
    45
    -
    Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
    0.01279
    949
    965
    (16)
    -
    Democratic Republic of the Congo
    0.00569
    422
    445
    (23)
    -
    Denmark
    1.06477
    79,039
    78,759
    280
    -
    Djibouti
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Dominica
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Dominican Republic
    0.03270
    2,427
    318
    7
    2,102
    Page 13
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 13
    Scale of assessment
    Amount of
    Collections
    Adjustments Collections
    Amount
    M e m b e r S t a t e
    (per cent)
    advance
    1986-2003
    2004
    2004 outstanding
    Ecuador
    0.03554
    2,638
    2,598
    40
    -
    Egypt
    0.11515
    8,548
    8,536
    12
    -
    El Salvador
    0.02559
    1,900
    146
    7
    1,747
    Equatorial Guinea
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Eritrea
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Ethiopia
    0.00569
    422
    445
    (23)
    -
    Fiji
    0.00569
    422
    445
    (23)
    -
    Finland
    0.74207
    55,084
    54,930
    154
    -
    France
    9.19202
    682,327
    680,024
    2,303
    -
    Gabon
    0.01990
    1,477
    1,485
    (8)
    -
    Gambia
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Georgia
    0.00711
    528
    520
    8
    -
    Germany
    13.88754
    1,030,877
    1,027,422
    3,455
    -
    Ghana
    0.00711
    528
    520
    8
    -
    Greece
    0.76624
    56,878
    56,712
    166
    -
    Grenada
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Guatemala
    0.03838
    2,849
    2,821
    28
    -
    Guinea
    0.00426
    316
    297
    19
    -
    Guinea-Bissau
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Guyana
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Haiti
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Honduras
    0.00711
    528
    520
    8
    -
    Hungary
    0.17059
    12,663
    12,619
    44
    -
    India
    0.48476
    35,984
    35,853
    131
    -
    Indonesia
    0.28432
    21,105
    21,007
    98
    -
    Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    0.38667
    28,703
    28,579
    124
    -
    Iraq
    0.19334
    14,352
    3,630
    140
    10,582
    Ireland
    0.41795
    31,025
    30,954
    71
    -
    Israel
    0.58996
    43,793
    43,647
    146
    -
    Italy
    7.20001
    534,459
    532,567
    1,892
    -
    Jamaica
    0.00569
    422
    445
    (23)
    -
    Japan
    22.00000
    1,633,067
    1,633,067
    -
    -
    Jordan
    0.01137
    844
    817
    27
    -
    Kazakhstan
    0.03980
    2,954
    2,969
    (15)
    -
    Kenya
    0.01137
    844
    817
    27
    -
    Kuwait
    0.20897
    15,512
    15,440
    72
    -
    Kyrgyzstan
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Lao People’s Democratic Republic
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Lebanon
    0.01706
    1,266
    1,262
    4
    -
    Lesotho
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Liberia
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
    0.09525
    7,070
    7,052
    18
    -
    Lithuania
    0.02417
    1,794
    1,782
    12
    -
    Luxembourg
    0.11373
    8,442
    8,388
    54
    -
    Madagascar
    0.00426
    316
    297
    19
    -
    Malawi
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Malaysia
    0.33407
    24,798
    24,719
    79
    -
    Maldives
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Mali
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Page 14
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 14
    Scale of assessment
    Amount of
    Collections
    Adjustments Collections
    Amount
    M e m b e r S t a t e
    (per cent)
    advance
    1986-2003
    2004
    2004 outstanding
    Malta
    0.02132
    1,583
    1,559
    24
    -
    Mauritania
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Mauritius
    0.01564
    1,161
    1,188
    (27)
    -
    Mexico
    1.54385
    114,600
    114,240
    360
    -
    Monaco
    0.00569
    422
    297
    125
    -
    Mongolia
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Morocco
    0.06255
    4,643
    4,602
    41
    -
    Mozambique
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Myanmar
    0.01000
    742
    742
    -
    -
    Namibia
    0.00995
    739
    742
    (3)
    -
    Nepal
    0.00569
    422
    445
    (23)
    -
    Netherlands
    2.47073
    183,404
    182,755
    649
    -
    New Zealand
    0.34260
    25,431
    25,313
    118
    -
    Nicaragua
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Niger
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Nigeria
    0.09667
    7,176
    7,126
    50
    -
    Norway
    0.91835
    68,170
    67,921
    249
    -
    Oman
    0.08672
    6,437
    6,384
    53
    -
    Pakistan
    0.08672
    6,437
    6,384
    53
    -
    Panama
    0.02559
    1,900
    1,930
    (30)
    -
    Papua New Guinea
    0.00853
    633
    668
    (35)
    -
    Paraguay
    0.02275
    1,689
    1,707
    (18)
    -
    Peru
    0.16775
    12,452
    12,396
    56
    -
    Philippines
    0.14216
    10,553
    10,541
    12
    -
    Poland
    0.53736
    39,889
    39,787
    102
    -
    Portugal
    0.65678
    48,753
    48,621
    132
    -
    Qatar
    0.04833
    3,588
    3,563
    25
    -
    Republic of Korea
    2.63137
    195,328
    194,706
    622
    -
    Republic of Moldova
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Romania
    0.08245
    6,120
    6,087
    33
    -
    Russian Federation
    1.70591
    126,631
    126,192
    439
    -
    Rwanda
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Saint Kitts and Nevis
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Saint Lucia
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Sao Tome and Principe
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Saudi Arabia
    0.78756
    58,461
    58,271
    190
    -
    Senegal
    0.00711
    528
    520
    8
    -
    Serbia and Montenegro
    0.02843
    2,110
    2,078
    32
    -
    Seychelles
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Sierra Leone
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Slovakia
    0.06113
    4,538
    4,528
    10
    -
    Slovenia
    0.11515
    8,548
    7,307
    247
    994
    -
    Somalia
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    South Africa
    0.58001
    43,054
    42,910
    144
    -
    Spain
    3.58064
    265,792
    264,852
    940
    -
    Sri Lanka
    0.02275
    1,689
    1,707
    (18)
    -
    Sudan
    0.00853
    633
    668
    (35)
    -
    Suriname
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Page 15
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 15
    Scale of assessment
    Amount of
    Collections
    Adjustments Collections
    Amount
    M e m b e r S t a t e
    (per cent)
    advance
    1986-2003
    2004
    2004 outstanding
    Swaziland
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Sweden
    1.45962
    108,348
    107,965
    383
    -
    Switzerland
    1.81111
    134,439
    133,986
    453
    -
    Syrian Arab Republic
    0.11373
    8,442
    8,388
    54
    -
    Tajikistan
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Thailand
    0.41795
    31,025
    30,954
    71
    -
    TFYR of Macedonia
    0.00853
    633
    668
    (35)
    -
    Timor-Leste
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    Togo
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Tonga
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Trinidad and Tobago
    0.02275
    1,689
    1,707
    (18)
    -
    Tunisia
    0.04265
    3,166
    3,192
    (26)
    -
    Turkey
    0.62550
    46,431
    46,245
    186
    -
    Turkmenistan
    0.00426
    316
    27
    29
    260
    Uganda
    0.00711
    528
    520
    8
    -
    Ukraine
    0.07534
    5,593
    5,567
    26
    -
    United Arab Emirates
    0.28716
    21,316
    21,230
    86
    -
    United Kingdom
    7.86994
    584,189
    582,189
    2,000
    -
    United Republic of Tanzania
    0.00569
    422
    445
    (23)
    -
    Uruguay
    0.11373
    8,442
    8,388
    54
    -
    Uzbekistan
    0.01564
    1,161
    1,188
    (27)
    -
    Vanuatu
    0.00100
    74
    74
    -
    -
    Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
    0.29569
    21,949
    21,898
    51
    -
    Viet Nam
    0.02275
    1,689
    1,707
    (18)
    -
    Yemen
    0.00853
    633
    668
    (35)
    -
    Zambia
    0.00284
    211
    223
    (12)
    -
    Zimbabwe
    0.01137
    844
    817
    27
    -
    T O T A L
    100
    7,423,030
    7,325,458
    (9,567)
    13,399
    93,740
    Page 16
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 16
    Statement III
    GENERAL FUND AND WORKING CAPITAL FUND
    Statement of cash flow for the year ended 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Total 2004 Total 2002
    Cash flows from operating activities
    Excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure (Statement I)
    13,652.5
    8,423.4
    (Increase) decrease in contributions receivable
    (3,419.9)
    (389.9)
    (Increase) decrease other accounts receivable
    120.8
    5,235.7
    Increase (decrease) in contributions or payments received in advance
    1,134.1
    955.4
    Increase (decrease) in unliquidated obligations
    (7,059.9)
    (9,908.9)
    Increase (decrease) in accounts payable
    (2,198.5)
    (5,416.9)
    Increase (decrease) in other funds and special accounts
    (182.3)
    Less:
    Interest income
    660.5
    Currency exchange adjustments
    174.3
    834.8
    880.3
    Net cash from operating activities
    1,394.3
    (2,163.8)
    Cash flows from investing and financing activities
    Increase (decrease) in interfund balances
    (404.3)
    (909.9)
    Increase (decrease) in borrowings
    (865.0)
    (1,618.0)
    Plus:
    Interest income
    660.5
    Currency exchange adjustments
    174.3
    834.8
    880.3
    Net cash from investing and financing activities
    (434.5)
    (1,647.6)
    Cash flows from other sources
    Savings on or cancellation of prior period’s obligations
    3,281.3
    4,315.7
    Transfers to (from) reserves
    410.5
    2,278.8
    Credits to Member States and prior bienniums adjustments
    (3,063.9)
    9.1
    Net cash from other sources
    627.9
    6,603.6
    Net increase (decrease) in cash
    1,587.7
    2,792.2
    Cash at beginning of period
    23,393.9
    18,328.7
    Cash at end of period (Statement II)
    24,981.6
    21,120.9
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    Statement IV
    GENERAL FUND
    Status of appropriations by major programme for 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Major Programme
    Original
    appropriation
    Transfers/
    other
    adjustments
    Revised
    appropriation
    Disbursements
    during 2004
    Unliquidated
    obligations
    as at 31/12/04
    Total
    expenditure
    Balance of
    appropriations
    Governing Bodies
    2,507.3
    0.0
    2,507.3
    2,302.2
    0.2
    2,302.4
    204.9
    General Management
    5,960.3
    0.0
    5,960.3
    5,140.7
    389.7
    5,530.4
    429.9
    Strengthening of Industrial Capacities
    14,561.0
    0.0
    14,561.0
    9,846.3
    266.9
    10,113.2
    4,447.8
    Cleaner and Sustainable Industrial Development
    11,782.7
    0.0
    11,782.7
    11,157.3
    237.2
    11,394.5
    388.2
    Regional Programme
    17,409.9
    0.0
    17,409.9
    9,739.6
    2,068.2
    11,807.8
    5,602.1
    Administration
    13,159.3
    0.0
    13,159.3
    9,628.8
    663.8
    10,292.6
    2,866.7
    Indirect Costs
    8,010.4
    0.0
    8,010.4
    7,082.1
    285.9
    7,368.0
    642.4
    Total A
    73,390.9
    0.0
    73,390.9
    54,897.0
    3,911.9
    58,808.9
    14,582.0
    Approved estimates
    Actual income
    Accrued income
    Total income
    (Excess) shortfall
    Income
    Regional Programme
    802.9
    0.0
    802.9
    260.9
    0.0
    260.9
    542.0
    Miscellaneous Income
    (i) Estimated in GC.9/Dec.17
    689.8
    0.0
    689.8
    698.2
    0.0
    698.2
    (8.4)
    (ii) Not estimated in GC.9/Dec.17
    502.3
    0.0
    502.3
    (502.3)
    Total B
    1,492.7
    0.0
    1,492.7
    1,461.4
    0.0
    1,461.4
    31.3
    Total A—B
    71,898.2
    0.0
    71,898.2
    53,435.6
    3,911.9
    57,347.5
    14,550.7
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    Schedule 4.1
    GENERAL FUND
    Status of appropriations by major object of expenditure for 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Major object of expenditure
    Original
    appropriation
    Transfers/
    other
    adjustments
    Revised
    appropriation
    Disbursements
    during 2004
    Unliquidated
    obligations
    as at 31/12/04
    Total
    expenditure
    Balance of
    appropriations
    Salaries and common staff costs
    48,784.1
    0.0
    48,784.1
    39,142.1
    1,442.1
    40,584.2
    8,199.9
    Official travel
    1,439.6
    0.0
    1,439.6
    731.6
    156.1
    887.7
    551.9
    Operating costs
    13,139.2
    0.0
    13,139.2
    8,506.1
    1,528.9
    10,035.0
    3,104.2
    Information and communication technology
    2,948.2
    0.0
    2,948.2
    1,359.2
    436.4
    1,795.6
    1,152.6
    RPTC and SRA activities
    7,079.8
    0.0
    7,079.8
    5,158.0
    348.4
    5,506.4
    1,573.4
    Total A
    73,390.9
    0.0
    73,390.9
    54,897.0
    3,911.9
    58,808.9
    14,582.0
    Approved estimates
    Actual income
    Accrued income
    Total income
    (Excess) shortfall
    Income
    Regional Programme
    802.9
    0.0
    802.9
    260.9
    0.0
    260.9
    542.0
    Miscellaneous income
    (i) Estimated in GC.9/Dec.17
    689.8
    0.0
    689.8
    698.2
    0.0
    698.2
    (8.4)
    (ii) Not estimated in GC.9/Dec.17
    502.3
    0.0
    502.3
    (502.3)
    Total B
    1,492.7
    0.0
    1,492.7
    1,461.4
    0.0
    1,461.4
    31.3
    Total A—B
    71,898.2
    0.0
    71,898.2
    53,435.6
    3,911.9
    57,347.5
    14,550.7
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    Schedule 4.1 (Supplementary)
    OTHER HEADQUARTERS FUNDS—BUILDINGS MANAGEMENT SERVICES
    Status of appropriations by major object of expenditure for 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Major object of expenditure
    Original
    appropriation
    Transfers/other
    adjustments
    Revised
    appropriation
    Disbursements
    during 2004
    Unliquidated
    obligations
    as at 31/12/04
    Total
    expenditure
    Balance of
    appropriations
    Staff costs
    6,875.6
    0.0
    6,875.6
    5,734.3
    15.0
    5,749.3
    1,126.3
    Official travel
    5.8
    0.0
    5.8
    2.2
    0.0
    2.2
    3.6
    Operating costs
    16,795.8
    0.0
    16,795.8
    5,896.0
    5,714.7
    11,610.7
    5,185.1
    Information and communication technology
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    RPTC and SRA activities
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    Total A
    23,677.2
    0.0
    23,677.2
    11,632.5
    5,729.7
    17,362.2
    6,315.0
    Estimated income
    Actual
    income
    Accrued
    income
    Total
    income
    (Excess)
    shortfall
    Income
    Common Buildings Management
    22,777.1
    0.0
    22,777.1
    19,711.6
    93.3
    19,804.9
    2,972.2
    Joint Buildings Management
    900.1
    0.0
    900.1
    585.5
    13.6
    599.1
    301.0
    Total B
    23,677.2
    0.0
    23,677.2
    20,297.1
    106.9
    20,404.0
    3,273.2
    Miscellaneous income
    Not estimated in GC.9/Dec.17
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    180.5
    0.0
    180.5
    (180.5)
    Total C
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    180.5
    0.0
    180.5
    (180.5)
    Total A—B—C
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    (8,845.1)
    5,622.8
    (3,222.3)
    3,222.3
    Cumulative fund balance — special account for BMS (GC.9/Dec.14)
    Excess of income over expenditure
    3,222.3
    –
    Savings on cancellation of obligations
    740.8
    –
    Unliquidated obligations
    (1,874.8)
    Net surplus for 2004
    2,088.3
    Balance at the beginning of year
    8,443.8
    Balance at the end of year
    10,532.1*
    * The balance at year-end reported above is attributable to the special account for Buildings Management and is not subject to financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c).
    As at 31 December 2004, contributions outstanding to the special account for Buildings Management from the VBOs are €4,815,676.
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    II. NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
    Preface
    UNIDO MISSION STATEMENT
    The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is a specialized United Nations agency
    dedicated to promoting sustainable industrial development in countries with developing and transition economies.
    UNIDO draws on the wide industrial expertise of its staff and the resources of government, the private sector and
    other United Nations multilateral and national institutions to create productive employment, competitive economies and
    a sound environment.
    Fostering growth and productivity is central to UNIDO’s highly focused sectoral, regional and country-specific
    programmes. UNIDO is committed to maintaining excellent standards in the implementation of these programmes with
    the ultimate aim of assisting the developing countries and transition economies in their struggle against poverty and
    marginalization.
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    Note 1. Summary of significant accounting policies
    The following are the significant accounting policies of UNIDO:
    (a) UNIDO’s accounts are maintained in accordance with the Financial Regulations of UNIDO, as adopted by
    the General Conference, the rules formulated thereunder, administrative instructions in force as at the date of
    conversion of UNIDO into a specialized agency, and in conformity with generally accepted government accounting
    principles. UNIDO follows the accounting standards as approved by the High-Level Committee on Management
    (HLCM) on behalf of the United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) at its seventh session and
    requested by General Assembly resolution 48/216, and the financial statements, of which these notes form an integral
    part, are presented in accordance with those standards, as shown below:
    (i) Going concern, consistency and accrual are fundamental accounting assumptions. Where fundamental
    accounting assumptions are followed in financial statements, disclosure of such assumptions is not
    required. If a fundamental accounting assumption is not followed, that fact should be disclosed
    together with the reasons;
    (ii) Prudence, substance over form, and materiality should govern the selection and application of
    accounting policies;
    (iii) Financial statements should include clear and concise disclosure of all significant accounting policies,
    which have been used;
    (iv) The disclosure of the significant accounting policies used should be an integral part of the financial
    statements. The policies should normally be disclosed in one place;
    (v) Financial statements should show corresponding figures for the preceding period;
    (vi) A change in an accounting policy that has a material effect in the current period or may have a
    material effect in subsequent periods should be disclosed together with the reasons. The effect of the
    change should, if material, be disclosed and quantified.
    (b) The UNIDO financial statements are prepared on the historical cost basis of accounting and have not been
    adjusted to reflect the effects of changing prices for goods and services.
    (c) Until 31 December 2001, the accounts of the Organization were presented in United States dollars. With
    effect from January 2002, the currency of accounts was changed to euros (GC.8/Dec.16). Therefore, all assets,
    liabilities, reserves and fund balances of the General Fund and other Headquarters funds were converted to euros on
    1 January 2002, using the exchange rates approved by the General Conference (GC.9/Dec.15), i.e. ATS 13.7603 = €1
    and $1 = €1.123 (or €1 = $0.890472). Most extrabudgetary activities, however, continue to be in United States dollars.
    Therefore, for the Organization’s consolidated financial statements purposes, these accounts are converted to euros
    using the methodology stated in note 1(g) below.
    (d) Fund accounting. The UNIDO accounts are maintained on a “fund accounting” basis. Separate funds for
    general or special purposes may be established by the General Conference or the Director-General. Each fund is
    maintained as a distinct financial and accounting entity, with a separate self-balancing double-entry group of accounts.
    (e) The fiscal period of the Organization is a biennium and consists of two consecutive calendar years.
    (f) The income, expenditure, assets and liabilities are recognized on the accrual basis of accounting except for
    trust funds, the Industrial Development Fund, Montreal Protocol and Global Environmental Facility. For these funds,
    the actual contributions received from donors are shown as income (voluntary contributions), which are held in trust by
    UNIDO for the purpose of carrying out the implementation of projects/activities agreed to by the donors.
    (g) Translation of currencies. In accordance with General Conference decision GC.8/Dec.16, the accounts of the
    Organization are presented in euros. Transactions in other currencies are converted into euros as follows: income,
    expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances at the applicable United Nations operational rate of exchange at
    the deemed date of the transaction; and assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances at the applicable United Nations
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    operational rate of exchange at the date of the statement (see also note 1 (q) below on Other income—Gain/loss on
    exchange).
    (h) Assessed contributions. In accordance with financial regulation 5.6, payments made by a Member State are
    credited first to the Working Capital Fund and then to the contributions due, in the order in which the Member State
    was assessed.
    (i) Contributions in kind received or receivable and the value thereof are not accounted for, but disclosed in the
    notes to the financial statements. Where necessary, amounts are estimated locally based on a fair commercial value in
    an arms-length transaction.
    (j) Funds on deposit in interest-bearing bank accounts, certificates of deposit, time deposits and call accounts
    are shown in the statements of assets and liabilities as cash.
    (k) Deferred charges—shown under other assets:
    (i) Deferred charges comprise expenditure items that are not properly chargeable in the current fiscal
    period and that will be charged as expenditure in a subsequent fiscal period;
    (ii) For balance sheet statement purposes only, that portion of the education grant advance, which is
    assumed to pertain to the scholastic year completed as at the date of the financial statement is shown
    under deferred charges. The full amount of the advance is maintained in the accounts receivable from
    staff members until such time as the staff member produces the required proof of entitlement to the
    education grant, at which time the budgetary account is charged and the advance recovered.
    (l) Fixed assets. Furniture, equipment, other non-expendables and leasehold improvements are not included in
    the assets of the Organization. Acquisitions are charged against budgetary accounts in the year of purchase.
    (m) Commitments approved for future fiscal periods that are necessary in the interest of UNIDO, in accordance
    with financial rule 109.6, are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements of the respective fund. Such
    commitments are normally restricted to administrative requirements of a continuing nature and to other contracts or
    legal obligations where long lead times are required for delivery.
    (n) No provision is made in the General Fund for end-of-service entitlements or to meet contingencies under
    appendix D to the Staff Rules of UNIDO, as funds are provided for in the budget appropriations. However, provision is
    made to meet repatriation grant entitlements and contingency liabilities for compensation payments under appendix D
    to the Staff Rules for personnel financed by technical cooperation other than UNDP and are calculated on the basis of
    one per cent of net base pay.
    (o) Special accounts. The General Conference at its ninth session established, with effect from 1 January 2002,
    a special account for Buildings Management Services (for other than staff costs) and a special account for the Regular
    Programme of Technical Cooperation (GC.9/Dec.14). These special accounts are not subject to financial
    regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c); thus the budgetary surplus due to Member States excludes the balances available in these
    special accounts.
    (p) Surpluses due to Member States are funds available for credit to Member States arising from unencumbered
    balances of the appropriations and contributions from new Member States. In accordance with financial
    regulation 4.2(b), the unencumbered balance of the appropriations at the end of a fiscal period shall be surrendered to
    the Members at the end of the first calendar year following the fiscal period after deducting therefrom any contributions
    from Members relating to that fiscal period which remain unpaid, and shall be credited to the Members in proportion to
    their assessed contributions in accordance with the provisions of the financial regulations 4.2(c) and 5.2(d). Financial
    regulation 4.2(c) requires that, before the respective share of the balance is surrendered to any Member that has
    outstanding regular budget obligations to the Organization, those obligations shall first be brought to account. Financial
    regulation 5.2(d) requires that any balance of the appropriations shall be adjusted against future assessments unless the
    General Conference decides otherwise.
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    (q) Other income:
    (i) One-half of the gross income from the sales of publications is reported under revenue-producing
    activities. The other half of income attributable to the sales publications revolving fund less related
    costs is disclosed in the note to the General Fund (note 2(b));
    (ii) Refunds of expenditures charged to prior fiscal periods are credited to miscellaneous income;
    (iii) Moneys accepted in respect of which no purpose is specified are treated as miscellaneous income;
    (iv) Gain/loss on exchange arises from transactions conducted in currencies other than euros, for the
    general and other Headquarters funds and the revaluation of assets and liabilities held in local
    currencies. Unrealized exchange gains are not recorded as income, but set aside in accounts payable on
    the grounds of prudence until realized at which point they would be treated as income. Gains arising
    from the revaluation of non-euro cash and bank amounts are treated as realized;
    (v) Gain/loss on exchange arises from transactions conducted in currencies other than dollars (i.e. for the
    dollar-based extrabudgetary technical cooperation activities in annex I, dollar statements) and the
    revaluation of assets and liabilities held in non-dollar currencies. Current year obligations have been
    revalued at the year-end United Nations operational rate of exchange. Unrealized exchange gains are
    not recorded as income, but set aside in accounts payable on the grounds of prudence until realized at
    which point they would be treated as income. Gains arising from the revaluation of non-dollar cash
    and bank amounts are treated as realized, with the exception of euro cash and bank deposits where
    such gains are also set aside in accounts payable, pending utilization in the restoration of purchasing
    power to projects with euro expenditures. However, for the euro presentation of dollar-based
    extrabudgetary activities in annex I, euro statements, the gain/loss resulting from the revaluation of
    non-euro assets, liabilities, reserves and funds balances is shown as “other adjustments to reserves and
    funds balances” on statement 1;
    (vi) Proceeds from the sale of surplus property are credited to the miscellaneous income of the respective
    funds.
    (r) Technical cooperation accounts:
    (i) The appropriations for the Regular Programme of Technical Cooperation (RPTC) are administered in
    accordance with the financial regulations of UNIDO, and in accordance with the General Conference
    decision mentioned in paragraph (o) above;
    (ii) Allocation income—UNDP. The figures for allocation income from UNDP and UNDP trust funds are
    the same as reported for total expenditure in line with UNDP procedures, which require that
    allocations be adjusted to equal actual expenditure;
    (iii) Contributions income—trust funds and Industrial Development Fund (IDF). Voluntary contributions
    from Governments or other donors are recorded upon receipt of cash. The use of such contributions is
    governed by agreements between UNIDO and the Government/donor. Upon termination, expiration,
    or revision of an agreement or receipt of other instructions from the Government/donor, any surplus
    remaining in a trust/other funds is returned to the Government/donor or disposed of as requested by the
    Government/donor;
    (iv) Interest and miscellaneous income. Interest income arising from the RPTC is credited to the General
    Fund; however, the miscellaneous income relating to the RPTC is credited to the special account.
    Interest income arising from the special account for Buildings Management is credited to that account,
    and finally prorated to the Vienna-based organizations taking into account the funds contributed by
    them and the date of receipt of such funds in the account. Interest income arising from UNDP
    activities is credited to the operating fund account maintained with that organization. Interest income
    arising from the Industrial Development Fund, other than the general-purpose segment, as well as the
    trust funds relating to the technical cooperation activities is credited to accounts payable until
    instructions regarding its disposal are received from the donor. Interest accrued under the General
    Purpose segment of the Industrial Development Fund is credited to that Fund. Interest income
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    attributable to the Montreal Protocol is treated immediately as an additional programmable balance.
    Interest income credited to the Global Environmental Facility, excluding interest income earned on
    funds transferred as UNIDO fees, is set aside as accounts payable pending instructions to its return to
    the trustee;
    (v) The criteria for recording and reporting unliquidated obligations against the current biennium for the
    RPTC are the same as those for the regular budget; however, as stated in paragraph (o) above, these
    obligations are not subject to financial regulation 4.2(b) that requires that obligations shall remain
    available for twelve months following the end of the fiscal period to which they relate. For all other
    technical cooperation fund sources, obligations may be reported as expenditure of the current year on
    the basis of the following criteria:
    Personnel services
    The cost of salaries and related expenses corresponding to services rendered within the calendar year.
    Personnel services, in this context, include temporary assistance and overtime as well as consultants
    who have subscribed to Special Service Agreements. However, when the remuneration of the
    consultant is expressed as a lump sum rather than a sum per period worked, the full cost of the contract
    may be treated as an obligation of the current year.
    Supplies and equipment
    The full cost of contracts or purchase orders entered into prior to the end of the year, whether or not
    delivery has been effected, as long as there is budgetary provision in the current period.
    Subcontracts
    An obligation can be maintained on the basis of the payment schedule included in the signed contract
    with the contractor. Where no payment schedule exists, the basis is the estimated timing of payments.
    Fellowships
    The cost of the fellowship from the date of commencement of study to completion of study or
    31 December, whichever is earlier. The fellow must have been placed, i.e. the fellowship awarded to a
    named individual and the place, course and the duration of the study established and the recipient
    Government notified.
    Travel
    The full cost of travel, including the cost of transportation, subsistence allowances and other incidental
    expenses if travel started prior to the end of the calendar year.
    Group training
    The cost of activities held in the current year. In the case of activities beginning in one year and
    continuing into the next, the full cost of the activity should be charged to the current year.
    (vi) Unliquidated obligations for the current period in respect of all technical cooperation activities other
    than the regular budget remain valid for 12 months following the end of the year, rather than the
    biennium, to which they relate. However, in accordance with UNDP reporting requirements, executing
    agencies may retain unliquidated obligations beyond 12 months when a firm liability to pay still exists;
    such liabilities are reported as accounts payable in the financial statements. Savings on or the
    cancellation of obligations relating to the RPTC are credited to the special account approved by the
    General Conference. Savings on or the liquidation of prior period obligations in respect of all other
    technical activities are credited to individual projects as a reduction of current period expenditure in
    accordance with UNDP reporting requirements. The UNDP requirements are also applied in the case
    of the Industrial Development Fund, trust funds, Montreal Protocol and the Global Environmental
    Facility.
    (s) Trust funds. Director-General’s bulletin UNIDO/DG/B.18/Rev.1 dated 15 May 1992 sets out revised
    policies for establishing and managing trust funds with effect from 26 May 1992. Extrabudgetary funds provided to
    reimburse the Organization for the use of its facilities are excluded from the provisions of UNIDO/DG/B.18/Rev.1.
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    (t) Special account for programme support costs:
    (i) Reimbursement for programme support costs is provided for in respect of extrabudgetary technical
    cooperation activities. Reimbursement is calculated as a percentage of programme resources
    expended. The Montreal Protocol Fund, under a new arrangement that became effective January 2003,
    makes an annual lump sum payment of US$ 1.5 million as support cost for the implementation of its
    programme/projects; this amount is recorded as current year income. The Fund also pays a reduced
    support cost in respect of each of its projects, which, similar to most other technical cooperation
    activities, is calculated as a percentage of programme resources expended;
    (ii) In the financial statements of the Organization, the special account for programme support costs is
    shown separately from the inter-organization funds, from which its income derives;
    (iii) Unliquidated obligations in respect of the special account for programme support costs are accounted
    for on the same basis as for the regular budget.
    (u) Ex gratia payments made in accordance with financial rule 109.13 are reported in the notes to the financial
    statements of the respective fund pursuant to financial regulation 9.3.
    Note 2. General Fund and Working Capital Fund
    (a) Assessed contributions
    The General Conference approved an amount of €142,000,000 for the regular budget for the biennium 2004-2005
    (GC.10/Dec.17) to be financed from contributions by Member States, one half of which €71,000,000 was assessed to
    Member States for 2004, in accordance with financial regulation 5.1(c). Full provision is made for contributions
    outstanding from prior years of €110,666,788 as at 31 December 2004.
    (b) Revenue-producing activities
    Gross revenue from the sale of UNIDO publications was €75,455, one-half of which (€37,727) was transferred to
    the sales publications revolving fund. Sales promotional activities and other costs charged to the sales publications
    revolving fund of €26,576 resulted in a net surplus for the year 2004 of €11,152. The net balance of the sales
    publications revolving fund as at 31 December 2004 is €132,267.
    (c) Interest income in excess of the budgetary estimates
    Interest income in excess of the budgetary estimate (€660,500) for the year 2004 is €57,870; actual amount, if any,
    due for distribution to eligible Member States will be determined at the end of the biennium. Pursuant to decision
    GC.8/Dec.10, this amount is added to accounts payable established for this purpose in 1999. As at 31 December 2004,
    the balance on this account was €289,527, out of which funds amounting to €231,657 were credited to eligible Member
    States, in accordance with the “S” curve formula, when their assessed contributions for the year 2005 were calculated.
    (d) Currency exchange adjustments
    The amount of €174,307 represents the net realized exchange gain from regular budget activities.
    An unrealized exchange gain of €600,063 resulting from the revaluation of non-euro monetary assets and
    liabilities using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 31 December 2004 has not been recorded as
    income, but set aside within “accounts payable—other” until realized. Of this amount, €386,000 is attributable to the
    revaluation of the outstanding loan from the United Nations.
    (e) Miscellaneous income
    Of the total miscellaneous income, an amount of €171,127 relates to CTBTO support costs charged on BMS
    activities.
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    (f) Regular Programme of Technical Cooperation
    In accordance with General Conference decision GC.9/Dec.14, a special account was established for fully
    programmable appropriations under the RPTC, not subject to financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c). Funds from
    cancellation of obligations, if any, would be retained in the special account for carrying out RPTC activities. As of
    31 December 2004, the accumulated fund balance in the special account amounts to €2,867,824, including a transfer of
    €399,728 during 2004.
    (g) Prior biennium adjustments
    The total adjustment of €119,311 in 2004 comprises:
    (i) A charge of €3,000 for the biennium 1996-1997 in respect for a payment made to a UNIDO staff
    member as recommended by the Joint Appeals Board;
    (ii) A payment against the biennium 1998-1999 of €50,853 to a UNIDO staff member as recommended by
    the Joint Appeals Board;
    (iii) Biennium 2000-2001 charges of €23,137 related to IAEA library staff costs;
    (iv) Various late charges for the biennium 2002-2003 of €42,321 including €18,291 for projects under
    IDDA.
    (h) Savings on or cancellation of obligations from the prior biennium
    An amount of €3,277,774 net saving arises from the cancellation of 2002-2003 obligations. This amount consists
    of savings on the cancellation of obligations from the prior biennium of €3,287,665 less €9,891 exchange loss on
    liquidation of prior biennium IDDA obligations.
    (i) Accounts receivable—other
    “Accounts receivable—other” include the Organization’s claim amounting to €955,784 submitted to the
    Government of the United States of America in respect of United States income tax reimbursed to UNIDO staff
    members during the period 1994 to 1996 under the Tax Reimbursement Agreement. The Government of the United
    States of America had communicated to the Organization that it acknowledges this debt, however, no payment was
    received during 2004.
    The Organization’s claim to the International Atomic Energy Agency under the cost-sharing agreement for
    termination indemnity costs for Buildings Management staff separated during the 1995 staff reduction exercise is not
    resolved. The amount claimed is $644,453 (€723,720 at the United Nations operational rate of exchange approved by
    the ninth session of the General Conference (GC.9/Dec.15)). A provision for a possible write off of this receivable is
    included in accounts payable.
    (j) Assessed contributions received in advance
    Assessed contributions of €1,324,078 were received in advance from Member States in 2004 to be applied against
    the 2005 assessment.
    (k) Borrowings
    At the time UNIDO became a specialized agency, an interest-free loan of $16,000,000 was received from the
    United Nations. The loan is repayable at the rate of $1,000,000 a year, commencing in 1990. The total amount due as at
    31 December 2004 amounts to $1,000,000 (€737,000 at the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at
    31 December 2004).
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    (l) Other reserves
    Other reserves comprise the following:
    €000’s
    Separation indemnity reserves
    5,499.3
    Sales Publication Revolving Fund
    132.3
    Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations 1,840.8
    Special account for RPTC
    2,867.8
    10,340.2
    (m) Separation indemnity reserves
    Pursuant to decision GC.6/Dec.15, paragraph (e), the amount of $9,546,732 representing the balance of
    appropriations for the biennium 1992-1993, which was actually received by the Organization, was transferred to a
    separation indemnity reserve in 1995. The reserve balance of €1,109,698 at the beginning of the year was unchanged at
    31 December 2004 as no payments were made during 2004. Pursuant to General Conference decision GC.7/Dec.17, the
    amount of $13.9 million was transferred from the unencumbered balance of appropriations for the biennium 1994-1995
    for the funding of the separation indemnity reserve to meet the cost of staff separations resulting from the 1998-1999
    programme and budgets. Unlike the previous allocation from the 1992-1993 biennium, the allocation from the
    1994-1995 biennium was not supported by the actual cash, as large arrears for this biennium exist. This reserve had
    effectively been reduced to $3,908,824 (€4,389,609) by payments made during the period 1998-2001 of $9,991,176. No
    payments were made during 2004, thus the balance remained at €4,389,609. The total under separation indemnity
    reserves as at 31 December 2004 was €5,499,308.
    (n) Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations
    In order to protect the Organization from exchange rate fluctuations resulting from the introduction of the euro as
    a single currency for the preparation of the programme and budgets, appropriation and assessment, collection of
    contributions and advances, and currency of accounts, the General Conference in decision GC.8/Dec.16 authorized the
    Director-General to establish a reserve, not subject to the provisions of the financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c). The
    balance of €1,840,776 as at 31 December 2004 in the reserve represents the amount set aside during the previous
    biennium.
    (o) Working Capital Fund
    The amount of the Working Capital Fund was set by the General Conference at $9 million (GC.2/Dec.27). The
    level of the Fund was reduced to $6,750,000 (GC.6/Dec.16) for the biennium 1996-1997 and was further reduced to
    $6,610,000 for the biennium 1998-1999 (GC.7/Dec.12); $6,610,000 was approved for the biennium 2000-2001
    (GC.8/Dec.14), and the biennium 2002-2003 (GC.9/Dec.13). Effective 1 January 2002, the amount ($6,610,000) was
    converted to euros in accordance with GC.9/Dec.15, resulting in a Working Capital Fund of €7,423,030. The General
    Conference decided (GC.10/Dec.15) to maintain the Fund at the same level for the biennium 2004-2005.
    (p) Surplus due to Member States
    The following is an analysis of the surpluses due to Member States, expressed in millions of euros, after
    application of the provision for the delay in the collection of assessed contributions. The provision represents
    contributions receivable from Member States for prior bienniums and from new Member States at the balance sheet
    date. As at the balance sheet date, the surpluses due for distribution—representing assessed contributions received after
    the end of a biennium together with receipts from new Member States are set aside in “accounts payable—other”,
    pending receipt of Member States’ instructions. Of the total amount due for distribution of €3,624,342 as at
    31 December 2004, an amount of €536,534 was applied against the 2005 assessments.
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    Surplus
    Surpluses disposed
    and applied to
    assessments
    Prior
    biennium
    adjustments
    Surpluses due
    for
    distribution
    Provisions for
    delays in the
    collection of
    contributions
    Surpluses
    due to
    Member
    States
    Remarks
    2004
    2002-2003
    2000-2001
    1998-1999
    1996-1997
    (GC.8/Res.4)
    13.6
    10.3
    10.3
    14.3
    46.9
    3.7
    5.3
    7.1
    0.1
    2.2
    0.5
    0.6
    0.2
    7.9
    6.0
    8.2
    40.0
    13.6
    0.2
    0.1
    0.1
    (0.4)
    Provisional
    1994-1995
    (GC.7/Dec.17)
    35.4
    15.6
    44.9
    (25.1)
    1992-1993
    (GC.6/Dec.15)
    (GC.8/Dec.10)
    (GC.8/Res.4)
    16.5
    14.4
    0.1
    2.0
    0.0
    1990-1991
    9.8
    1.3
    8.5
    Retained –
    GC.5/Dec.14
    1988-1989
    7.3
    0.2
    7.1
    Retained –
    GC.4/Dec.15
    1986-1987
    (GC.4/Dec.15)
    4.8
    4.8
    0.0
    Total
    169.2
    50.9
    0.1
    3.6
    110.5
    4.1
    Contributions
    from new
    Member States
    1.9
    1.7
    0.0
    0.2
    0.0
    Total
    171.1
    52.6
    0.1
    3.6
    110.7
    4.1
    (q) Eliminations
    Eliminations comprise two elements as shown below:
    (a) Buildings Management Service costs charged to UNIDO. An amount of €3,101,107 is eliminated from both
    operating costs and contractual services to avoid double counting of UNIDO’s contribution to buildings management
    costs;
    (b) Expenditure of €5,106,636 on RPTC and SRA activities is re-analysed into its component parts.
    (r) Long-term contracts
    Long-term contracts awarded for the operation of the VIC are not reported as commitments, as they may be
    terminated at any time without penalty.
    (s) Commitments
    Commitments of €420,038 representing legal obligations for which disbursements will be made in future years
    were entered into prior to 31 December 2004.
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    (t) Contributions in kind
    Contributions in kind estimated at €152,011 were received from Member States in support of UNIDO field offices
    during the year.
    (u) Ex gratia payments
    No ex gratia payments were made in 2004.
    (v) Non-expendable equipment
    The following table shows the non-expendable equipment, at cost, expressed in millions of euros, according to the
    cumulative inventory records of UNIDO as at 31 December 2004. In accordance with UNIDO accounting policies, non-
    expendable equipment is not included in the fixed assets of the Organization, but is charged against the appropriations
    when acquired. The minimum euro value per item of non-expendable property is €1,500.
    Balance as at 1 January 2004
    12.6
    Adjustments to the opening balance 0.1
    Adjusted balance at 1 January 2004
    12.7
    Add: acquisitions during 2004
    0.5
    Deduct: disposals during 2004
    1.0
    Balance as at 31 December 2004
    12.2
    During the year 2004, non-expendable equipment to the value of €409 was reported as stolen and written off in
    the inventory records.
    (w) Contingent liabilities
    (i)
    End-of-service payment to staff
    In accordance with the decision taken by the Panel of External Auditors in 1989 at Manila, UNIDO calculated the
    amounts required to cover the estimated costs of contingency liabilities for end-of-service payment as at 31 December
    2004.
    In line with United Nations accounting standards, liabilities for end-of-service payments comprise end-of-service
    allowance, repatriation grant and compensation for accrued annual leave. To provide a more realistic picture, the
    amount required for the removal of household goods has also been included. The valuation is based on the United
    Nations salary scale and the entitlements defined in the staff regulations and rules, as well as taking into account the
    actual cost of staff separating during the year 2004. The amounts are estimated to be:
    Regular budget
    €19.2 million
    Operational budget € 4.4 million
    Post retirement benefits are excluded.
    It should be noted that no budgetary provision has been made, except that in the case of the operational budget, as
    reflected in statement II and note 3(f) (operating reserve).
    (ii) The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund
    UNIDO is a member organization participating in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, which was
    established by the United Nations General Assembly to provide retirement, death, disability and related benefits. The
    Pension Fund is a funded defined benefit plan. The financial obligation of the Organization to the United Nations Joint
    Staff Pension Fund consists of its mandated contribution at the rate established by the United Nations General
    Assembly, together with any share of any actuarial deficiency payments under Article 26 of the Regulations of the
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    Fund. Such deficiency payments are only payable if and when the United Nations General Assembly has invoked the
    provision of Article 26, following determination that there is a requirement for deficiency payments based on an
    assessment of the actuarial sufficiency of the Fund as of the valuation date. At the time of this report, the United
    Nations General Assembly has not invoked this provision.
    (iii) After-service health insurance
    Staff members (their spouses, dependent children or survivors) retiring from service under the Pension Fund
    regulations at age 55 or later are eligible for after-service health insurance coverage after having been a participant in a
    contributory health insurance scheme of the common system for at least 10 years. The same applies to staff members
    receiving compensation for disability under Appendix D to the staff rules. Costs of participation in this scheme are
    borne on the basis of joint contributions by UNIDO and the participants concerned.
    During the year 2004, the Organization’s contribution to the scheme amounted to €1,659,567. The contributions
    against the Buildings Management Services amounted to €57,538, which were cost-shared with other Vienna-based
    organizations. In accordance with Programme and Budget Committee conclusion 2000/2, a detailed actuarial study to
    determine the financial impact of the after-service health insurance was carried out, which showed the level of unfunded
    liabilities as at December 2004 to be €35.2 million ($47.7 million based on the year-end exchange rate). A United
    Nations system-wide solution is being sought to address the issue of unfunded liabilities. The lead agency on this issue,
    established by the High-Level Committee on Management, Financial and Budget Network, is the United Nations who
    are scheduled to submit a report to the General Assembly in 2005.
    (x) Common Fund for Major Repairs and Replacements
    On 1 January 1981, an agreement between the Republic of Austria, the United Nations and the IAEA went into
    effect to establish a common fund for the purpose of financing the cost of major repairs and replacements of buildings,
    facilities and technical installations, which are the property of the Republic of Austria and form part of the Headquarters
    areas of the United Nations and IAEA at the Vienna International Centre. This agreement has also applied to UNIDO
    since 1986, when it became a specialized agency. The Fund is administered by UNIDO through a joint committee.
    Annual financial statements are prepared by UNIDO and audited by its Internal Oversight Group.
    In 2002, an agreement was reached between the Vienna-based organizations and the Republic of Austria under
    which reimbursement of the disbursements made during the year 2001 ($988,626) was not required. Under this
    agreement, there will only be annual assessed contributions to the Fund as follows: the Republic of Austria
    (€1,235,300) and the Vienna-based organizations (€1,235,300). Furthermore, unexpected major repairs and
    replacements, which are not included in the agreed investment plan, will have to be shared by all parties. In the past,
    such costs were fully absorbed by the Austrian Government.
    The fund balance as at 31 December 2004 is €1,936,547.
    Note 3. Other Headquarters funds
    (a) Funds reported under this heading comprise:
    (i) Special Account for Programme Support Costs;
    (ii) Computer Model for Feasibility Analysis and Reporting (COMFAR);
    (iii) Buildings Management Services (BMS).
    (b) With effect from 1 January 2002, the General Conference approved (GC.9/Dec.17) BMS as a separate, self-
    balancing major programme in the programme and budgets of UNIDO. All BMS expenditures are offset by income, i.e.
    contributions received from other Vienna-based organizations and from UNIDO. Consequently, under the UNIDO
    General Fund, only UNIDO’s share of the BMS operations is included (reference IDB.24/3-PBC.17/3). In view of the
    above, the BMS is reported under other funds rather than under General Fund and Working Capital Fund from the
    previous biennium. The General Fund and Working Capital Fund now show only UNIDO’s contribution to BMS costs.
    The BMS operations are further split into two components:
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    (i) Staff costs: This continues to be subject to the provisions of financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c);
    (ii) Special account for Buildings Management Services (for other than staff costs): The ninth session of
    the General Conference (GC.9/Dec.14), established with effect from January 2002, a special account
    for BMS (for other than staff costs), which is not subject to financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c).
    Thus the budgetary surplus, if any, will not require distribution to Member States. Each Vienna-based
    organization (UNIDO, IAEA, UNOV and CTBTO) is required to pay its share into this account.
    Interest income is credited to the account. This amount is then prorated to each Vienna-based
    organization taking into account the funds contributed by it and the date of receipt of such funds in the
    special account.
    Additional analysis of BMS operations is provided in schedule 4.1 (supplementary) and the analysis on the special
    account is provided in annex III. The surplus on the special account for BMS costs of €10,532,077 does not form part of
    the unencumbered balances of the appropriations due to Member States at the end of the biennium; this amount includes
    €4,815,676 due from the Vienna-based organizations. The accumulation of funds under the special account is primarily
    caused by the delay experienced in the removal of asbestos from the VIC complex and related maintenance work.
    (c) Currency adjustment
    The €415,683 exchange difference results primarily from the revaluation of the United States dollar cash and term
    deposits held by the special account for programme support costs.
    (d) Net excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure
    The following is an analysis of income and expenditure during the year 2004 for the funds reported under this
    heading:
    Table 1
    Special account for
    programme support
    costs
    Computer Model for
    Feasibility and Analysis
    Buildings
    Management
    Services
    Total
    (In thousands of euros)
    Income (including savings on cancellation of
    obligations from prior biennium)
    9,296.8
    276.9
    21,325.4
    30,899.1
    Expenditure (including loss on exchange)
    8,779.5
    367.7
    19,237.1
    28,384.3
    Net (shortfall) of income over expenditure
    517.3
    (90.8)
    2,088.3*
    2,514.8
    * Relates to the special account (see annex III).
    (e) Accounts receivable—other
    Within the Special Account for Buildings Management Services, there is an amount of €349,061 representing a
    claim for reimbursement from the Austrian authorities for stranded costs, Renewable Energy Surcharge and KWK-
    Zuschlag. In the unlikely event of the claim not being settled, full provision has been made within “accounts payable—
    other”.
    The first instalment of €1,220,000 due from the Austrian Government towards the replacement of carpets and
    cables at the Vienna International Centre is reflected within “accounts receivable—other”. Pending the disbursement of
    the funds, €1,000,000 of this amount is shown under “accounts payable—other”. The balance €220,000 is reported in
    the financial statements of major repairs and replacements fund.
    (f) Operating reserve
    An operating reserve, established in respect of the special account for programme support costs in accordance
    with PBC conclusion 1989/4 at $5,504,190 was reduced to $4,300,000 (€4,828,900) in accordance with Board decision
    IDB.14/Dec.12.
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    The net reserve as at 31 December 2004 amounts to €3,650,469 (€3,133,155 at 31 December 2003) as a result of a
    net surplus of €517,313 for 2004.
    (g) Commitments
    Commitments, representing legal obligations for which disbursements will be made in future years, were entered
    into prior to 31 December 2004 as below.
    €000’s
    Special account for programme support costs 84.5
    Buildings Management Services
    53.7
    (h) Contributions in kind
    Contributions in kind estimated at €72,952 were received from Member States in support of UNIDO projects.
    Note 4. Technical cooperation
    (a) Technical cooperation activities
    Technical cooperation activities reported under this heading comprise activities executed by UNIDO with funds
    provided through the Industrial Development Fund, trust funds and inter-organization arrangements with UNDP, UNEP
    and other organizations. These activities are governed by various agreements signed by two or more parties, i.e.
    donor(s) and UNIDO.
    (b) Euro presentation of technical cooperation activities
    The significant majority of voluntary contributions are received in United States dollars for projects
    programmable almost exclusively in that currency. From 2004, euro-based management of technical cooperation
    programmes was introduced for some projects. In accordance with General Conference decision GC.9/Dec.15, donor
    reporting is also undertaken in United States dollars.
    However, in order to present consolidated financial statements (Statements I and II) of UNIDO for the year ending
    31 December 2004, all technical cooperation activities required conversion to euros.
    Annex I, Tables 1 and 2 are, therefore, provided in both United States dollars and euros.
    The approach for preparing the euro statement is based on the following:
    (i) Non-euro income, expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances—other than as highlighted
    below—will be stated at the equivalent amount of euros applicable as at the deemed date of the
    transaction applying the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at that date;
    (ii) Non-euro assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2004 will be converted to a
    euro equivalent using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 31 December 2004
    (reference GC.9/Dec.15). The gain or loss that would result from these revaluations is reflected in the
    “other adjustments to reserves and fund balances” figure;
    (iii) The currency exchange adjustment figure essentially represents the realized gain or loss on non-euro
    transactions during the year and the savings achieved in 2004 on the liquidation of prior year United
    States dollar obligations.
    (c) Montreal Protocol promissory notes
    Promissory notes in favour of UNIDO held by the Multilateral Fund for the implementation of the Montreal
    Protocol to the value of $20,264,334 (€16,231,732) at 31 December 2003 were encashed during 2004.
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    (d) Interest on donor funds
    For the Industrial Development Fund, other than the general pool, and from the last biennium for trust funds,
    interest earned from the investment of funds, net of bank charges, realized exchange gains, realized and unrealized
    losses is represented as a liability within “accounts payable—other”. As at 31 December 2004, the amounts were as
    follows:
    US$ 000’s
    €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund
    5,801.9
    4,276.0
    Trust funds
    2,748.7
    2,025.8
    Global Environment Fund
    361.4
    266.4
    8,912.0
    6,568.2
    The disposal of the interest income is governed by agreements with donors. This may include the return of such
    funds to donors, or their transfer to other projects, in which case they will be shown as voluntary contributions.
    (e) Unrealized exchange gains and losses
    In accordance with the United Nations System Accounting Standards, monetary assets and liabilities are revalued
    at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect at 31 December 2004.
    Any resultant unrealized gain is not recorded as income for the period, but set aside within “accounts payable—
    other”. Gains arising from revaluation of cash and term deposits are considered realized, however specifically, for the
    Industrial Development Fund and trust funds, any gain arising from the revaluation of euro cash and term deposits are
    similarly set aside on the grounds of prudence (IDB.27/9-PBC.19/9 and decision IDB.27/Dec.5). Under the transition to
    a single currency system, and in accordance with document IDB.28/9 and decision IDB.28/Dec.5, the euro-based
    management of technical cooperation programmes was introduced during the year 2004. Consequently, distributions of
    €789,415 ($985,537) and €832,467 ($1,039,285) were made to the Industrial Development Fund and trust funds,
    respectively. The accumulated amounts of unrealized gains as at 31 December 2004, included in “accounts payable—
    other”, are as follows:
    US$ 000’s
    €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund
    1,831.5
    1,349.8
    Trust funds
    6,575.3
    4,846.0
    Global Environment Facility
    0.6
    0.4
    Montreal Protocol
    1.5
    1.1
    8,408.9
    6,197.3
    (f) Currency exchange adjustment
    Annex I, table 1—US dollar statements
    Table A shows the analysis of the currency exchange credit. A distinction is drawn between realized gains and
    losses resulting through the conduct of transactions in other than United States dollars and gains and losses resulting
    from the re-statement of non-United States dollar assets and liability values to an equivalent dollar value as at
    31 December 2004.
    For these funds, where contributions are received, programmed and disbursed almost exclusively in United States
    dollars, any realized gains and both realized and unrealized losses from the revaluation of non-United States dollar
    assets and liabilities, are recorded through table 1 and the programmable fund balance adjusted accordingly.
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    Table A
    Regular Programme
    Montreal Protocol
    GEF
    IOA*
    Total
    (In thousands of US dollars)
    Realized
    On 2004 transactions
    4.1
    (0.1)
    3.4
    7.4
    Unrealized
    Revaluation of non-US dollar assets and liabilities
    at 31 December 2004
    (58.1)
    1.4
    (6.9)
    (1.2)
    (64.8)
    Currency exchange adjustment
    (54.0)
    1.3
    (3.5)
    (1.2)
    (57.4)
    * IOA – Inter-organization arrangements.
    Annex I, table 1—euro statements
    Table B shows the analysis of the currency exchange credit. A distinction is drawn between realized gains and
    losses resulting through the conduct of transactions in other than euros and the savings resulting from the settlement of
    United States dollar obligations from prior years at a different euro rate of exchange.
    Table B
    Regular
    programme
    IDF
    Montreal
    Protocol
    GEF
    Trust fund
    Total
    (In thousands of euros)
    Revaluation of US$ obligations
    113.7
    113.7
    Realized
    On 2004 transactions
    1.9
    (17.6)
    (0.8)
    (16.5)
    On liquidation of prior year US$ obligations
    (70.1)
    (424.9)
    (325.3)
    (33.4)
    (355.1)
    (1,208.8)
    Currency exchange adjustment
    45.5
    (424.9)
    (342.9)
    (34.2)
    (355.1)
    (1,111.6)
    (g) Transfers to reserves
    This represents the charge to projects in respect of the provision for compensation payments under Appendix D to
    the staff rules.
    The amount of $1,100,000 (€962,500) reflected in transfers to/from reserves represents the income received for
    Global Environment Facility (GEF) projects under inter-organization arrangements with UNEP, previously recorded in
    GEF main programme.
    (h) Surplus
    The amount of $3,101,237 (€2,285,613) represents the accumulated surplus under the general-purpose segment of
    the Industrial Development Fund.
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    (i) Cash and term deposits
    The equivalent of $1,491,424 (€1,099,180) is held in currencies classified as non-convertible, as follows:
    US$ 000’s
    €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund 1,083.1
    798.2
    Trust funds
    408.3
    300.9
    1,491.4
    1,099.1
    (j) Operating reserves
    The Industrial Development Board, in decision IDB.2/Dec.7, authorized the freezing of the operational reserve of
    the Industrial Development Fund at $550,000 (€405,350 at the United Nations rate of exchange as at 31 December
    2004).
    (k) Commitments
    Commitments, representing legal obligations for which disbursements will be made in future years, were entered
    into prior to 31 December 2004, as below:
    US$ 000’s
    €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund
    3,232.3
    2,515.3
    Montreal Protocol
    5,651.7
    4,452.3
    Global Environment Facility
    4,033.8
    3,262.7
    Trust funds
    5,738.0
    4,474.4
    Regular Programme of Technical Cooperation 784.1
    618.9
    Inter-organization arrangements
    1,345.1
    1,065.6
    20,785.0
    16,389.2
    (l) Contributions in kind
    Contributions in kind estimated at $343,476 (€278,106) were received from Member States in support of UNIDO
    projects and $39,778 (€32,207) in support of project travel.
    (m) Ex gratia payments
    No ex gratia payments were made in 2004.
    (n) Field IOVs
    The backlog of unprocessed field inter-office vouchers (IOVs) of $8,473,317 brought forward from the previous
    year, together with a total of $19,863,927 inter-office vouchers received for the year 2004 was reduced to $4,528,761
    (€3,337,697) by 31 December 2004. The unprocessed IOV balance at year-end comprises payroll charges of $509,757
    for the entire 2004 received only in January 2005 and IOVs of $485,056 rejected due to insufficient information.
    (o) Lost or stolen non-expendable equipment
    No non-expendable equipment was written off from inventory as lost or stolen during 2004.
    Page 36
    IDB.30/9
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    Page 36
    Notes to the financial statements—Annex I
    TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES EXECUTED BY UNIDO
    Table 1. Combined statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves
    and fund balances for the year ended 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Regular
    Programme
    Industrial
    Development
    Fund
    Montreal
    Protocol
    GEF
    Trust
    Fund
    Inter-
    organization
    arrangements
    Subtotal
    Extra-
    budgetary
    Funds
    Total
    INCOME
    Assessed contributions
    Voluntary contributions
    25,611.8 39,262.6
    45,274.5
    1,051.1 111,200.0 111,200.0
    Other income
    - Funds received under inter-
    organization arrangements
    5,048.0
    5,048.0
    5,048.0
    - Allocations from other funds
    3,914.2
    3,914.2
    - Interest income
    12.2
    641.3
    28.7
    682.2
    682.2
    - Currency exchange adjustments
    45.5
    (424.9)
    (342.9)
    (34.2)
    (355.1)
    (1,157.1)
    (1,111.6)
    - Miscellaneous
    (0.3)
    (2.2)
    (11.7)
    0.7
    (0.3)
    (13.5)
    (13.8)
    TOTAL INCOME
    3,959.4
    25,196.9 39,549.3
    (34.2) 44,920.1
    6,127.5 115,759.6 119,719.0
    EXPENDITURE
    Salaries and common staff costs
    1,733.8
    10,678.2
    1,533.9
    722.4 11,576.6
    2,070.0
    26,581.1
    28,314.9
    Contractual services
    902.5
    996.7 19,382.5
    3,361.7
    3,393.2
    1,236.0
    28,370.1
    29,272.6
    Operational expenses
    162.2
    967.4
    384.6
    24.6
    822.6
    118.0
    2,317.2
    2,479.4
    Acquisitions
    739.6
    1,653.4
    8,682.8
    2,224.1
    1,718.2
    14,278.5
    15,018.1
    Fellowships
    421.3
    1,119.3
    351.8
    1.2
    2,184.5
    393.1
    4,049.9
    4,471.2
    Programme support costs
    1,869.8
    4,002.3
    450.9
    1,886.0
    336.9
    8,545.9
    8,545.9
    TOTAL EXPENDITURE
    3,959.4
    17,284.8 34,337.9
    4,560.8 22,087.0
    5,872.2
    84,142.7
    88,102.1
    EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF
    INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE
    7,912.1
    5,211.4 (4,595.0) 22,833.1
    255.3
    31,616.9
    31,616.9
    Prior biennium adjustments
    Provision for delay in collection of
    contributions
    NET EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF
    INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE
    7,912.1
    5,211.4 (4,595.0) 22,833.1
    255.3
    31,616.9
    31,616.9
    Savings on cancellation of prior
    biennium’s obligations
    Transfers to reserves
    51.5
    5.4
    4.1
    42.2
    103.2
    103.2
    Transfers from reserves
    Transfers to/from other funds
    (962.5)
    962.5
    Credits to Member States
    Other adjustments to reserves and
    fund balances
    (3,037.6) (3,086.0)
    264.0 (3,539.1)
    (158.8)
    (9,557.5)
    (9,557.5)
    Reserves and fund balances,
    beginning of year
    36,772.7 26,730.3
    7,461.7 28,849.4
    99,814.1
    99,814.1
    RESERVES AND FUND
    BALANCES, END OF YEAR
    41,698.7 28,861.1
    2,172.3 48,185.6
    1,059.0 121,976.7 121,976.7
    Page 37
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    Page 37
    Table 1. Combined statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves
    and fund balances for the year ended 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of United States dollars)
    Regular
    Programme
    Industrial
    Development
    Fund
    Montreal
    Protocol
    GEF
    Trust
    Fund
    Inter-
    organization
    arrangements
    Subtotal
    Extra-
    budgetary
    Funds
    Total
    INCOME
    Assessed contributions
    Voluntary contributions
    32,415.2 46,750.9
    56,884.9
    1,300.0 137,351.0 137,351.0
    Other income
    - Funds received under inter-
    organization arrangements
    6,244.1
    6,244.1
    6,244.1
    - Allocations from other funds
    4,994.1
    4,994.1
    - Interest income
    16.3
    814.0
    38.1
    868.4
    868.4
    - Currency exchange adjustments
    (54.0)
    1.3
    (3.5)
    (1.2)
    (3.4)
    (57.4)
    - Miscellaneous
    (0.4)
    (2.8)
    (14.6)
    1.1
    (0.4)
    (16.7)
    (17.1)
    TOTAL INCOME
    4,939.7
    32,428.7 47,551.6
    (3.5) 56,886.0
    7,580.6 144,443.4 149,383.1
    EXPENDITURE
    Salaries and common staff costs
    2,171.4
    13,397.1
    1,913.9
    901.0 14,488.8
    2,596.9
    33,297.7
    35,469.1
    Contractual services
    1,107.7
    1,258.9 23,213.2
    3,815.2
    4,143.4
    1,497.2
    33,927.9
    35,035.6
    Operational expenses
    199.9
    1,231.4
    488.2
    30.9
    1,037.3
    146.4
    2,934.2
    3,134.1
    Acquisitions
    933.8
    2,122.3 10,830.5
    2,833.1
    2,096.3
    17,882.2
    18,816.0
    Fellowships
    526.9
    1,460.8
    448.3
    4.3
    2,735.5
    493.2
    5,142.1
    5,669.0
    Programme support costs
    2,352.2
    4,875.3
    518.1
    2,336.5
    413.7
    10,495.8
    10,495.8
    TOTAL EXPENDITURE
    4,939.7
    21,822.7 41,769.4
    5,269.5 27,574.6
    7,243.7 103,679.9 108,619.6
    EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF
    INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE
    10,606.0
    5,782.2 (5,273.0) 29,311.4
    336.9
    40,763.5
    40,763.5
    Prior biennium adjustments
    Provision for delay in collection of
    contributions
    NET EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF
    INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE
    10,606.0
    5,782.2 (5,273.0) 29,311.4
    336.9
    40,763.5
    40,763.5
    Savings on cancellation of prior
    biennium’s obligations
    Transfers to reserves
    64.5
    6.8
    5.1
    52.4
    128.8
    128.8
    Transfers from reserves
    Transfers to/from other funds
    (1,100.0)
    1,100.0
    Credits to Member States
    Other adjustments to reserves and
    fund balances
    Reserves and fund balances,
    beginning of year
    45,908.5 33,371.2
    9,315.5 36,016.8
    124,612.0 124,612.0
    RESERVES AND FUND
    BALANCES, END OF YEAR
    56,579.0 39,160.2
    2,947.6 65,380.6
    1,436.9 165,504.3 165,504.3
    Page 38
    IDB.30/9
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    Page 38
    Table 2. Combined statement of assets, liabilities, and reserves and fund balances
    as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Industrial
    Development
    Fund
    Montreal
    Protocol
    GEF
    Trust Fund
    Inter-
    organization
    arrangements
    Total
    2004
    ASSETS
    Cash and term deposits
    51,161.1
    46,079.1
    5,669.1
    62,278.6
    8,569.9 173,757.8
    Accounts receivable
    Assessed contributions receivable from
    Member States
    Voluntary contributions receivable
    Other contributions receivable
    154.7
    154.7
    Less provision for delay in collection of
    contributions
    Interfund balances
    120.4
    72.9
    301.4
    1,196.4
    1,691.1
    Other
    575.2
    395.9
    81.2
    555.3
    284.3
    1,891.9
    Other assets
    44.9
    8.1
    0.1
    89.4
    4,056.8
    4,199.3
    TOTAL ASSETS
    51,781.2
    46,603.5
    5,823.3
    63,224.7
    14,262.1 181,694.8
    LIABILITIES
    Payments or contributions received in advance
    7,780.6
    7,780.6
    Unliquidated obligations
    3,216.8
    11,866.5
    2,578.6
    5,692.5
    2,647.9
    26,002.3
    Accounts payable
    Interfund balances
    211.0
    97.8
    308.8
    Other
    6,654.7
    5,875.9
    1,072.4
    9,346.6
    2,676.8
    25,626.4
    Other funds and special accounts
    Other liabilities
    TOTAL LIABILITIES
    10,082.5
    17,742.4
    3,651.0
    15,039.1
    13,203.1
    59,718.1
    RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    Operating reserves
    405.3
    405.3
    Other reserves
    1,017.6
    12.1
    12.8
    878.8
    1,921.3
    Balances relating to projects funded by donors
    37,990.2
    28,849.0
    2,159.5
    47,306.8
    1,059.0 117,364.5
    Working capital funds
    Surplus (deficit)
    2,285.6
    2,285.6
    TOTAL RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    41,698.7
    28,861.1
    2,172.3
    48,185.6
    1,059.0 121,976.7
    TOTAL LIABILITIES, RESERVES AND
    FUND BALANCES
    51,781.2
    46,603.5
    5,823.3
    63,224.7
    14,262.1 181,694.8
    Page 39
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 39
    Table 2. Combined statement of assets, liabilities, and reserves and fund balances
    as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of United States dollars)
    Industrial
    Development
    Fund
    Montreal
    Protocol
    GEF
    Trust Fund
    Inter-
    organization
    arrangements
    Total
    2004
    ASSETS
    Cash and term deposits
    69,418.0
    62,522.5
    7,692.1
    84,502.7
    11,628.2
    235,763.5
    Accounts receivable
    Assessed contributions receivable
    from Member States
    Voluntary contributions receivable
    Other contributions receivable
    209.9
    209.9
    Less provision for delay in collection
    of contributions
    Interfund balances
    163.4
    98.9
    409.1
    1,623.4
    2,294.8
    Other
    780.4
    537.2
    110.2
    753.5
    385.8
    2,567.1
    Other assets
    61.0
    10.9
    0.2
    121.3
    5,504.4
    5,697.8
    TOTAL ASSETS
    70,259.4
    63,234.0
    7,901.4
    85,786.6
    19,351.6
    246,533.0
    LIABILITIES
    Payments or contributions received in advance
    10,557.1
    10,557.1
    Unliquidated obligations
    4,364.7
    16,101.0
    3,498.7
    7,724.0
    3,592.8
    35,281.2
    Accounts payable
    Interfund balances
    286.3
    132.8
    419.1
    Other
    9,029.4
    7,972.8
    1,455.1
    12,682.0
    3,632.0
    34,771.3
    Other funds and special accounts
    Other liabilities
    TOTAL LIABILITIES
    13,680.4
    24,073.8
    4,953.8
    20,406.0
    17,914.7
    81,028.7
    RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    Operating reserves
    550.0
    550.0
    Other reserves
    1,380.7
    16.4
    17.4
    1,192.4
    2,606.9
    Balances relating to projects funded by donors
    51,547.1
    39,143.8
    2,930.2
    64,188.2
    1,436.9
    159,246.2
    Working capital funds
    Surplus (deficit)
    3,101.2
    3,101.2
    TOTAL RESERVES AND FUND
    BALANCES
    56,579.0
    39,160.2
    2,947.6
    65,380.6
    1,436.9
    165,504.3
    TOTAL LIABILITIES, RESERVES
    AND FUND BALANCES
    70,259.4
    63,234.0
    7,901.4
    85,786.6
    19,351.6
    246,533.0
    Page 40
    IDB.30/9
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    Page 40
    Table 3. Summary of transactions on sub-accounts of the Industrial Development Fund
    for the year 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In United States dollars)
    Fund balance
    at 01/01/2004
    Cash received
    in 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Misc. income
    incl. General
    Pool interest
    Fund balance
    as at 31/12/2004
    General-purpose convertible
    2,902,353
    371,370
    187,874
    15,387
    3,101,237
    Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique
    30,295
    0
    0
    0
    30,295
    Agence Wallonne à l’Exportation
    425,247
    46,288
    236,312
    0
    235,223
    Argentina
    20,170
    0
    0
    0
    20,170
    Australia
    55,469
    295
    0
    0
    55,764
    Austria
    3,789,938
    4,422,282
    2,477,029
    (20)
    5,735,170
    Austria—Integrated Programme
    430,401
    12,608
    119,420
    (336)
    323,253
    Bahrain
    120,293
    409,090
    389,268
    0
    140,115
    Belgium
    130,736
    183,451
    152,398
    0
    161,790
    Brazil
    75,117
    0
    13,735
    0
    61,383
    Chile
    0
    10,000
    0
    0
    10,000
    China
    1,973,501
    530,990
    143,218
    0
    2,361,273
    Côte d’Ivoire
    (108,618)
    0
    0
    0
    (108,618)
    Czech Republic (Ministry of Agriculture)
    106,770
    138,660
    103,136
    0
    142,294
    Czech Republic (Ministry of Trade and Industry)
    28
    (28)
    0
    0
    0
    Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
    41,439
    714
    0
    0
    42,153
    Denmark
    4,908,809
    85,699
    1,663,589
    (463)
    3,330,455
    Egypt
    (101,718)
    0
    0
    0
    (101,718)
    Finland
    214,660
    3,781
    8,198
    0
    210,242
    France
    199,467
    803,158
    793,971
    0
    208,653
    France (Ministry of Agriculture)
    678,961
    201,904
    274,879
    0
    605,987
    Germany
    375,639
    (29,673)
    21,163
    0
    324,803
    Germany—Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische
    Zusammenarbeit
    28,098
    0
    23,698
    0
    4,400
    Greece
    368,685
    1,134,142
    538,941
    0
    963,886
    Guatemala
    12,201
    545,556
    115,733
    0
    442,025
    Honduras
    193
    (193)
    0
    0
    0
    Hungary
    373,557
    7,829
    94,858
    337
    286,866
    India
    3,766,057
    1,128,540
    726,565
    9,972
    4,178,004
    Indonesia
    14,986
    14,784
    0
    0
    29,770
    Ireland
    31,909
    807
    867
    0
    31,849
    Italy
    8,947,939
    9,563,983
    5,370,716
    (767)
    13,140,438
    Japan
    688,385
    1,603,774
    1,950,474
    0
    341,684
    Japan Overseas Development Corporation,
    Bangkok
    424
    0
    0
    0
    424
    Kuwait
    108,455
    2,728
    1,529
    0
    109,654
    Luxembourg
    142,191
    3,226
    40,097
    0
    105,320
    Mexico
    0
    76,925
    0
    0
    76,925
    Myanmar
    577
    0
    0
    0
    577
    Netherlands
    575,982
    134,838
    101,232
    17
    609,606
    New Zealand
    34,510
    0
    0
    0
    34,510
    Norway
    182,507
    (26,458)
    0
    0
    156,049
    Page 41
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 41
    Fund balance
    at 01/01/2004
    Cash received
    in 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Misc. income
    incl. General
    Pool interest
    Fund balance
    as at 31/12/2004
    Norway—Integrated programme (Africa)
    128,206
    29,840
    73,826
    0
    84,220
    Poland
    80,133
    577,759
    598,129
    0
    59,763
    Portugal
    1,281,461
    122,086
    5,717
    0
    1,397,829
    Republic of Korea
    1,301,307
    112,763
    335,950
    0
    1,078,121
    Romania
    13,434
    0
    0
    0
    13,434
    Russian Federation
    321,933
    8,063
    64,513
    0
    265,483
    Rwanda
    355
    0
    355
    0
    0
    Saudi Arabia
    1,401,979
    (120,369)
    (13,938)
    (2,336)
    1,293,212
    Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority
    0
    306,489
    0
    0
    306,489
    Slovakia
    54,268
    0
    0
    0
    54,268
    Spain
    1,254,924
    206,162
    586,345
    0
    874,741
    Sweden
    52,231
    0
    11,549
    0
    40,681
    Switzerland
    4,406,275
    7,978,814
    3,906,637
    (1,217)
    8,477,234
    Thailand
    4,911
    0
    2,622
    0
    2,289
    Turkey
    1,025
    51,980
    47,468
    (206)
    5,332
    United Kingdom—Integrated programme
    1,022,769
    443,850
    605,876
    (62)
    860,681
    Undefined
    6,837
    0
    0
    (5,145)
    1,693
    UB—Millennium Development Goals
    0
    209,798
    0
    0
    209,798
    UB—Integrated programmes and country service
    framework activities
    0
    531,616
    0
    0
    531,616
    UB—post-crisis situation
    0
    473,620
    55,035
    0
    418,584
    Special-purpose convertible
    39,975,309
    31,942,169
    21,641,110
    (225)
    50,276,143
    Bulgaria
    28
    0
    0
    0
    28
    China
    55,638
    84,684
    14,633
    0
    125,690
    Cuba
    391,148
    21,000
    0
    0
    412,148
    Egypt
    (45,546)
    0
    0
    0
    (45,546)
    Egypt Iron and Steel Co.
    31,942
    0
    0
    0
    31,942
    India
    568,714
    388
    (20,885)
    9,364
    599,351
    Poland
    15,034
    (15,034)
    0
    0
    0
    Slovakia
    147,001
    0
    0
    0
    147,001
    Tifac, New Delhi
    388
    (388)
    0
    0
    0
    Undefined
    295
    0
    0
    0
    295
    Special-purpose non-convertible
    1,164,643
    90,650
    (6,252)
    9,364
    1,270,909
    44,042,305
    32,404,190
    21,822,733
    24,527
    54,648,289
    Page 42
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 42
    Table 4. Summary of technical cooperation activities financed by trust funds
    for the year 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In United States dollars)
    Fund balance
    01/01/2004
    Contributions
    received, interest
    and miscellaneous
    income 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Fund balance
    31/12/2004
    Projects financed by recipient Governments
    Algeria
    66,052
    0
    52,033
    14,019
    Argentina
    424,860
    0
    0
    424,860
    Argentina—Centro de investigacion de celulosa y
    papel
    10,887
    0
    (594)
    11,480
    Bolivia
    12,460
    0
    0
    12,460
    Brazil
    204,135
    0
    41,422
    162,713
    Bulgaria
    0
    16,274
    9,419
    6,855
    Belarus
    26,204
    0
    0
    26,204
    Chile
    6,824
    0
    0
    6,824
    Colombia
    242,377
    190,557
    109,399
    323,535
    China
    929,524
    371,203
    498,849
    801,877
    Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
    50,746
    113,011
    124,833
    38,924
    Ecuador
    369,782
    74,800
    203,409
    241,173
    Egypt
    3,462,983
    1,151,166
    1,274,856
    3,339,293
    Egypt—Social Fund for Development
    240,823
    88,612
    156,570
    172,865
    Gabon
    2,790
    0
    (813)
    3,604
    Honduras
    2,577
    20
    84
    2,513
    India
    1,662,709
    1,576,282
    912,925
    2,326,066
    Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    413,353
    45,000
    130,946
    327,407
    Iran—Organization for Investment, Economic and
    Technical Assistance of Iran
    47,322
    0
    (4,790)
    52,112
    Iraq
    210,936
    13,837
    111,030
    113,744
    Côte d’Ivoire
    49,807
    0
    41,735
    8,073
    Kenya
    11,904
    28,673
    6,530
    34,047
    Lebanon
    27,308
    0
    (3,272)
    30,580
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya—Benghazi Development
    Centre
    8,093
    0
    0
    8,093
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya—General Pipe Company
    Benghazi
    2,700
    0
    0
    2,700
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya—Industrial Research Centre
    of Libya
    10,049
    0
    0
    10,049
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya—Secretariat of Strategic
    Industry
    53,081
    0
    0
    53,081
    Lithuania
    28,250
    0
    20,263
    7,987
    Madagascar
    135,093
    0
    0
    135,093
    Mauritius
    18,826
    0
    (8,112)
    26,938
    Mexico
    10,596
    0
    (10,461)
    21,058
    Nigeria
    2,500,605
    766,701
    692,933
    2,574,373
    Oman
    11,311
    0
    0
    11,311
    Panama
    10,057
    0
    0
    10,057
    Paraguay
    17,780
    0
    0
    17,780
    Russian Federation
    176,831
    121,583
    195,876
    102,538
    Russian Federation—The Foundation NEM and
    CPCOGI
    1,662
    0
    (110)
    1,772
    Saudi Arabia
    0
    1,337,867
    8,668
    1,329,198
    Page 43
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 43
    Fund balance
    01/01/2004
    Contributions
    received, interest
    and miscellaneous
    income 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Fund balance
    31/12/2004
    Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority
    189,908
    (137,730)
    (1)
    52,179
    Saudi German Hospitals Group
    21,127
    0
    4,977
    16,150
    Slovenia
    22,674
    0
    0
    22,674
    Thailand
    18,243
    0
    113
    18,130
    Turkey
    118,176
    1,500,000
    743,069
    875,108
    Subtotal
    11,831,425
    7,257,855
    5,311,785
    13,777,495
    Associate Experts & JPOs
    Austria
    40,565
    (42,057)
    (1,491)
    0
    Belgium
    214,679
    3,502
    102,609
    115,572
    Denmark
    292,234
    312,906
    288,307
    316,833
    France
    21,388
    0
    1,053
    20,335
    Germany
    45,930
    107,702
    37,643
    115,989
    Italy
    532,056
    572,544
    605,019
    499,581
    Japan
    529,794
    72,877
    436,020
    166,651
    Netherlands
    368,880
    605,979
    606,089
    368,771
    Norway
    288,888
    318,417
    303,437
    303,868
    Republic of Korea
    12,143
    0
    15,659
    (3,516)
    Russian Federation
    4,617
    87,959
    80,149
    12,428
    Spain
    34,783
    0
    9,477
    25,307
    Switzerland
    126,295
    121,928
    113,914
    134,309
    Subtotal
    2,512,254
    2,161,759
    2,597,886
    2,076,127
    JPOs travel
    Belgium
    31,514
    0
    0
    31,514
    Denmark
    32,193
    0
    0
    32,193
    Germany
    10,661
    0
    0
    10,661
    Japan
    61,564
    (61,564)
    0
    0
    Netherlands
    348,537
    (348,537)
    0
    0
    Norway
    4,267
    0
    0
    4,267
    Subtotal
    488,736
    (410,101)
    0
    78,635
    Projects financed by donor Governments
    Australia
    23,155
    0
    (119)
    23,274
    Austria
    46,664
    13,953
    (2,398)
    63,015
    Belgium
    114,892
    0
    33,612
    81,280
    Canada
    5,493
    (5,493)
    0
    0
    Czech Republic
    99,303
    (23,410)
    66,310
    9,583
    Denmark
    451,208
    0
    213,977
    237,231
    Finland
    772,086
    786,905
    550,522
    1,008,469
    France
    1,600,428
    1,075,358
    582,284
    2,093,502
    Germany
    101,339
    113,017
    111,748
    102,608
    Greece
    23,427
    0
    (97)
    23,524
    Italy
    5,474,318
    18,667,978
    8,461,448
    15,680,847
    Japan
    2,232,270
    439,546
    1,043,006
    1,628,810
    Japanese Embassy—Guinea TF/GUI/00/001
    1,539
    84
    1,623
    0
    Norway
    2,482
    1,906,617
    177,323
    1,731,776
    Republic of Korea
    500,980
    (10,698)
    263,710
    226,573
    Page 44
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 44
    Fund balance
    01/01/2004
    Contributions
    received, interest
    and miscellaneous
    income 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Fund balance
    31/12/2004
    Republic of Korea—Korean Research Institute of
    Standards and Science
    131,305
    0
    (1,697)
    133,002
    Slovakia
    7,398
    0
    0
    7,398
    Spain
    125,891
    0
    0
    125,891
    Sweden
    4,632
    0
    4,059
    572
    United Kingdom
    984,561
    568,293
    676,383
    876,470
    United States of America
    373,232
    0
    0
    373,232
    Subtotal
    13,076,601
    23,532,150
    12,181,694
    24,427,057
    Undefined
    23,107
    151,087
    127,961
    46,233
    Subtotal
    23,107
    151,087
    127,961
    46,233
    Other trust funds
    African Productive Capacity Facility
    0
    61,245
    0
    61,245
    AIDC (Automative Industry Development Centre),
    South Africa
    30,253
    0
    (9)
    30,262
    Aluminium Company of America (Alcoa), USA
    17,507
    0
    0
    17,507
    Austria Rural Energy
    1,076,613
    0
    0
    1,076,613
    Badea: Arab Bank for Economic Development in
    Africa
    2,450
    0
    0
    2,450
    Beni-Suef Cement Company, Egypt
    33,822
    0
    0
    33,822
    Centro de Investigaciones Textiles, Argentina
    116,969
    95,286
    151,694
    60,561
    Ceylon Steel Corporation Ltd., Sri Lanka
    5,284
    0
    0
    5,284
    CFC—FC/INT/97/021
    54,708
    0
    162,806
    (108,098)
    CFC—FC/RAF/03/065
    132,715
    0
    478,624
    (345,909)
    CFC—FC/RAF/04/088
    0
    250,000
    9,172
    240,828
    CFC—FC/RAF/96/001
    (164,337)
    149,990
    339,947
    (354,294)
    CFC—FC/RAS/00/153
    (24,241)
    148,462
    116,500
    7,721
    CFC—FC/URT/04/118
    0
    149,990
    0
    149,990
    Chugoku Electric Power Co. Inc., Japan
    137,747
    0
    82,925
    54,821
    Eastern and Southern African Leather Industries
    Association
    6,660
    0
    2,620
    4,040
    Engineering for the Petroleum and Process Industry
    (ENPPI), Egypt
    8,179
    0
    0
    8,179
    Engineering Consulting Firms Association, Japan
    11,441
    0
    0
    11,441
    Epstein Engineering Export Ltd., USA
    807
    0
    0
    807
    European Union
    439,182
    4,396,016
    2,456,637
    2,378,561
    European Union Commission
    74,701
    171,778
    52,622
    193,857
    FAO
    275
    0
    0
    275
    Federal Chemical and Ceramics Corporation, Pakistan
    (1,677)
    0
    0
    (1,677)
    France
    0
    463,120
    441,067
    22,053
    Glucosan Factories, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    13
    0
    185
    (172)
    Gulf Co-Operation Council, Saudi Arabia
    11,676
    0
    0
    11,676
    Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting, Qatar
    38,420
    38,420
    52,065
    24,775
    IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural
    Development)
    57,380
    0
    (885)
    58,265
    Institute for Scientific and Technological
    Development (IDCT), Brazil
    88,958
    0
    83,777
    5,181
    International Development Association
    144,643
    0
    0
    144,643
    Inversiones Cofide S.A., Peru
    15,405
    0
    0
    15,405
    Page 45
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 45
    Fund balance
    01/01/2004
    Contributions
    received, interest
    and miscellaneous
    income 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Fund balance
    31/12/2004
    Iranian Fuel Conservation Organization (IFCO), Iran
    (Islamic Republic of)
    0
    45,000
    1,929
    43,071
    Islamic Development Bank, Saudi Arabia
    5,840
    0
    (249)
    6,090
    Italy
    0
    152,430
    152,418
    12
    Jiangsu Baixue Electric Appliances Company Ltd.,
    China
    407
    0
    0
    407
    Kuwait Finance House
    0
    153,680
    0
    153,680
    MAGFA Information Technology Development
    Centre, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    0
    46,887
    5,558
    41,329
    Magnetti Marelli:Fiat Group TFIND99009, Italy
    10,103
    0
    0
    10,103
    Nadsme—Slovak Republic
    8,181
    0
    0
    8,181
    New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
    Organization, Japan
    24,664
    44,893
    53,177
    16,380
    New Nigeria Development Company, Nigeria
    28,325
    0
    0
    28,325
    Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Nigeria
    492,155
    0
    (10,494)
    502,649
    Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation
    (NORAD), Norway
    1,221,545
    1,790,826
    721,500
    2,290,870
    Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd, India
    33,727
    1,030,000
    205,845
    857,882
    Petroliam Nasional Berhad (Petronas), Malaysia
    28,179
    0
    0
    28,179
    Premag Handelsges.M.B.H, Austria
    2,595
    0
    0
    2,595
    Procter & Gamble Far East Inc., Japan
    475
    0
    0
    475
    RENPAP Member Countries
    0
    27,688
    0
    27,688
    Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Ind., Brazil
    51,126
    11,684
    27,566
    35,245
    Sezione Speciale per l’assicurazione del Credito, Italy
    36,448
    0
    0
    36,448
    Shahid Modarres Industrial Pharmaceutical Complex,
    Iran (Islamic Republic of)
    53,878
    0
    0
    53,878
    Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON), Nigeria
    0
    243,341
    0
    243,341
    Staudhammer Finanz AG, Switzerland
    3,357
    0
    0
    3,357
    Sudan
    329
    0
    0
    329
    Swedish International Enterprise Development
    Corporation (Swedcorp), Sweden
    201,445
    0
    144,259
    57,186
    TESIDE (Turkish Electronic Industry Association),
    Turkey
    1,781
    0
    0
    1,781
    The Ford Foundation, USA
    1,762
    18,000
    0
    19,762
    Trust Fund Trade
    665,444
    540,905
    307,453
    898,897
    United Nations Fund for International Partnerships
    517,479
    570,870
    666,496
    421,854
    UNDG Iraq Trust Fund
    0
    10,950,550
    66,254
    10,884,296
    UNDP/UNDHA
    499
    (499)
    0
    0
    Unilever Research, United Kingdom
    2,497
    0
    0
    2,497
    United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security
    1,221,608
    2,135,399
    583,862
    2,773,145
    UNOPS
    0
    507,324
    0
    507,324
    US Agency for International Development, USA
    (399)
    0
    0
    (399)
    Yemen Corporation for Cement Industry and
    Marketing
    15,708
    0
    0
    15,708
    Subtotal
    6,944,712
    24,193,287
    7,355,323
    23,782,675
    GRAND TOTAL
    34,876,835
    56,886,037
    27,574,648
    64,188,223
    Note now includes FC Projects
    Page 46
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 46
    Table 5. Summary of technical cooperation activities for 2004
    financed under inter-organization agreements
    (in United States dollars)
    Project expenditure
    Programme support
    Total expenditure
    UNDP
    UNDP main programme
    975,398
    97,605
    1,073,003
    Project for which UNIDO is the associated agency
    155,991
    25,810
    181,801
    Government-executed projects for which UNIDO is
    the implementing agency
    2,328,797
    66,154
    2,394,951
    UNDP trust funds
    2,449,771
    144,548
    2,594,319
    5,909,957
    334,117
    6,244,074
    UNEP
    UNEP/GEF
    919,947
    79,624
    999,571
    919,947
    79,624
    999,571
    Total
    6,829,904
    413,741
    7,243,645
    Page 47
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 47
    Annex II
    Operating Funds—UNDP and UNDP Trust Funds
    Report No. 1
    UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
    (Name of Executing Agency)
    (UNIDO)
    Status of Funds as at 31 December 2004
    (Expressed in US dollars)
    Operating Funds
    Opening balance as at 1 January 2004
    18,308,560
    Credited to project clearing account
    (15,897,201)
    Other charges and credits for prior years
    (4,054,999)
    (1,643,640)
    Add: Service Clearing Account
    Cash drawings from UNDP
    (22,700,000)
    IOV’s
    19,863,927
    2004 charges and credits
    2,950
    Miscellaneous income and exchange adjustments (Report No. 8)
    131,724
    Miscellaneous items refunded to UNDP (Report No. 8)
    7,095
    Closing balance as at 31 December 2004
    (2,694,304)
    Add: Project Clearing Account
    Opening balance as at 1 January 2004
    15,897,201
    Less: Expenditure and support costs for lines implemented for
    self-executed projects (Executing PDRs)
    1,073,003
    Expenditure and support costs for lines implemented for
    projects executed by other agencies and Governments
    (Implementing PDRs)
    2,576,752
    3,649,755
    Page 48
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 48
    Closing balance as at 31 December 2004
    12,247,446
    Balance as at 31 December 2004
    7,909,502
    Represented by:
    Cash at banks, on hand and in transit
    9,553,051
    Accounts receivable (Report No. 9)
    5,882,140
    15,435,191
    Less: Accounts payable (Report No. 10)
    6,976,563
    2004 unliquidated obligations
    549,126
    7,525,689
    Balance as at 31 December 2004
    7,909,502
    Page 49
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 49
    STATEMENT I
    GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY
    (Title of Trust Fund)
    (Name of Participating and Executing Agency)
    (UNIDO)
    Status of Funds at 31 December 2004
    (Expressed in US dollars)
    Operating Fund
    $
    $
    Balance at 1 January 2004
    (1,013,070)
    Add: Cash drawings from UNDP
    IOVs
    Other charges/credits (net)
    Miscellaneous income and exchange adjustments (net)
    (Report No. 19)
    (3,515)
    Miscellaneous items charged to trust fund (net)
    (Report No. 19)
    (9,108)
    (12,623)
    (1,025,693)
    Less: Expenditure during 2004
    For projects
    Disbursements (Report No. 15A)
    1,423,193
    Unliquidated obligations (Report No. 16)
    849,746
    For AOS (Report No. 15A)
    126,865
    2,399,804
    (3,425,497)
    Add/subtract:
    Adjustments to prior years (Report No. 15B):
    Expenditure
    6,014,113
    Support costs
    AOS
    59,024
    Balance at 31 December 2004
    2,647,640
    Represented by:
    Cash at banks, on hand and in transit
    0
    Accounts receivable (Report No. 20)
    3,864,219
    3,864,219
    Less: Accounts payable (Report No. 21)
    363,389
    Unliquidated obligations (Report No. 16)
    853,190
    1,216,579
    2,647,640
    Page 50
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 50
    STATEMENT I
    REPUBLIC OF KOREA FOR THE TUMEN REGION
    (Title of Trust Fund)
    (Name of Participating and Executing Agency)
    (UNIDO)
    Status of Funds at 31 December 2004
    (Expressed in US dollars)
    Operating Fund
    Balance at 1 January 2004
    (14,352)
    Add:
    Cash drawings from UNDP
    IOV’s
    Other charges/credits (net)
    Miscellaneous income and exchange adjustments
    (net) (Report No. 19)
    (1,026)
    Miscellaneous items refunded to trust fund (net)
    (Report No. 18)
    (1,026)
    (15,378)
    Less:
    Expenditure during 2004
    For projects
    Disbursements (Report No. 15A)
    101,669
    Unliquidated obligations (Report No. 16)
    75,163
    For AOS (Report No. 15A)
    17,683
    194,515
    (209,893)
    Add/subtract:
    Adjustments to prior years (Report No. 15B):
    Expenditure
    Support costs
    AOS
    Balance at 31 December 2004
    (209,893)
    Represented by:
    Cash at banks, on hand and in transit
    0
    Accounts receivable (Report No. 20)
    0
    0
    Less:
    Accounts payable (Report No. 21)
    134,071
    Unliquidated obligations (Report No. 16)
    75,822
    209,893
    (209,893)
    Page 51
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 51
    Annex III
    SPECIAL ACCOUNT FOR BUILDINGS MANAGEMENT SERVICES
    (FOR OTHER THAN STAFF COSTS)
    (In euros)
    Statement of income and expenditure for the year ended 31 December 2004
    INCOME
    Contributions received
    IAEA
    7,493,565
    UNIDO
    2,339,502
    UNOV
    3,147,843
    CTBTO
    1,225,440
    14,206,350
    Interest income
    159,591
    Currency exchange loss
    (83)
    Miscellaneous income
    20,973
    TOTAL INCOME
    14,386,831
    EXPENDITURE
    Rental and maintenance of premises
    7,556,955
    Utilities
    5,286,288
    Supplies and materials
    74,791
    Capital goods
    103,430
    Bank charges
    4,792
    Other general operating expenses
    13,069
    TOTAL EXPENDITURE
    13,039,325
    EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE FOR 2004
    1,347,506
    Savings on cancellation of obligations
    740,779
    NET SURPLUS FOR 2004
    2,088,285
    Statement of assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2004
    ASSETS
    Cash
    11,961,926
    Accounts receivable
    Taxation
    1,100,575
    Contributions receivable*
    4,815,676
    Other
    1,560,610
    TOTAL ASSETS
    19,438,787
    LIABILITIES
    Unliquidated obligations
    7,500,884
    Accounts payable
    Other
    1,405,826
    TOTAL LIABILITIES
    8,906,710
    FUND BALANCE
    Balance available as at 1 January 2004
    8,443,792
    Add:
    Net surplus for 2004
    2,088,285
    Balance available as at 31 December 2004
    10,532,077
    TOTAL RESERVES AND FUND BALANCE
    10,532,077
    TOTAL LIABILITIES, RESERVES AND FUND BALANCE
    19,438,787
    Page 52
    IDB.30/9
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    Page 52
    IAEA
    UNIDO
    UNOV
    CTBTO
    Total
    2004 opening fund balance
    4,399,747
    1,456,095
    1,865,459
    722,491
    8,443,792
    2004 contributions
    7,493,565
    2,339,502
    3,147,843
    1,225,440
    14,206,350
    Interest (net of bank charges)
    32,285
    43,721
    50,601
    28,192
    154,799
    Net expenditure
    (6,473,690)
    (2,021,095)
    (2,719,421)
    (1,058,658)
    (12,272,864)
    5,451,907
    1,818,223
    2,344,482
    917,465
    10,532,077
    * Contributions receivable
    4,812,392
    0
    3,205
    79
    4,815,676

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    36455_einterimfinancialperformancereport.pdf

    United Nations Industrial Development Organization
    Distr.
    GENERAL
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    30 March 2005
    ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
    Industrial Development Board
    Thirtieth session
    Vienna, 20-23 June 2005
    Item 4 (a) of the provisional agenda
    Programme and Budget Committee
    Twenty-first session
    Vienna, 10-12 May 2005
    Item 3 of the provisional agenda
    PERFORMANCE REPORT AND PROGRAMME PERFORMANCE
    REPORT FOR THE BIENNIUM 2004-2005
    Interim financial performance report for the biennium 2004-2005
    Submitted by the Director-General
    CONTENTS
    Page
    Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
    Chapter
    I. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE 12-MONTH PERIOD OF THE
    BIENNIUM 2004-2005 ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2004 ……………………………………………………… 3
    Statement I Statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund
    balances for the year ended 31 December 2004…………………………………………. 4
    Statement II Statement of assets, liabilities, and reserves and fund balances as at
    31 December 2004 ………………………………………………………………………………… 5
    Schedule 2.1 Status of assessed contributions to the regular budget as at 31 December 2004 6
    Schedule 2.2 Status of advances to the Working Capital Fund as at 31 December 2004 …….. 12
    Itemizes the utilization of financial resources during the period 1 January – 31 December 2004 in accordance
    with Programme and Budget Committee conclusion 1987/19.

    ***

    V.05-82685 (E)
    For reasons of economy, this document has been printed in a limited number. Delegates are kindly requested to bring
    their copies of documents to meetings.
    United Nations Industrial Development Organization
    Distr.
    GENERAL
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    30 March 2005
    ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
    Industrial Development Board
    Thirtieth session
    Vienna, 20-23 June 2005
    Item 4 (a) of the provisional agenda
    Programme and Budget Committee
    Twenty-first session
    Vienna, 10-12 May 2005
    Item 3 of the provisional agenda
    PERFORMANCE REPORT AND PROGRAMME PERFORMANCE
    REPORT FOR THE BIENNIUM 2004-2005
    Interim financial performance report for the biennium 2004-2005
    Submitted by the Director-General
    CONTENTS
    Page
    Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
    Chapter
    I. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE 12-MONTH PERIOD OF THE
    BIENNIUM 2004-2005 ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2004 ……………………………………………………… 3
    Statement I Statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund
    balances for the year ended 31 December 2004…………………………………………. 4
    Statement II Statement of assets, liabilities, and reserves and fund balances as at
    31 December 2004 ………………………………………………………………………………… 5
    Schedule 2.1 Status of assessed contributions to the regular budget as at 31 December 2004 6
    Schedule 2.2 Status of advances to the Working Capital Fund as at 31 December 2004 …….. 12
    Itemizes the utilization of financial resources during the period 1 January – 31 December 2004 in accordance
    with Programme and Budget Committee conclusion 1987/19.
    IDB.30/9
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    CONTENTS (continued)
    Page
    Statement III General Fund and Working Capital Fund: Statement of cash flow for the year
    ended 31 December 2004……………………………………………………………………….. 16
    Statement IV General Fund: Status of appropriations by major programme for 2004 as at
    31 December 2004………………………………………………………………………………… 17
    Schedule 4.1 General Fund: Status of appropriations by major object of expenditure for
    2004 as at 31 December 2004 …………………………………………………………………. 18
    Schedule 4.1 Other Headquarters funds—Buildings Management Services:
    (Supplementary) Status of appropriations by major object of expenditure for 2004 as at
    31 December 2004…………………………………………………………………………………. 19
    II. NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS …………………………………………………………………. 20
    Preface: UNIDO MISSION STATEMENT………………………………………………………………………… 20
    Annexes
    I. Technical cooperation activities executed by UNIDO………………………………………………………….. 36
    Table 1: Combined statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund
    balances for the year ended 31 December 2004 in euros…………………………………………. 36
    Table 1: Combined statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund
    balances for the year ended 31 December 2004 in US dollars …………………………………. 37
    Table 2: Combined statement of assets, liabilities, and reserves and fund balances as at
    31 December 2004 in euros………………………………………………………………………………… 38
    Table 2: Combined statement of assets, liabilities, and reserves and fund balances as at
    31 December 2004 in US dollars ………………………………………………………………………… 39
    Table 3: Summary of transactions on sub-accounts of the Industrial Development Fund for the
    year 2004 as at 31 December 2004 ……………………………………………………………………… 40
    Table 4: Summary of technical cooperation activities financed by trust funds for the year 2004
    as at 31 December 2004 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
    Table 5: Summary of technical cooperation activities for 2004 financed under interorganization
    agreements ……………………………………………………………………………………. 46
    II. Operating funds—UNDP and UNDP trust funds…………………………………………………………………. 47
    III. Special account for Buildings Management Services (for other than staff costs): …………………….. 51
    Statement of income and expenditure for the year ended 31 December 2004…………………………… 51
    Statement of assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2004 ………………… 51
    IDB.30/9
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    Introduction
    1. In its conclusion 1987/19, paragraph (j), the Programme and Budget Committee requested the Director-General to
    submit each year to the Industrial Development Board through the Committee a clear and detailed financial
    performance report itemizing the utilization of financial resources.
    2. The present financial report covers the period 1 January 2004 – 31 December 2004 and is based on the
    appropriations contained in the programme and budgets 2004-2005, as adopted by the General Conference at its tenth
    session (decision GC.10/Dec.17).
    I. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE 12-MONTH PERIOD OF THE
    BIENNIUM 2004-2005 ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2004
    Certification of financial statements
    Director-General’s responsibility
    The Director-General of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization is responsible for the
    preparation and integrity of the financial statements. These statements have been prepared in accordance with the
    United Nations System Accounting Standards and article X of the Financial Regulations of UNIDO and include certain
    amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgements. Financial information used elsewhere is
    consistent with that in the financial statements. Management considers that the statements present fairly the financial
    position of the Organization and of funds held in trust by it, the results of their operations and the changes in their
    financial position.
    To fulfil its responsibility, the Organization maintains systems of internal accounting controls, policies and
    procedures to ensure the reliability of financial information and the safeguarding of assets. The internal control systems
    and financial records are subject to reviews by the Office of the Comptroller General and the External Auditor during
    their respective audits.
    The following appended financial statements, comprising Statements I to IV, relevant schedules and supporting
    notes, were properly prepared in accordance with the United Nations System Accounting Standards and article X of the
    Financial Regulations of UNIDO.
    [signed] [signed]
    Amita Misra Carlos A. Magariños
    Director, Financial Services Branch Director-General
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    Statement I
    STATEMENT OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE AND CHANGES IN RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    for the year ended 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    General Fund and Other Headquarters Technical Total Total
    Heading Working Capital Fund funds cooperation Eliminations 2004 2002
    (Note or schedule No. 2) (Note or schedule No. 3) (Note or schedule No. 4) (Note No. 2 q)
    INCOME
    Assessed contributions 71,000.0 (a) 71,000.0 66,844.9
    Voluntary contributions 260.9 111,200.0 111,460.9 87,547.3
    OTHER INCOME
    Revenue-producing activities 37.7 (b) 8,846.3 8,884.0 9,522.0
    Funds under inter-organization arrangements 5,048.0 5,048.0 10,461.7
    Jointly-financed activities 19,804.9 (2,897.2) 16,907.7 14,454.2
    Income for services rendered 599.2 (203.9) 395.3 689.2
    Interest income 660.5 (c) 267.9 682.2 (d) 1,610.6 1,921.6
    Currency exchange adjustments 174.3 (d) (415.7) (c) (1,157.1) (e, f) 45.5 (1,353.0) 417.8
    Miscellaneous income 328.0 (e) 21.0 (13.5) (0.3) 335.2 784.0
    TOTAL INCOME 72,461.4 29,123.6 115,759.6 (3,055.9) 214,288.7 192,642.7
    EXPENDITURE . .
    Salaries and common staff costs 41,471.9 13,980.0 26,581.1 2,755.2 84,788.2 90,256.3
    Operating costs and contractual services 11,830.6 13,947.1 30,687.3 (1,880.9) 54,584.1 49,841.2
    Acquisitions 14,278.5 749.3 15,027.8 16,825.4
    Fellowships 4,049.9 427.1 4,477.0 4,003.5
    RPTC and SRA activities 5,506.4 (f) (5,106.6) 399.8 2,312.9
    Programme support costs 41.0 8,545.9 8,586.9 9,227.2
    TOTAL EXPENDITURE 58,808.9 27,968.1 84,142.7 (3,055.9) 167,863.8 172,466.5
    EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE 13,652.5 1,155.5 31,616.9 0.0 46,424.9 20,176.2
    Prior biennium adjustments (119.3) (g) (119.3) 9.1
    Savings on cancellation of obligations from prior biennium 3,277.8 (h) 1,359.3 4,637.1 5,187.7
    Provision for delays in the collection of contributions (6,093.9) (6,093.9) (4,680.4)
    NET EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF INCOME OVER
    EXPENDITURE 10,717.1 2,514.8 (d) 31,616.9 44,848.8 20,692.6
    Transfers to reserves 410.9 (b, f) 103.2 (g) 514.1 2,431.4
    Transfers from reserves (0.4) (0.4) (34.1)
    Credits to Member States (2,941.1) (p) (2,941.1)
    Transfers to and from other funds 0.0 (247.9)
    Other adjustments to reserves and fund balances (9,557.5) (9,557.5) (23,762.1)
    Reserves and fund balances, beginning of biennium 13,623.3 12,174.6 99,814.1 125,612.0 135,147.4
    RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES, END OF BIENNIUM 21,809.8 14,689.4 121,976.7 0.0 158,475.9 134,227.3
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    Statement II
    STATEMENT OF ASSETS, LIABILITIES, RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    General Fund and Other Headquarters Technical Total Total
    Heading Working Capital Fund funds cooperation Eliminations 2004 2002
    (Note or schedule No. 2) (Note or schedule No. 3) (Note or schedule No. 4) (Note 2 q)
    ASSETS
    Cash and term deposits 24,981.6 16,684.4 173,757.8 (i) 215,423.8 194,676.4
    Accounts receivable
    Assessed contributions receivable from Member States 117,401.9 117,401.9 111,404.2
    Voluntary contributions receivable
    Other contributions receivable 93.7 154.7 248.4 6,133.7
    Provision for delays in the collection of contributions (110,666.8) (110,666.8) (106,756.7)
    Interfund balances 458.1 1,691.2 2,149.3 5,571.4
    Other 3,741.2 (i) 8,352.9 (e) 1,891.9 13,986.0 11,850.0
    Other assets 614.5 0.6 4,199.3 4,814.4 5,413.0
    TOTAL ASSETS 36,166.1 25,496.0 181,694.9 0.0 243,357.0 228,292.0
    LIABILITIES . .
    Payments or contributions received in advance 1,324.0 (j) 54.5 7,780.6 9,159.1 14,126.8
    Borrowings payable within one year 737.0 (k) 737.0 958.0
    Unliquidated obligations 5,116.7 8,109.0 26,002.4 39,228.1 38,945.2
    Accounts payable—interfund 677.7 1,162.8 308.8 2,149.3 5,571.4
    Accounts payable—other 6,500.9 (d, i, p) 1,480.3 (e) 25,626.4 (d, e) 33,607.6 32,547.3
    Other funds and special accounts
    Other liabilities
    Borrowings payable after one year 1,916.0
    TOTAL LIABILITIES 14,356.3 10,806.6 59,718.2 0.0 84,881.1 94,064.7
    RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    Operating reserves 4,828.9 (f) 405.3 (j) 5,234.2 5,355.8
    Other reserves 10,340.2 (l, m, n) 1,921.3 12,261.5 10,213.8
    Balances relating to projects funded by donors 117,364.5 117,364.5 104,087.3
    Working Capital Fund 7,423.0 (o) 7,423.0 7,423.0
    Surplus (deficit) 4,046.6 (p) 9,860.5 2,285.6 (h) 16,192.7 7,147.4
    TOTAL RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES 21,809.8 14,689.4 121,976.7 0.0 158,475.9 134,227.3
    TOTAL LIABILITIES, RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES 36,166.1 25,496.0 181,694.9 0.0 243,357.0 228,292.0
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    Schedule 2.1
    STATUS OF ASSESSED CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE REGULAR BUDGET (in euros)
    as at 31 December 2004
    Scale % Contributions payable 1 January 2004 Credits and Collections in 2004 Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004 Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    Afghanistan 0.00100 90,146 710 18,934 – 71,212 710 71,922
    Albania 0.00426 – 3,025 – 3,025 – - -
    Algeria 0.09951 – 70,652 – 6,050 – 64,602 64,602
    Angola 0.00284 – 2,016 – 2,016 – - -
    Argentina 1.37752 4,638,854 978,039 20,215 – 4,618,639 978,039 5,596,678
    Armenia 0.00284 912,755 2,016 2,080 – 910,675 2,016 912,691
    Austria 1.34625 – 955,838 – 955,838 – - -
    Azerbaijan 0.00569 1,021,570 4,040 10,213 – 1,011,357 4,040 1,015,397
    Bahamas 0.01706 – 12,113 – 12,113 – - -
    Bahrain 0.02559 506 18,169 506 664 – 17,505 17,505
    Bangladesh 0.01000 – 7,100 – 639 – 6,461 6,461
    Barbados 0.01279 688 9,081 538 – 150 9,081 9,231
    Belarus 0.02701 275,188 19,177 143,574 – 131,614 19,177 150,791
    Belgium 1.60498 – 1,139,535 – 1,139,535 – - -
    Belize 0.00100 562 710 562 710 – - -
    Benin 0.00284 2,620 2,016 2,603 – 17 2,016 2,033
    Bhutan 0.00100 – 710 – 710 – - -
    Bolivia 0.01137 14,666 8,073 1,180 – 13,486 8,073 21,559
    Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.00569 – 4,040 – 4,040 – - -
    Botswana 0.01422 – 10,096 – 10,096 – - -
    Brazil 3.39761 16,554,949 2,412,303 – - 16,554,949 2,412,303 18,967,252
    Bulgaria 0.01848 – 13,121 – 13,121 – - -
    Burkina Faso 0.00284 – 2,016 – 2,016 – - -
    Burundi 0.00100 66,368 710 7 – 66,361 710 67,071
    Cambodia 0.00284 4,010 2,016 25 – 3,985 2,016 6,001
    Cameroon 0.01279 – 9,081 – 3,345 – 5,736 5,736
    Cape Verde 0.00100 96,115 710 7 – 96,108 710 96,818
    Central African Republic 0.00100 111,478 710 7 – 111,471 710 112,181
    Chad 0.00100 84,776 710 – - 84,776 710 85,486
    Chile 0.30138 211,795 213,980 159,755 – 52,040 213,980 266,020
    China 2.17788 – 1,546,295 – 1,474,600 – 71,695 71,695
    Colombia 0.28574 205,274 202,875 78,184 – 127,090 202,875 329,965
    Comoros 0.00100 121,682 710 – - 121,682 710 122,392
    Congo 0.00100 109,354 710 108,246 – 1,108 710 1,818
    Costa Rica 0.02843 105,580 20,185 1,880 – 103,700 20,185 123,885
    Côte d’Ivoire 0.01279 – 9,081 – 9,081 – - -
    Croatia 0.05544 – 39,362 – 39,362 – - -
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    Scale % Contributions payable 1 January 2004 Credits and Collections in 2004 Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004 Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    Cuba 0.04265 26,672 30,282 26,672 – - 30,282 30,282
    Cyprus 0.05402 – 38,354 – 38,354 – - -
    Czech Republic 0.28858 – 204,892 – 204,892 – - -
    Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 0.01279 4,279 9,081 926 – 3,353 9,081 12,434
    Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.00569 121,858 4,040 30 121,828 4,040 125,868
    Denmark 1.06477 – 755,987 – 755,987 – - -
    Djibouti 0.00100 84,776 710 – - 84,776 710 85,486
    Dominica 0.00100 649 710 93 – 556 710 1,266
    Dominican Republic 0.03270 350,535 23,217 – - 350,535 23,217 373,752
    Ecuador 0.03554 – 25,233 – 25,233 – - -
    Egypt 0.11515 71,745 81,757 71,745 81,757 – - -
    El Salvador 0.02559 158,458 18,169 – - 158,458 18,169 176,627
    Equatorial Guinea 0.00100 121,682 710 – - 121,682 710 122,392
    Eritrea 0.00100 639 710 86 – 553 710 1,263
    Ethiopia 0.00569 – 4,040 – 4,040 – - -
    Fiji 0.00569 – 4,040 – 560 – 3,480 3,480
    Finland 0.74207 – 526,870 – 526,870 – - -
    France 9.19202 – 6,526,334 – 6,526,334 – - -
    Gabon 0.01990 38,458 14,129 70 – 38,388 14,129 52,517
    Gambia 0.00100 74,084 710 7 – 74,077 710 74,787
    Georgia 0.00711 1,599,047 5,048 102 – 1,598,945 5,048 1,603,993
    Germany 13.88754 – 9,860,153 – 9,860,153 – - -
    Ghana 0.00711 1,610 5,048 436 – 1,174 5,048 6,222
    Greece 0.76624 – 544,030 – 544,030 – - -
    Grenada 0.00100 76,959 710 10,496 – 66,463 710 67,173
    Guatemala 0.03838 280 27,250 280 27,250 – - -
    Guinea 0.00426 – 3,025 – 516 – 2,509 2,509
    Guinea-Bissau 0.00100 116,788 710 7 – 116,781 710 117,491
    Guyana 0.00100 1,800 710 1,800 208 – 502 502
    Haiti 0.00284 – 2,016 – 2,016 – - -
    Honduras 0.00711 – 5,048 – 5,048 – - -
    Hungary 0.17059 – 121,119 – 121,119 – - -
    India 0.48476 – 344,180 – 344,180 – - -
    Indonesia 0.28432 – 201,867 – 201,867 – - -
    Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.38667 437,147 274,536 192,640 – 244,507 274,536 519,043
    Iraq 0.19334 1,697,868 137,271 – - 1,697,868 137,271 1,835,139
    Ireland 0.41795 – 296,745 – 296,745 – - -
    Israel 0.58996 – 418,872 – 418,872 – - -
    Italy 7.20001 – 5,112,007 – 5,112,007 – - -
    Jamaica 0.00569 11,530 4,040 11,530 4,040 – - -
    Japan 22.00000 – 15,620,000 – 15,620,000 – - -
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    Scale % Contributions payable 1 January 2004 Credits and Collections in 2004 Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004 Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    Jordan 0.01137 – 8,073 – 378 – 7,695 7,695
    Kazakhstan 0.03980 495,863 28,258 122,173 – 373,690 28,258 401,948
    Kenya 0.01137 – 8,073 – 8,073 – - -
    Kuwait 0.20897 – 148,369 – 148,369 – - -
    Kyrgyzstan 0.00100 375,752 710 30 – 375,722 710 376,432
    Lao People’s Democratic Republic 0.00100 – 710 – 710 – - -
    Lebanon 0.01706 20,479 12,113 20,479 12,113 – - -
    Lesotho 0.00100 – 710 – 171 – 539 539
    Liberia 0.00100 87,358 710 – - 87,358 710 88,068
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.09525 – 67,628 – 25,844 – 41,784 41,784
    Lithuania 0.02417 335,321 17,161 101,073 – 234,248 17,161 251,409
    Luxembourg 0.11373 73,672 80,748 73,672 80,748 – - -
    Madagascar 0.00426 – 3,025 – 2,471 – 554 554
    Malawi 0.00284 38,194 2,016 26 – 38,168 2,016 40,184
    Malaysia 0.33407 – 237,190 – 237,190 – - -
    Maldives 0.00100 577 710 577 467 – 243 243
    Mali 0.00284 19,136 2,016 18,678 – 458 2,016 2,474
    Malta 0.02132 – 15,137 – 15,137 – - -
    Mauritania 0.00100 113,982 710 7 – 113,975 710 114,685
    Mauritius 0.01564 – 11,104 – 11,104 – - -
    Mexico 1.54385 210,056 1,096,133 210,056 1,096,133 – - -
    Monaco 0.00569 – 4,040 – 4,040 – - -
    Mongolia 0.00100 – 710 – 171 – 539 539
    Morocco 0.06255 100 44,411 100 44,411 – - -
    Mozambique 0.00100 – 710 – 93 – 617 617
    Myanmar 0.01000 6,577 7,100 522 – 6,055 7,100 13,155
    Namibia 0.00995 – 7,065 – 7,065 – - -
    Nepal 0.00569 – 4,040 – 311 – 3,729 3,729
    Netherlands 2.47073 – 1,754,218 – 1,754,218 – - -
    New Zealand 0.34260 – 243,246 – 243,246 – - -
    Nicaragua 0.00100 134,643 710 7 – 134,636 710 135,346
    Niger 0.00100 96,150 710 7 – 96,143 710 96,853
    Nigeria 0.09667 89,011 68,636 2,654 86,357 68,636 154,993
    Norway 0.91835 – 652,029 – 652,029 – - -
    Oman 0.08672 – 61,571 – 61,571 – - -
    Pakistan 0.08672 – 61,571 – 61,571 – - -
    Panama 0.02559 2,193 18,169 833 – 1,360 18,169 19,529
    Papua New Guinea 0.00853 5,241 6,056 479 – 4,762 6,056 10,818
    Paraguay 0.02275 57,580 16,153 15,125 – 42,455 16,153 58,608
    Peru 0.16775 296,101 119,103 344 – 295,757 119,103 414,860
    Philippines 0.14216 32,009 100,934 32,009 37,103 – 63,831 63,831
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    Scale % Contributions payable 1 January 2004 Credits and Collections in 2004 Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004 Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    Poland 0.53736 41,061 381,526 41,061 381,526 – - -
    Portugal 0.65678 – 466,314 – 466,314 – - -
    Qatar 0.04833 – 34,314 – 2,183 – 32,131 32,131
    Republic of Korea 2.63137 – 1,868,272 – 634,678 – 1,233,594 1,233,594
    Republic of Moldova 0.00284 872,848 2,016 93 – 872,755 2,016 874,771
    Romania 0.08245 50,631 58,540 50,631 58,540 – - -
    Russian Federation 1.70591 – 1,211,196 – 1,211,196 – - -
    Rwanda 0.00100 9,263 710 27 – 9,236 710 9,946
    Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.00100 – 710 – 93 – 617 617
    Saint Lucia 0.00284 1,914 2,016 1,914 2,016 – - -
    Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.00100 110,948 710 7 – 110,941 710 111,651
    Sao Tome and Principe 0.00100 121,682 710 – - 121,682 710 122,392
    Saudi Arabia 0.78756 – 559,168 – 559,168 – - -
    Senegal 0.00711 – 5,048 – 5,048 – - -
    Serbia and Montenegro 0.02843 18,049 20,185 18,017 – 32 20,185 20,217
    Seychelles 0.00284 45,828 2,016 26 – 45,802 2,016 47,818
    Sierra Leone 0.00100 82,375 710 16,788 – 65,587 710 66,297
    Slovakia 0.06113 – 43,402 – 43,402 – - -
    Slovenia 0.11515 331,781 81,757 184,206 – 147,575 81,757 229,332
    Somalia 0.00100 134,656 710 7 – 134,649 710 135,359
    South Africa 0.58001 – 411,807 – 411,807 – - -
    Spain 3.58064 – 2,542,254 – 2,542,254 – - -
    Sri Lanka 0.02275 – 16,153 – 16,153 – - -
    Sudan 0.00853 4,615 6,056 4,615 6,056 – - -
    Suriname 0.00284 41,522 2,016 26 – 41,496 2,016 43,512
    Swaziland 0.00284 – 2,016 – 482 – 1,534 1,534
    Sweden 1.45962 – 1,036,330 – 1,036,330 – - -
    Switzerland 1.81111 – 1,285,888 – 1,285,888 – - -
    Syrian Arab Republic 0.11373 – 80,748 – 80,748 – - -
    Tajikistan 0.00100 277,104 710 651 – 276,453 710 277,163
    Thailand 0.41795 75,331 296,745 75,331 296,745 – - -
    TFYR of Macedonia 0.00853 6,021 6,056 6,021 – - 6,056 6,056
    Timor-Leste 0.00100 – 710 – 710 – - -
    Togo 0.00100 72,475 710 15,186 – 57,289 710 57,999
    Tonga 0.00100 – 710 – 710 – - -
    Trinidad and Tobago 0.02275 14,457 16,153 14,457 16,153 – - -
    Tunisia 0.04265 2,336 30,282 2,336 28,293 – 1,989 1,989
    Turkey 0.62550 – 444,105 – 444,105 – - -
    Turkmenistan 0.00426 155,308 3,025 – - 155,308 3,025 158,333
    Uganda 0.00711 – 5,048 – 4,690 – 358 358
    Ukraine 0.07534 6,804,134 53,491 1,025,511 – 5,778,623 53,491 5,832,114
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    Scale % Contributions payable 1 January 2004 Credits and Collections in 2004 Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004 Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    United Arab Emirates 0.28716 – 203,884 – 203,884 – - -
    United Kingdom 7.86994 – 5,587,656 – 5,587,656 – - -
    United Republic of Tanzania 0.00569 – 4,040 – 4,040 – - -
    Uruguay 0.11373 192,516 80,748 31,366 – 161,150 80,748 241,898
    Uzbekistan 0.01564 469,275 11,104 159 – 469,116 11,104 480,220
    Vanuatu 0.00100 78,344 710 7 – 78,337 710 79,047
    Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.29569 328,131 209,940 328,131 – - 209,940 209,940
    Viet Nam 0.02275 – 16,153 – 16,153 – - -
    Yemen 0.00853 323 6,056 323 6,056 – - -
    Zambia 0.00284 55,544 2,016 26 – 55,518 2,016 57,534
    Zimbabwe 0.01137 7,226 8,073 7,226 8,046 – 27 27
    Subtotal: 100 42,521,493 71,000,000 3,288,436 64,264,899 39,233,057 6,735,101 45,968,158
    FORMER MEMBER STATES:
    USA 69,228,235 – 21,887 – 69,206,348 – 69,206,348
    Yugoslavia (former) 2,081,702 – - – 2,081,702 – 2,081,702
    Sub total: 71,309,937 – 21,887 – 71,288,050 – 71,288,050
    NEW MEMBER STATES:
    Chad 9,809 – 7 – 9,802 – 9,802
    Comoros 12,975 – 7 – 12,968 – 12,968
    Djibouti 8,787 – 7 – 8,780 – 8,780
    El Salvador 17,250 – - – 17,250 – 17,250
    Equatorial Guinea 12,975 – 7 – 12,968 – 12,968
    Liberia 18,620 – 7 – 18,613 – 18,613
    Sao Tome and Principe 12,975 – 7 – 12,968 – 12,968
    Timor-Leste 668 – 668 – - – -
    Turkmenistan 52,332 – - – 52,332 – 52,332
    Subtotal: 146,391 – 710 – 145,681 – 145,681
    TOTAL 113,977,821 71,000,000 3,311,033 64,264,899 110,666,788 6,735,101 117,401,889
    1986 50,465 35 50,430 50,430
    1987 53,410 – 53,410 53,410
    1988 82,281 17 82,264 82,264
    1989 109,948 1,094 108,854 108,854
    1990 525,661 9,835 515,826 515,826
    1991 763,259 9,856 753,403 753,403
    1992 942,764 26,744 916,020 916,020
    1993 1,140,298 48,632 1,091,666 1,091,666
    1994 8,072,707 56,864 8,015,843 8,015,843
    1995 37,918,785 1,040,500 36,878,285 36,878,285
    1996 35,079,800 24,831 35,054,969 35,054,969
    1997 5,047,707 95,669 4,952,038 4,952,038
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    Scale % Contributions payable 1 January 2004 Credits and Collections in 2004 Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004 Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    1998 3,956,766 133,424 3,823,342 3,823,342
    1999 4,628,093 235,359 4,392,734 4,392,734
    2000 3,028,794 87,689 2,941,105 2,941,105
    2001 3,172,139 100,188 3,071,951 3,071,951
    2002 3,985,584 388,833 3,596,751 3,596,751
    2003 5,419,360 1,051,463 4,367,897 4,367,897
    TOTAL 113,977,821 71,000,000 3,311,033 64,264,899 110,666,788 6,735,101 117,401,889
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    Schedule 2.2
    STATUS OF ADVANCES TO THE WORKING CAPITAL FUND
    as at 31 December 2004
    Scale of assessment Amount of Collections M e m b e r S t a t e Adjustments Collections Amount
    (per cent) advance 1986-2003 2004 2004 outstanding
    Afghanistan 0.00100 74 308 (234) -
    Albania 0.00426 316 297 19 -
    Algeria 0.09951 7,387 7,349 38 -
    Angola 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Argentina 1.37752 102,254 120,847 (18,593) -
    Armenia 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Austria 1.34625 99,933 99,617 316 -
    Azerbaijan 0.00569 422 445 (23) -
    Bahamas 0.01706 1,266 1,262 4 -
    Bahrain 0.02559 1,900 1,930 (30) -
    Bangladesh 0.01000 742 742 – -
    Barbados 0.01279 949 965 (16) -
    Belarus 0.02701 2,005 2,005 – -
    Belgium 1.60498 119,139 118,769 20 350 -
    Belize 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Benin 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Bhutan 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Bolivia 0.01137 844 817 27 -
    Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.00569 422 445 (23) -
    Botswana 0.01422 1,056 1,039 17 -
    Brazil 3.39761 252,206 170,093 3,064 79,049
    Bulgaria 0.01848 1,372 1,336 36 -
    Burkina Faso 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Burundi 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Cambodia 0.00284 211 150 61 -
    Cameroon 0.01279 949 965 (16) -
    Cape Verde 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Central African Republic 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Chad 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Chile 0.30138 22,372 22,269 103 -
    China 2.17788 161,665 161,080 585 -
    Colombia 0.28574 21,211 21,156 55 -
    Comoros 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Congo 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Costa Rica 0.02843 2,110 2,078 14 18 -
    Côte d’Ivoire 0.01279 949 965 (16) -
    Croatia 0.05544 4,115 4,083 32 -
    Cuba 0.04265 3,166 3,192 (26) -
    Cyprus 0.05402 4,010 4,010 – -
    Czech Republic 0.28858 21,421 21,376 45 -
    Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 0.01279 949 965 (16) -
    Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.00569 422 445 (23) -
    Denmark 1.06477 79,039 78,759 280 -
    Djibouti 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Dominica 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Dominican Republic 0.03270 2,427 318 7 2,102
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    Scale of assessment Amount of Collections M e m b e r S t a t e Adjustments Collections Amount
    (per cent) advance 1986-2003 2004 2004 outstanding
    Ecuador 0.03554 2,638 2,598 40 -
    Egypt 0.11515 8,548 8,536 12 -
    El Salvador 0.02559 1,900 146 7 1,747
    Equatorial Guinea 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Eritrea 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Ethiopia 0.00569 422 445 (23) -
    Fiji 0.00569 422 445 (23) -
    Finland 0.74207 55,084 54,930 154 -
    France 9.19202 682,327 680,024 2,303 -
    Gabon 0.01990 1,477 1,485 (8) -
    Gambia 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Georgia 0.00711 528 520 8 -
    Germany 13.88754 1,030,877 1,027,422 3,455 -
    Ghana 0.00711 528 520 8 -
    Greece 0.76624 56,878 56,712 166 -
    Grenada 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Guatemala 0.03838 2,849 2,821 28 -
    Guinea 0.00426 316 297 19 -
    Guinea-Bissau 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Guyana 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Haiti 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Honduras 0.00711 528 520 8 -
    Hungary 0.17059 12,663 12,619 44 -
    India 0.48476 35,984 35,853 131 -
    Indonesia 0.28432 21,105 21,007 98 -
    Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.38667 28,703 28,579 124 -
    Iraq 0.19334 14,352 3,630 140 10,582
    Ireland 0.41795 31,025 30,954 71 -
    Israel 0.58996 43,793 43,647 146 -
    Italy 7.20001 534,459 532,567 1,892 -
    Jamaica 0.00569 422 445 (23) -
    Japan 22.00000 1,633,067 1,633,067 – -
    Jordan 0.01137 844 817 27 -
    Kazakhstan 0.03980 2,954 2,969 (15) -
    Kenya 0.01137 844 817 27 -
    Kuwait 0.20897 15,512 15,440 72 -
    Kyrgyzstan 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Lao People’s Democratic Republic 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Lebanon 0.01706 1,266 1,262 4 -
    Lesotho 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Liberia 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.09525 7,070 7,052 18 -
    Lithuania 0.02417 1,794 1,782 12 -
    Luxembourg 0.11373 8,442 8,388 54 -
    Madagascar 0.00426 316 297 19 -
    Malawi 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Malaysia 0.33407 24,798 24,719 79 -
    Maldives 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Mali 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
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    Scale of assessment Amount of Collections M e m b e r S t a t e Adjustments Collections Amount
    (per cent) advance 1986-2003 2004 2004 outstanding
    Malta 0.02132 1,583 1,559 24 -
    Mauritania 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Mauritius 0.01564 1,161 1,188 (27) -
    Mexico 1.54385 114,600 114,240 360 -
    Monaco 0.00569 422 297 125 -
    Mongolia 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Morocco 0.06255 4,643 4,602 41 -
    Mozambique 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Myanmar 0.01000 742 742 – -
    Namibia 0.00995 739 742 (3) -
    Nepal 0.00569 422 445 (23) -
    Netherlands 2.47073 183,404 182,755 649 -
    New Zealand 0.34260 25,431 25,313 118 -
    Nicaragua 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Niger 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Nigeria 0.09667 7,176 7,126 50 -
    Norway 0.91835 68,170 67,921 249 -
    Oman 0.08672 6,437 6,384 53 -
    Pakistan 0.08672 6,437 6,384 53 -
    Panama 0.02559 1,900 1,930 (30) -
    Papua New Guinea 0.00853 633 668 (35) -
    Paraguay 0.02275 1,689 1,707 (18) -
    Peru 0.16775 12,452 12,396 56 -
    Philippines 0.14216 10,553 10,541 12 -
    Poland 0.53736 39,889 39,787 102 -
    Portugal 0.65678 48,753 48,621 132 -
    Qatar 0.04833 3,588 3,563 25 -
    Republic of Korea 2.63137 195,328 194,706 622 -
    Republic of Moldova 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Romania 0.08245 6,120 6,087 33 -
    Russian Federation 1.70591 126,631 126,192 439 -
    Rwanda 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Saint Lucia 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Sao Tome and Principe 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Saudi Arabia 0.78756 58,461 58,271 190 -
    Senegal 0.00711 528 520 8 -
    Serbia and Montenegro 0.02843 2,110 2,078 32 -
    Seychelles 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Sierra Leone 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Slovakia 0.06113 4,538 4,528 10 -
    Slovenia 0.11515 8,548 7,307 247 994 -
    Somalia 0.00100 74 74 – -
    South Africa 0.58001 43,054 42,910 144 -
    Spain 3.58064 265,792 264,852 940 -
    Sri Lanka 0.02275 1,689 1,707 (18) -
    Sudan 0.00853 633 668 (35) -
    Suriname 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
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    Scale of assessment Amount of Collections M e m b e r S t a t e Adjustments Collections Amount
    (per cent) advance 1986-2003 2004 2004 outstanding
    Swaziland 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Sweden 1.45962 108,348 107,965 383 -
    Switzerland 1.81111 134,439 133,986 453 -
    Syrian Arab Republic 0.11373 8,442 8,388 54 -
    Tajikistan 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Thailand 0.41795 31,025 30,954 71 -
    TFYR of Macedonia 0.00853 633 668 (35) -
    Timor-Leste 0.00100 74 74 -
    Togo 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Tonga 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Trinidad and Tobago 0.02275 1,689 1,707 (18) -
    Tunisia 0.04265 3,166 3,192 (26) -
    Turkey 0.62550 46,431 46,245 186 -
    Turkmenistan 0.00426 316 27 29 260
    Uganda 0.00711 528 520 8 -
    Ukraine 0.07534 5,593 5,567 26 -
    United Arab Emirates 0.28716 21,316 21,230 86 -
    United Kingdom 7.86994 584,189 582,189 2,000 -
    United Republic of Tanzania 0.00569 422 445 (23) -
    Uruguay 0.11373 8,442 8,388 54 -
    Uzbekistan 0.01564 1,161 1,188 (27) -
    Vanuatu 0.00100 74 74 – -
    Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.29569 21,949 21,898 51 -
    Viet Nam 0.02275 1,689 1,707 (18) -
    Yemen 0.00853 633 668 (35) -
    Zambia 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Zimbabwe 0.01137 844 817 27 -
    T O T A L 100 7,423,030 7,325,458 (9,567) 13,399 93,740
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    Statement III
    GENERAL FUND AND WORKING CAPITAL FUND
    Statement of cash flow for the year ended 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Total 2004 Total 2002
    Cash flows from operating activities
    Excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure (Statement I) 13,652.5 8,423.4
    (Increase) decrease in contributions receivable (3,419.9) (389.9)
    (Increase) decrease other accounts receivable 120.8 5,235.7
    Increase (decrease) in contributions or payments received in advance 1,134.1 955.4
    Increase (decrease) in unliquidated obligations (7,059.9) (9,908.9)
    Increase (decrease) in accounts payable (2,198.5) (5,416.9)
    Increase (decrease) in other funds and special accounts (182.3)
    Less: Interest income 660.5
    Currency exchange adjustments 174.3 834.8 880.3
    Net cash from operating activities 1,394.3 (2,163.8)
    Cash flows from investing and financing activities
    Increase (decrease) in interfund balances (404.3) (909.9)
    Increase (decrease) in borrowings (865.0) (1,618.0)
    Plus: Interest income 660.5
    Currency exchange adjustments 174.3 834.8 880.3
    Net cash from investing and financing activities (434.5) (1,647.6)
    Cash flows from other sources
    Savings on or cancellation of prior period’s obligations 3,281.3 4,315.7
    Transfers to (from) reserves 410.5 2,278.8
    Credits to Member States and prior bienniums adjustments (3,063.9) 9.1
    Net cash from other sources 627.9 6,603.6
    Net increase (decrease) in cash 1,587.7 2,792.2
    Cash at beginning of period 23,393.9 18,328.7
    Cash at end of period (Statement II) 24,981.6 21,120.9
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    Statement IV
    GENERAL FUND
    Status of appropriations by major programme for 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Major Programme
    Original
    appropriation
    Transfers/
    other
    adjustments
    Revised
    appropriation
    Disbursements
    during 2004
    Unliquidated
    obligations
    as at 31/12/04
    Total
    expenditure
    Balance of
    appropriations
    Governing Bodies 2,507.3 0.0 2,507.3 2,302.2 0.2 2,302.4 204.9
    General Management 5,960.3 0.0 5,960.3 5,140.7 389.7 5,530.4 429.9
    Strengthening of Industrial Capacities 14,561.0 0.0 14,561.0 9,846.3 266.9 10,113.2 4,447.8
    Cleaner and Sustainable Industrial Development 11,782.7 0.0 11,782.7 11,157.3 237.2 11,394.5 388.2
    Regional Programme 17,409.9 0.0 17,409.9 9,739.6 2,068.2 11,807.8 5,602.1
    Administration 13,159.3 0.0 13,159.3 9,628.8 663.8 10,292.6 2,866.7
    Indirect Costs 8,010.4 0.0 8,010.4 7,082.1 285.9 7,368.0 642.4
    Total A 73,390.9 0.0 73,390.9 54,897.0 3,911.9 58,808.9 14,582.0
    Approved estimates Actual income Accrued income Total income (Excess) shortfall
    Income
    Regional Programme 802.9 0.0 802.9 260.9 0.0 260.9 542.0
    Miscellaneous Income
    (i) Estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 689.8 0.0 689.8 698.2 0.0 698.2 (8.4)
    (ii) Not estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 502.3 0.0 502.3 (502.3)
    Total B 1,492.7 0.0 1,492.7 1,461.4 0.0 1,461.4 31.3
    Total A—B 71,898.2 0.0 71,898.2 53,435.6 3,911.9 57,347.5 14,550.7
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    Schedule 4.1
    GENERAL FUND
    Status of appropriations by major object of expenditure for 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Major object of expenditure
    Original
    appropriation
    Transfers/
    other
    adjustments
    Revised
    appropriation
    Disbursements
    during 2004
    Unliquidated
    obligations
    as at 31/12/04
    Total
    expenditure
    Balance of
    appropriations
    Salaries and common staff costs 48,784.1 0.0 48,784.1 39,142.1 1,442.1 40,584.2 8,199.9
    Official travel 1,439.6 0.0 1,439.6 731.6 156.1 887.7 551.9
    Operating costs 13,139.2 0.0 13,139.2 8,506.1 1,528.9 10,035.0 3,104.2
    Information and communication technology 2,948.2 0.0 2,948.2 1,359.2 436.4 1,795.6 1,152.6
    RPTC and SRA activities 7,079.8 0.0 7,079.8 5,158.0 348.4 5,506.4 1,573.4
    Total A 73,390.9 0.0 73,390.9 54,897.0 3,911.9 58,808.9 14,582.0
    Approved estimates Actual income Accrued income Total income (Excess) shortfall
    Income
    Regional Programme 802.9 0.0 802.9 260.9 0.0 260.9 542.0
    Miscellaneous income
    (i) Estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 689.8 0.0 689.8 698.2 0.0 698.2 (8.4)
    (ii) Not estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 502.3 0.0 502.3 (502.3)
    Total B 1,492.7 0.0 1,492.7 1,461.4 0.0 1,461.4 31.3
    Total A—B 71,898.2 0.0 71,898.2 53,435.6 3,911.9 57,347.5 14,550.7
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    Schedule 4.1 (Supplementary)
    OTHER HEADQUARTERS FUNDS—BUILDINGS MANAGEMENT SERVICES
    Status of appropriations by major object of expenditure for 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Major object of expenditure
    Original
    appropriation
    Transfers/other
    adjustments
    Revised
    appropriation
    Disbursements
    during 2004
    Unliquidated
    obligations
    as at 31/12/04
    Total
    expenditure
    Balance of
    appropriations
    Staff costs 6,875.6 0.0 6,875.6 5,734.3 15.0 5,749.3 1,126.3
    Official travel 5.8 0.0 5.8 2.2 0.0 2.2 3.6
    Operating costs 16,795.8 0.0 16,795.8 5,896.0 5,714.7 11,610.7 5,185.1
    Information and communication technology 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    RPTC and SRA activities 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    Total A 23,677.2 0.0 23,677.2 11,632.5 5,729.7 17,362.2 6,315.0
    Estimated income
    Actual
    income
    Accrued
    income
    Total
    income
    (Excess)
    shortfall
    Income
    Common Buildings Management 22,777.1 0.0 22,777.1 19,711.6 93.3 19,804.9 2,972.2
    Joint Buildings Management 900.1 0.0 900.1 585.5 13.6 599.1 301.0
    Total B 23,677.2 0.0 23,677.2 20,297.1 106.9 20,404.0 3,273.2
    Miscellaneous income
    Not estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 0.0 0.0 0.0 180.5 0.0 180.5 (180.5)
    Total C 0.0 0.0 0.0 180.5 0.0 180.5 (180.5)
    Total A—B—C 0.0 0.0 0.0 (8,845.1) 5,622.8 (3,222.3) 3,222.3
    Cumulative fund balance — special account for BMS (GC.9/Dec.14)
    Excess of income over expenditure 3,222.3
    – Savings on cancellation of obligations 740.8
    – Unliquidated obligations (1,874.8)
    Net surplus for 2004 2,088.3
    Balance at the beginning of year 8,443.8
    Balance at the end of year 10,532.1*
    * The balance at year-end reported above is attributable to the special account for Buildings Management and is not subject to financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c).
    As at 31 December 2004, contributions outstanding to the special account for Buildings Management from the VBOs are €4,815,676.
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    II. NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
    Preface
    UNIDO MISSION STATEMENT
    The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is a specialized United Nations agency
    dedicated to promoting sustainable industrial development in countries with developing and transition economies.
    UNIDO draws on the wide industrial expertise of its staff and the resources of government, the private sector and
    other United Nations multilateral and national institutions to create productive employment, competitive economies and
    a sound environment.
    Fostering growth and productivity is central to UNIDO’s highly focused sectoral, regional and country-specific
    programmes. UNIDO is committed to maintaining excellent standards in the implementation of these programmes with
    the ultimate aim of assisting the developing countries and transition economies in their struggle against poverty and
    marginalization.
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    Note 1. Summary of significant accounting policies
    The following are the significant accounting policies of UNIDO:
    (a) UNIDO’s accounts are maintained in accordance with the Financial Regulations of UNIDO, as adopted by
    the General Conference, the rules formulated thereunder, administrative instructions in force as at the date of
    conversion of UNIDO into a specialized agency, and in conformity with generally accepted government accounting
    principles. UNIDO follows the accounting standards as approved by the High-Level Committee on Management
    (HLCM) on behalf of the United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) at its seventh session and
    requested by General Assembly resolution 48/216, and the financial statements, of which these notes form an integral
    part, are presented in accordance with those standards, as shown below:
    (i) Going concern, consistency and accrual are fundamental accounting assumptions. Where fundamental
    accounting assumptions are followed in financial statements, disclosure of such assumptions is not
    required. If a fundamental accounting assumption is not followed, that fact should be disclosed
    together with the reasons;
    (ii) Prudence, substance over form, and materiality should govern the selection and application of
    accounting policies;
    (iii) Financial statements should include clear and concise disclosure of all significant accounting policies,
    which have been used;
    (iv) The disclosure of the significant accounting policies used should be an integral part of the financial
    statements. The policies should normally be disclosed in one place;
    (v) Financial statements should show corresponding figures for the preceding period;
    (vi) A change in an accounting policy that has a material effect in the current period or may have a
    material effect in subsequent periods should be disclosed together with the reasons. The effect of the
    change should, if material, be disclosed and quantified.
    (b) The UNIDO financial statements are prepared on the historical cost basis of accounting and have not been
    adjusted to reflect the effects of changing prices for goods and services.
    (c) Until 31 December 2001, the accounts of the Organization were presented in United States dollars. With
    effect from January 2002, the currency of accounts was changed to euros (GC.8/Dec.16). Therefore, all assets,
    liabilities, reserves and fund balances of the General Fund and other Headquarters funds were converted to euros on
    1 January 2002, using the exchange rates approved by the General Conference (GC.9/Dec.15), i.e. ATS 13.7603 = €1
    and $1 = €1.123 (or €1 = $0.890472). Most extrabudgetary activities, however, continue to be in United States dollars.
    Therefore, for the Organization’s consolidated financial statements purposes, these accounts are converted to euros
    using the methodology stated in note 1(g) below.
    (d) Fund accounting. The UNIDO accounts are maintained on a “fund accounting” basis. Separate funds for
    general or special purposes may be established by the General Conference or the Director-General. Each fund is
    maintained as a distinct financial and accounting entity, with a separate self-balancing double-entry group of accounts.
    (e) The fiscal period of the Organization is a biennium and consists of two consecutive calendar years.
    (f) The income, expenditure, assets and liabilities are recognized on the accrual basis of accounting except for
    trust funds, the Industrial Development Fund, Montreal Protocol and Global Environmental Facility. For these funds,
    the actual contributions received from donors are shown as income (voluntary contributions), which are held in trust by
    UNIDO for the purpose of carrying out the implementation of projects/activities agreed to by the donors.
    (g) Translation of currencies. In accordance with General Conference decision GC.8/Dec.16, the accounts of the
    Organization are presented in euros. Transactions in other currencies are converted into euros as follows: income,
    expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances at the applicable United Nations operational rate of exchange at
    the deemed date of the transaction; and assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances at the applicable United Nations
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    operational rate of exchange at the date of the statement (see also note 1 (q) below on Other income—Gain/loss on
    exchange).
    (h) Assessed contributions. In accordance with financial regulation 5.6, payments made by a Member State are
    credited first to the Working Capital Fund and then to the contributions due, in the order in which the Member State
    was assessed.
    (i) Contributions in kind received or receivable and the value thereof are not accounted for, but disclosed in the
    notes to the financial statements. Where necessary, amounts are estimated locally based on a fair commercial value in
    an arms-length transaction.
    (j) Funds on deposit in interest-bearing bank accounts, certificates of deposit, time deposits and call accounts
    are shown in the statements of assets and liabilities as cash.
    (k) Deferred charges—shown under other assets:
    (i) Deferred charges comprise expenditure items that are not properly chargeable in the current fiscal
    period and that will be charged as expenditure in a subsequent fiscal period;
    (ii) For balance sheet statement purposes only, that portion of the education grant advance, which is
    assumed to pertain to the scholastic year completed as at the date of the financial statement is shown
    under deferred charges. The full amount of the advance is maintained in the accounts receivable from
    staff members until such time as the staff member produces the required proof of entitlement to the
    education grant, at which time the budgetary account is charged and the advance recovered.
    (l) Fixed assets. Furniture, equipment, other non-expendables and leasehold improvements are not included in
    the assets of the Organization. Acquisitions are charged against budgetary accounts in the year of purchase.
    (m) Commitments approved for future fiscal periods that are necessary in the interest of UNIDO, in accordance
    with financial rule 109.6, are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements of the respective fund. Such
    commitments are normally restricted to administrative requirements of a continuing nature and to other contracts or
    legal obligations where long lead times are required for delivery.
    (n) No provision is made in the General Fund for end-of-service entitlements or to meet contingencies under
    appendix D to the Staff Rules of UNIDO, as funds are provided for in the budget appropriations. However, provision is
    made to meet repatriation grant entitlements and contingency liabilities for compensation payments under appendix D
    to the Staff Rules for personnel financed by technical cooperation other than UNDP and are calculated on the basis of
    one per cent of net base pay.
    (o) Special accounts. The General Conference at its ninth session established, with effect from 1 January 2002,
    a special account for Buildings Management Services (for other than staff costs) and a special account for the Regular
    Programme of Technical Cooperation (GC.9/Dec.14). These special accounts are not subject to financial
    regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c); thus the budgetary surplus due to Member States excludes the balances available in these
    special accounts.
    (p) Surpluses due to Member States are funds available for credit to Member States arising from unencumbered
    balances of the appropriations and contributions from new Member States. In accordance with financial
    regulation 4.2(b), the unencumbered balance of the appropriations at the end of a fiscal period shall be surrendered to
    the Members at the end of the first calendar year following the fiscal period after deducting therefrom any contributions
    from Members relating to that fiscal period which remain unpaid, and shall be credited to the Members in proportion to
    their assessed contributions in accordance with the provisions of the financial regulations 4.2(c) and 5.2(d). Financial
    regulation 4.2(c) requires that, before the respective share of the balance is surrendered to any Member that has
    outstanding regular budget obligations to the Organization, those obligations shall first be brought to account. Financial
    regulation 5.2(d) requires that any balance of the appropriations shall be adjusted against future assessments unless the
    General Conference decides otherwise.
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    (q) Other income:
    (i) One-half of the gross income from the sales of publications is reported under revenue-producing
    activities. The other half of income attributable to the sales publications revolving fund less related
    costs is disclosed in the note to the General Fund (note 2(b));
    (ii) Refunds of expenditures charged to prior fiscal periods are credited to miscellaneous income;
    (iii) Moneys accepted in respect of which no purpose is specified are treated as miscellaneous income;
    (iv) Gain/loss on exchange arises from transactions conducted in currencies other than euros, for the
    general and other Headquarters funds and the revaluation of assets and liabilities held in local
    currencies. Unrealized exchange gains are not recorded as income, but set aside in accounts payable on
    the grounds of prudence until realized at which point they would be treated as income. Gains arising
    from the revaluation of non-euro cash and bank amounts are treated as realized;
    (v) Gain/loss on exchange arises from transactions conducted in currencies other than dollars (i.e. for the
    dollar-based extrabudgetary technical cooperation activities in annex I, dollar statements) and the
    revaluation of assets and liabilities held in non-dollar currencies. Current year obligations have been
    revalued at the year-end United Nations operational rate of exchange. Unrealized exchange gains are
    not recorded as income, but set aside in accounts payable on the grounds of prudence until realized at
    which point they would be treated as income. Gains arising from the revaluation of non-dollar cash
    and bank amounts are treated as realized, with the exception of euro cash and bank deposits where
    such gains are also set aside in accounts payable, pending utilization in the restoration of purchasing
    power to projects with euro expenditures. However, for the euro presentation of dollar-based
    extrabudgetary activities in annex I, euro statements, the gain/loss resulting from the revaluation of
    non-euro assets, liabilities, reserves and funds balances is shown as “other adjustments to reserves and
    funds balances” on statement 1;
    (vi) Proceeds from the sale of surplus property are credited to the miscellaneous income of the respective
    funds.
    (r) Technical cooperation accounts:
    (i) The appropriations for the Regular Programme of Technical Cooperation (RPTC) are administered in
    accordance with the financial regulations of UNIDO, and in accordance with the General Conference
    decision mentioned in paragraph (o) above;
    (ii) Allocation income—UNDP. The figures for allocation income from UNDP and UNDP trust funds are
    the same as reported for total expenditure in line with UNDP procedures, which require that
    allocations be adjusted to equal actual expenditure;
    (iii) Contributions income—trust funds and Industrial Development Fund (IDF). Voluntary contributions
    from Governments or other donors are recorded upon receipt of cash. The use of such contributions is
    governed by agreements between UNIDO and the Government/donor. Upon termination, expiration,
    or revision of an agreement or receipt of other instructions from the Government/donor, any surplus
    remaining in a trust/other funds is returned to the Government/donor or disposed of as requested by the
    Government/donor;
    (iv) Interest and miscellaneous income. Interest income arising from the RPTC is credited to the General
    Fund; however, the miscellaneous income relating to the RPTC is credited to the special account.
    Interest income arising from the special account for Buildings Management is credited to that account,
    and finally prorated to the Vienna-based organizations taking into account the funds contributed by
    them and the date of receipt of such funds in the account. Interest income arising from UNDP
    activities is credited to the operating fund account maintained with that organization. Interest income
    arising from the Industrial Development Fund, other than the general-purpose segment, as well as the
    trust funds relating to the technical cooperation activities is credited to accounts payable until
    instructions regarding its disposal are received from the donor. Interest accrued under the General
    Purpose segment of the Industrial Development Fund is credited to that Fund. Interest income
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    attributable to the Montreal Protocol is treated immediately as an additional programmable balance.
    Interest income credited to the Global Environmental Facility, excluding interest income earned on
    funds transferred as UNIDO fees, is set aside as accounts payable pending instructions to its return to
    the trustee;
    (v) The criteria for recording and reporting unliquidated obligations against the current biennium for the
    RPTC are the same as those for the regular budget; however, as stated in paragraph (o) above, these
    obligations are not subject to financial regulation 4.2(b) that requires that obligations shall remain
    available for twelve months following the end of the fiscal period to which they relate. For all other
    technical cooperation fund sources, obligations may be reported as expenditure of the current year on
    the basis of the following criteria:
    Personnel services
    The cost of salaries and related expenses corresponding to services rendered within the calendar year.
    Personnel services, in this context, include temporary assistance and overtime as well as consultants
    who have subscribed to Special Service Agreements. However, when the remuneration of the
    consultant is expressed as a lump sum rather than a sum per period worked, the full cost of the contract
    may be treated as an obligation of the current year.
    Supplies and equipment
    The full cost of contracts or purchase orders entered into prior to the end of the year, whether or not
    delivery has been effected, as long as there is budgetary provision in the current period.
    Subcontracts
    An obligation can be maintained on the basis of the payment schedule included in the signed contract
    with the contractor. Where no payment schedule exists, the basis is the estimated timing of payments.
    Fellowships
    The cost of the fellowship from the date of commencement of study to completion of study or
    31 December, whichever is earlier. The fellow must have been placed, i.e. the fellowship awarded to a
    named individual and the place, course and the duration of the study established and the recipient
    Government notified.
    Travel
    The full cost of travel, including the cost of transportation, subsistence allowances and other incidental
    expenses if travel started prior to the end of the calendar year.
    Group training
    The cost of activities held in the current year. In the case of activities beginning in one year and
    continuing into the next, the full cost of the activity should be charged to the current year.
    (vi) Unliquidated obligations for the current period in respect of all technical cooperation activities other
    than the regular budget remain valid for 12 months following the end of the year, rather than the
    biennium, to which they relate. However, in accordance with UNDP reporting requirements, executing
    agencies may retain unliquidated obligations beyond 12 months when a firm liability to pay still exists;
    such liabilities are reported as accounts payable in the financial statements. Savings on or the
    cancellation of obligations relating to the RPTC are credited to the special account approved by the
    General Conference. Savings on or the liquidation of prior period obligations in respect of all other
    technical activities are credited to individual projects as a reduction of current period expenditure in
    accordance with UNDP reporting requirements. The UNDP requirements are also applied in the case
    of the Industrial Development Fund, trust funds, Montreal Protocol and the Global Environmental
    Facility.
    (s) Trust funds. Director-General’s bulletin UNIDO/DG/B.18/Rev.1 dated 15 May 1992 sets out revised
    policies for establishing and managing trust funds with effect from 26 May 1992. Extrabudgetary funds provided to
    reimburse the Organization for the use of its facilities are excluded from the provisions of UNIDO/DG/B.18/Rev.1.
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    (t) Special account for programme support costs:
    (i) Reimbursement for programme support costs is provided for in respect of extrabudgetary technical
    cooperation activities. Reimbursement is calculated as a percentage of programme resources
    expended. The Montreal Protocol Fund, under a new arrangement that became effective January 2003,
    makes an annual lump sum payment of US$ 1.5 million as support cost for the implementation of its
    programme/projects; this amount is recorded as current year income. The Fund also pays a reduced
    support cost in respect of each of its projects, which, similar to most other technical cooperation
    activities, is calculated as a percentage of programme resources expended;
    (ii) In the financial statements of the Organization, the special account for programme support costs is
    shown separately from the inter-organization funds, from which its income derives;
    (iii) Unliquidated obligations in respect of the special account for programme support costs are accounted
    for on the same basis as for the regular budget.
    (u) Ex gratia payments made in accordance with financial rule 109.13 are reported in the notes to the financial
    statements of the respective fund pursuant to financial regulation 9.3.
    Note 2. General Fund and Working Capital Fund
    (a) Assessed contributions
    The General Conference approved an amount of €142,000,000 for the regular budget for the biennium 2004-2005
    (GC.10/Dec.17) to be financed from contributions by Member States, one half of which €71,000,000 was assessed to
    Member States for 2004, in accordance with financial regulation 5.1(c). Full provision is made for contributions
    outstanding from prior years of €110,666,788 as at 31 December 2004.
    (b) Revenue-producing activities
    Gross revenue from the sale of UNIDO publications was €75,455, one-half of which (€37,727) was transferred to
    the sales publications revolving fund. Sales promotional activities and other costs charged to the sales publications
    revolving fund of €26,576 resulted in a net surplus for the year 2004 of €11,152. The net balance of the sales
    publications revolving fund as at 31 December 2004 is €132,267.
    (c) Interest income in excess of the budgetary estimates
    Interest income in excess of the budgetary estimate (€660,500) for the year 2004 is €57,870; actual amount, if any,
    due for distribution to eligible Member States will be determined at the end of the biennium. Pursuant to decision
    GC.8/Dec.10, this amount is added to accounts payable established for this purpose in 1999. As at 31 December 2004,
    the balance on this account was €289,527, out of which funds amounting to €231,657 were credited to eligible Member
    States, in accordance with the “S” curve formula, when their assessed contributions for the year 2005 were calculated.
    (d) Currency exchange adjustments
    The amount of €174,307 represents the net realized exchange gain from regular budget activities.
    An unrealized exchange gain of €600,063 resulting from the revaluation of non-euro monetary assets and
    liabilities using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 31 December 2004 has not been recorded as
    income, but set aside within “accounts payable—other” until realized. Of this amount, €386,000 is attributable to the
    revaluation of the outstanding loan from the United Nations.
    (e) Miscellaneous income
    Of the total miscellaneous income, an amount of €171,127 relates to CTBTO support costs charged on BMS
    activities.
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    (f) Regular Programme of Technical Cooperation
    In accordance with General Conference decision GC.9/Dec.14, a special account was established for fully
    programmable appropriations under the RPTC, not subject to financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c). Funds from
    cancellation of obligations, if any, would be retained in the special account for carrying out RPTC activities. As of
    31 December 2004, the accumulated fund balance in the special account amounts to €2,867,824, including a transfer of
    €399,728 during 2004.
    (g) Prior biennium adjustments
    The total adjustment of €119,311 in 2004 comprises:
    (i) A charge of €3,000 for the biennium 1996-1997 in respect for a payment made to a UNIDO staff
    member as recommended by the Joint Appeals Board;
    (ii) A payment against the biennium 1998-1999 of €50,853 to a UNIDO staff member as recommended by
    the Joint Appeals Board;
    (iii) Biennium 2000-2001 charges of €23,137 related to IAEA library staff costs;
    (iv) Various late charges for the biennium 2002-2003 of €42,321 including €18,291 for projects under
    IDDA.
    (h) Savings on or cancellation of obligations from the prior biennium
    An amount of €3,277,774 net saving arises from the cancellation of 2002-2003 obligations. This amount consists
    of savings on the cancellation of obligations from the prior biennium of €3,287,665 less €9,891 exchange loss on
    liquidation of prior biennium IDDA obligations.
    (i) Accounts receivable—other
    “Accounts receivable—other” include the Organization’s claim amounting to €955,784 submitted to the
    Government of the United States of America in respect of United States income tax reimbursed to UNIDO staff
    members during the period 1994 to 1996 under the Tax Reimbursement Agreement. The Government of the United
    States of America had communicated to the Organization that it acknowledges this debt, however, no payment was
    received during 2004.
    The Organization’s claim to the International Atomic Energy Agency under the cost-sharing agreement for
    termination indemnity costs for Buildings Management staff separated during the 1995 staff reduction exercise is not
    resolved. The amount claimed is $644,453 (€723,720 at the United Nations operational rate of exchange approved by
    the ninth session of the General Conference (GC.9/Dec.15)). A provision for a possible write off of this receivable is
    included in accounts payable.
    (j) Assessed contributions received in advance
    Assessed contributions of €1,324,078 were received in advance from Member States in 2004 to be applied against
    the 2005 assessment.
    (k) Borrowings
    At the time UNIDO became a specialized agency, an interest-free loan of $16,000,000 was received from the
    United Nations. The loan is repayable at the rate of $1,000,000 a year, commencing in 1990. The total amount due as at
    31 December 2004 amounts to $1,000,000 (€737,000 at the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at
    31 December 2004).
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    (l) Other reserves
    Other reserves comprise the following:
    €000’s
    Separation indemnity reserves 5,499.3
    Sales Publication Revolving Fund 132.3
    Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations 1,840.8
    Special account for RPTC 2,867.8
    10,340.2
    (m) Separation indemnity reserves
    Pursuant to decision GC.6/Dec.15, paragraph (e), the amount of $9,546,732 representing the balance of
    appropriations for the biennium 1992-1993, which was actually received by the Organization, was transferred to a
    separation indemnity reserve in 1995. The reserve balance of €1,109,698 at the beginning of the year was unchanged at
    31 December 2004 as no payments were made during 2004. Pursuant to General Conference decision GC.7/Dec.17, the
    amount of $13.9 million was transferred from the unencumbered balance of appropriations for the biennium 1994-1995
    for the funding of the separation indemnity reserve to meet the cost of staff separations resulting from the 1998-1999
    programme and budgets. Unlike the previous allocation from the 1992-1993 biennium, the allocation from the
    1994-1995 biennium was not supported by the actual cash, as large arrears for this biennium exist. This reserve had
    effectively been reduced to $3,908,824 (€4,389,609) by payments made during the period 1998-2001 of $9,991,176. No
    payments were made during 2004, thus the balance remained at €4,389,609. The total under separation indemnity
    reserves as at 31 December 2004 was €5,499,308.
    (n) Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations
    In order to protect the Organization from exchange rate fluctuations resulting from the introduction of the euro as
    a single currency for the preparation of the programme and budgets, appropriation and assessment, collection of
    contributions and advances, and currency of accounts, the General Conference in decision GC.8/Dec.16 authorized the
    Director-General to establish a reserve, not subject to the provisions of the financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c). The
    balance of €1,840,776 as at 31 December 2004 in the reserve represents the amount set aside during the previous
    biennium.
    (o) Working Capital Fund
    The amount of the Working Capital Fund was set by the General Conference at $9 million (GC.2/Dec.27). The
    level of the Fund was reduced to $6,750,000 (GC.6/Dec.16) for the biennium 1996-1997 and was further reduced to
    $6,610,000 for the biennium 1998-1999 (GC.7/Dec.12); $6,610,000 was approved for the biennium 2000-2001
    (GC.8/Dec.14), and the biennium 2002-2003 (GC.9/Dec.13). Effective 1 January 2002, the amount ($6,610,000) was
    converted to euros in accordance with GC.9/Dec.15, resulting in a Working Capital Fund of €7,423,030. The General
    Conference decided (GC.10/Dec.15) to maintain the Fund at the same level for the biennium 2004-2005.
    (p) Surplus due to Member States
    The following is an analysis of the surpluses due to Member States, expressed in millions of euros, after
    application of the provision for the delay in the collection of assessed contributions. The provision represents
    contributions receivable from Member States for prior bienniums and from new Member States at the balance sheet
    date. As at the balance sheet date, the surpluses due for distribution—representing assessed contributions received after
    the end of a biennium together with receipts from new Member States are set aside in “accounts payable—other”,
    pending receipt of Member States’ instructions. Of the total amount due for distribution of €3,624,342 as at
    31 December 2004, an amount of €536,534 was applied against the 2005 assessments.
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    Surplus
    Surpluses disposed
    and applied to
    assessments
    Prior
    biennium
    adjustments
    Surpluses due
    for
    distribution
    Provisions for
    delays in the
    collection of
    contributions
    Surpluses
    due to
    Member
    States
    Remarks
    2004
    2002-2003
    2000-2001
    1998-1999
    1996-1997
    (GC.8/Res.4)
    13.6
    10.3
    10.3
    14.3
    46.9
    3.7
    5.3
    7.1
    0.1
    2.2
    0.5
    0.6
    0.2
    7.9
    6.0
    8.2
    40.0
    13.6
    0.2
    0.1
    0.1
    (0.4)
    Provisional
    1994-1995
    (GC.7/Dec.17)
    35.4
    15.6
    44.9
    (25.1)
    1992-1993
    (GC.6/Dec.15)
    (GC.8/Dec.10)
    (GC.8/Res.4)
    16.5
    14.4
    0.1
    2.0
    0.0
    1990-1991
    9.8
    1.3
    8.5
    Retained –
    GC.5/Dec.14
    1988-1989
    7.3
    0.2
    7.1
    Retained –
    GC.4/Dec.15
    1986-1987
    (GC.4/Dec.15)
    4.8
    4.8
    0.0
    Total 169.2 50.9 0.1 3.6 110.5 4.1
    Contributions
    from new
    Member States
    1.9
    1.7
    0.0
    0.2
    0.0
    Total 171.1 52.6 0.1 3.6 110.7 4.1
    (q) Eliminations
    Eliminations comprise two elements as shown below:
    (a) Buildings Management Service costs charged to UNIDO. An amount of €3,101,107 is eliminated from both
    operating costs and contractual services to avoid double counting of UNIDO’s contribution to buildings management
    costs;
    (b) Expenditure of €5,106,636 on RPTC and SRA activities is re-analysed into its component parts.
    (r) Long-term contracts
    Long-term contracts awarded for the operation of the VIC are not reported as commitments, as they may be
    terminated at any time without penalty.
    (s) Commitments
    Commitments of €420,038 representing legal obligations for which disbursements will be made in future years
    were entered into prior to 31 December 2004.
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    (t) Contributions in kind
    Contributions in kind estimated at €152,011 were received from Member States in support of UNIDO field offices
    during the year.
    (u) Ex gratia payments
    No ex gratia payments were made in 2004.
    (v) Non-expendable equipment
    The following table shows the non-expendable equipment, at cost, expressed in millions of euros, according to the
    cumulative inventory records of UNIDO as at 31 December 2004. In accordance with UNIDO accounting policies, nonexpendable
    equipment is not included in the fixed assets of the Organization, but is charged against the appropriations
    when acquired. The minimum euro value per item of non-expendable property is €1,500.
    Balance as at 1 January 2004 12.6
    Adjustments to the opening balance 0.1
    Adjusted balance at 1 January 2004 12.7
    Add: acquisitions during 2004 0.5
    Deduct: disposals during 2004 1.0
    Balance as at 31 December 2004 12.2
    During the year 2004, non-expendable equipment to the value of €409 was reported as stolen and written off in
    the inventory records.
    (w) Contingent liabilities
    (i) End-of-service payment to staff
    In accordance with the decision taken by the Panel of External Auditors in 1989 at Manila, UNIDO calculated the
    amounts required to cover the estimated costs of contingency liabilities for end-of-service payment as at 31 December
    2004.
    In line with United Nations accounting standards, liabilities for end-of-service payments comprise end-of-service
    allowance, repatriation grant and compensation for accrued annual leave. To provide a more realistic picture, the
    amount required for the removal of household goods has also been included. The valuation is based on the United
    Nations salary scale and the entitlements defined in the staff regulations and rules, as well as taking into account the
    actual cost of staff separating during the year 2004. The amounts are estimated to be:
    Regular budget €19.2 million
    Operational budget € 4.4 million
    Post retirement benefits are excluded.
    It should be noted that no budgetary provision has been made, except that in the case of the operational budget, as
    reflected in statement II and note 3(f) (operating reserve).
    (ii) The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund
    UNIDO is a member organization participating in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, which was
    established by the United Nations General Assembly to provide retirement, death, disability and related benefits. The
    Pension Fund is a funded defined benefit plan. The financial obligation of the Organization to the United Nations Joint
    Staff Pension Fund consists of its mandated contribution at the rate established by the United Nations General
    Assembly, together with any share of any actuarial deficiency payments under Article 26 of the Regulations of the
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    Fund. Such deficiency payments are only payable if and when the United Nations General Assembly has invoked the
    provision of Article 26, following determination that there is a requirement for deficiency payments based on an
    assessment of the actuarial sufficiency of the Fund as of the valuation date. At the time of this report, the United
    Nations General Assembly has not invoked this provision.
    (iii) After-service health insurance
    Staff members (their spouses, dependent children or survivors) retiring from service under the Pension Fund
    regulations at age 55 or later are eligible for after-service health insurance coverage after having been a participant in a
    contributory health insurance scheme of the common system for at least 10 years. The same applies to staff members
    receiving compensation for disability under Appendix D to the staff rules. Costs of participation in this scheme are
    borne on the basis of joint contributions by UNIDO and the participants concerned.
    During the year 2004, the Organization’s contribution to the scheme amounted to €1,659,567. The contributions
    against the Buildings Management Services amounted to €57,538, which were cost-shared with other Vienna-based
    organizations. In accordance with Programme and Budget Committee conclusion 2000/2, a detailed actuarial study to
    determine the financial impact of the after-service health insurance was carried out, which showed the level of unfunded
    liabilities as at December 2004 to be €35.2 million ($47.7 million based on the year-end exchange rate). A United
    Nations system-wide solution is being sought to address the issue of unfunded liabilities. The lead agency on this issue,
    established by the High-Level Committee on Management, Financial and Budget Network, is the United Nations who
    are scheduled to submit a report to the General Assembly in 2005.
    (x) Common Fund for Major Repairs and Replacements
    On 1 January 1981, an agreement between the Republic of Austria, the United Nations and the IAEA went into
    effect to establish a common fund for the purpose of financing the cost of major repairs and replacements of buildings,
    facilities and technical installations, which are the property of the Republic of Austria and form part of the Headquarters
    areas of the United Nations and IAEA at the Vienna International Centre. This agreement has also applied to UNIDO
    since 1986, when it became a specialized agency. The Fund is administered by UNIDO through a joint committee.
    Annual financial statements are prepared by UNIDO and audited by its Internal Oversight Group.
    In 2002, an agreement was reached between the Vienna-based organizations and the Republic of Austria under
    which reimbursement of the disbursements made during the year 2001 ($988,626) was not required. Under this
    agreement, there will only be annual assessed contributions to the Fund as follows: the Republic of Austria
    (€1,235,300) and the Vienna-based organizations (€1,235,300). Furthermore, unexpected major repairs and
    replacements, which are not included in the agreed investment plan, will have to be shared by all parties. In the past,
    such costs were fully absorbed by the Austrian Government.
    The fund balance as at 31 December 2004 is €1,936,547.
    Note 3. Other Headquarters funds
    (a) Funds reported under this heading comprise:
    (i) Special Account for Programme Support Costs;
    (ii) Computer Model for Feasibility Analysis and Reporting (COMFAR);
    (iii) Buildings Management Services (BMS).
    (b) With effect from 1 January 2002, the General Conference approved (GC.9/Dec.17) BMS as a separate, selfbalancing
    major programme in the programme and budgets of UNIDO. All BMS expenditures are offset by income, i.e.
    contributions received from other Vienna-based organizations and from UNIDO. Consequently, under the UNIDO
    General Fund, only UNIDO’s share of the BMS operations is included (reference IDB.24/3-PBC.17/3). In view of the
    above, the BMS is reported under other funds rather than under General Fund and Working Capital Fund from the
    previous biennium. The General Fund and Working Capital Fund now show only UNIDO’s contribution to BMS costs.
    The BMS operations are further split into two components:
    IDB.30/9
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    (i) Staff costs: This continues to be subject to the provisions of financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c);
    (ii) Special account for Buildings Management Services (for other than staff costs): The ninth session of
    the General Conference (GC.9/Dec.14), established with effect from January 2002, a special account
    for BMS (for other than staff costs), which is not subject to financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c).
    Thus the budgetary surplus, if any, will not require distribution to Member States. Each Vienna-based
    organization (UNIDO, IAEA, UNOV and CTBTO) is required to pay its share into this account.
    Interest income is credited to the account. This amount is then prorated to each Vienna-based
    organization taking into account the funds contributed by it and the date of receipt of such funds in the
    special account.
    Additional analysis of BMS operations is provided in schedule 4.1 (supplementary) and the analysis on the special
    account is provided in annex III. The surplus on the special account for BMS costs of €10,532,077 does not form part of
    the unencumbered balances of the appropriations due to Member States at the end of the biennium; this amount includes
    €4,815,676 due from the Vienna-based organizations. The accumulation of funds under the special account is primarily
    caused by the delay experienced in the removal of asbestos from the VIC complex and related maintenance work.
    (c) Currency adjustment
    The €415,683 exchange difference results primarily from the revaluation of the United States dollar cash and term
    deposits held by the special account for programme support costs.
    (d) Net excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure
    The following is an analysis of income and expenditure during the year 2004 for the funds reported under this
    heading:
    Table 1
    Special account for
    programme support
    costs
    Computer Model for
    Feasibility and Analysis
    Buildings
    Management
    Services Total
    (In thousands of euros)
    Income (including savings on cancellation of
    obligations from prior biennium) 9,296.8 276.9 21,325.4 30,899.1
    Expenditure (including loss on exchange) 8,779.5 367.7 19,237.1 28,384.3
    Net (shortfall) of income over expenditure 517.3 (90.8) 2,088.3* 2,514.8
    * Relates to the special account (see annex III).
    (e) Accounts receivable—other
    Within the Special Account for Buildings Management Services, there is an amount of €349,061 representing a
    claim for reimbursement from the Austrian authorities for stranded costs, Renewable Energy Surcharge and KWKZuschlag.
    In the unlikely event of the claim not being settled, full provision has been made within “accounts payable—
    other”.
    The first instalment of €1,220,000 due from the Austrian Government towards the replacement of carpets and
    cables at the Vienna International Centre is reflected within “accounts receivable—other”. Pending the disbursement of
    the funds, €1,000,000 of this amount is shown under “accounts payable—other”. The balance €220,000 is reported in
    the financial statements of major repairs and replacements fund.
    (f) Operating reserve
    An operating reserve, established in respect of the special account for programme support costs in accordance
    with PBC conclusion 1989/4 at $5,504,190 was reduced to $4,300,000 (€4,828,900) in accordance with Board decision
    IDB.14/Dec.12.
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    The net reserve as at 31 December 2004 amounts to €3,650,469 (€3,133,155 at 31 December 2003) as a result of a
    net surplus of €517,313 for 2004.
    (g) Commitments
    Commitments, representing legal obligations for which disbursements will be made in future years, were entered
    into prior to 31 December 2004 as below.
    €000’s
    Special account for programme support costs 84.5
    Buildings Management Services 53.7
    (h) Contributions in kind
    Contributions in kind estimated at €72,952 were received from Member States in support of UNIDO projects.
    Note 4. Technical cooperation
    (a) Technical cooperation activities
    Technical cooperation activities reported under this heading comprise activities executed by UNIDO with funds
    provided through the Industrial Development Fund, trust funds and inter-organization arrangements with UNDP, UNEP
    and other organizations. These activities are governed by various agreements signed by two or more parties, i.e.
    donor(s) and UNIDO.
    (b) Euro presentation of technical cooperation activities
    The significant majority of voluntary contributions are received in United States dollars for projects
    programmable almost exclusively in that currency. From 2004, euro-based management of technical cooperation
    programmes was introduced for some projects. In accordance with General Conference decision GC.9/Dec.15, donor
    reporting is also undertaken in United States dollars.
    However, in order to present consolidated financial statements (Statements I and II) of UNIDO for the year ending
    31 December 2004, all technical cooperation activities required conversion to euros.
    Annex I, Tables 1 and 2 are, therefore, provided in both United States dollars and euros.
    The approach for preparing the euro statement is based on the following:
    (i) Non-euro income, expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances—other than as highlighted
    below—will be stated at the equivalent amount of euros applicable as at the deemed date of the
    transaction applying the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at that date;
    (ii) Non-euro assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2004 will be converted to a
    euro equivalent using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 31 December 2004
    (reference GC.9/Dec.15). The gain or loss that would result from these revaluations is reflected in the
    “other adjustments to reserves and fund balances” figure;
    (iii) The currency exchange adjustment figure essentially represents the realized gain or loss on non-euro
    transactions during the year and the savings achieved in 2004 on the liquidation of prior year United
    States dollar obligations.
    (c) Montreal Protocol promissory notes
    Promissory notes in favour of UNIDO held by the Multilateral Fund for the implementation of the Montreal
    Protocol to the value of $20,264,334 (€16,231,732) at 31 December 2003 were encashed during 2004.
    IDB.30/9
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    (d) Interest on donor funds
    For the Industrial Development Fund, other than the general pool, and from the last biennium for trust funds,
    interest earned from the investment of funds, net of bank charges, realized exchange gains, realized and unrealized
    losses is represented as a liability within “accounts payable—other”. As at 31 December 2004, the amounts were as
    follows:
    US$ 000’s €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund 5,801.9 4,276.0
    Trust funds 2,748.7 2,025.8
    Global Environment Fund 361.4 266.4
    8,912.0 6,568.2
    The disposal of the interest income is governed by agreements with donors. This may include the return of such
    funds to donors, or their transfer to other projects, in which case they will be shown as voluntary contributions.
    (e) Unrealized exchange gains and losses
    In accordance with the United Nations System Accounting Standards, monetary assets and liabilities are revalued
    at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect at 31 December 2004.
    Any resultant unrealized gain is not recorded as income for the period, but set aside within “accounts payable—
    other”. Gains arising from revaluation of cash and term deposits are considered realized, however specifically, for the
    Industrial Development Fund and trust funds, any gain arising from the revaluation of euro cash and term deposits are
    similarly set aside on the grounds of prudence (IDB.27/9-PBC.19/9 and decision IDB.27/Dec.5). Under the transition to
    a single currency system, and in accordance with document IDB.28/9 and decision IDB.28/Dec.5, the euro-based
    management of technical cooperation programmes was introduced during the year 2004. Consequently, distributions of
    €789,415 ($985,537) and €832,467 ($1,039,285) were made to the Industrial Development Fund and trust funds,
    respectively. The accumulated amounts of unrealized gains as at 31 December 2004, included in “accounts payable—
    other”, are as follows:
    US$ 000’s €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund 1,831.5 1,349.8
    Trust funds 6,575.3 4,846.0
    Global Environment Facility 0.6 0.4
    Montreal Protocol 1.5 1.1
    8,408.9 6,197.3
    (f) Currency exchange adjustment
    Annex I, table 1—US dollar statements
    Table A shows the analysis of the currency exchange credit. A distinction is drawn between realized gains and
    losses resulting through the conduct of transactions in other than United States dollars and gains and losses resulting
    from the re-statement of non-United States dollar assets and liability values to an equivalent dollar value as at
    31 December 2004.
    For these funds, where contributions are received, programmed and disbursed almost exclusively in United States
    dollars, any realized gains and both realized and unrealized losses from the revaluation of non-United States dollar
    assets and liabilities, are recorded through table 1 and the programmable fund balance adjusted accordingly.
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    Table A
    Regular Programme Montreal Protocol GEF IOA* Total
    (In thousands of US dollars)
    Realized
    On 2004 transactions 4.1 (0.1) 3.4 7.4
    Unrealized
    Revaluation of non-US dollar assets and liabilities
    at 31 December 2004 (58.1) 1.4 (6.9) (1.2) (64.8)
    Currency exchange adjustment (54.0) 1.3 (3.5) (1.2) (57.4)
    * IOA – Inter-organization arrangements.
    Annex I, table 1—euro statements
    Table B shows the analysis of the currency exchange credit. A distinction is drawn between realized gains and
    losses resulting through the conduct of transactions in other than euros and the savings resulting from the settlement of
    United States dollar obligations from prior years at a different euro rate of exchange.
    Table B
    Regular
    programme IDF
    Montreal
    Protocol GEF Trust fund Total
    (In thousands of euros)
    Revaluation of US$ obligations 113.7 113.7
    Realized
    On 2004 transactions 1.9 (17.6) (0.8) (16.5)
    On liquidation of prior year US$ obligations (70.1) (424.9) (325.3) (33.4) (355.1) (1,208.8)
    Currency exchange adjustment 45.5 (424.9) (342.9) (34.2) (355.1) (1,111.6)
    (g) Transfers to reserves
    This represents the charge to projects in respect of the provision for compensation payments under Appendix D to
    the staff rules.
    The amount of $1,100,000 (€962,500) reflected in transfers to/from reserves represents the income received for
    Global Environment Facility (GEF) projects under inter-organization arrangements with UNEP, previously recorded in
    GEF main programme.
    (h) Surplus
    The amount of $3,101,237 (€2,285,613) represents the accumulated surplus under the general-purpose segment of
    the Industrial Development Fund.
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    (i) Cash and term deposits
    The equivalent of $1,491,424 (€1,099,180) is held in currencies classified as non-convertible, as follows:
    US$ 000’s €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund 1,083.1 798.2
    Trust funds 408.3 300.9
    1,491.4 1,099.1
    (j) Operating reserves
    The Industrial Development Board, in decision IDB.2/Dec.7, authorized the freezing of the operational reserve of
    the Industrial Development Fund at $550,000 (€405,350 at the United Nations rate of exchange as at 31 December
    2004).
    (k) Commitments
    Commitments, representing legal obligations for which disbursements will be made in future years, were entered
    into prior to 31 December 2004, as below:
    US$ 000’s €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund 3,232.3 2,515.3
    Montreal Protocol 5,651.7 4,452.3
    Global Environment Facility 4,033.8 3,262.7
    Trust funds 5,738.0 4,474.4
    Regular Programme of Technical Cooperation 784.1 618.9
    Inter-organization arrangements 1,345.1 1,065.6
    20,785.0 16,389.2
    (l) Contributions in kind
    Contributions in kind estimated at $343,476 (€278,106) were received from Member States in support of UNIDO
    projects and $39,778 (€32,207) in support of project travel.
    (m) Ex gratia payments
    No ex gratia payments were made in 2004.
    (n) Field IOVs
    The backlog of unprocessed field inter-office vouchers (IOVs) of $8,473,317 brought forward from the previous
    year, together with a total of $19,863,927 inter-office vouchers received for the year 2004 was reduced to $4,528,761
    (€3,337,697) by 31 December 2004. The unprocessed IOV balance at year-end comprises payroll charges of $509,757
    for the entire 2004 received only in January 2005 and IOVs of $485,056 rejected due to insufficient information.
    (o) Lost or stolen non-expendable equipment
    No non-expendable equipment was written off from inventory as lost or stolen during 2004.
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    Notes to the financial statements—Annex I
    TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES EXECUTED BY UNIDO
    Table 1. Combined statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves
    and fund balances for the year ended 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Regular
    Programme
    Industrial
    Development
    Fund
    Montreal
    Protocol GEF
    Trust
    Fund
    Interorganization
    arrangements
    Subtotal
    Extrabudgetary
    Funds Total
    INCOME
    Assessed contributions
    Voluntary contributions 25,611.8 39,262.6 45,274.5 1,051.1 111,200.0 111,200.0
    Other income
    - Funds received under interorganization
    arrangements 5,048.0 5,048.0 5,048.0
    - Allocations from other funds 3,914.2 3,914.2
    - Interest income 12.2 641.3 28.7 682.2 682.2
    - Currency exchange adjustments 45.5 (424.9) (342.9) (34.2) (355.1) (1,157.1) (1,111.6)
    - Miscellaneous (0.3) (2.2) (11.7) 0.7 (0.3) (13.5) (13.8)
    TOTAL INCOME 3,959.4 25,196.9 39,549.3 (34.2) 44,920.1 6,127.5 115,759.6 119,719.0
    EXPENDITURE
    Salaries and common staff costs 1,733.8 10,678.2 1,533.9 722.4 11,576.6 2,070.0 26,581.1 28,314.9
    Contractual services 902.5 996.7 19,382.5 3,361.7 3,393.2 1,236.0 28,370.1 29,272.6
    Operational expenses 162.2 967.4 384.6 24.6 822.6 118.0 2,317.2 2,479.4
    Acquisitions 739.6 1,653.4 8,682.8 2,224.1 1,718.2 14,278.5 15,018.1
    Fellowships 421.3 1,119.3 351.8 1.2 2,184.5 393.1 4,049.9 4,471.2
    Programme support costs 1,869.8 4,002.3 450.9 1,886.0 336.9 8,545.9 8,545.9
    TOTAL EXPENDITURE 3,959.4 17,284.8 34,337.9 4,560.8 22,087.0 5,872.2 84,142.7 88,102.1
    EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF
    INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE 7,912.1 5,211.4 (4,595.0) 22,833.1 255.3 31,616.9 31,616.9
    Prior biennium adjustments
    Provision for delay in collection of
    contributions
    NET EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF
    INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE 7,912.1 5,211.4 (4,595.0) 22,833.1 255.3 31,616.9 31,616.9
    Savings on cancellation of prior
    biennium’s obligations
    Transfers to reserves 51.5 5.4 4.1 42.2 103.2 103.2
    Transfers from reserves
    Transfers to/from other funds (962.5) 962.5
    Credits to Member States
    Other adjustments to reserves and
    fund balances (3,037.6) (3,086.0) 264.0 (3,539.1) (158.8) (9,557.5) (9,557.5)
    Reserves and fund balances,
    beginning of year 36,772.7 26,730.3 7,461.7 28,849.4 99,814.1 99,814.1
    RESERVES AND FUND
    BALANCES, END OF YEAR 41,698.7 28,861.1 2,172.3 48,185.6 1,059.0 121,976.7 121,976.7
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    Table 1. Combined statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves
    and fund balances for the year ended 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of United States dollars)
    Regular
    Programme
    Industrial
    Development
    Fund
    Montreal
    Protocol GEF
    Trust
    Fund
    Interorganization
    arrangements
    Subtotal
    Extrabudgetary
    Funds Total
    INCOME
    Assessed contributions
    Voluntary contributions 32,415.2 46,750.9 56,884.9 1,300.0 137,351.0 137,351.0
    Other income
    - Funds received under interorganization
    arrangements 6,244.1 6,244.1 6,244.1
    - Allocations from other funds 4,994.1 4,994.1
    - Interest income 16.3 814.0 38.1 868.4 868.4
    - Currency exchange adjustments (54.0) 1.3 (3.5) (1.2) (3.4) (57.4)
    - Miscellaneous (0.4) (2.8) (14.6) 1.1 (0.4) (16.7) (17.1)
    TOTAL INCOME 4,939.7 32,428.7 47,551.6 (3.5) 56,886.0 7,580.6 144,443.4 149,383.1
    EXPENDITURE
    Salaries and common staff costs 2,171.4 13,397.1 1,913.9 901.0 14,488.8 2,596.9 33,297.7 35,469.1
    Contractual services 1,107.7 1,258.9 23,213.2 3,815.2 4,143.4 1,497.2 33,927.9 35,035.6
    Operational expenses 199.9 1,231.4 488.2 30.9 1,037.3 146.4 2,934.2 3,134.1
    Acquisitions 933.8 2,122.3 10,830.5 2,833.1 2,096.3 17,882.2 18,816.0
    Fellowships 526.9 1,460.8 448.3 4.3 2,735.5 493.2 5,142.1 5,669.0
    Programme support costs 2,352.2 4,875.3 518.1 2,336.5 413.7 10,495.8 10,495.8
    TOTAL EXPENDITURE 4,939.7 21,822.7 41,769.4 5,269.5 27,574.6 7,243.7 103,679.9 108,619.6
    EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF
    INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE 10,606.0 5,782.2 (5,273.0) 29,311.4 336.9 40,763.5 40,763.5
    Prior biennium adjustments
    Provision for delay in collection of
    contributions
    NET EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF
    INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE 10,606.0 5,782.2 (5,273.0) 29,311.4 336.9 40,763.5 40,763.5
    Savings on cancellation of prior
    biennium’s obligations
    Transfers to reserves 64.5 6.8 5.1 52.4 128.8 128.8
    Transfers from reserves
    Transfers to/from other funds (1,100.0) 1,100.0
    Credits to Member States
    Other adjustments to reserves and
    fund balances
    Reserves and fund balances,
    beginning of year 45,908.5 33,371.2 9,315.5 36,016.8 124,612.0 124,612.0
    RESERVES AND FUND
    BALANCES, END OF YEAR 56,579.0 39,160.2 2,947.6 65,380.6 1,436.9 165,504.3 165,504.3
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    Table 2. Combined statement of assets, liabilities, and reserves and fund balances
    as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Industrial
    Development
    Fund
    Montreal
    Protocol GEF Trust Fund
    Interorganization
    arrangements
    Total
    2004
    ASSETS
    Cash and term deposits 51,161.1 46,079.1 5,669.1 62,278.6 8,569.9 173,757.8
    Accounts receivable
    Assessed contributions receivable from
    Member States
    Voluntary contributions receivable
    Other contributions receivable 154.7 154.7
    Less provision for delay in collection of
    contributions
    Interfund balances 120.4 72.9 301.4 1,196.4 1,691.1
    Other 575.2 395.9 81.2 555.3 284.3 1,891.9
    Other assets 44.9 8.1 0.1 89.4 4,056.8 4,199.3
    TOTAL ASSETS 51,781.2 46,603.5 5,823.3 63,224.7 14,262.1 181,694.8
    LIABILITIES
    Payments or contributions received in advance 7,780.6 7,780.6
    Unliquidated obligations 3,216.8 11,866.5 2,578.6 5,692.5 2,647.9 26,002.3
    Accounts payable
    Interfund balances 211.0 97.8 308.8
    Other 6,654.7 5,875.9 1,072.4 9,346.6 2,676.8 25,626.4
    Other funds and special accounts
    Other liabilities
    TOTAL LIABILITIES 10,082.5 17,742.4 3,651.0 15,039.1 13,203.1 59,718.1
    RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    Operating reserves 405.3 405.3
    Other reserves 1,017.6 12.1 12.8 878.8 1,921.3
    Balances relating to projects funded by donors 37,990.2 28,849.0 2,159.5 47,306.8 1,059.0 117,364.5
    Working capital funds
    Surplus (deficit) 2,285.6 2,285.6
    TOTAL RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES 41,698.7 28,861.1 2,172.3 48,185.6 1,059.0 121,976.7
    TOTAL LIABILITIES, RESERVES AND
    FUND BALANCES 51,781.2 46,603.5 5,823.3 63,224.7 14,262.1 181,694.8
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    Table 2. Combined statement of assets, liabilities, and reserves and fund balances
    as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of United States dollars)
    Industrial
    Development
    Fund
    Montreal
    Protocol GEF Trust Fund
    Interorganization
    arrangements
    Total
    2004
    ASSETS
    Cash and term deposits 69,418.0 62,522.5 7,692.1 84,502.7 11,628.2 235,763.5
    Accounts receivable
    Assessed contributions receivable
    from Member States
    Voluntary contributions receivable
    Other contributions receivable 209.9 209.9
    Less provision for delay in collection
    of contributions
    Interfund balances 163.4 98.9 409.1 1,623.4 2,294.8
    Other 780.4 537.2 110.2 753.5 385.8 2,567.1
    Other assets 61.0 10.9 0.2 121.3 5,504.4 5,697.8
    TOTAL ASSETS 70,259.4 63,234.0 7,901.4 85,786.6 19,351.6 246,533.0
    LIABILITIES
    Payments or contributions received in advance 10,557.1 10,557.1
    Unliquidated obligations 4,364.7 16,101.0 3,498.7 7,724.0 3,592.8 35,281.2
    Accounts payable
    Interfund balances 286.3 132.8 419.1
    Other 9,029.4 7,972.8 1,455.1 12,682.0 3,632.0 34,771.3
    Other funds and special accounts
    Other liabilities
    TOTAL LIABILITIES 13,680.4 24,073.8 4,953.8 20,406.0 17,914.7 81,028.7
    RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES
    Operating reserves 550.0 550.0
    Other reserves 1,380.7 16.4 17.4 1,192.4 2,606.9
    Balances relating to projects funded by donors 51,547.1 39,143.8 2,930.2 64,188.2 1,436.9 159,246.2
    Working capital funds
    Surplus (deficit) 3,101.2 3,101.2
    TOTAL RESERVES AND FUND
    BALANCES 56,579.0 39,160.2 2,947.6 65,380.6 1,436.9 165,504.3
    TOTAL LIABILITIES, RESERVES
    AND FUND BALANCES 70,259.4 63,234.0 7,901.4 85,786.6 19,351.6 246,533.0
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    Table 3. Summary of transactions on sub-accounts of the Industrial Development Fund
    for the year 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In United States dollars)
    Fund balance
    at 01/01/2004
    Cash received
    in 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Misc. income
    incl. General
    Pool interest
    Fund balance
    as at 31/12/2004
    General-purpose convertible 2,902,353 371,370 187,874 15,387 3,101,237
    Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 30,295 0 0 0 30,295
    Agence Wallonne à l’Exportation 425,247 46,288 236,312 0 235,223
    Argentina 20,170 0 0 0 20,170
    Australia 55,469 295 0 0 55,764
    Austria 3,789,938 4,422,282 2,477,029 (20) 5,735,170
    Austria—Integrated Programme 430,401 12,608 119,420 (336) 323,253
    Bahrain 120,293 409,090 389,268 0 140,115
    Belgium 130,736 183,451 152,398 0 161,790
    Brazil 75,117 0 13,735 0 61,383
    Chile 0 10,000 0 0 10,000
    China 1,973,501 530,990 143,218 0 2,361,273
    Côte d’Ivoire (108,618) 0 0 0 (108,618)
    Czech Republic (Ministry of Agriculture) 106,770 138,660 103,136 0 142,294
    Czech Republic (Ministry of Trade and Industry) 28 (28) 0 0 0
    Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 41,439 714 0 0 42,153
    Denmark 4,908,809 85,699 1,663,589 (463) 3,330,455
    Egypt (101,718) 0 0 0 (101,718)
    Finland 214,660 3,781 8,198 0 210,242
    France 199,467 803,158 793,971 0 208,653
    France (Ministry of Agriculture) 678,961 201,904 274,879 0 605,987
    Germany 375,639 (29,673) 21,163 0 324,803
    Germany—Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische
    Zusammenarbeit 28,098 0 23,698 0 4,400
    Greece 368,685 1,134,142 538,941 0 963,886
    Guatemala 12,201 545,556 115,733 0 442,025
    Honduras 193 (193) 0 0 0
    Hungary 373,557 7,829 94,858 337 286,866
    India 3,766,057 1,128,540 726,565 9,972 4,178,004
    Indonesia 14,986 14,784 0 0 29,770
    Ireland 31,909 807 867 0 31,849
    Italy 8,947,939 9,563,983 5,370,716 (767) 13,140,438
    Japan 688,385 1,603,774 1,950,474 0 341,684
    Japan Overseas Development Corporation,
    Bangkok 424 0 0 0 424
    Kuwait 108,455 2,728 1,529 0 109,654
    Luxembourg 142,191 3,226 40,097 0 105,320
    Mexico 0 76,925 0 0 76,925
    Myanmar 577 0 0 0 577
    Netherlands 575,982 134,838 101,232 17 609,606
    New Zealand 34,510 0 0 0 34,510
    Norway 182,507 (26,458) 0 0 156,049
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    Fund balance
    at 01/01/2004
    Cash received
    in 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Misc. income
    incl. General
    Pool interest
    Fund balance
    as at 31/12/2004
    Norway—Integrated programme (Africa) 128,206 29,840 73,826 0 84,220
    Poland 80,133 577,759 598,129 0 59,763
    Portugal 1,281,461 122,086 5,717 0 1,397,829
    Republic of Korea 1,301,307 112,763 335,950 0 1,078,121
    Romania 13,434 0 0 0 13,434
    Russian Federation 321,933 8,063 64,513 0 265,483
    Rwanda 355 0 355 0 0
    Saudi Arabia 1,401,979 (120,369) (13,938) (2,336) 1,293,212
    Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority 0 306,489 0 0 306,489
    Slovakia 54,268 0 0 0 54,268
    Spain 1,254,924 206,162 586,345 0 874,741
    Sweden 52,231 0 11,549 0 40,681
    Switzerland 4,406,275 7,978,814 3,906,637 (1,217) 8,477,234
    Thailand 4,911 0 2,622 0 2,289
    Turkey 1,025 51,980 47,468 (206) 5,332
    United Kingdom—Integrated programme 1,022,769 443,850 605,876 (62) 860,681
    Undefined 6,837 0 0 (5,145) 1,693
    UB—Millennium Development Goals 0 209,798 0 0 209,798
    UB—Integrated programmes and country service
    framework activities 0 531,616 0 0 531,616
    UB—post-crisis situation 0 473,620 55,035 0 418,584
    Special-purpose convertible 39,975,309 31,942,169 21,641,110 (225) 50,276,143
    Bulgaria 28 0 0 0 28
    China 55,638 84,684 14,633 0 125,690
    Cuba 391,148 21,000 0 0 412,148
    Egypt (45,546) 0 0 0 (45,546)
    Egypt Iron and Steel Co. 31,942 0 0 0 31,942
    India 568,714 388 (20,885) 9,364 599,351
    Poland 15,034 (15,034) 0 0 0
    Slovakia 147,001 0 0 0 147,001
    Tifac, New Delhi 388 (388) 0 0 0
    Undefined 295 0 0 0 295
    Special-purpose non-convertible 1,164,643 90,650 (6,252) 9,364 1,270,909
    44,042,305 32,404,190 21,822,733 24,527 54,648,289
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    Table 4. Summary of technical cooperation activities financed by trust funds
    for the year 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In United States dollars)
    Fund balance
    01/01/2004
    Contributions
    received, interest
    and miscellaneous
    income 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Fund balance
    31/12/2004
    Projects financed by recipient Governments
    Algeria 66,052 0 52,033 14,019
    Argentina 424,860 0 0 424,860
    Argentina—Centro de investigacion de celulosa y
    papel 10,887 0 (594) 11,480
    Bolivia 12,460 0 0 12,460
    Brazil 204,135 0 41,422 162,713
    Bulgaria 0 16,274 9,419 6,855
    Belarus 26,204 0 0 26,204
    Chile 6,824 0 0 6,824
    Colombia 242,377 190,557 109,399 323,535
    China 929,524 371,203 498,849 801,877
    Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 50,746 113,011 124,833 38,924
    Ecuador 369,782 74,800 203,409 241,173
    Egypt 3,462,983 1,151,166 1,274,856 3,339,293
    Egypt—Social Fund for Development 240,823 88,612 156,570 172,865
    Gabon 2,790 0 (813) 3,604
    Honduras 2,577 20 84 2,513
    India 1,662,709 1,576,282 912,925 2,326,066
    Iran (Islamic Republic of) 413,353 45,000 130,946 327,407
    Iran—Organization for Investment, Economic and
    Technical Assistance of Iran 47,322 0 (4,790) 52,112
    Iraq 210,936 13,837 111,030 113,744
    Côte d’Ivoire 49,807 0 41,735 8,073
    Kenya 11,904 28,673 6,530 34,047
    Lebanon 27,308 0 (3,272) 30,580
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya—Benghazi Development
    Centre 8,093 0 0 8,093
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya—General Pipe Company
    Benghazi 2,700 0 0 2,700
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya—Industrial Research Centre
    of Libya 10,049 0 0 10,049
    Libyan Arab Jamahiriya—Secretariat of Strategic
    Industry 53,081 0 0 53,081
    Lithuania 28,250 0 20,263 7,987
    Madagascar 135,093 0 0 135,093
    Mauritius 18,826 0 (8,112) 26,938
    Mexico 10,596 0 (10,461) 21,058
    Nigeria 2,500,605 766,701 692,933 2,574,373
    Oman 11,311 0 0 11,311
    Panama 10,057 0 0 10,057
    Paraguay 17,780 0 0 17,780
    Russian Federation 176,831 121,583 195,876 102,538
    Russian Federation—The Foundation NEM and
    CPCOGI 1,662 0 (110) 1,772
    Saudi Arabia 0 1,337,867 8,668 1,329,198
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    Fund balance
    01/01/2004
    Contributions
    received, interest
    and miscellaneous
    income 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Fund balance
    31/12/2004
    Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority 189,908 (137,730) (1) 52,179
    Saudi German Hospitals Group 21,127 0 4,977 16,150
    Slovenia 22,674 0 0 22,674
    Thailand 18,243 0 113 18,130
    Turkey 118,176 1,500,000 743,069 875,108
    Subtotal 11,831,425 7,257,855 5,311,785 13,777,495
    Associate Experts & JPOs
    Austria 40,565 (42,057) (1,491) 0
    Belgium 214,679 3,502 102,609 115,572
    Denmark 292,234 312,906 288,307 316,833
    France 21,388 0 1,053 20,335
    Germany 45,930 107,702 37,643 115,989
    Italy 532,056 572,544 605,019 499,581
    Japan 529,794 72,877 436,020 166,651
    Netherlands 368,880 605,979 606,089 368,771
    Norway 288,888 318,417 303,437 303,868
    Republic of Korea 12,143 0 15,659 (3,516)
    Russian Federation 4,617 87,959 80,149 12,428
    Spain 34,783 0 9,477 25,307
    Switzerland 126,295 121,928 113,914 134,309
    Subtotal 2,512,254 2,161,759 2,597,886 2,076,127
    JPOs travel
    Belgium 31,514 0 0 31,514
    Denmark 32,193 0 0 32,193
    Germany 10,661 0 0 10,661
    Japan 61,564 (61,564) 0 0
    Netherlands 348,537 (348,537) 0 0
    Norway 4,267 0 0 4,267
    Subtotal 488,736 (410,101) 0 78,635
    Projects financed by donor Governments
    Australia 23,155 0 (119) 23,274
    Austria 46,664 13,953 (2,398) 63,015
    Belgium 114,892 0 33,612 81,280
    Canada 5,493 (5,493) 0 0
    Czech Republic 99,303 (23,410) 66,310 9,583
    Denmark 451,208 0 213,977 237,231
    Finland 772,086 786,905 550,522 1,008,469
    France 1,600,428 1,075,358 582,284 2,093,502
    Germany 101,339 113,017 111,748 102,608
    Greece 23,427 0 (97) 23,524
    Italy 5,474,318 18,667,978 8,461,448 15,680,847
    Japan 2,232,270 439,546 1,043,006 1,628,810
    Japanese Embassy—Guinea TF/GUI/00/001 1,539 84 1,623 0
    Norway 2,482 1,906,617 177,323 1,731,776
    Republic of Korea 500,980 (10,698) 263,710 226,573
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    Fund balance
    01/01/2004
    Contributions
    received, interest
    and miscellaneous
    income 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Fund balance
    31/12/2004
    Republic of Korea—Korean Research Institute of
    Standards and Science 131,305 0 (1,697) 133,002
    Slovakia 7,398 0 0 7,398
    Spain 125,891 0 0 125,891
    Sweden 4,632 0 4,059 572
    United Kingdom 984,561 568,293 676,383 876,470
    United States of America 373,232 0 0 373,232
    Subtotal 13,076,601 23,532,150 12,181,694 24,427,057
    Undefined 23,107 151,087 127,961 46,233
    Subtotal 23,107 151,087 127,961 46,233
    Other trust funds
    African Productive Capacity Facility 0 61,245 0 61,245
    AIDC (Automative Industry Development Centre),
    South Africa 30,253 0 (9) 30,262
    Aluminium Company of America (Alcoa), USA 17,507 0 0 17,507
    Austria Rural Energy 1,076,613 0 0 1,076,613
    Badea: Arab Bank for Economic Development in
    Africa 2,450 0 0 2,450
    Beni-Suef Cement Company, Egypt 33,822 0 0 33,822
    Centro de Investigaciones Textiles, Argentina 116,969 95,286 151,694 60,561
    Ceylon Steel Corporation Ltd., Sri Lanka 5,284 0 0 5,284
    CFC—FC/INT/97/021 54,708 0 162,806 (108,098)
    CFC—FC/RAF/03/065 132,715 0 478,624 (345,909)
    CFC—FC/RAF/04/088 0 250,000 9,172 240,828
    CFC—FC/RAF/96/001 (164,337) 149,990 339,947 (354,294)
    CFC—FC/RAS/00/153 (24,241) 148,462 116,500 7,721
    CFC—FC/URT/04/118 0 149,990 0 149,990
    Chugoku Electric Power Co. Inc., Japan 137,747 0 82,925 54,821
    Eastern and Southern African Leather Industries
    Association 6,660 0 2,620 4,040
    Engineering for the Petroleum and Process Industry
    (ENPPI), Egypt 8,179 0 0 8,179
    Engineering Consulting Firms Association, Japan 11,441 0 0 11,441
    Epstein Engineering Export Ltd., USA 807 0 0 807
    European Union 439,182 4,396,016 2,456,637 2,378,561
    European Union Commission 74,701 171,778 52,622 193,857
    FAO 275 0 0 275
    Federal Chemical and Ceramics Corporation, Pakistan (1,677) 0 0 (1,677)
    France 0 463,120 441,067 22,053
    Glucosan Factories, Iran (Islamic Republic of) 13 0 185 (172)
    Gulf Co-Operation Council, Saudi Arabia 11,676 0 0 11,676
    Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting, Qatar 38,420 38,420 52,065 24,775
    IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural
    Development) 57,380 0 (885) 58,265
    Institute for Scientific and Technological
    Development (IDCT), Brazil 88,958 0 83,777 5,181
    International Development Association 144,643 0 0 144,643
    Inversiones Cofide S.A., Peru 15,405 0 0 15,405
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    Fund balance
    01/01/2004
    Contributions
    received, interest
    and miscellaneous
    income 2004
    Expenditures
    2004
    Fund balance
    31/12/2004
    Iranian Fuel Conservation Organization (IFCO), Iran
    (Islamic Republic of) 0 45,000 1,929 43,071
    Islamic Development Bank, Saudi Arabia 5,840 0 (249) 6,090
    Italy 0 152,430 152,418 12
    Jiangsu Baixue Electric Appliances Company Ltd.,
    China 407 0 0 407
    Kuwait Finance House 0 153,680 0 153,680
    MAGFA Information Technology Development
    Centre, Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0 46,887 5,558 41,329
    Magnetti Marelli:Fiat Group TFIND99009, Italy 10,103 0 0 10,103
    Nadsme—Slovak Republic 8,181 0 0 8,181
    New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
    Organization, Japan 24,664 44,893 53,177 16,380
    New Nigeria Development Company, Nigeria 28,325 0 0 28,325
    Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Nigeria 492,155 0 (10,494) 502,649
    Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation
    (NORAD), Norway 1,221,545 1,790,826 721,500 2,290,870
    Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd, India 33,727 1,030,000 205,845 857,882
    Petroliam Nasional Berhad (Petronas), Malaysia 28,179 0 0 28,179
    Premag Handelsges.M.B.H, Austria 2,595 0 0 2,595
    Procter & Gamble Far East Inc., Japan 475 0 0 475
    RENPAP Member Countries 0 27,688 0 27,688
    Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Ind., Brazil 51,126 11,684 27,566 35,245
    Sezione Speciale per l’assicurazione del Credito, Italy 36,448 0 0 36,448
    Shahid Modarres Industrial Pharmaceutical Complex,
    Iran (Islamic Republic of) 53,878 0 0 53,878
    Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON), Nigeria 0 243,341 0 243,341
    Staudhammer Finanz AG, Switzerland 3,357 0 0 3,357
    Sudan 329 0 0 329
    Swedish International Enterprise Development
    Corporation (Swedcorp), Sweden 201,445 0 144,259 57,186
    TESIDE (Turkish Electronic Industry Association),
    Turkey 1,781 0 0 1,781
    The Ford Foundation, USA 1,762 18,000 0 19,762
    Trust Fund Trade 665,444 540,905 307,453 898,897
    United Nations Fund for International Partnerships 517,479 570,870 666,496 421,854
    UNDG Iraq Trust Fund 0 10,950,550 66,254 10,884,296
    UNDP/UNDHA 499 (499) 0 0
    Unilever Research, United Kingdom 2,497 0 0 2,497
    United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security 1,221,608 2,135,399 583,862 2,773,145
    UNOPS 0 507,324 0 507,324
    US Agency for International Development, USA (399) 0 0 (399)
    Yemen Corporation for Cement Industry and
    Marketing 15,708 0 0 15,708
    Subtotal 6,944,712 24,193,287 7,355,323 23,782,675
    GRAND TOTAL 34,876,835 56,886,037 27,574,648 64,188,223
    Note now includes FC Projects
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    Table 5. Summary of technical cooperation activities for 2004
    financed under inter-organization agreements
    (in United States dollars)
    Project expenditure Programme support Total expenditure
    UNDP
    UNDP main programme 975,398 97,605 1,073,003
    Project for which UNIDO is the associated agency 155,991 25,810 181,801
    Government-executed projects for which UNIDO is
    the implementing agency 2,328,797 66,154 2,394,951
    UNDP trust funds 2,449,771 144,548 2,594,319
    5,909,957 334,117 6,244,074
    UNEP
    UNEP/GEF 919,947 79,624 999,571
    919,947 79,624 999,571
    Total 6,829,904 413,741 7,243,645
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    Annex II
    Operating Funds—UNDP and UNDP Trust Funds
    Report No. 1
    UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
    (Name of Executing Agency)
    (UNIDO)
    Status of Funds as at 31 December 2004
    (Expressed in US dollars)
    Operating Funds
    Opening balance as at 1 January 2004 18,308,560
    Credited to project clearing account (15,897,201)
    Other charges and credits for prior years (4,054,999)
    (1,643,640)
    Add: Service Clearing Account
    Cash drawings from UNDP (22,700,000)
    IOV’s 19,863,927
    2004 charges and credits 2,950
    Miscellaneous income and exchange adjustments (Report No. 8) 131,724
    Miscellaneous items refunded to UNDP (Report No. 8) 7,095
    Closing balance as at 31 December 2004 (2,694,304)
    Add: Project Clearing Account
    Opening balance as at 1 January 2004 15,897,201
    Less: Expenditure and support costs for lines implemented for
    self-executed projects (Executing PDRs) 1,073,003
    Expenditure and support costs for lines implemented for
    projects executed by other agencies and Governments
    (Implementing PDRs) 2,576,752 3,649,755
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    Closing balance as at 31 December 2004 12,247,446
    Balance as at 31 December 2004 7,909,502
    Represented by:
    Cash at banks, on hand and in transit 9,553,051
    Accounts receivable (Report No. 9) 5,882,140 15,435,191
    Less: Accounts payable (Report No. 10) 6,976,563
    2004 unliquidated obligations 549,126 7,525,689
    Balance as at 31 December 2004 7,909,502
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    STATEMENT I
    GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY
    (Title of Trust Fund)
    (Name of Participating and Executing Agency)
    (UNIDO)
    Status of Funds at 31 December 2004
    (Expressed in US dollars)
    Operating Fund $ $
    Balance at 1 January 2004 (1,013,070)
    Add: Cash drawings from UNDP
    IOVs
    Other charges/credits (net)
    Miscellaneous income and exchange adjustments (net)
    (Report No. 19) (3,515)
    Miscellaneous items charged to trust fund (net)
    (Report No. 19) (9,108) (12,623)
    (1,025,693)
    Less: Expenditure during 2004
    For projects
    Disbursements (Report No. 15A) 1,423,193
    Unliquidated obligations (Report No. 16) 849,746
    For AOS (Report No. 15A) 126,865 2,399,804
    (3,425,497)
    Add/subtract:
    Adjustments to prior years (Report No. 15B):
    Expenditure 6,014,113
    Support costs
    AOS 59,024
    Balance at 31 December 2004 2,647,640
    Represented by:
    Cash at banks, on hand and in transit 0
    Accounts receivable (Report No. 20) 3,864,219 3,864,219
    Less: Accounts payable (Report No. 21) 363,389
    Unliquidated obligations (Report No. 16) 853,190 1,216,579
    2,647,640
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    STATEMENT I
    REPUBLIC OF KOREA FOR THE TUMEN REGION
    (Title of Trust Fund)
    (Name of Participating and Executing Agency)
    (UNIDO)
    Status of Funds at 31 December 2004
    (Expressed in US dollars)
    Operating Fund
    Balance at 1 January 2004 (14,352)
    Add: Cash drawings from UNDP
    IOV’s
    Other charges/credits (net)
    Miscellaneous income and exchange adjustments
    (net) (Report No. 19) (1,026)
    Miscellaneous items refunded to trust fund (net)
    (Report No. 18) (1,026)
    (15,378)
    Less: Expenditure during 2004
    For projects
    Disbursements (Report No. 15A) 101,669
    Unliquidated obligations (Report No. 16) 75,163
    For AOS (Report No. 15A) 17,683 194,515
    (209,893)
    Add/subtract:
    Adjustments to prior years (Report No. 15B):
    Expenditure
    Support costs
    AOS
    Balance at 31 December 2004 (209,893)
    Represented by:
    Cash at banks, on hand and in transit 0
    Accounts receivable (Report No. 20) 0 0
    Less: Accounts payable (Report No. 21) 134,071
    Unliquidated obligations (Report No. 16) 75,822 209,893
    (209,893)
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    Annex III
    SPECIAL ACCOUNT FOR BUILDINGS MANAGEMENT SERVICES
    (FOR OTHER THAN STAFF COSTS)
    (In euros)
    Statement of income and expenditure for the year ended 31 December 2004
    INCOME
    Contributions received
    IAEA 7,493,565
    UNIDO 2,339,502
    UNOV 3,147,843
    CTBTO 1,225,440 14,206,350
    Interest income 159,591
    Currency exchange loss (83)
    Miscellaneous income 20,973
    TOTAL INCOME 14,386,831
    EXPENDITURE
    Rental and maintenance of premises 7,556,955
    Utilities 5,286,288
    Supplies and materials 74,791
    Capital goods 103,430
    Bank charges 4,792
    Other general operating expenses 13,069
    TOTAL EXPENDITURE 13,039,325
    EXCESS (SHORTFALL) OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE FOR 2004 1,347,506
    Savings on cancellation of obligations 740,779
    NET SURPLUS FOR 2004 2,088,285
    Statement of assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2004
    ASSETS
    Cash 11,961,926
    Accounts receivable
    Taxation 1,100,575
    Contributions receivable* 4,815,676
    Other 1,560,610
    TOTAL ASSETS 19,438,787
    LIABILITIES
    Unliquidated obligations 7,500,884
    Accounts payable
    Other 1,405,826
    TOTAL LIABILITIES 8,906,710
    FUND BALANCE
    Balance available as at 1 January 2004 8,443,792
    Add: Net surplus for 2004 2,088,285
    Balance available as at 31 December 2004 10,532,077
    TOTAL RESERVES AND FUND BALANCE 10,532,077
    TOTAL LIABILITIES, RESERVES AND FUND BALANCE 19,438,787
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    IAEA UNIDO UNOV CTBTO Total
    2004 opening fund balance 4,399,747 1,456,095 1,865,459 722,491 8,443,792
    2004 contributions 7,493,565 2,339,502 3,147,843 1,225,440 14,206,350
    Interest (net of bank charges) 32,285 43,721 50,601 28,192 154,799
    Net expenditure (6,473,690) (2,021,095) (2,719,421) (1,058,658) (12,272,864)
    5,451,907 1,818,223 2,344,482 917,465 10,532,077
    * Contributions receivable 4,812,392 0 3,205 79 4,815,676

    ***

    Scale % Contributions payable 1 January 2004 Credits and Collections in 2004 Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004 Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding

    Haiti 0.00284 – 2,016 – 2,016 – - -
    Honduras 0.00711 – 5,048 – 5,048 – - -

    Dominican Republic 0.03270 350,535 23,217 – - 350,535 23,217 373,752

    United Arab Emirates 0.28716 – 203,884 – 203,884 – - -
    United Kingdom 7.86994 – 5,587,656 – 5,587,656 – - -

    ***

    Subtotal: 146,391 – 710 – 145,681 – 145,681
    TOTAL 113,977,821 71,000,000 3,311,033 64,264,899 110,666,788 6,735,101 117,401,889
    1986 50,465 35 50,430 50,430
    1987 53,410 – 53,410 53,410
    1988 82,281 17 82,264 82,264
    1989 109,948 1,094 108,854 108,854
    1990 525,661 9,835 515,826 515,826
    1991 763,259 9,856 753,403 753,403
    1992 942,764 26,744 916,020 916,020
    1993 1,140,298 48,632 1,091,666 1,091,666
    1994 8,072,707 56,864 8,015,843 8,015,843
    1995 37,918,785 1,040,500 36,878,285 36,878,285
    1996 35,079,800 24,831 35,054,969 35,054,969
    1997 5,047,707 95,669 4,952,038 4,952,038
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    Scale % Contributions payable 1 January 2004 Credits and Collections in 2004 Contributions outstanding
    M e m b e r S t a t e s
    2004 Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium Prior biennium Current biennium
    Total outstanding
    1998 3,956,766 133,424 3,823,342 3,823,342
    1999 4,628,093 235,359 4,392,734 4,392,734
    2000 3,028,794 87,689 2,941,105 2,941,105
    2001 3,172,139 100,188 3,071,951 3,071,951
    2002 3,985,584 388,833 3,596,751 3,596,751
    2003 5,419,360 1,051,463 4,367,897 4,367,897
    TOTAL 113,977,821 71,000,000 3,311,033 64,264,899 110,666,788 6,735,101 117,401,889

    ***
    STATUS OF ADVANCES TO THE WORKING CAPITAL FUND
    as at 31 December 2004
    Scale of assessment Amount of Collections M e m b e r S t a t e Adjustments Collections Amount
    (per cent) advance 1986-2003 2004 2004 outstanding

    Haiti 0.00284 211 223 (12) -
    Honduras 0.00711 528 520 8 -

    GENERAL FUND AND WORKING CAPITAL FUND
    Statement of cash flow for the year ended 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)

    Total 2004 Total 2002
    Cash flows from operating activities
    Excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure (Statement I) 13,652.5 8,423.4
    (Increase) decrease in contributions receivable (3,419.9) (389.9)
    (Increase) decrease other accounts receivable 120.8 5,235.7
    Increase (decrease) in contributions or payments received in advance 1,134.1 955.4
    Increase (decrease) in unliquidated obligations (7,059.9) (9,908.9)
    Increase (decrease) in accounts payable (2,198.5) (5,416.9)
    Increase (decrease) in other funds and special accounts (182.3)
    Less: Interest income 660.5
    Currency exchange adjustments 174.3 834.8 880.3
    Net cash from operating activities 1,394.3 (2,163.8)
    Cash flows from investing and financing activities
    Increase (decrease) in interfund balances (404.3) (909.9)
    Increase (decrease) in borrowings (865.0) (1,618.0)
    Plus: Interest income 660.5
    Currency exchange adjustments 174.3 834.8 880.3
    Net cash from investing and financing activities (434.5) (1,647.6)
    Cash flows from other sources
    Savings on or cancellation of prior period’s obligations 3,281.3 4,315.7
    Transfers to (from) reserves 410.5 2,278.8
    Credits to Member States and prior bienniums adjustments (3,063.9) 9.1
    Net cash from other sources 627.9 6,603.6
    Net increase (decrease) in cash 1,587.7 2,792.2
    Cash at beginning of period 23,393.9 18,328.7
    Cash at end of period (Statement II) 24,981.6 21,120.9

    ***

    GENERAL FUND
    Status of appropriations by major programme for 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Major Programme
    Original
    appropriation
    Transfers/
    other
    adjustments
    Revised
    appropriation
    Disbursements
    during 2004
    Unliquidated
    obligations
    as at 31/12/04
    Total
    expenditure
    Balance of
    appropriations
    Governing Bodies 2,507.3 0.0 2,507.3 2,302.2 0.2 2,302.4 204.9
    General Management 5,960.3 0.0 5,960.3 5,140.7 389.7 5,530.4 429.9
    Strengthening of Industrial Capacities 14,561.0 0.0 14,561.0 9,846.3 266.9 10,113.2 4,447.8
    Cleaner and Sustainable Industrial Development 11,782.7 0.0 11,782.7 11,157.3 237.2 11,394.5 388.2
    Regional Programme 17,409.9 0.0 17,409.9 9,739.6 2,068.2 11,807.8 5,602.1
    Administration 13,159.3 0.0 13,159.3 9,628.8 663.8 10,292.6 2,866.7
    Indirect Costs 8,010.4 0.0 8,010.4 7,082.1 285.9 7,368.0 642.4
    Total A 73,390.9 0.0 73,390.9 54,897.0 3,911.9 58,808.9 14,582.0
    Approved estimates Actual income Accrued income Total income (Excess) shortfall
    Income
    Regional Programme 802.9 0.0 802.9 260.9 0.0 260.9 542.0
    Miscellaneous Income
    (i) Estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 689.8 0.0 689.8 698.2 0.0 698.2 (8.4)
    (ii) Not estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 502.3 0.0 502.3 (502.3)
    Total B 1,492.7 0.0 1,492.7 1,461.4 0.0 1,461.4 31.3
    Total A—B 71,898.2 0.0 71,898.2 53,435.6 3,911.9 57,347.5 14,550.7

    Statement IV

    ***

    GENERAL FUND
    Status of appropriations by major object of expenditure for 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)

    Major object of expenditure
    Original
    appropriation
    Transfers/
    other
    adjustments
    Revised
    appropriation
    Disbursements
    during 2004
    Unliquidated
    obligations
    as at 31/12/04
    Total
    expenditure
    Balance of
    appropriations
    Salaries and common staff costs 48,784.1 0.0 48,784.1 39,142.1 1,442.1 40,584.2 8,199.9
    Official travel 1,439.6 0.0 1,439.6 731.6 156.1 887.7 551.9
    Operating costs 13,139.2 0.0 13,139.2 8,506.1 1,528.9 10,035.0 3,104.2
    Information and communication technology 2,948.2 0.0 2,948.2 1,359.2 436.4 1,795.6 1,152.6
    RPTC and SRA activities 7,079.8 0.0 7,079.8 5,158.0 348.4 5,506.4 1,573.4
    Total A 73,390.9 0.0 73,390.9 54,897.0 3,911.9 58,808.9 14,582.0
    Approved estimates Actual income Accrued income Total income (Excess) shortfall
    Income
    Regional Programme 802.9 0.0 802.9 260.9 0.0 260.9 542.0
    Miscellaneous income
    (i) Estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 689.8 0.0 689.8 698.2 0.0 698.2 (8.4)
    (ii) Not estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 502.3 0.0 502.3 (502.3)
    Total B 1,492.7 0.0 1,492.7 1,461.4 0.0 1,461.4 31.3
    Total A—B 71,898.2 0.0 71,898.2 53,435.6 3,911.9 57,347.5 14,550.7

    Major object of expenditure
    Original
    appropriation
    Transfers/
    other
    adjustments
    Revised
    appropriation
    Disbursements
    during 2004
    Unliquidated
    obligations
    as at 31/12/04
    Total
    expenditure
    Balance of
    appropriations
    Salaries and common staff costs 48,784.1 0.0 48,784.1 39,142.1 1,442.1 40,584.2 8,199.9
    Official travel 1,439.6 0.0 1,439.6 731.6 156.1 887.7 551.9
    Operating costs 13,139.2 0.0 13,139.2 8,506.1 1,528.9 10,035.0 3,104.2
    Information and communication technology 2,948.2 0.0 2,948.2 1,359.2 436.4 1,795.6 1,152.6
    RPTC and SRA activities 7,079.8 0.0 7,079.8 5,158.0 348.4 5,506.4 1,573.4
    Total A 73,390.9 0.0 73,390.9 54,897.0 3,911.9 58,808.9 14,582.0
    Approved estimates Actual income Accrued income Total income (Excess) shortfall
    Income
    Regional Programme 802.9 0.0 802.9 260.9 0.0 260.9 542.0
    Miscellaneous income
    (i) Estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 689.8 0.0 689.8 698.2 0.0 698.2 (8.4)
    (ii) Not estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 502.3 0.0 502.3 (502.3)
    Total B 1,492.7 0.0 1,492.7 1,461.4 0.0 1,461.4 31.3
    Total A—B 71,898.2 0.0 71,898.2 53,435.6 3,911.9 57,347.5 14,550.7

    ***

    OTHER HEADQUARTERS FUNDS—BUILDINGS MANAGEMENT SERVICES
    Status of appropriations by major object of expenditure for 2004 as at 31 December 2004
    (In thousands of euros)
    Major object of expenditure
    Original
    appropriation
    Transfers/other
    adjustments
    Revised
    appropriation
    Disbursements
    during 2004
    Unliquidated
    obligations
    as at 31/12/04
    Total
    expenditure
    Balance of
    appropriations
    Staff costs 6,875.6 0.0 6,875.6 5,734.3 15.0 5,749.3 1,126.3
    Official travel 5.8 0.0 5.8 2.2 0.0 2.2 3.6
    Operating costs 16,795.8 0.0 16,795.8 5,896.0 5,714.7 11,610.7 5,185.1
    Information and communication technology 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    RPTC and SRA activities 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    Total A 23,677.2 0.0 23,677.2 11,632.5 5,729.7 17,362.2 6,315.0
    Estimated income
    Actual
    income
    Accrued
    income
    Total
    income
    (Excess)
    shortfall
    Income
    Common Buildings Management 22,777.1 0.0 22,777.1 19,711.6 93.3 19,804.9 2,972.2
    Joint Buildings Management 900.1 0.0 900.1 585.5 13.6 599.1 301.0
    Total B 23,677.2 0.0 23,677.2 20,297.1 106.9 20,404.0 3,273.2
    Miscellaneous income
    Not estimated in GC.9/Dec.17 0.0 0.0 0.0 180.5 0.0 180.5 (180.5)
    Total C 0.0 0.0 0.0 180.5 0.0 180.5 (180.5)
    Total A—B—C 0.0 0.0 0.0 (8,845.1) 5,622.8 (3,222.3) 3,222.3
    Cumulative fund balance — special account for BMS (GC.9/Dec.14)
    Excess of income over expenditure 3,222.3
    – Savings on cancellation of obligations 740.8
    – Unliquidated obligations (1,874.8)
    Net surplus for 2004 2,088.3
    Balance at the beginning of year 8,443.8
    Balance at the end of year 10,532.1*
    * The balance at year-end reported above is attributable to the special account for Buildings Management and is not subject to financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c).
    As at 31 December 2004, contributions outstanding to the special account for Buildings Management from the VBOs are €4,815,676.

    Schedule 4.1 – pg. 19

    ***

    II. NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
    Preface
    UNIDO MISSION STATEMENT
    The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is a specialized United Nations agency dedicated to promoting sustainable industrial development in countries with developing and transition economies.

    UNIDO draws on the wide industrial expertise of its staff and the resources of government, the private sector and other United Nations multilateral and national institutions to create productive employment, competitive economies and a sound environment.

    Fostering growth and productivity is central to UNIDO’s highly focused sectoral, regional and country-specific programmes. UNIDO is committed to maintaining excellent standards in the implementation of these programmes with the ultimate aim of assisting the developing countries and transition economies in their struggle against poverty and marginalization.

    ***

    (r) Technical cooperation accounts:
    (i) The appropriations for the Regular Programme of Technical Cooperation (RPTC) are administered in
    accordance with the financial regulations of UNIDO, and in accordance with the General Conference
    decision mentioned in paragraph (o) above;
    (ii) Allocation income—UNDP. The figures for allocation income from UNDP and UNDP trust funds are
    the same as reported for total expenditure in line with UNDP procedures, which require that
    allocations be adjusted to equal actual expenditure;
    (iii) Contributions income—trust funds and Industrial Development Fund (IDF). Voluntary contributions
    from Governments or other donors are recorded upon receipt of cash. The use of such contributions is
    governed by agreements between UNIDO and the Government/donor. Upon termination, expiration,
    or revision of an agreement or receipt of other instructions from the Government/donor, any surplus
    remaining in a trust/other funds is returned to the Government/donor or disposed of as requested by the
    Government/donor;
    (iv) Interest and miscellaneous income. Interest income arising from the RPTC is credited to the General
    Fund; however, the miscellaneous income relating to the RPTC is credited to the special account.
    Interest income arising from the special account for Buildings Management is credited to that account,
    and finally prorated to the Vienna-based organizations taking into account the funds contributed by
    them and the date of receipt of such funds in the account. Interest income arising from UNDP
    activities is credited to the operating fund account maintained with that organization. Interest income
    arising from the Industrial Development Fund, other than the general-purpose segment, as well as the
    trust funds relating to the technical cooperation activities is credited to accounts payable until
    instructions regarding its disposal are received from the donor. Interest accrued under the General
    Purpose segment of the Industrial Development Fund is credited to that Fund. Interest income
    IDB.30/9
    PBC.21/9
    Page 24
    attributable to the Montreal Protocol is treated immediately as an additional programmable balance.
    Interest income credited to the Global Environmental Facility, excluding interest income earned on
    funds transferred as UNIDO fees, is set aside as accounts payable pending instructions to its return to
    the trustee;
    (v) The criteria for recording and reporting unliquidated obligations against the current biennium for the
    RPTC are the same as those for the regular budget; however, as stated in paragraph (o) above, these
    obligations are not subject to financial regulation 4.2(b) that requires that obligations shall remain
    available for twelve months following the end of the fiscal period to which they relate. For all other
    technical cooperation fund sources, obligations may be reported as expenditure of the current year on
    the basis of the following criteria:
    Personnel services
    The cost of salaries and related expenses corresponding to services rendered within the calendar year.
    Personnel services, in this context, include temporary assistance and overtime as well as consultants
    who have subscribed to Special Service Agreements. However, when the remuneration of the
    consultant is expressed as a lump sum rather than a sum per period worked, the full cost of the contract
    may be treated as an obligation of the current year.
    Supplies and equipment
    The full cost of contracts or purchase orders entered into prior to the end of the year, whether or not
    delivery has been effected, as long as there is budgetary provision in the current period.
    Subcontracts
    An obligation can be maintained on the basis of the payment schedule included in the signed contract
    with the contractor. Where no payment schedule exists, the basis is the estimated timing of payments.
    Fellowships
    The cost of the fellowship from the date of commencement of study to completion of study or
    31 December, whichever is earlier. The fellow must have been placed, i.e. the fellowship awarded to a
    named individual and the place, course and the duration of the study established and the recipient
    Government notified.
    Travel
    The full cost of travel, including the cost of transportation, subsistence allowances and other incidental
    expenses if travel started prior to the end of the calendar year.
    Group training
    The cost of activities held in the current year. In the case of activities beginning in one year and
    continuing into the next, the full cost of the activity should be charged to the current year.
    (vi) Unliquidated obligations for the current period in respect of all technical cooperation activities other
    than the regular budget remain valid for 12 months following the end of the year, rather than the
    biennium, to which they relate. However, in accordance with UNDP reporting requirements, executing
    agencies may retain unliquidated obligations beyond 12 months when a firm liability to pay still exists;
    such liabilities are reported as accounts payable in the financial statements. Savings on or the
    cancellation of obligations relating to the RPTC are credited to the special account approved by the
    General Conference. Savings on or the liquidation of prior period obligations in respect of all other
    technical activities are credited to individual projects as a reduction of current period expenditure in
    accordance with UNDP reporting requirements. The UNDP requirements are also applied in the case
    of the Industrial Development Fund, trust funds, Montreal Protocol and the Global Environmental
    Facility.
    (s) Trust funds. Director-General’s bulletin UNIDO/DG/B.18/Rev.1 dated 15 May 1992 sets out revised
    policies for establishing and managing trust funds with effect from 26 May 1992. Extrabudgetary funds provided to
    reimburse the Organization for the use of its facilities are excluded from the provisions of UNIDO/DG/B.18/Rev.1.

    ***

    (t) Special account for programme support costs:
    (i) Reimbursement for programme support costs is provided for in respect of extrabudgetary technical
    cooperation activities. Reimbursement is calculated as a percentage of programme resources
    expended. The Montreal Protocol Fund, under a new arrangement that became effective January 2003,
    makes an annual lump sum payment of US$ 1.5 million as support cost for the implementation of its
    programme/projects; this amount is recorded as current year income. The Fund also pays a reduced
    support cost in respect of each of its projects, which, similar to most other technical cooperation
    activities, is calculated as a percentage of programme resources expended;
    (ii) In the financial statements of the Organization, the special account for programme support costs is
    shown separately from the inter-organization funds, from which its income derives;
    (iii) Unliquidated obligations in respect of the special account for programme support costs are accounted
    for on the same basis as for the regular budget.
    (u) Ex gratia payments made in accordance with financial rule 109.13 are reported in the notes to the financial
    statements of the respective fund pursuant to financial regulation 9.3.
    Note 2. General Fund and Working Capital Fund
    (a) Assessed contributions
    The General Conference approved an amount of €142,000,000 for the regular budget for the biennium 2004-2005
    (GC.10/Dec.17) to be financed from contributions by Member States, one half of which €71,000,000 was assessed to
    Member States for 2004, in accordance with financial regulation 5.1(c). Full provision is made for contributions
    outstanding from prior years of €110,666,788 as at 31 December 2004.
    (b) Revenue-producing activities
    Gross revenue from the sale of UNIDO publications was €75,455, one-half of which (€37,727) was transferred to
    the sales publications revolving fund. Sales promotional activities and other costs charged to the sales publications
    revolving fund of €26,576 resulted in a net surplus for the year 2004 of €11,152. The net balance of the sales
    publications revolving fund as at 31 December 2004 is €132,267.
    (c) Interest income in excess of the budgetary estimates
    Interest income in excess of the budgetary estimate (€660,500) for the year 2004 is €57,870; actual amount, if any,
    due for distribution to eligible Member States will be determined at the end of the biennium. Pursuant to decision
    GC.8/Dec.10, this amount is added to accounts payable established for this purpose in 1999. As at 31 December 2004,
    the balance on this account was €289,527, out of which funds amounting to €231,657 were credited to eligible Member
    States, in accordance with the “S” curve formula, when their assessed contributions for the year 2005 were calculated.
    (d) Currency exchange adjustments
    The amount of €174,307 represents the net realized exchange gain from regular budget activities.
    An unrealized exchange gain of €600,063 resulting from the revaluation of non-euro monetary assets and
    liabilities using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 31 December 2004 has not been recorded as
    income, but set aside within “accounts payable—other” until realized. Of this amount, €386,000 is attributable to the
    revaluation of the outstanding loan from the United Nations.
    (e) Miscellaneous income
    Of the total miscellaneous income, an amount of €171,127 relates to CTBTO support costs charged on BMS
    activities.

    (g) Prior biennium adjustments
    The total adjustment of €119,311 in 2004 comprises:
    (i) A charge of €3,000 for the biennium 1996-1997 in respect for a payment made to a UNIDO staff
    member as recommended by the Joint Appeals Board;
    (ii) A payment against the biennium 1998-1999 of €50,853 to a UNIDO staff member as recommended by
    the Joint Appeals Board;
    (iii) Biennium 2000-2001 charges of €23,137 related to IAEA library staff costs;
    (iv) Various late charges for the biennium 2002-2003 of €42,321 including €18,291 for projects under
    IDDA.
    (h) Savings on or cancellation of obligations from the prior biennium
    An amount of €3,277,774 net saving arises from the cancellation of 2002-2003 obligations. This amount consists
    of savings on the cancellation of obligations from the prior biennium of €3,287,665 less €9,891 exchange loss on
    liquidation of prior biennium IDDA obligations.
    (i) Accounts receivable—other
    “Accounts receivable—other” include the Organization’s claim amounting to €955,784 submitted to the
    Government of the United States of America in respect of United States income tax reimbursed to UNIDO staff
    members during the period 1994 to 1996 under the Tax Reimbursement Agreement. The Government of the United
    States of America had communicated to the Organization that it acknowledges this debt, however, no payment was
    received during 2004.
    The Organization’s claim to the International Atomic Energy Agency under the cost-sharing agreement for
    termination indemnity costs for Buildings Management staff separated during the 1995 staff reduction exercise is not
    resolved. The amount claimed is $644,453 (€723,720 at the United Nations operational rate of exchange approved by
    the ninth session of the General Conference (GC.9/Dec.15)). A provision for a possible write off of this receivable is
    included in accounts payable.
    (j) Assessed contributions received in advance
    Assessed contributions of €1,324,078 were received in advance from Member States in 2004 to be applied against
    the 2005 assessment.
    (k) Borrowings
    At the time UNIDO became a specialized agency, an interest-free loan of $16,000,000 was received from the
    United Nations. The loan is repayable at the rate of $1,000,000 a year, commencing in 1990. The total amount due as at
    31 December 2004 amounts to $1,000,000 (€737,000 at the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at
    31 December 2004).

    (l) Other reserves
    Other reserves comprise the following:
    €000’s
    Separation indemnity reserves 5,499.3
    Sales Publication Revolving Fund 132.3
    Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations 1,840.8
    Special account for RPTC 2,867.8
    10,340.2
    (m) Separation indemnity reserves
    Pursuant to decision GC.6/Dec.15, paragraph (e), the amount of $9,546,732 representing the balance of
    appropriations for the biennium 1992-1993, which was actually received by the Organization, was transferred to a
    separation indemnity reserve in 1995. The reserve balance of €1,109,698 at the beginning of the year was unchanged at
    31 December 2004 as no payments were made during 2004. Pursuant to General Conference decision GC.7/Dec.17, the
    amount of $13.9 million was transferred from the unencumbered balance of appropriations for the biennium 1994-1995
    for the funding of the separation indemnity reserve to meet the cost of staff separations resulting from the 1998-1999
    programme and budgets. Unlike the previous allocation from the 1992-1993 biennium, the allocation from the
    1994-1995 biennium was not supported by the actual cash, as large arrears for this biennium exist. This reserve had
    effectively been reduced to $3,908,824 (€4,389,609) by payments made during the period 1998-2001 of $9,991,176. No
    payments were made during 2004, thus the balance remained at €4,389,609. The total under separation indemnity
    reserves as at 31 December 2004 was €5,499,308.
    (n) Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations
    In order to protect the Organization from exchange rate fluctuations resulting from the introduction of the euro as
    a single currency for the preparation of the programme and budgets, appropriation and assessment, collection of
    contributions and advances, and currency of accounts, the General Conference in decision GC.8/Dec.16 authorized the
    Director-General to establish a reserve, not subject to the provisions of the financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c). The
    balance of €1,840,776 as at 31 December 2004 in the reserve represents the amount set aside during the previous
    biennium.
    (o) Working Capital Fund
    The amount of the Working Capital Fund was set by the General Conference at $9 million (GC.2/Dec.27). The
    level of the Fund was reduced to $6,750,000 (GC.6/Dec.16) for the biennium 1996-1997 and was further reduced to
    $6,610,000 for the biennium 1998-1999 (GC.7/Dec.12); $6,610,000 was approved for the biennium 2000-2001
    (GC.8/Dec.14), and the biennium 2002-2003 (GC.9/Dec.13). Effective 1 January 2002, the amount ($6,610,000) was
    converted to euros in accordance with GC.9/Dec.15, resulting in a Working Capital Fund of €7,423,030. The General
    Conference decided (GC.10/Dec.15) to maintain the Fund at the same level for the biennium 2004-2005.
    (p) Surplus due to Member States
    The following is an analysis of the surpluses due to Member States, expressed in millions of euros, after
    application of the provision for the delay in the collection of assessed contributions. The provision represents
    contributions receivable from Member States for prior bienniums and from new Member States at the balance sheet
    date. As at the balance sheet date, the surpluses due for distribution—representing assessed contributions received after
    the end of a biennium together with receipts from new Member States are set aside in “accounts payable—other”,
    pending receipt of Member States’ instructions. Of the total amount due for distribution of €3,624,342 as at
    31 December 2004, an amount of €536,534 was applied against the 2005 assessments.

    ***

    Page 28
    Surplus
    Surpluses disposed
    and applied to
    assessments
    Prior
    biennium
    adjustments
    Surpluses due
    for
    distribution
    Provisions for
    delays in the
    collection of
    contributions
    Surpluses
    due to
    Member
    States
    Remarks
    2004
    2002-2003
    2000-2001
    1998-1999
    1996-1997
    (GC.8/Res.4)
    13.6
    10.3
    10.3
    14.3
    46.9
    3.7
    5.3
    7.1
    0.1
    2.2
    0.5
    0.6
    0.2
    7.9
    6.0
    8.2
    40.0
    13.6
    0.2
    0.1
    0.1
    (0.4)
    Provisional
    1994-1995
    (GC.7/Dec.17)
    35.4
    15.6
    44.9
    (25.1)
    1992-1993
    (GC.6/Dec.15)
    (GC.8/Dec.10)
    (GC.8/Res.4)
    16.5
    14.4
    0.1
    2.0
    0.0
    1990-1991
    9.8
    1.3
    8.5
    Retained –
    GC.5/Dec.14
    1988-1989
    7.3
    0.2
    7.1
    Retained –
    GC.4/Dec.15
    1986-1987
    (GC.4/Dec.15)
    4.8
    4.8
    0.0
    Total 169.2 50.9 0.1 3.6 110.5 4.1
    Contributions
    from new
    Member States
    1.9
    1.7
    0.0
    0.2
    0.0
    Total 171.1 52.6 0.1 3.6 110.7 4.1
    (q) Eliminations
    Eliminations comprise two elements as shown below:
    (a) Buildings Management Service costs charged to UNIDO. An amount of €3,101,107 is eliminated from both
    operating costs and contractual services to avoid double counting of UNIDO’s contribution to buildings management
    costs;
    (b) Expenditure of €5,106,636 on RPTC and SRA activities is re-analysed into its component parts.
    (r) Long-term contracts
    Long-term contracts awarded for the operation of the VIC are not reported as commitments, as they may be
    terminated at any time without penalty.
    (s) Commitments
    Commitments of €420,038 representing legal obligations for which disbursements will be made in future years
    were entered into prior to 31 December 2004.

    ***

    (t) Contributions in kind
    Contributions in kind estimated at €152,011 were received from Member States in support of UNIDO field offices
    during the year.
    (u) Ex gratia payments
    No ex gratia payments were made in 2004.
    (v) Non-expendable equipment
    The following table shows the non-expendable equipment, at cost, expressed in millions of euros, according to the
    cumulative inventory records of UNIDO as at 31 December 2004. In accordance with UNIDO accounting policies, nonexpendable
    equipment is not included in the fixed assets of the Organization, but is charged against the appropriations
    when acquired. The minimum euro value per item of non-expendable property is €1,500.
    Balance as at 1 January 2004 12.6
    Adjustments to the opening balance 0.1
    Adjusted balance at 1 January 2004 12.7
    Add: acquisitions during 2004 0.5
    Deduct: disposals during 2004 1.0
    Balance as at 31 December 2004 12.2
    During the year 2004, non-expendable equipment to the value of €409 was reported as stolen and written off in
    the inventory records.
    (w) Contingent liabilities
    (i) End-of-service payment to staff
    In accordance with the decision taken by the Panel of External Auditors in 1989 at Manila, UNIDO calculated the
    amounts required to cover the estimated costs of contingency liabilities for end-of-service payment as at 31 December
    2004.
    In line with United Nations accounting standards, liabilities for end-of-service payments comprise end-of-service
    allowance, repatriation grant and compensation for accrued annual leave. To provide a more realistic picture, the
    amount required for the removal of household goods has also been included. The valuation is based on the United
    Nations salary scale and the entitlements defined in the staff regulations and rules, as well as taking into account the
    actual cost of staff separating during the year 2004. The amounts are estimated to be:
    Regular budget €19.2 million
    Operational budget € 4.4 million
    Post retirement benefits are excluded.
    It should be noted that no budgetary provision has been made, except that in the case of the operational budget, as
    reflected in statement II and note 3(f) (operating reserve).
    (ii) The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund
    UNIDO is a member organization participating in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, which was
    established by the United Nations General Assembly to provide retirement, death, disability and related benefits. The
    Pension Fund is a funded defined benefit plan. The financial obligation of the Organization to the United Nations Joint
    Staff Pension Fund consists of its mandated contribution at the rate established by the United Nations General
    Assembly, together with any share of any actuarial deficiency payments under Article 26 of the Regulations of the
    Fund. Such deficiency payments are only payable if and when the United Nations General Assembly has invoked the
    provision of Article 26, following determination that there is a requirement for deficiency payments based on an
    assessment of the actuarial sufficiency of the Fund as of the valuation date. At the time of this report, the United
    Nations General Assembly has not invoked this provision.
    (iii) After-service health insurance
    Staff members (their spouses, dependent children or survivors) retiring from service under the Pension Fund
    regulations at age 55 or later are eligible for after-service health insurance coverage after having been a participant in a
    contributory health insurance scheme of the common system for at least 10 years. The same applies to staff members
    receiving compensation for disability under Appendix D to the staff rules. Costs of participation in this scheme are
    borne on the basis of joint contributions by UNIDO and the participants concerned.
    During the year 2004, the Organization’s contribution to the scheme amounted to €1,659,567. The contributions
    against the Buildings Management Services amounted to €57,538, which were cost-shared with other Vienna-based
    organizations. In accordance with Programme and Budget Committee conclusion 2000/2, a detailed actuarial study to
    determine the financial impact of the after-service health insurance was carried out, which showed the level of unfunded
    liabilities as at December 2004 to be €35.2 million ($47.7 million based on the year-end exchange rate). A United
    Nations system-wide solution is being sought to address the issue of unfunded liabilities. The lead agency on this issue,
    established by the High-Level Committee on Management, Financial and Budget Network, is the United Nations who
    are scheduled to submit a report to the General Assembly in 2005.
    (x) Common Fund for Major Repairs and Replacements
    On 1 January 1981, an agreement between the Republic of Austria, the United Nations and the IAEA went into
    effect to establish a common fund for the purpose of financing the cost of major repairs and replacements of buildings,
    facilities and technical installations, which are the property of the Republic of Austria and form part of the Headquarters
    areas of the United Nations and IAEA at the Vienna International Centre. This agreement has also applied to UNIDO
    since 1986, when it became a specialized agency. The Fund is administered by UNIDO through a joint committee.
    Annual financial statements are prepared by UNIDO and audited by its Internal Oversight Group.
    In 2002, an agreement was reached between the Vienna-based organizations and the Republic of Austria under
    which reimbursement of the disbursements made during the year 2001 ($988,626) was not required. Under this
    agreement, there will only be annual assessed contributions to the Fund as follows: the Republic of Austria
    (€1,235,300) and the Vienna-based organizations (€1,235,300). Furthermore, unexpected major repairs and
    replacements, which are not included in the agreed investment plan, will have to be shared by all parties. In the past,
    such costs were fully absorbed by the Austrian Government.
    The fund balance as at 31 December 2004 is €1,936,547.
    Note 3. Other Headquarters funds
    (a) Funds reported under this heading comprise:
    (i) Special Account for Programme Support Costs;
    (ii) Computer Model for Feasibility Analysis and Reporting (COMFAR);
    (iii) Buildings Management Services (BMS).
    (b) With effect from 1 January 2002, the General Conference approved (GC.9/Dec.17) BMS as a separate, selfbalancing
    major programme in the programme and budgets of UNIDO. All BMS expenditures are offset by income, i.e.
    contributions received from other Vienna-based organizations and from UNIDO. Consequently, under the UNIDO
    General Fund, only UNIDO’s share of the BMS operations is included (reference IDB.24/3-PBC.17/3). In view of the
    above, the BMS is reported under other funds rather than under General Fund and Working Capital Fund from the
    previous biennium. The General Fund and Working Capital Fund now show only UNIDO’s contribution to BMS costs.
    The BMS operations are further split into two components:

    (i) Staff costs: This continues to be subject to the provisions of financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c);
    (ii) Special account for Buildings Management Services (for other than staff costs): The ninth session of
    the General Conference (GC.9/Dec.14), established with effect from January 2002, a special account
    for BMS (for other than staff costs), which is not subject to financial regulations 4.2(b) and 4.2(c).
    Thus the budgetary surplus, if any, will not require distribution to Member States. Each Vienna-based
    organization (UNIDO, IAEA, UNOV and CTBTO) is required to pay its share into this account.
    Interest income is credited to the account. This amount is then prorated to each Vienna-based
    organization taking into account the funds contributed by it and the date of receipt of such funds in the
    special account.
    Additional analysis of BMS operations is provided in schedule 4.1 (supplementary) and the analysis on the special
    account is provided in annex III. The surplus on the special account for BMS costs of €10,532,077 does not form part of
    the unencumbered balances of the appropriations due to Member States at the end of the biennium; this amount includes
    €4,815,676 due from the Vienna-based organizations. The accumulation of funds under the special account is primarily
    caused by the delay experienced in the removal of asbestos from the VIC complex and related maintenance work.
    (c) Currency adjustment
    The €415,683 exchange difference results primarily from the revaluation of the United States dollar cash and term
    deposits held by the special account for programme support costs.
    (d) Net excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure
    The following is an analysis of income and expenditure during the year 2004 for the funds reported under this
    heading:
    Table 1
    Special account for
    programme support
    costs
    Computer Model for
    Feasibility and Analysis
    Buildings
    Management
    Services Total
    (In thousands of euros)
    Income (including savings on cancellation of
    obligations from prior biennium) 9,296.8 276.9 21,325.4 30,899.1
    Expenditure (including loss on exchange) 8,779.5 367.7 19,237.1 28,384.3
    Net (shortfall) of income over expenditure 517.3 (90.8) 2,088.3* 2,514.8
    * Relates to the special account (see annex III).
    (e) Accounts receivable—other
    Within the Special Account for Buildings Management Services, there is an amount of €349,061 representing a
    claim for reimbursement from the Austrian authorities for stranded costs, Renewable Energy Surcharge and KWKZuschlag.
    In the unlikely event of the claim not being settled, full provision has been made within “accounts payable—
    other”.
    The first instalment of €1,220,000 due from the Austrian Government towards the replacement of carpets and
    cables at the Vienna International Centre is reflected within “accounts receivable—other”. Pending the disbursement of
    the funds, €1,000,000 of this amount is shown under “accounts payable—other”. The balance €220,000 is reported in
    the financial statements of major repairs and replacements fund.
    (f) Operating reserve
    An operating reserve, established in respect of the special account for programme support costs in accordance
    with PBC conclusion 1989/4 at $5,504,190 was reduced to $4,300,000 (€4,828,900) in accordance with Board decision
    IDB.14/Dec.12.

    ***

    The net reserve as at 31 December 2004 amounts to €3,650,469 (€3,133,155 at 31 December 2003) as a result of a
    net surplus of €517,313 for 2004.
    (g) Commitments
    Commitments, representing legal obligations for which disbursements will be made in future years, were entered
    into prior to 31 December 2004 as below.
    €000’s
    Special account for programme support costs 84.5
    Buildings Management Services 53.7
    (h) Contributions in kind
    Contributions in kind estimated at €72,952 were received from Member States in support of UNIDO projects.
    Note 4. Technical cooperation
    (a) Technical cooperation activities
    Technical cooperation activities reported under this heading comprise activities executed by UNIDO with funds
    provided through the Industrial Development Fund, trust funds and inter-organization arrangements with UNDP, UNEP
    and other organizations. These activities are governed by various agreements signed by two or more parties, i.e.
    donor(s) and UNIDO.
    (b) Euro presentation of technical cooperation activities
    The significant majority of voluntary contributions are received in United States dollars for projects
    programmable almost exclusively in that currency. From 2004, euro-based management of technical cooperation
    programmes was introduced for some projects. In accordance with General Conference decision GC.9/Dec.15, donor
    reporting is also undertaken in United States dollars.
    However, in order to present consolidated financial statements (Statements I and II) of UNIDO for the year ending
    31 December 2004, all technical cooperation activities required conversion to euros.
    Annex I, Tables 1 and 2 are, therefore, provided in both United States dollars and euros.
    The approach for preparing the euro statement is based on the following:
    (i) Non-euro income, expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances—other than as highlighted
    below—will be stated at the equivalent amount of euros applicable as at the deemed date of the
    transaction applying the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at that date;
    (ii) Non-euro assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2004 will be converted to a
    euro equivalent using the United Nations operational rate of exchange as at 31 December 2004
    (reference GC.9/Dec.15). The gain or loss that would result from these revaluations is reflected in the
    “other adjustments to reserves and fund balances” figure;
    (iii) The currency exchange adjustment figure essentially represents the realized gain or loss on non-euro
    transactions during the year and the savings achieved in 2004 on the liquidation of prior year United
    States dollar obligations.
    (c) Montreal Protocol promissory notes
    Promissory notes in favour of UNIDO held by the Multilateral Fund for the implementation of the Montreal
    Protocol to the value of $20,264,334 (€16,231,732) at 31 December 2003 were encashed during 2004.

    ***

    (d) Interest on donor funds
    For the Industrial Development Fund, other than the general pool, and from the last biennium for trust funds,
    interest earned from the investment of funds, net of bank charges, realized exchange gains, realized and unrealized
    losses is represented as a liability within “accounts payable—other”. As at 31 December 2004, the amounts were as
    follows:
    US$ 000’s €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund 5,801.9 4,276.0
    Trust funds 2,748.7 2,025.8
    Global Environment Fund 361.4 266.4
    8,912.0 6,568.2
    The disposal of the interest income is governed by agreements with donors. This may include the return of such funds to donors, or their transfer to other projects, in which case they will be shown as voluntary contributions
    .
    (e) Unrealized exchange gains and losses
    In accordance with the United Nations System Accounting Standards, monetary assets and liabilities are revalued
    at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect at 31 December 2004.
    Any resultant unrealized gain is not recorded as income for the period, but set aside within “accounts payable—
    other”. Gains arising from revaluation of cash and term deposits are considered realized, however specifically, for the
    Industrial Development Fund and trust funds, any gain arising from the revaluation of euro cash and term deposits are
    similarly set aside on the grounds of prudence (IDB.27/9-PBC.19/9 and decision IDB.27/Dec.5). Under the transition to
    a single currency system, and in accordance with document IDB.28/9 and decision IDB.28/Dec.5, the euro-based
    management of technical cooperation programmes was introduced during the year 2004. Consequently, distributions of
    €789,415 ($985,537) and €832,467 ($1,039,285) were made to the Industrial Development Fund and trust funds,
    respectively. The accumulated amounts of unrealized gains as at 31 December 2004, included in “accounts payable—
    other”, are as follows:
    US$ 000’s €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund 1,831.5 1,349.8
    Trust funds 6,575.3 4,846.0
    Global Environment Facility 0.6 0.4
    Montreal Protocol 1.5 1.1
    8,408.9 6,197.3
    (f) Currency exchange adjustment
    Annex I, table 1—US dollar statements
    Table A shows the analysis of the currency exchange credit. A distinction is drawn between realized gains and
    losses resulting through the conduct of transactions in other than United States dollars and gains and losses resulting
    from the re-statement of non-United States dollar assets and liability values to an equivalent dollar value as at
    31 December 2004.
    For these funds, where contributions are received, programmed and disbursed almost exclusively in United States
    dollars, any realized gains and both realized and unrealized losses from the revaluation of non-United States dollar
    assets and liabilities, are recorded through table 1 and the programmable fund balance adjusted accordingly.

    ***

    Table A
    Regular Programme Montreal Protocol GEF IOA* Total
    (In thousands of US dollars)
    Realized
    On 2004 transactions 4.1 (0.1) 3.4 7.4
    Unrealized
    Revaluation of non-US dollar assets and liabilities
    at 31 December 2004 (58.1) 1.4 (6.9) (1.2) (64.8)
    Currency exchange adjustment (54.0) 1.3 (3.5) (1.2) (57.4)
    * IOA – Inter-organization arrangements.
    Annex I, table 1—euro statements
    Table B shows the analysis of the currency exchange credit. A distinction is drawn between realized gains and
    losses resulting through the conduct of transactions in other than euros and the savings resulting from the settlement of
    United States dollar obligations from prior years at a different euro rate of exchange.
    Table B
    Regular
    programme IDF
    Montreal
    Protocol GEF Trust fund Total
    (In thousands of euros)
    Revaluation of US$ obligations 113.7 113.7
    Realized
    On 2004 transactions 1.9 (17.6) (0.8) (16.5)
    On liquidation of prior year US$ obligations (70.1) (424.9) (325.3) (33.4) (355.1) (1,208.8)
    Currency exchange adjustment 45.5 (424.9) (342.9) (34.2) (355.1) (1,111.6)
    (g) Transfers to reserves
    This represents the charge to projects in respect of the provision for compensation payments under Appendix D to
    the staff rules.
    The amount of $1,100,000 (€962,500) reflected in transfers to/from reserves represents the income received for
    Global Environment Facility (GEF) projects under inter-organization arrangements with UNEP, previously recorded in
    GEF main programme.
    (h) Surplus
    The amount of $3,101,237 (€2,285,613) represents the accumulated surplus under the general-purpose segment of
    the Industrial Development Fund.

    (i) Cash and term deposits
    The equivalent of $1,491,424 (€1,099,180) is held in currencies classified as non-convertible, as follows:
    US$ 000’s €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund 1,083.1 798.2
    Trust funds 408.3 300.9
    1,491.4 1,099.1
    (j) Operating reserves
    The Industrial Development Board, in decision IDB.2/Dec.7, authorized the freezing of the operational reserve of
    the Industrial Development Fund at $550,000 (€405,350 at the United Nations rate of exchange as at 31 December
    2004).
    (k) Commitments
    Commitments, representing legal obligations for which disbursements will be made in future years, were entered
    into prior to 31 December 2004, as below:
    US$ 000’s €000’s
    Industrial Development Fund 3,232.3 2,515.3
    Montreal Protocol 5,651.7 4,452.3
    Global Environment Facility 4,033.8 3,262.7
    Trust funds 5,738.0 4,474.4
    Regular Programme of Technical Cooperation 784.1 618.9
    Inter-organization arrangements 1,345.1 1,065.6
    20,785.0 16,389.2
    (l) Contributions in kind
    Contributions in kind estimated at $343,476 (€278,106) were received from Member States in support of UNIDO
    projects and $39,778 (€32,207) in support of project travel.
    (m) Ex gratia payments
    No ex gratia payments were made in 2004.
    (n) Field IOVs
    The backlog of unprocessed field inter-office vouchers (IOVs) of $8,473,317 brought forward from the previous
    year, together with a total of $19,863,927 inter-office vouchers received for the year 2004 was reduced to $4,528,761
    (€3,337,697) by 31 December 2004. The unprocessed IOV balance at year-end comprises payroll charges of $509,757
    for the entire 2004 received only in January 2005 and IOVs of $485,056 rejected due to insufficient information.
    (o) Lost or stolen non-expendable equipment
    No non-expendable equipment was written off from inventory as lost or stolen during 2004.

    ***

    [PDF]
    Industrial Development Board Programme and Budget Committee
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
    Haiti. 0.00284. -. 2016. -. 2016. -. -. -. Honduras. 0.00711 ….. Haiti. 0.00284. 211. 223. (12). -. Honduras. 0.00711. 528. 520. 8. -. Hungary. 0.17059 …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/…/36455_einterimfinancialperformancereport

    (Stopped at page 36)

    ***

    INTRODUCTION
    The purpose of the list of technical cooperation activities is to provide
    representatives of Member States, as well as the Secretariat, with a convenient
    reference not only for use during discussions at the sessions of the governing bodies,
    but throughout the year.
    The list shows technical cooperation activities in three categories: integrated
    programmes and country service frameworks, Montreal Protocol projects and other
    projects approved in the period 1998 to 2004 (outside the integrated programmes
    and country service frameworks).
    This document provides various data, including title, approval date, budget
    and delivery. The delivery figure represents expenditure and commitments incurred
    through 31 December 2004. Each budget figure reflects the actual total allocation
    available as of 31 December 2004 for the programme or project, rather than the
    budget during the reporting year. Under each category, programmes and projects are
    listed in their original language, as approved by the Government involved and
    UNIDO, under the recipient country/area/territory.
    Except for the first section of programme listings, projects are sorted
    according to their project number within each country. The document also includes
    listings of regional, global and interregional projects. Multifund projects, where
    various funding sources exist for the same project, are listed with their respective
    multiple project numbers, the project title and the total amounts of various funding
    sources. For umbrella projects—for example those where donor financing covers
    various projects—only the individual projects are listed. Other projects approved in
    the period 1998 to 2004 and Montreal Protocol projects are broken down by project
    status, thus grouping projects according to whether they were completed in 2004, or
    were ongoing as of 31 December 2004. The list of projects approved before 1998 is
    no longer included, since all projects approved before 1998 were completed in 2003

    http://74.125.47.132/custom?q=cache:Svu-CK4orPMJ:www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/37481_addannualreport+haiti&cd=56&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=google-coop-np

    ***

    HAITI
    Ongoing
    XP/HAI/04/059
    04/11
    66,239
    27,166
    PROGRAMME D’APPUI A L’INITIATIVE PRIVEE ET A LA PROMOTION DES PME/PMI DANS LE
    SECTEUR AGRO-INDUSTRIEL

    Project Number
    Approval Date
    Budget
    Delivery
    Project Title

    04/11
    66,239
    27,166

    http://74.125.47.132/custom?q=cache:Svu-CK4orPMJ:www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/37481_addannualreport+haiti&cd=56&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=google-coop-np

    Except for the first section of programme listings, projects are sorted
    according to their project number within each country. The document also includes
    listings of regional, global and interregional projects. Multifund projects, where
    various funding sources exist for the same project, are listed with their respective
    multiple project numbers, the project title and the total amounts of various funding
    sources. For umbrella projects—for example those where donor financing covers
    various projects—only the individual projects are listed. Other projects approved in
    the period 1998 to 2004 and Montreal Protocol projects are broken down by project
    status, thus grouping projects according to whether they were completed in 2004, or
    were ongoing as of 31 December 2004. The list of projects approved before 1998 is
    no longer included, since all projects approved before 1998 were completed in 2003

    (From this document – )

    [PDF]
    Annual Report 1998 (final)
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
    STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS. HAITI. Ongoing …… IN SELECTED COUNTRIES (AFGHANISTAN, HAITI, IRAQ, LIBERIA, SIERRA LEONE AND …
    www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/37481_addannualreport

    ***

    Basic Facts

    President:
    Luis Alberto Moreno
    Membership:
    48 countries represented by the Board of Executive Directors
    Approved lending and grants over the past 12 months:
    $10 billion
    Employees:
    About 2,000
    Offices:
    Headquarters in Washington, DC, with country offices in 26 borrowing countries, plus a regional office in Tokyo and another one in Paris.
    Clients:
    Central governments, provinces, municipalities, private firms and non-governmental organizations.
    Download:
    PDF version of Basic Facts 2009 (We’re here)

    http://www.iadb.org/aboutus/BasicFacts.cfm

    Inter-American Development Bank

    **

    http://74.125.47.132/custom?q=cache:-fC_5UnkG0oJ:https://unido.org/fileadmin/import/66122_UNIDOAnnualReport2006.pdf+haiti&cd=44&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=google-coop-np

    The Annual Report opens with an introductory message by the Director-General of UNIDO,
    Kandeh K. Yumkella. Chapter 2 reviews the year in brief, starting with a major event, the
    celebration of UNIDO’s fortieth anniversary as a United Nations organization. This is fol-
    lowed by an overview of technical cooperation management, funds mobilization, manage-
    rial reforms, advocacy activities to raise UNIDO’s profile and efforts to strengthen
    cooperation in the field with other United Nations agencies as well as partners outside
    the United Nations system. Chapter 3 discusses the broader framework within which the
    Organization pursues cooperation with other United Nations agencies: the reform of the
    United Nations and the very active role UNIDO plays in that context. Chapters 4 to 8
    present an overview of UNIDO’s operations in the field. The CD-ROM attached to this
    report includes appendices that provide detailed figures on UNIDO’s technical coopera-
    tion activities. For those who are unfamiliar with the Organization’s activities a brief
    description of the principles guiding these operations may be useful.
    The Organization’s assistance is based on two core functions and three thematic priorities.
    Core functions:
    Serving as a global forum which generates and disseminates industry-related knowl-
    edge and provides a platform for all actors in the public and private sectors;
    Designing and implementing technical cooperation programmes that support the
    industrial development efforts of its clients

    Page 1
    UNITED NATIONS
    INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
    Annual Report
    Page 2
    Signing of MOU with FAO Director-General Mr. J. Diouf
    Meeting with H.E. Ms. M. Bachelet, President Chile
    High-Level Delegation, Japan
    Mr. Yumkella with H.E. Ms. H. Wieczorek-Zeul, Development
    Minister, and H.E. Ambassador K.P. Gottwald, Perm. Rep. of
    Germany to UNIDO
    Meeting with H.E. Mr. M. Singh, Prime Minister, India
    Mr. Yumkella with Mr. W. Clinton, Former President, USA
    17th Conference of African Ministers of Industry (CAMI 17)
    Meeting with Rt. Hon. Rhodri Morgan, Welsh First Minister,
    Rt. Hon. Mr. Hilary Benn, Secretary of State for International
    Development, DFID
    Meeting with H.E. Mr. R. Prodi, Prime Minister, Italy
    H.E. Mr. H. Fakhro, Minister of Industry and Commerce,
    Bahrain, with Graduates of 15th Entrepreneurship and
    Enterprise Programme
    10th China International Fair for Investment and Trade
    Page 3
    ANNUAL REPORT 2006
    Industrial Development Board,
    thirty-third session
    Programme and Budget Committee,
    twenty-third session
    UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
    Vienna, 2007
    Page 4
    The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do
    not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat
    of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization concerning the legal
    status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
    delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    This document has not been formally edited.
    ISSN 1020-7651
    Distr.
    GENERAL
    IDB.33/2-PBC.23/2*
    3 May 2007
    Original: ENGLISH
    *Reissued for technical reasons.
    Page 5
    iii
    FOREWORD
    The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has a special place
    in the United Nations system: it is the only organization specifically targeting the creation
    of wealth through manufacturing, in which it mainly focuses on promoting growth in the
    small and medium enterprise sector, the key generator of wealth in most developing
    countries. To improve standards of living through industries that are both internationally
    competitive and environmentally sustainable, the Organization has created the largest port-
    folio of projects related to trade capacity-building in the United Nations system, and the
    Organization plays a lead role in, among others, the implementation of the Montreal
    Protocol for the elimination of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and the Stockholm
    Convention for the elimination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
    The reforms that are underway to make the United Nations system an even more relevant
    force for development, humanitarian assistance and environmental sustainability, also
    require that the United Nations delivers its message better to build up broad-based sup-
    port among the many stakeholders in development. UNIDO, as this document will show, is
    in the vanguard when it comes to reforms. One measure to raise the Organization’s pro-
    file is to make the Annual Report of UNIDO, a legislative document on UNIDO’s perform-
    ance, accessible to a wider public. In this way, it will help to highlight the contribution of
    UNIDO’s core activities to international development objectives, which—although evident
    to those who work in the Organization—is often not recognized by the outside world.
    The Annual Report opens with an introductory message by the Director-General of UNIDO,
    Kandeh K. Yumkella. Chapter 2 reviews the year in brief, starting with a major event, the
    celebration of UNIDO’s fortieth anniversary as a United Nations organization. This is fol-
    lowed by an overview of technical cooperation management, funds mobilization, manage-
    rial reforms, advocacy activities to raise UNIDO’s profile and efforts to strengthen
    cooperation in the field with other United Nations agencies as well as partners outside
    the United Nations system. Chapter 3 discusses the broader framework within which the
    Organization pursues cooperation with other United Nations agencies: the reform of the
    United Nations and the very active role UNIDO plays in that context. Chapters 4 to 8
    present an overview of UNIDO’s operations in the field. The CD-ROM attached to this
    report includes appendices that provide detailed figures on UNIDO’s technical coopera-
    tion activities. For those who are unfamiliar with the Organization’s activities a brief
    description of the principles guiding these operations may be useful.
    The Organization’s assistance is based on two core functions and three thematic priorities.
    Core functions:
    Serving as a global forum which generates and disseminates industry-related knowl-
    edge and provides a platform for all actors in the public and private sectors;
    Designing and implementing technical cooperation programmes that support the
    industrial development efforts of its clients.
    Page 6
    Thematic priorities:
    Poverty reduction through productive activities, by promoting industry, especially
    through small and medium enterprises, in less developed areas, with a focus on
    employment creation, income generation and institutional capacity-building;
    Trade capacity-building, by helping countries to develop both production and
    trade-related capacities, including the capacity to conform to the standards of inter-
    national markets;
    Environment and energy, by promoting industrial energy efficiency and renewable
    sources of energy, particularly in rural areas, and supporting other activities for sus-
    tainable industrial development.
    The two core functions complement and support each other: technical cooperation
    experiences can be shared with policy makers and other actors; both analytical work helps
    to identify areas of maximum impact for technical cooperation. Because of the complex
    interrelations among development issues, programmes and projects often spill over
    thematic borders.
    Eight service modules translate the core functions and thematic priorities into action:
    1. Industrial governance and statistics
    2. Investment and technology promotion
    3. Industrial competitiveness and trade
    4. Private sector development
    5. Agro-industry
    6. Sustainable energy and climate change
    7. Montreal Protocol
    8. Environmental management
    The services can be combined in integrated programmes (IPs) or country service frame-
    works (CSFs), or be used in stand-alone projects

    By 2010 there will be over 700 million more people of working age in developing coun-
    tries than in 2005. Without increased opportunities to earn a living these people will have
    little possibility of fulfilling their potential. Some will undoubtedly become alienated from
    a society that they see as having failed them. The implications are obvious, and make it
    all the more important that we work to create wealth and employment in developing and
    transition countries, including those that are emerging from conflict. In this context,
    providing employment to the youth is a pressing need

    UNIDO believes that the only way to create the required jobs is to promote the develop-
    ment of a dynamic private sector. Our focus is on small and medium enterprises as they
    account for the lion’s share of the growth in jobs in developing countries. Whether we
    are working to increase the ability of enterprises to export their goods—through our trade
    capacity-building work—or training women entrepreneurs, our aim is to facilitate the
    creation of employment and wealth. We have done so through a number of successful
    programmes, but much more needs to be done

    http://74.125.47.132/custom?q=cache:-fC_5UnkG0oJ:https://unido.org/fileadmin/import/66122_UNIDOAnnualReport2006.pdf+haiti&cd=44&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=google-coop-np

    ***

    66122_UNIDOAnnualReport2006.pdf

    FOREWORD
    The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has a special place
    in the United Nations system: it is the only organization specifically targeting the creation
    of wealth through manufacturing, in which it mainly focuses on promoting growth in the
    small and medium enterprise sector, the key generator of wealth in most developing
    countries. To improve standards of living through industries that are both internationally
    competitive and environmentally sustainable, the Organization has created the largest portfolio
    of projects related to trade capacity-building in the United Nations system, and the
    Organization plays a lead role in, among others, the implementation of the Montreal
    Protocol for the elimination of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and the Stockholm
    Convention for the elimination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

    https://unido.org/fileadmin/import/66122_UNIDOAnnualReport2006.pdf

    ***

    An opportunity to celebrate and learn
    The year 2006 was marked by the fortieth anniversary celebrations of UNIDO—an
    important element in the Organization’s efforts to enhance its visibility and raise awareness
    of its activities. The main commemorative ceremony took place in the morning of
    28 November 2006 and was co-hosted with the Austrian Federal Ministry for Foreign
    Affairs and the City of Vienna. Over 1,200 invitees, including the heads of other Viennabased
    Organizations, UNIDO Goodwill Ambassadors, retirees and staff, gathered in the
    Austria Center Vienna to pay tribute to UNIDO. The programme was interspersed with
    musical interludes by various international artists, and a special exhibition entitled
    “UNIDO Value Added—Investment, Business and Partnerships” was organized.

    ***

    http://www.iadb.org/news-releases/2008-10/english/organizations-from-ecuador-el-salvador-haiti-honduras-and-nicaragua-win-idb-gran-4793.html

    Oct 9, 2008
    Organizations from Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras and Nicaragua win IDB grants for innovations to help the poor
    Support for pilot projects involving wireless connectivity, child nutrition, medical technology and Internet sales for artisans

    ASUNCION, Paraguay – Four pilot innovation projects will be financed by grants from the Inter-American Development Bank to improve the quality of life of the poor in Latin America and the Caribbean. The grant winners are international and regional organizations and the projects will be carried out in five different countries in the region.

    IDB President Luis Alberto Moreno today presented the awards for projects in Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras and Nicaragua at a ceremony during the Microenterprise Forum, which is taking place October 8-10.

    Many promising technologies do not reach the poor because of lack of communication or resources. A new IDB program tries to help bridge the gap by bringing innovators in developing and developed countries together with those who can benefit from the innovations. Often, those who produce technological solutions do not know that their inventions can benefit the problems of the poor, while the poor do not know that the technology exists.

    The grant program “Innovation for Inclusive Development” is cosponsored by the Italian Trust Fund on Information and Communication Technologies and the IDB Fund for Special Operations.

    The call was open to pilot projects new technologies, a new use or invention based on existing technologies featuring the adaptation and/or application of existing technologies to the needs of communities or to the local environmental, geographical or geological conditions, or the identification of new business models for large-scale use of innovative applications and tools accessible to the poor.

    A special emphasis on private sector participation led to almost a third of the projects being submitted by private companies, while outreach to organizations in all IDB member countries allowed for fruitful collaboration between institutions in developing and developed countries.

    An international jury including representatives from the academia, innovation, venture capital and technology fields selected the top four projects out of a total of 141 submissions.

    Grants were awarded to the following projects:

    * Building Haiti’s Value Chain: Growing, Processing, and Providing Nutritious Foods

    Seeking to improve both childhood nutrition and the agricultural value chain, Meds and Food for Kids http://www.medsandfoodforkids.org (U.S./Haiti) will first enhance the Haitian peanut production through the UNICEF certification for food safety, which will allow domestic peanuts to be used in the production of export-grade Medika Mamba (“peanut butter medicine”), or Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF). In turn, this will allow Haitian-produced RUTF to be sold to UNICEF and other organizations working in Haiti; it will provide steady income to the mostly subsistence-level peanut farmers; and it will improve the access of Haiti’s children to this nutritious food. Currently, less than one per cent of Haiti’s children receive RUTF, while approximately 23% suffer from malnutrition.

    ****

    A. Compete, conform, connect
    Increased globalization and market liberalization provide great opportunities for developing
    countries and economies in transition to trade their way out of poverty. However, the
    benefits from open markets do not come automatically: they depend on the ability of
    enterprises to enter into global production and supply value chains. This means that
    they must be competitive not only in terms of price and quantity but also of quality,
    reliability of supplies, and conformity to the buyer’s standards.
    Through its trade capacity-building (TCB) programme, UNIDO helps developing countries
    and economies in transition to reap the benefits of trade by increasing:
     The competitivity of industrial enterprises;
     The conformity of manufactured goods to standards;
     The connectivity of exporters to global markets.
    The focus of activities is primarily on the first two of these issues.

    B. Building competitive industries
    To develop competitive industries, the potential for domestic value added and international
    exports must be ascertained. In close coordination with its projects implemented under
    the thematic area of poverty reduction through productive activities, UNIDO is working
    on a methodology for trade-related analysis, and creating domestic capacity for competitiveness
    analyses. The methodology for trade analysis, first developed as a pilot project
    in Ecuador, was introduced in Paraguay during 2006.
    UNIDO implements national and regional programmes to develop industrial capacities in
    cooperation with international partner agencies such as the Common Fund for
    Commodities (CFC), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations,
    the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). A major
    example is the support UNIDO and WTO gives to cotton producers in West Africa. Under
    this programme, a UEMOA Cotton Quality Manual, consisting of a Quality Plan and five
    Technical Guides, was published in French. It is a practical tool and reference guide for
    continuous quality improvement and valorization of cotton in African countries.
    UNIDO has also stimulated the diffusion of modern technologies, particularly through its
    network of International Technology Centres and its support for technology management
    programmes. It has especially promoted the adoption of modern technologies in agroprocessing,
    so that the sector can respond better to the quantity and quality requirements
    of world markets. Specific programmes include the introduction of automation technology
    and process control, testing and evaluation of agricultural machinery; and production
    optimization through computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing
    (CAD/CAM) systems. An example of successful support is the strategy for the leather
    and leather products industry in Ethiopia, which UNIDO prepared in cooperation with
    Ethiopia’s Ministry of Trade and Industry. The exports of this sector have increased by
    20 per cent between July 2005 and July 2006, from $66 million to $76 million. Footwear
    was exported for the first time during this period, with a total value of approximately
    $3 million.

    An effective way of helping small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to compete in export
    markets while limiting their risks is by building export consortia. An export consortium
    is an SME network that enables the participating firms to improve their exports, cutting
    the associated costs by combining knowledge, financial resources and contacts.
    During 2006, UNIDO implemented export consortia projects in Jordan, Morocco, Peru,
    Tunisia and Uruguay. This involved training consortium promoters in both the
    public and private sectors, and improving the institutional and regulatory environment for
    consortium development. Eleven export consortia have now been formed in Tunisia and
    more than 10 institutions are engaged in their promotion. The project in Peru is supporting
    six enterprise groups in the creation of export consortia. Activities included a oneweek
    training programme for 40 export consortia promoters and two seminars to sensitize
    key institutions on the subject. An international training course on consortia was conducted
    in cooperation with the Italian Federation of Export Consortia and the
    International Training Centre of the International Labour Organization (ILO). It was
    attended by 26 participants from all over the world, representing both public and private
    SME support institutions

    Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an important element in global competitiveness:
    international buyers are increasingly requiring exporter compliance with CSR
    principles. There is growing evidence that respecting CSR in strategic planning and in
    operations leads to increased economic output, or is at least neutral in its effect on
    company profits in the short-term. Furthermore, a growing number of large companies
    as well as SMEs have recognized the need to improve their social and environmental
    risk management strategies, and engage more actively with small suppliers and community
    groups.
    Because many SMEs in developing countries find the application of CSR principles very
    difficult, UNIDO has launched the Responsible Entrepreneurs Achievement Programme
    (REAP). REAP contributes to international initiatives for good corporate governance, in
    particular the United Nations Global Compact and the upcoming international standard
    on social responsibility (ISO 26000), enabling SMEs to respond proactively to the environmental
    and social requirements of global markets. At the global level, UNIDO, together
    with UNODC, is developing a practical guide showing SMEs how to defend themselves
    against corruption, which is a major obstacle to their development. As of this year, UNIDO
    has been running an awareness-raising programme on the dissemination of CSR methodologies
    for SMEs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia as a followup
    to its earlier CSR programme in Croatia.
    Business partnerships are an important instrument for encouraging the adoption of CSR
    principles as well as for productive capacity-building. The business partnership project in
    the Indian automotive component industry entered into its sixth year in 2006 and has
    become economically viable and self-sustaining. So far, the institutional framework has
    been established and engineers and counsellors have been trained and fielded to provide
    continuous services to the companies concerned.

    Through the joint
    efforts of local and
    international
    partners, the
    programme for the
    Indian automotive
    industry has
    become
    economically
    self-sustaining.

    Pp. 41 – 42

    https://unido.org/fileadmin/import/66122_UNIDOAnnualReport2006.pdf

    ***

    pp. 43 – 47 of above document -

    C. Achieving conformity with market requirements
    A country needs a globally recognized conformity infrastructure to participate effectively
    in trade. UNIDO analyzes infrastructure gaps, establishes or upgrades standards and
    accreditation bodies as well as internationally recognized product testing and calibration
    services, and helps enterprises in high-potential export industries to achieve conformity.
    National industrial and technological research institutions are of vital importance in
    this context. UNIDO has developed a joint programme for these with the World
    Association of Industrial and Technological Research Organizations (WAITRO), and developed
    an Internet-based TC portal for laboratories called LABNET.
    When countries have recently acceded or want to accede to WTO, UNIDO helps them
    to improve their conformity infrastructure so that they can comply with WTO’s
    Agreements on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and the Application of Sanitary
    and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS). UNIDO also provides assistance that enables developing
    countries and economies in transition to become full members and partners
    in international standards and conformity assessment bodies such as the the International
    Accreditation Forum (IAF), International Bureau of Weights and Measures
    (BIPM), the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC), the International
    Organization for Standards (ISO) and the International Organization of Legal
    Metrology (OIML).
    During 2006, UNIDO and the World Bank undertook a joint study on the challenges
    faced by Pakistani exporters in complying with SPS requirements in international
    markets. The study reviewed the legal and regulatory framework, assessed the roles and
    responsibilities of ministries and support institutions, and made proposals for an SPS compliance
    strategy and for support to potential exporters. It also proposed action plans for
    achieving compliance with SPS requirements in major targeted markets such as the EU,
    which will serve as a basis for the implementation of the compliance strategy. UNIDO’s
    focus was on the fisheries sector. Pakistan is now upgrading its inspection services, fishing
    boats, harbour facilities and processing plants in line with the recommendations of
    the study.
    For producers and retailers, food hygiene and food safety standards (ISO 22000) have
    become particularly important. To facilitate the adoption by the private sector of good
    hygiene practices and food safety systems, UNIDO helps to develop internationally
    recognized certification services as well as consultancy and training capacity.
    Projects to improve the food safety and quality infrastructure were implemented in Algeria,
    Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cuba, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lebanon, Morocco, Mozambique,
    Nigeria, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. They have helped to strengthen
    food inspection services and laboratories, and assisted around 60 enterprises in adopting
    hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) systems, ISO 22000, traceability and
    organic certification. Most of the enterprises are now applying HACCP. In Ethiopia three
    enterprises were certified and 11 are in the final stages of certification for ISO 22000.

    Traceability of food products is becoming an important requirement, especially in the
    European markets, where new legislation was introduced in 2005. The Egyptian Ministry
    of Trade and Industry and UNIDO are cooperating in a project for the traceability of
    agro-industrial products for the European market. This project adopts an innovative
    approach to trade capacity-building by linking debt swaps and trade-related technical
    cooperation, specifically to overcome TBT and SPS constraints. About five million lowincome
    Egyptians in rural areas are benefiting from the positive impact of this project on
    their livelihoods.

    To promote market
    access, UNIDO
    supports
    international
    accreditation
    of laboratories.

    UNIDO also continues to improve the compliance of enterprises with other international
    standards, including those for quality management (ISO 9001), environmental management
    (ISO 14001) and social accountability (SA 8000), and supports producers in
    performing Self Declarations of Conformity such as the Conformité Européenne (CE)
    markings for the EU market.
    Programmes that harmonize standardization and conformity assessment requirements and
    organize an efficient division of labour among countries help to promote intra- and interregional
    trade. UNIDO supports such programmes in Central America and the Mekong
    region, and in member States of the following organizations: the Andean Community, the
    East African Community (EAC), the Economic Community of Western African States
    (ECOWAS), the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the
    West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA). With funding from the
    Government of India and the Norwegian Agency for Development (Norad), for example,
    UNIDO has helped to improve the standards, metrology, testing and quality (SMTQ) infrastructure,
    and hence the competitiveness, of exports in the SAARC region countries of
    Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal.

    D. Inter-agency cooperation
    The previous paragraphs have already shown that in the field of trade capacity-building
    UNIDO works intensively with other organizations. The United Nations system-wide
    coherence exercise and work on the aid for trade initiative—UNIDO helped the African
    Union (AU) to define its position on this initiative—have underlined the need for
    inter-agency coordination in the field of trade. To intensify and harmonize the already
    close cooperation of the AU and UNIDO, an agreement was signed between the two
    organizations at the Conference of African Ministers of Industry (CAMI 17) in Egypt.
    To initiate the creation of a common framework for collective and coordinated action
    among United Nations organizations, UNIDO, as the issue leader for market efficiency
    and integration under the auspices of the Task Force on Economic Development of the
    High-level Committee on Programmes (HLCP), organized a meeting attended by representatives
    from various United Nations organizations.1 It was agreed that, as a first step,
    information on the services and (joint) activities of the participating organizations will be
    compiled. The information will form part of a resource handbook on TCB. This exercise
    will provide the United Nations Resident Coordinator system with comprehensive information
    on capacities and expertise within the United Nations system, and will identify
    complementarities among the agencies.
    1FAO, ITC, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Department of Economic
    and Social Affairs, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa,
    the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the United Nations Human Settlement Programme, the World
    Bank and WTO.
    UNIDO works
    intensively
    with other
    organizations to
    create a common
    framework for
    collective and
    coordinated
    action in trade
    capacity-building.
    UNIDO is a member of the Joint Committee on Coordination of Assistance to Developing
    Countries in Metrology, Accreditation and Standardization (JCDCMAS), established by
    the principal international organizations that have mandates to strengthen capacities

    in the fields of metrology, accreditation and standardization. At present, the other
    members are BIPM, IAF, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), ILAC, ISO,
    OIML and the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the International
    Telecommunication Union (ITU-T).
    UNIDO currently holds the JCDCMAS Secretariat, promoting international agreements
    on standards, measurement, certification, testing and conformity, and supporting the
    development of Multilateral Recognition Agreements (MRAs) by IAF and ILAC. It has
    also organized a regional workshop in Peru on developing metrology, accreditation and
    standardization capacities in the Andean region. The workshop aimed to improve the
    understanding of the importance of non-tariff barriers to trade and identify the needs to
    modernize the existing technical infrastructure. Against the backgrounds of the failure of
    the Doha Round of trade talks and the resulting interest in bilateral or regional free trade
    agreements, the workshop also highlighted the technical assistance needed by the Andean
    region countries to increase exports through the removal of TBTs.

    For sustainable production and consumption
    patterns, fundamental changes in industrial
    product design and technology are needed.
    UNIDO has identified the activities that must
    be pursued to bring about such changes.

    https://unido.org/fileadmin/import/66122_UNIDOAnnualReport2006.pdf

    ***

    petit fleur
    jazz song

    ***

    A. Towards sustainable production and consumption patterns
    The Millennium Declaration identifies respect for nature as one of the key values on which
    international relations in the twenty-first century should be based. The Member States of
    the United Nations have agreed that “the immeasurable riches provided to us by nature
    [can] be preserved and passed on to our descendants” only through careful management
    in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, and that current unsustainable
    patterns of production and consumption have to be changed “in the interest of our
    future welfare and that of our descendants”.1
    For sustainable production and consumption patterns, fundamental changes in industrial
    product design and technology are needed. While preparing its Strategic Long-term Vision
    Statement, adopted at the General Conference in 2005,2 UNIDO identified four activities
    that must be pursued simultaneously to bring about such fundamental changes:
     Continue to promote resource efficiency and eliminate hazardous and toxic materials;
     Move towards circular production-consumption flows of materials with maximized
    recycling and reuse;
     Shift industry and all other sectors of society from non-renewable to renewable
    energy sources;
     Encourage a shift from selling products to selling the services provided by products.
    Complete elimination of industrial waste and pollution is not possible. UNIDO therefore
    also continues to help countries reduce the environmental impacts of industry through
    end-of-pipe pollution control and waste management, emphasizing the use of environmentally
    sound technologies (EST).
    B. Promoting resource efficiency
    UNIDO promotes resource efficiency in enterprises through a number of its environmental
    programmes:
     Under the cleaner production (CP) programme, UNIDO builds up National Cleaner
    Production Centres (NCPCs). These help enterprises to adopt CP techniques and
    technologies, reducing waste, pollution, energy and water use in a cost-effective
    way.
    1United Nations General Assembly resolution 55/2, para. 6.
    2Resolution GC.11/Res.4.

     The transfer of environmentally sound technology (TEST) programme focuses on
    eliminating pollution caused by industrial wastewater. It is broader than CP, allowing
    industry support institutions to offer a complete package of environmental protection
    services.
     UNIDO’s programmes under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
    Pollutants (POPs) aim at eliminating the production and use of POP chemicals that
    are particularly resistant to biodegradation and are highly accumulative in body
    tissues. The focus of the programme is on eliminating the production of POPs
    generated as by-products, particularly dioxins and furans, through CP-based best
    available techniques and best environmental practices.
     UNIDO’s industrial energy efficiency programme helps industries and support institutions
    to adopt a systems approach to lower energy consumption, which can lead
    to huge efficiency gains.
     In its climate programme, UNIDO promotes the Clean Development Mechanism of
    the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
    in the developing countries. This mechanism will allow enterprises in these countries
    to mobilize international investments for the adoption of more energy-efficient
    technologies.
    UNIDO reduces the
    environmental
    inpacts of industry
    through a variety of
    instruments, from
    pollution control to
    promoting resource
    efficiency.
    Material and energy efficiency are stimulated through a number of UNIDO’s nonenvironmental
    programmes as well, particularly those for the food, textile and leather industries.
    The Organization’s business partnership programme also promotes more efficient
    material and energy use in enterprises.

    An important activity in the CP programme was the pilot project for Internet-based knowledge
    management systems. Since its inception in 1994, the focus of the CP programme
    has been on creating national capacity through NCPCs or related national projects. All
    these were connected through a global CP network, but the flow of information through
    the network was weak. Recognizing that the network members could be more effective if
    they could tap into their common pool of experience, UNIDO decided to create regional
    Internet-based CP knowledge management systems in 2005. The Latin American and
    Caribbean region was chosen as a pilot area. CPLatinNet was officially launched in
    February 2006 and can be accessed at http://www.cp-latin-unido.net. Currently, 14 countries
    in the region are participating.
    The knowledge management system has a dual function. There is a public communication
    area with general information on CP activities in the region. This gives the NCPCs
    and related programmes greater visibility and creates a common image of a strong and
    efficient network. The Intranet section for authorized users is the main tool for
    knowledge management and internal communication. It contains technical documents,
    training materials and information on consultants on CP and EST. There are also working
    areas for the development of joint initiatives, and where requests for CP and EST
    services can be posted.
    Currently 390 users have access to the platform. International experts are carrying out a
    validation process of the uploaded documents to ensure their quality. The success of the
    pilot project has led to plans for three additional regional CP knowledge management
    systems. The next one will be established in Africa during 2007, followed by Eastern
    Europe in 2008 and Asia in 2009.
    C. Eliminating the use of hazardous and toxic materials
    The Organization’s CP programme and activities, such as the elimination or reduction of
    the use of mercury by artisanal gold miners, help to minimize the role and impact of
    hazardous and toxic materials in industry. The Montreal Protocol programme, which started
    14 years ago, is UNIDO’s flagship programme in this particular area. It eliminates ozonedepleting
    substances (ODSs)—chemicals that destroy the Earth’s protective ozone layer.
    The Montreal Protocol has been very successful. The bulk of the activities under the
    Protocol will be completed by 2010, and the parties to the Protocol are turning their attention
    to ODS uses that have been exempted to date. One of these is the use of ODSs in
    aerosol metered dose inhalers (MDIs), widely used to treat asthma and other respiratory
    illnesses. UNIDO has started a project in Egypt with the objective of managing the transition
    to ODS-free MDIs. It helps companies to convert to ODS-free manufacturing technology
    and assists the Government in implementing a national MDI transition strategy,
    an important part of which is an awareness campaign to educate doctors prescribing MDIs
    on the timing and reasons for the transition to ODS-free MDIs. This will be the first of
    a number of such projects.

    The production of
    ODS-free aerosols in
    the United Republic
    of Tanzania was
    a pioneering
    project in the
    Montreal Protocol
    programme.

    The parties to the Protocol are also turning their attention to chemicals that are less ozone
    depleting but are used in significant quantities, such as the refrigerants used in many
    chillers. In November 2005 the Executive Committee of the Protocol’s Multilateral Fund
    approved three regional chiller demonstration projects for implementation by UNIDO,
    covering Africa, Eastern Europe and West Asia, to demonstrate the viability of replacing
    ODS-based chillers.
    D. Maximizing recycling
    Because of the close links between CP and recycling, UNIDO’s CP and TEST programmes
    also help enterprises to recycle their waste products and use waste materials as inputs.
    The mercury programme encourages the recycling of mercury where its use cannot be
    eliminated. Finally, the textile and leather programmes partly focus on the recycling of
    chemicals used during textile processing and tanning.
    One way of maximizing recycling is to turn waste by-products into new products. This
    allows enterprises to turn a cost, such as management of a waste stream, into an income,
    thereby offering a new product on the market. The NCPCs in El Salvador, Guatemala and
    Nicaragua have been helping their clients in the dairy industry to do this. Through their
    traditional CP work, these centres had already developed much experience in the
    industry. They decided to join forces to deal with a by-product of cheese production—
    whey. Whey has always been discharged into water bodies, where its high biochemical
    oxygen demand levels and salinity cause many problems. Stricter enforcement of water
    protection legislation meant that dairy enterprises in these countries had to rethink what
    they did with this by-product. Because traditional end-of-pipe treatment would raise
    enterprise operation costs, the NCPCs have worked with their clients since 2005 to find
    environmentally and economically better solutions.

    In Nicaragua, after technical and initial market evaluations, a dairy enterprise has decided
    to reuse its whey for the production of drinks. A market study is being undertaken to
    identify the most acceptable drink flavours for the Nicaraguan market. It is intended to
    link up with a national initiative for the provision of one glass of high-nutrition drink per
    day to school children. The Government is currently distributing milk, but it has been
    proposed to substitute milk with a whey drink. In El Salvador, a dairy enterprise has
    decided to reuse its whey for the production of fresh cheese and a cream substitute. With
    the assistance of the NCPC, it installed the ultra-filtration technology required to reprocess
    the whey; the new products will be marketed in 2007. In Guatemala, yet another solution
    has been adopted by a dairy enterprise. After evaluations during 2006, it has decided to
    reuse its whey for yogurt production, substituting the powdered whey it previously purchased.
    During 2007, the enterprise will adopt the necessary reverse osmosis technology,
    with the continued assistance of the NCPC.

    Turning whey into
    a new product
    reduces the
    environmental
    impact and
    increases the
    earning of the
    dairy industry.

    E. Promoting renewable sources of energy
    UNIDO mainly promotes the adoption of renewable energy sources through its rural and
    renewable energy programmes, which particularly target rural areas without connections
    to the national electricity grid. Activities during 2006 under this programme are described
    in more detail in chapter 4.
    There was an important development with regard to biofuels this year, reflecting the
    rapidly growing global interest in their potential contribution to the energy mix of
    countries. Since biofuels can replace fuels from non-renewable sources and thus present
    a possible response to climate change, and in view of the high price of traditional hydrocarbon-
    based fuels, UNIDO has initiated the development of a strategy for biofuels with
    the following areas of emphasis:

     The creation of profiles of sustainable biofuel provision and use, emphasizing that
    fuel use comprises far more than transport;
     South-South transfer and market introduction of technology for the gasification of
    solid biomass, building on the successful establishment of UNIDO’s Centre of
    Excellence for biomass gasification in Bangalore, India;
     The conversion of waste residues, especially from the food industry, into ethanol as
    a short-term priority;
     The promotion of decentralized biodiesel production and links between local rural
    biofuel developments and global trade and markets;
     Setting up a clearinghouse service on biorefineries as a contribution to global
    knowledge platforms within the United Nations system.
    F. From selling products to selling product services
    This comparatively new activity for UNIDO, which was launched in 2005, has primarily
    been undertaken within the context of the CP programme. The new business model of
    selling the services of products rather than the products themselves, which is now being
    adopted in the developed countries, is being introduced by UNIDO to developing
    countries and economies in transition. It can lead to dramatic reductions in the environmental
    impacts of products throughout their life cycle, from manufacture to final disposal.
    The Organization has focused its initial work on the chemical industry. A more detailed
    description of these activities during 2006 can be found in chapter 8.
    G. Abatement of industrial pollution and waste management
    While promoting more sustainable production and consumption patterns, UNIDO recognizes
    that industrial pollution and wastes cannot be eliminated fully. To minimize their
    impact, UNIDO promotes environmentally sound abatement practices through the TEST
    programme and its sector-specific programmes for textiles and leather.
    In the context of the Stockholm Convention, UNIDO focuses on the elimination of old
    stocks of POPs. Often these are obsolete pesticides, but stocks of industrial POPs, such
    as polychlorinated biphenyls, which have seen heavy use as oils in electrical transformers
    and other equipment, must also be eliminated.
    In Slovakia, full-sized demonstration projects for various technologies that destroy POPs
    without using combustion were launched. In the past, POPs were usually burned, but
    because of controversies surrounding the use of incinerators the Stockholm Convention
    proposed to explore whether non-combustion technologies can offer an effective, or more
    effective, way of destroying these compounds. The project in Slovakia builds on several
    years of assessments and evaluations, as well as the identification of stockpiles of POPs
    that could be the subject of a demonstration project. UNIDO’s first step was to set up
    the management structure of the project. The Organization then invited nine technology
    suppliers to make presentations of various technologies. In 2007, technology suppliers
    will be chosen on the basis of their bids, and demonstration projects will be set up.

    UNIDO ANNUAL REPORT 2006

    Industrial Development, trade and poverty reduction through South-South cooperation
    Industrial
    development,
    trade and poverty
    reduction through
    South-South
    cooperation was
    published in
    November 2006 as
    part of UNIDO’s
    efforts to promote
    South-South
    cooperation.

    A. South-South cooperation and the least developed countries
    Early this year UNIDO established a special unit to develop and coordinate South-South
    cooperation activities. The links between UNIDO’s activities in LDCs and the promotion
    of South-South cooperation were intensified. South-South cooperation was stimulated in
    various ways:
     Mapping the potential in more developed countries in the South for support to other
    developing countries, with emphasis on LDCs;
     Building partnerships among developing countries, particularly to strengthen production
    capacities in LDCs;
     Promoting regional trade and regional cooperation;
     Supporting institutional networking through centres of excellence in the South;
     Enhancing triangular cooperation between the North and the South, with a special
    focus on LDCs. In triangular cooperation, the North, or an agency based in the North,
    among others in the context of the Tokyo International Conference on African
    Development supports a programme of South-South cooperation.
    UNIDO’s TC in LDCs is primarily aimed at fulfilling the following commitments of the
    Brussels Programme of Action:1
    Commitment 4: Building productive capacities to make globalization work for LDCs;
    Commitment 5: Enhancing the role of trade in development;
    Commitment 6: Reducing vulnerability and protecting the environment.
    The focus is on increasing the value added and developing supply chain systems for SMEs
    in agro-based industries. The activities are in line with and contribute to the Millennium
    Development Goals.
    UNIDO’s TC services covered many areas that benefited LDCs in the framework of South-
    South cooperation. Highlights include:
     Promoting business linkages in the SME sector, including cluster and network
    development;
     Supporting market access and trade facilitation in LDC members of the South Asian
    Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC);
     Quality improvement in the countries of the West African Economic and Monetary
    Union (UEMOA);
    1The Programme of Action (A/CONF. 191/11) was adopted by the Third United Nations Conference on the Least
    Developed Countries in Brussels on 20 May 2001.

     Capacity-building and technology partnerships linking African, Asian, Caribbean and
    Latin American countries through the International Centre for Advancement of
    Manufacturing Technology (ICAMT) established by UNIDO in India;
     The development of small hydropower plants in East and West Africa through the
    International Centre for Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) established by UNIDO in China;
     The transfer of biomass technologies for rural and industrial energy needs;
     The implementation, with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and
    the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), of the Guinea Current Large
    Marine Ecosystem project for 16 countries for the Gulf of Guinea. This programme
    was endorsed by NEPAD.
    To streamline and deepen its South-South and LDC activities through better institutional
    mechanisms, the Organization has embarked on a new initiative: The establishment of
    South-South industrial cooperation centres in the emerging economies of the South.
    The first South-South industrial cooperation centre opened in India in January 2007. A
    similar centre is to be established in China. The aim of these centres will be to mobilize
    technical, financial and managerial resources to enhance production capacities, provide a
    platform for sharing development knowledge and solutions, promote regional trade and
    encourage the replication of best practices for poverty reduction. Negotiations are underway
    to establish a centre in Egypt, and further centres in Brazil and South Africa are
    envisioned for the future.
    A breakdown of TC delivery and project allotment documents (PADs) for LDCs is given
    in tables 2 and 3. Both show a strong increase.
    Table 2. Technical cooperation delivery to LDCs by year, in thousands of dollars
    2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
    End of year delivery 9,342 10,505 8,157 9,363 15,283
    Table 3. PADs to LDCs by year, in thousands of dollars
    2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
    End of year 12,957 14,927 12,021 16,174 18,912
    Furthermore, UNIDO has strengthened its relationship with the G-77, as discussed in
    chapter 3. Interaction and coordination with other United Nations agencies implementing
    the Brussels Programme of Action have been improved. UNIDO’s sectoral report2
    2Industrial development cooperation. Note by the Secretary-General (A/61/305).
    submitted to the United Nations General Assembly session in September 2006, reflecting
    the Organization’s role and contribution to TC in LDCs, was well received by all
    Member States. The Organization is working with UNDP’s South-South Cooperation Unit
    on a global South-South report which will cover topics such as:
     The definition of South-South cooperation;
     South-South cooperation in industry;
     Beneficial outcomes of South-South initiatives;
     South-South cooperation beyond government—the private sector as a possible motor
    for cooperation in industry;
     UNIDO’s role in promoting South-South cooperation.
    The Organization’s work on South-South cooperation was also reflected in a document
    on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework 2006-2009, submitted
    to the thirty-second session of the Board.3 During the session, strong support was
    expressed for the Organization’s efforts to strengthen United Nations inter-agency
    cooperation and to support the industrial development efforts of the South, and in
    particular the LDCs, through special initiatives.
    3IDB.32/13 and IDB 32/CRP 5.
    In line with the guidance provided by its policy-making organs and United Nations
    mandates, UNIDO will continue to consolidate and sharpen its activities to promote
    South-South cooperation, focusing on LDCs.

    B. Human security coordination
    Human security focuses on the most vulnerable groups of a society: those living below
    the poverty line, who cannot satisfy their basic human needs because their access to
    water, food, shelter and energy is not secure, or because they lack a secure source of
    income. In developing countries, these groups are mainly found among rural populations,
    women and youth. At the beginning of the twenty-first century there are many threats
    to human security, ranging from endangered livelihoods to disease and violent death.
    In 2000, the poorer half of the world adult population owned barely 1 per cent of
    global wealth.4
    At UNIDO, the Human Security Coordination Unit is part of the newly created
    Special Programmes group. It undertakes both crisis prevention and post-crisis assistance.
    Among the different kinds of threats, UNIDO addresses economic insecurity, environmental
    hazards and lack of social capital at the community level. Projects tackle these
    problems in various ways: by improving or restoring production capacities and
    infrastructure, by re-building the institutional support infrastructure, by attracting foreign
    and domestic investment. Some examples of projects include:
     The training of around 300 households in furniture making, carpentry, tailoring,
    embroidery and other crafts in Lhokseumawe, Indonesia, to overcome the effects of
    the tsunami;
     Support to over 40 villages in the Nuba mountains in south Sudan, boosting income
    and employment among poor and marginalized farmers, artisans and former refugees
    (see also chapter 4.D);
     Feasibility studies on tapping renewable energies for productive activities by particularly
    vulnerable population groups in Haiti, Liberia and Sierra Leone;
     Attracting domestic investment to earthquake-affected areas of South Asia, to initiate
    a process of locally-led recovery.
    C. Research and statistics
    Research and associated activities observe three guiding principles:
     Topics and fields of work are chosen from an area—defined by structural change,
    international trade and growth—in which the classic themes relating to industry in
    development can be analyzed fruitfully;
     The choice of specific fields of work from this area, and of some others related to it,
    is guided by UNIDO’s general mandate, reducing poverty through sustainable
    industrial growth, and informed by the Organization’s three thematic priorities;
    4United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research: The World Distribution of Household
    Wealth, 5 December 2006.

     The formulation of individual research projects is motivated by the usefulness of their
    results for fine-tuning the Organization’s programmes as well as for the design of
    policy-related components in TC.
    Economic research
    Most research is concerned with the first thematic priority—poverty reduction through productive
    activities. Research on productivity in developing countries continues to provide
    insights that are relevant to this priority area. An important step is the presentation of
    results in the form of a World Productivity Database that will go online early in 2007 and
    be made available to Member States, international organizations, academia and other interested
    parties. Furthermore, an investigation of the factors behind country performance
    differences was initiated. Both domestic and international factors play important roles.
    Technology transfer through imports of intermediates, capital goods and increased international
    integration are particularly significant, the latter however only in the case of good
    domestic absorptive capacity. The quality of institutions, competition and structural
    transformation away from agriculture, are also important.
    A dismal message on the technology gap between rich and poor countries was delivered
    at a meeting at the National Bureau of Economic Research in Boston, United States of
    America. UNIDO has measured the gap using six different approaches, which all showed
    that the gap is not only wide but increasing. Unless action is taken, the gap will continue
    to widen. A glimpse of hope, however, is provided by a handful of Asian countries
    (the original “Tiger” economies and some emerging “Tigers” such as China, India and
    Thailand) which are developing rapidly.
    To determine the capacity of countries to participate successfully in global trade, in
    line with UNIDO’s second thematic priority (trade capacity-building), preparatory work
    has been carried out for a study on patterns of trade in manufacturing, the corresponding
    international specialization trends and the implications for industrial as well as
    overall growth.
    Research has started on energy issues, which is part of UNIDO’s third thematic priority—
    environment and energy. A model for analyzing current and future energy needs for
    industrial development was applied to the case of China. It recommends improvements
    in industrial energy efficiency, an increase in energy supply and more cost-effective sustainable
    energy generation. The model is readily applicable to the regional and country
    assessments (see below) and can also help Member States to design and implement longterm
    energy policies and end-use strategies.
    The research programme Combating Marginalization and Poverty through Industrial
    Development (COMPID), funded by Denmark, published five studies on the contribution
    of industry to the achievement of the MDGs. The recommendations in these reports provide
    a basis for policymaking and industrial development strategies in low-income countries.
    The reports also contain UNIDO-specific advice on TC.

    UNIDO builds up medium- to long-term
    visions for industrial and economic
    development through a process
    of mobilizing key actors for
    joint action.

    The llama, a member of the camelid family, is a very important factor in the economy of
    the Bolivian highlands. Llama wool, for example, is the traditional raw material for textiles
    produced by the indigenous population. The best quality llama wool is better than alpaca
    wool, which is one of the most expensive camelid fibres in the market. However, the
    productivity and competitiveness of Bolivia’s camelid fibre-based textiles industry is low
    due to poor stock breeding methods as well as inadequate wool processing methods.
    To address these problems, the Bolivian Government and UNIDO initiated a camelides
    project in 2005. The longer-term aim of the project is to improve the whole wool production
    chain, from llama breeding to spinning and weaving by local artisans. If llama farmers
    and artisans can produce wool that meets the requirements of Bolivian textile
    manufacturers competing in world markets for high-quality camelid wool textiles, then not
    only the farmers, but the country as a whole, will benefit. Apart from improvements in
    llama breeding methods and shearing and processing equipment, training courses are
    planned for 120 persons to transfer expertise on the various stages of the camelid wool
    chain. Cooperation and dialogue with other organizations and projects, within and outside
    the United Nations system, of which only a few are mentioned in this brief overview,
    are a key element in the project.
    The first activity under the project was the supply of shearing equipment to indigenous
    farmers in the southwest of the country in November 2005. The problem of highly dispersed,
    small-scale production was tackled by providing portable low-voltage electric shearing
    equipment. With the new equipment, traditional shearing methods producing limited
    quantities of low-quality wool, that fetches low prices in the market, could be abandoned.
    The new, far more productive equipment also solved the problem of labour shortages due
    to the large number of young people migrating to urban areas. While the low-voltage
    equipment can be powered by electricity generators, collaboration was initiated with a
    Government project to install photovoltaic power systems—a low-cost, decentralized,
    sustainable form of energy supply—in remote rural areas.

    Consistently obtaining high-quality wool requires high-quality stock. Working with the
    FAO, genetic improvements, with a focus on obtaining a larger proportion of fine, white
    fibres (in the market, white fibres fetch $0.50 per kilo more than coloured fibres), are to
    be introduced through a project component promoting genetic management through a
    participatory approach which targets innovative farmers.
    Future commercialization options of the increased llama fibre production were discussed
    during a roundtable meeting with regional associations of llama farmers, spinning and
    textile mills and various support institutions. In addition, the project received great
    exposure at the International Camelides Export Fair in Bolivia.

    A mid-term evaluation of the project in May suggested a number of adjustments to ensure
    effective implementation and enhance the impact of the project. The original idea of
    letting the regional llama farmers association manage the Centre for Innovation and
    Technology Transfer (CITTE), which would provide support services to producers,
    including equipment for common use, was reconsidered because of the limited managerial
    capacity of the association and its problematic financial situation. The Danish-funded
    Indigenous Centre for Sustainable Food Production (CIPAS) project, managed by a
    Bolivian NGO, has been approached with the aim of sharing facilities, and an intensive
    dialogue was established.
    As a result of the camelides project, the seasonal wool yield has already increased from
    0.8 to 5.0 tons, resulting in significant increases in sales and earnings by the farmers
    involved.

    https://unido.org/fileadmin/import/66122_UNIDOAnnualReport2006.pdf

    F. Chemical leasing
    Programme component: Cleaner and sustainable production.
    Objective of the component: To promote sustainable industrial resource management
    in developing countries and countries with economies in transition.
    Planned outcome: Greater resource efficiency of production chains in countries
    where sustainable industrial resource management projects are located.
    Performance indicator: Decreased quantities and toxicity of waste and pollution
    generated per unit of final product.

    Chemical leasing is a business model in which chemicals manufacturers shift from selling
    chemicals to selling the functions performed by these chemicals—for example their cleaning
    function as in solvents or their coating function as in paints. The number of pieces cleaned
    or pieces coated becomes the basis of payment. In this business model, manufacturers
    accept including the use and disposal of the chemicals in their responsibilities.
    The advantages for the industrial users of chemicals are clear:
     The manufacturers know the properties of the chemicals better than the users.
    Therefore, the manufacturer will use the optimal amount of the chemical and can
    ensure that they are used in a safe way;
     The manufacturer knows best how to deal with the chemical once it is too contaminated
    for further use, which will often mean lower disposal costs.
    Due to these advantages, industrial users of chemicals can expect costs for the purchase
    of chemicals to be lower.
    The advantages for manufacturers are more subtle. In general, chemical leasing means selling
    less, because chemicals are used more efficiently, and that the manufacturers become
    responsible for waste disposal. However, these disadvantages can be outweighed by:
     More stable, long-term partnerships with the users, who are less likely to change suppliers
    in this business model than in a standard product purchase model;
     A much more interesting package for customers: not only can manufacturers reduce
    the costs of using chemicals, but they can also relieve customers of the burden of
    dealing with unfamiliar, often hazardous or toxic materials.

    The chemical
    leasing approach
    has also been
    used in a project
    to reduce the
    volume of
    effluents from
    glue production in
    a Russian factory.

    In addition to this, the environment also gains: chemical use is reduced, which lowers the
    production of chemicals and there are smaller quanThe partnership of a manufacturer and an industrial user of chemicals can be extended
    to include plant and equipment suppliers and companies recycling chemicals. Key elements
    of successful chemical leasing are proper benefit sharing among all participating
    companies, high quality standards for the final product and any recycled chemicals, and
    mutual trust among participants.
    In cooperation with the Austrian Ministry of the Environment, UNIDO’s Cleaner Production
    Programme began promoting chemical leasing business models in developing and transition
    countries in 2005. During 2005 and 2006, projects involving around 20 companies
    were being implemented with the NCPCs in Egypt, Mexico and the Russian Federation.
    The NCPCs promoted the projects amongst their clients, and once partnerships were
    established, they monitored and validated their performance.
    In Egypt, one of the partnerships is between AKZO Nobel Powder Coatings SAE as the
    supplier of electrostatic powder coatings and ABB Arab, a manufacturer of high and low
    voltage equipment, as the industrial user of the chemical. AKZO Nobel’s product is used to
    coat the frame components of ABB’s power equipment. Under the chemical leasing model
    adopted, AKZO Nobel is offering the service of coating instead of selling its powder-coating
    chemicals. ABB Arab pays a fee per square metre of final product coated per day. The
    fee covers the powder used, the supervision of the coating line, which includes a transfer
    of know-how on the techniques of powder application, and the recycling of waste powder.
    The main environmental benefits of this partnership are:
     A reduction in the amount of powder coating used on ABB Arab’s premises, with a
    consequent reduction in all the environmental impacts of coating powder production;
     The recycling of the waste coating powder, which was being landfilled before;
     Improved working conditions in ABB Arab, because of better coating process control
    and better maintenance of the coating powder line;
     Reduced environmtities of waste chemicals, which are
    managed in a more environmentally acceptable manner.

    Pp.74

    The partnership of a manufacturer and an industrial user of chemicals can be extended
    to include plant and equipment suppliers and companies recycling chemicals. Key elements
    of successful chemical leasing are proper benefit sharing among all participating
    companies, high quality standards for the final product and any recycled chemicals, and
    mutual trust among participants.
    In cooperation with the Austrian Ministry of the Environment, UNIDO’s Cleaner Production
    Programme began promoting chemical leasing business models in developing and transition
    countries in 2005. During 2005 and 2006, projects involving around 20 companies
    were being implemented with the NCPCs in Egypt, Mexico and the Russian Federation.
    The NCPCs promoted the projects amongst their clients, and once partnerships were
    established, they monitored and validated their performance.
    In Egypt, one of the partnerships is between AKZO Nobel Powder Coatings SAE as the
    supplier of electrostatic powder coatings and ABB Arab, a manufacturer of high and low
    voltage equipment, as the industrial user of the chemical. AKZO Nobel’s product is used to
    coat the frame components of ABB’s power equipment. Under the chemical leasing model
    adopted, AKZO Nobel is offering the service of coating instead of selling its powder-coating
    chemicals. ABB Arab pays a fee per square metre of final product coated per day. The
    fee covers the powder used, the supervision of the coating line, which includes a transfer
    of know-how on the techniques of powder application, and the recycling of waste powder.
    The main environmental benefits of this partnership are:
     A reduction in the amount of powder coating used on ABB Arab’s premises, with a
    consequent reduction in all the environmental impacts of coating powder production;
     The recycling of the waste coating powder, which was being landfilled before;
     Improved working conditions in ABB Arab, because of better coating process control
    and better maintenance of the coating powder line;
     Reduced environmental impacts, previously generated by imperfectly maintained
    equipment.
    In addition, both companies now have a long-term business relationship.
    G. Joint formulation of an industrial strategy for Saudi Arabia
    Programme component: Technical cooperation services in industrial governance.
    Objectives of the component: To improve the decision-making capabilities of
    Governments, private sector and support institutions in the formulation, implementation
    and monitoring of industrial strategies, policies and programmes.
    Planned outcome: Improved effectiveness of systems of industrial governance
    based on public-private partnerships and consultations.
    Performance indicator: The Government worked directly with other stakeholders
    in the formulation, implementation and monitoring of an industrial strategy.

    In its Vision 2020 strategy document, Saudi Arabia commits itself to reducing its
    dependence on oil. Income from the oil industry is to be used to build up a diversified
    economy, with the private sector and the highly skilled Saudi labour force as the major
    drivers. In the transformation of a natural resource-intensive economy into a knowledgebased
    economy, the manufacturing sector will play a critically important part. UNIDO
    supports the efforts of the Government with the integrated programme strategies to
    enhance industrial competitiveness and diversification in Saudi Arabia.
    The Vision 2020 recognizes that its ambitious aims can only be reached through an
    intensive dialogue among the main stakeholders in development: the Government, in
    particular the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, private businesses and the national
    innovation system, including universities and research institutes. On the basis of a UNIDO
    assessment of the industrial sector, interviews and meetings were held with all stakeholders
    to define strategic concepts for the sector. This step-by-step process was guided by a
    Steering Committee on which all key players were represented, ensuring the continuity
    of the dialogue.
    The outcome of the process was a draft strategy presented by the UNIDO project
    team to a stakeholders’ meeting chaired by the Minister of Commerce and Industry.
    The final strategy document, Industry 2020—Partners in Building a Promising Industrial
    Future, was submitted to the Government for approval in December. Its strategic
    pillars are:
     Building up domestic capabilities in areas such as skills, research and development,
    information and communication technologies and investment promotion;
     Creation of a more stimulating business environment, especially for SMEs;
     Creation of an industrial innovation system at the national level as well as in the
    country’s different regions;
     Promotion of industrial clusters;
     A stronger system of industrial governance at the national, regional and local
    level (see figure 5 for its composition) to guide the implementation of the strategy.
    An action plan with concrete programmes for each of the pillars was formulated, with a
    budget of $3.9 billion. The lessons learned from the implementation of projects will be
    used to develop industry-related activities for the new Five Year Plan which starts in 2010.
    The successful process of dialogue and cooperation among development stakeholders,
    leading to the formulation of Industry 2020, can be seen as a major result of the integrated
    programme. However, other outcomes of the process deserve to be mentioned as well,
    such as a plan for cluster formation, publication of a statistical survey, improvements in
    the industrial data system, workshops on new forms of industrial governance for the stakeholders,
    and training of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry staff in analysis, policy
    formulation, implementation and monitoring.

    Pp.77
    See diagram
    Figure 5. Proposed organization of the industrial governance system in Industry 2020
    Industrial Strategy Commission >>> Ministry of Commerce and Industry
    Industrial Development Agency >>>>
    Framework conditions / Regional innovation systems / National innovation system by Industrial clusters
    Industrial Competitiveness and Diversification Board + Regional and local government authorities interact and answer to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry along with the Industrial Development Agency (see chart diagram pp. 77 of text 2006 UNIDO Annual Report.)

    ***

    © 2010 Inter-American Development Bank
    IDB and Haiti -

    Preparation

    * Improving the competitiveness of the tourism enterprises in Jacmel
    * Institutional strengthening of FHAPME

    More
    Approved

    * 1/14/10. Emergency response to earthquake in Haiti
    * 1/4/10. Co-financing – Rural Chains Program – Animal & Plant Health Protection

    #
    IDB considers additional Haiti debt relief

    The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the largest multinational source of assistance and debt relief for Haiti, is considering an effective mechanism for the further alleviation of Haiti’s $441 million debt to the IDB in the wake of the destruction caused by the Jan. 12 earthquake.

    http://www.iadb.org/countries/Home.cfm?id_country=HA

    #
    Message from President Moreno on the passing of Philippe Dewez

    It is with deep regret that we received confirmation of the death of Philippe Dewez, former IDB Representative in Haiti, as a consequence of injuries sustained during the January 12 earthquake.
    #
    IDB President visits Haiti, calls for expanded aid

    Inter-American Development Bank President Luis Alberto Moreno today called for increased financial aid for Haiti, which last week suffered the worst natural disaster in its history

    **

    Advanced Search
    Keyword Project Number Status Country Topic
    Sector Subsector
    Fund Cofinancing Financial Product Project Type
    Year Approved : to:
    Financing (IDB/MIF) from: under:
    Page 1 Results 1 – 20 of 449
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Emergency response to earthquake in Haiti HA-T1125 Jan 14, 2010
    Haiti Co-financing – Rural Chains Program – Animal & Plant Health Protection HA-X1015 Jan 4, 2010
    Haiti New Technologies and Government Transformation in Haiti HA-T1122 Dec 10, 2009
    Haiti Pilot Project to Provide Capacity Building for Cleft Lip andPalate Care in Haiti HA-T1112 Dec 10, 2009
    Haiti Strengthening the Internal Debt Sustainability Analysis Unit HA-T1083 Dec 10, 2009
    Haiti Support for Preparation of Civil Registry Project HA-T1114 Dec 10, 2009
    Haiti Support for Teachers of XO-OLPC Project HA-T1102 Dec 10, 2009
    Haiti Support to the Design of the HA-L1035 Program HA-T1080 Dec 8, 2009
    Haiti Job Creation for Small-Scale Agricultural Producers through the Carifresh Fruit HA-S1006 Dec 4, 2009
    Haiti Regional Indicators and Data for Readiness to Learn HA-T1118 Dec 3, 2009
    Haiti Improving Child Survival and Building Blocks for Social Safety Nets HA-T1116 Dec 2, 2009
    Haiti Improving Child Survival and Building Blocks for Social Safety Nets HA-L1042 Dec 2, 2009
    Haiti Capitalization Fund for textile sector SMEs in Haiti HA-M1024 Oct 14, 2009
    Haiti Water and Sanitation for Intermediate Cities (II) HA-L1039 Sep 30, 2009
    Haiti Water and Sanitation for Intermediate Cities (II) HA-X1013 Sep 30, 2009
    Haiti Sustainable Land Management of the Upper Watersheds of South Western Haiti HA-X1002 Sep 23, 2009
    Haiti Improving remittance services and promoting investments in Haiti HA-M1020 Sep 18, 2009
    Haiti Natural Disaster Mitigation Program in Priority Watersheds I HA-L1041 Sep 16, 2009
    Haiti Expansion of financial services to secondary cities HA-S1005 Sep 15, 2009
    Haiti Enhancement of Haitian Competitiveness in Key Economic Sectors HA-T1104 Sep 1, 2009

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/search.cfm?country=HA&adv=true&lang=en

    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Fiscal Sustainability I HA-L1029 Aug 26, 2009
    Haiti Development of the Industrial Park Model to Improve Trade Opportunities for Hait HA-T1074 Aug 13, 2009
    Haiti Business Plan Competition in Haiti HA-M1023 Jul 22, 2009
    Haiti Support to Reconstruction of Education Infrastructure HA-L1040 Jun 24, 2009
    Haiti Handicraft and Local Development in Ganthier HA-T1108 Jun 18, 2009
    Haiti Support for the preparation National Tourism Program HA-T1090 Jun 9, 2009
    Haiti Support to maritime fishing development HA-T1101 Apr 30, 2009
    Haiti Support to the competitiveness of quality coffee value chain in Baptiste HA-M1022 Apr 16, 2009
    Haiti Support to the competitiveness of quality coffee value chain in Thiotte HA-M1021 Apr 16, 2009
    Haiti Support for Watershed Management Plans for Preventive Disaster Risk Management HA-T1091 Apr 9, 2009
    Haiti Technical Assistance for National Program of Flood Early Warning System HA-T1096 Apr 9, 2009
    Haiti Hand Pump Program in Rural Plain of Gonaïves HA-T1109 Feb 18, 2009
    Haiti Programa de Bombas a Motricidad Humana para Gonives HA-X1016 Feb 18, 2009
    Haiti Creating Sustainable Recycling Businesses in Bel Air, Port Au Prince HA-M1017 Jan 27, 2009
    Haiti Business Competitiveness and Cluster Support HA-T1076 Dec 17, 2008
    Haiti Support to training of trainers for the TVET system HA-T1066 Dec 17, 2008
    Haiti Support to the Presidential commission on Education Reform HA-T1098 Dec 5, 2008
    Haiti Péligre Hydroelectric Plant Rehabilitation Pogram HA-L1032 Dec 2, 2008
    Haiti Support for the Strengthenning of the DGI HA-X1011 Oct 30, 2008
    Haiti Competitiveness and Profitability of Fruit-processing Microenterprises HA-M1016 Sep 22, 2008

    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Emergency Assistance Due to Hurricane Gustav HA-T1099 Sep 15, 2008
    Haiti Emergency Assistance Due to Hurricane Hanna HA-T1100 Sep 15, 2008
    Haiti Preparation of Full-Sized GEF Project HA-X1002 HA-X1009 Sep 5, 2008
    Haiti Support for CHPs Rehabilitation HA-T1097 Aug 21, 2008
    Haiti Support for Export Quality Fruits HA-M1015 Jul 25, 2008
    Haiti II Aditional Cofinancing Rehabilitation Basic Economic Infrastructure Program HA-X1008 Jun 18, 2008
    Haiti Strengthening Public Finance Management II HA-L1023 Apr 30, 2008
    Haiti Promotion of Economic Opportunities in Rural Areas HA-M1010 Apr 17, 2008
    Haiti Support for Planning, Programming and Monitoring Based on Results HA-T1053 Mar 5, 2008
    Haiti Rehabilitation of Road Infrastructure for Integration of the Territory HA-X1007 Feb 21, 2008
    Haiti Pilot of the One Laptop per Child Model HA-T1093 Feb 6, 2008
    Haiti Supplemental Support for Preparation of Watershed Management Program HA-T1092 Jan 30, 2008
    Haiti Promoting Micro Entrepreneurship in the Urban Slums in Haiti HA-M1009 Jan 18, 2008
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening of the Ministry of Public Works HA-T1055 Jan 16, 2008
    Haiti Third phase of the Household Survey 1-2-3 to Create the baseline for the PRSP HA-T1056 Dec 19, 2007
    Haiti Competitivity and Profitability of Milk Processing Plants Lèt Agogo HA-M1014 Dec 18, 2007
    Haiti Early Childhood Development Pilot HA-T1061 Dec 18, 2007
    Haiti Promotion of Community Tourism in the North Department of Haiti HA-M1012 Dec 18, 2007
    Haiti Promotion of Micro and Small Enterprises in Cap-Haitien HA-M1011 Dec 18, 2007
    Haiti Support for Design EDH’s Mid Term Investment Plan HA-T1058 Dec 18, 2007

    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Support for Design EDH’s Mid Term Investment Plan HA-T1094 Dec 18, 2007
    Haiti Education Sector Study – Assessing Education Quality HA-T1063 Dec 17, 2007
    Haiti Feasibility Studies for a Second Landfill in Port-au-Prince HA-T1060 Dec 12, 2007
    Haiti Rehabilitation of Road Infrastructure for Integration of the Territory HA-L1019 Nov 20, 2007
    Haiti Supplemental Financing for the Agricultural Intensification Program HA-L1021 Nov 20, 2007
    Haiti Executing Agencies Follow-up Support Program HA-T1062 Aug 20, 2007
    Haiti Trade and Investment Forum HA-T1065 Aug 14, 2007
    Haiti Strengthening Public Resource Management HA-L1017 Aug 1, 2007
    Haiti Collective Remittances and Social Service Provision in Haiti HA-T1059 Jun 29, 2007
    Haiti Additional Cofinancing for Rehabilitation Basic Economic Infrastructure Program HA-X1005 Jun 27, 2007
    Haiti Promoting Micro Entrepreneurship through Institutional Capacity Strengthening HA-T1064 Jun 27, 2007
    Haiti Support for the Integrated Mgmnt of the Upper Parts of Priority Watersheds in HA HA-T1054 Jun 1, 2007
    Haiti Co-financing for the Vocational Training Program HA-X1001 Apr 12, 2007
    Haiti Support for the Haitian Parliament HA-T1045 Jan 9, 2007
    Haiti Policy and Forestry Action Plan for Haiti HA-T1046 Dec 20, 2006
    Haiti Policy and Forestry Action Plan for Haiti HA-X1003 Dec 20, 2006
    Haiti Support Human Resource Management in Public Sector HA-L1018 Dec 13, 2006
    Haiti Financial Sector Reform Support Program HA-L1008 Dec 6, 2006
    Haiti Rehabilitation of Electricity Distribution System in Port au Prince HA-L1014 Dec 6, 2006
    Haiti Rural Supply Chain Market Linkage Services HA-T1043 Nov 29, 2006
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Rural Supply Chain Development Program HA-L1003 Oct 24, 2006
    Haiti Enhancement of the Remittances Services to and within Rural Haiti HA-M1007 Oct 11, 2006
    Haiti Economic and Project Work on the Development of the Rural Economy HA-T1052 Oct 4, 2006
    Haiti Technical Assistance in the Potable Water and Sanitation Sector of Haiti HA-T1051 Oct 3, 2006
    Haiti Improving Banking Supervision in Haiti HA-T1050 Oct 2, 2006
    Haiti Investment Promotion Initiative HA-T1048 Sep 29, 2006
    Haiti Basic Education Teacher Certification HA-T1047 Sep 28, 2006
    Haiti Rural Water and Sanitation Program HA-L1007 Sep 20, 2006
    Haiti Enhancing Readiness to Learn Initiatives for Haitian Children HA-T1038 Sep 15, 2006
    Haiti Strengthening of Airport Security HA-M1006 Jul 31, 2006
    Haiti Assessment of Early Childhood Services HA-T1049 Jul 10, 2006
    Haiti Policy and Strategy for Integrated Watershed Management HA-T1039 Jun 14, 2006
    Haiti Support for Port-au-Prince Electrical Distribution Rehabilitation Program HA-T1040 Apr 28, 2006
    Haiti Communication Strategy for Sustainable Watershed Management HA-T1041 Apr 10, 2006
    Haiti Institutional Analysis of the Rural Supply Chain Dev Program HA-T1042 Feb 27, 2006
    Haiti Preparation of the Intervention for the Watershed Management Program HA-T1037 Jan 3, 2006
    Haiti Preparation of Rural Water and Sanitation Feasibility Studies HA-T1030 Dec 13, 2005
    Haiti Development of 2007 Country Strategy for Haiti HA-T1036 Nov 23, 2005
    Haiti Feasibility Assessment of Social Protection Programs HA-T1035 Nov 23, 2005
    Haiti Community Development to Support the Water and Sanitation Program HA-T1034 Nov 1, 2005
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Support for the National Service of Potable Water (SNEP) HA-T1032 Oct 27, 2005
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening for Environmental Management HA-L1006 Oct 21, 2005
    Haiti Support for Start up of National Flood Early Warning Program HA-T1025 Oct 18, 2005
    Haiti Support for Preparation & Implementation of the Watershed Management Project HA-T1033 Sep 28, 2005
    Haiti Support for the Service National del Eau Potable (SNEP) HA-T1031 Sep 28, 2005
    Haiti Support for the Evaluation of the Urban Rehabilitation Program HA-T1022 Sep 21, 2005
    Haiti Support for Preparation & Implementation of Rural Economy Projects HA-T1026 Aug 23, 2005
    Haiti Program to Develop Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms HA-M1005 Aug 10, 2005
    Haiti Support for the Competitive Position of Haitian Coffees HA-M1004 Aug 3, 2005
    Haiti Ennery-Quinte Agricultural Intensification Project HA-L1009 Jul 20, 2005
    Haiti Fiscal Reform and Governance HA-L1001 Jul 20, 2005
    Haiti National Program of Flood Early Warning HA-L1005 Jul 20, 2005
    Haiti Urban Rehabilitation Program HA-L1002 Jul 6, 2005
    Haiti Support for the Transport Infrastructure Rehabilitation Program HA-T1024 Jun 30, 2005
    Haiti Transport Infrastructure Rehabilitation Program HA0087 Jun 29, 2005
    Haiti Support Preparation for Rural Water and Sanitation Program HA-T1029 Jun 22, 2005
    Haiti Strengthening of Economic Governance Institutions HA0082 Jun 21, 2005
    Haiti Didactic Materials for the Vocational Training Sector HA-T1023 Jun 6, 2005
    Haiti Vocational Training HA0017 May 31, 2005
    Haiti A Response to Gender Based Violence in Haiti HA-T1020 May 10, 2005
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Support for FAES’ Communication Strategy HA-T1028 Apr 26, 2005
    Haiti Preparation Institutional Strengthening Program for Environmental Management HA-T1027 Mar 30, 2005
    Haiti Preparation of the Support to the Competitiveness of Haitian Coffees HA-T1021 Mar 2, 2005
    Haiti Agriculture Sector and the Rural Economy in Haiti HA-T1008 Jan 3, 2005
    Haiti Microfinance Strengthening of the “Caisses Populaires” HA-M1002 Dec 10, 2004
    Haiti Deepening of Financial Services to Microenterprise in Haiti HA-M1003 Dec 6, 2004
    Haiti Quality Mechanisms in Vocational Training HA-T1014 Dec 2, 2004
    Haiti Support for the Execution of IDB Transport Programs in Haiti HA-T1017 Nov 22, 2004
    Haiti Support for the Execution of the Roads Program in Haiti HA-T1019 Nov 22, 2004
    Haiti Updating of Road Inventory and Classification HA-T1006 Nov 19, 2004
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening of the Ministry of Women’s Affairs and Rights (MCFDF HA-T1018 Nov 17, 2004
    Haiti Technical Assistance to Support the Execution of Loan 1490/SF-HA HA-T1010 Nov 3, 2004
    Haiti Support for the Creation of Anti-Corruption Bureau HA-T1003 Oct 12, 2004
    Haiti Emergency Assistance in Response to Tropical Storm Jeanne HA-T1016 Sep 22, 2004
    Haiti Targetting the Urban Poor HA-T1015 Sep 20, 2004
    Haiti Support for Urban Rehabilitation HA-T1013 Sep 13, 2004
    Haiti Support to the Sector Reform Unit (Loan 1010/SF-HA) HA-T1012 Aug 20, 2004
    Haiti Support for the Execution of Loan 1010/SF-HA HA-T1009 Aug 9, 2004
    Haiti Vocational Education and Training and its Linkages to the Labor Market HA-T1011 Jul 27, 2004
    Haiti Emergency Floods in Response to Floods in Haiti HA-T1007 May 28, 2004
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Facilitation of Basic Economic Infrastructure Program HA-T1004 Feb 17, 2004
    Haiti On-Line Networks for Culture, Tourism and Commerce in Haiti HA-M1001 Dec 18, 2003
    Haiti Support for the Reform of Revenue Institutions TC0210058 Dec 17, 2003
    Haiti Policy Research Study for New Sources of Growth in Haiti HA-T1005 Nov 27, 2003
    Haiti Public Finance Reform HA0092 Nov 19, 2003
    Haiti Agricultural Intensification HA0016 Nov 12, 2003
    Haiti Local Development Program HA0079 Nov 12, 2003
    Haiti Program for Rehabilitation of Basic Economic Infrastructure HA0093 Nov 12, 2003
    Haiti Preparation of Local Development Program HA-T1002 Sep 3, 2003
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening of ACME TC0302007 Aug 26, 2003
    Haiti Management of Coffee Plantations II HA-T1001 Jul 11, 2003
    Haiti Emergency Relief in Response to the Drought TC0306034 Jul 1, 2003
    Haiti Organic Agriculture Practices TC0303042 Mar 21, 2003
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening Initiatives TC0201093 Dec 18, 2002
    Haiti Inventory of NGOs TC0210041 Dec 16, 2002
    Haiti Poverty Map Validation, Production and Dissemination TC0210044 Dec 16, 2002
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening of Micro Credit National S.A. TC0206035 Dec 6, 2002
    Haiti Support to Haiti’s Poverty Map TC0210042 Oct 14, 2002
    Haiti Construction Techniques with Bambou TC0210040 Sep 12, 2002
    Haiti Support for the Cooperative System TC0207031 Jul 22, 2002
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Emergency Assistance to Flood Victims TC0206000 Jun 4, 2002
    Haiti Processing of Meat Products TC0206003 May 24, 2002
    Haiti Management of Coffee Plantations TC0206004 May 23, 2002
    Haiti Renewable Alternative Energy Sources TC0111040 Dec 21, 2001
    Haiti Support for Vulnerable Children TC0111041 Dec 21, 2001
    Haiti Support to Civil Registry of Haiti TC0111039 Dec 21, 2001
    Haiti Program to Support Hiv/Aids Strategy TC0109021 Nov 28, 2001
    Haiti Activation of Rural Roads Program TC0009030 Dec 21, 2000
    Haiti Preparation Environmental Action Plans TC0012030 Dec 21, 2000
    Haiti Risk Management & Disaster Prevention TC0012032 Dec 21, 2000
    Haiti Streng.comm. Groups in Coastal Area TC0012031 Dec 21, 2000
    Haiti Reinforcement of National Accounts II TC9912038 Nov 30, 2000
    Haiti Activation of Basic Education Program TC0009035 Nov 16, 2000
    Haiti Local Governance Initiative TC0010031 Nov 16, 2000
    Haiti Preparation Local Development Program TC9910074 Nov 16, 2000
    Haiti Support to Project Implementation of the Agricultural Intensification Program TC9910010 Nov 16, 2000
    Haiti Activation of Decentralization Program TC0009029 Oct 13, 2000
    Haiti Drinking Water & Sanitation Sec. Reform TC9910067 Oct 6, 2000
    Haiti Economic and Social Dev. Strategy TC0003039 May 31, 2000
    Haiti Preparation of Census 2001 TC9910051 Feb 25, 2000
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Electricity Sector’s Modernization Prog. TC9910027 Oct 26, 1999
    Haiti Private Training Market Initiative TC9708259 Oct 13, 1999
    Haiti Urban Initiatives for Port-Au-Prince TC9712490 Oct 13, 1999
    Haiti Rn1 Highway Rehabilitation TC9910007 Oct 12, 1999
    Haiti Cap-Haitien Airport Concession Prefeasi. TC9910008 Oct 9, 1999
    Haiti Cap-Haitien Port Concession Prefeasibi. TC9910006 Oct 9, 1999
    Haiti Support for the Administrative Reform TC9809289 Oct 6, 1999
    Haiti Potable Water Sector Reform TC9906031 Sep 21, 1999
    Haiti Strength.textile Subsector TC9901031 Sep 13, 1999
    Haiti Agriculture Intensification Project TC9810608 Sep 8, 1999
    Haiti Highway Rehabilitation Program TC9902003 Sep 8, 1999
    Haiti Private Participation Electric Sector TC9903024 May 13, 1999
    Haiti Training Reform Transition TC9804495 May 5, 1999
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening to Sogebank TC9810020 Jan 4, 1999
    Haiti Assessment of the Financial Sector TC9804205 Dec 23, 1998
    Haiti Rehabilitation of National Roads 3 TC9811135 Dec 15, 1998
    Haiti Irrigation System Artibonite Valley TC9710212 Nov 23, 1998
    Haiti Coastal and Marines Resources Manage. TC9806160 Oct 19, 1998
    Haiti Statistics Experiences TC9806152 Oct 16, 1998
    Haiti Education Reform TC9806144 Oct 12, 1998
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Tc Emergency Tropical Storm George TC9809403 Oct 2, 1998
    Haiti Basic Education Program HA0038 Sep 30, 1998
    Haiti Inst.streng. Managerial Capacityof Ihsi TC9809073 Sep 22, 1998
    Haiti Drinking Water and Sanitation Sector Reform HA0014 Aug 12, 1998
    Haiti Establishment Potable Water Agency TC9708465 Aug 12, 1998
    Haiti Organization & Rationalization Health Sector HA0045 Aug 12, 1998
    Haiti Hidrological Impact Ennery-Gonaives TC9806376 Jul 14, 1998
    Haiti Potable Water Sector Reform TC9806102 Jul 14, 1998
    Haiti Ennery-Gonaives Hydrological Impact Stud TC9805196 Jun 18, 1998
    Haiti National Tariff Policy Development TC9803348 Jun 12, 1998
    Haiti Ouanaminthe Water System Urban Study TC9803330 Jun 10, 1998
    Haiti Strengt.management of Court of Accounts TC9801045 Jun 2, 1998
    Haiti Strengthening National Account Unit TC9801037 Jun 2, 1998
    Haiti Potable Water System of Jacmel City TC9803281 May 1, 1998
    Haiti Potable Water and Sanitation Reform TC9712573 Apr 16, 1998
    Haiti Coastal Marine Protection TC9610446 Feb 4, 1998
    Haiti Employment & Professional Classification TC9801128 Feb 4, 1998
    Haiti Support to Private Sector in Haiti (2) TC9712367 Dec 22, 1997
    Haiti Agricultural Feasibility Studies TC9705461 Oct 16, 1997
    Haiti Shipwrecked Emergency Fierte Gonaiviene TC9708332 Sep 17, 1997
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Feasibility Study Port Saint Louis TC9708100 Aug 21, 1997
    Haiti Coordination Potable Water Sector Impl. TC9707144 Jul 29, 1997
    Haiti Land Tenure Transfers Marginal Populat. TC9707136 Jul 18, 1997
    Haiti Inst.strength.ministerio Medio Ambiente TC9705346 May 23, 1997
    Haiti Coastal Action Plan Preparation TC9704405 May 7, 1997
    Haiti Professional Education Program TC9701386 May 5, 1997
    Haiti Assistance to the Private Sector TC9701500 Mar 21, 1997
    Haiti Vocational Training TC9703051 Mar 17, 1997
    Haiti Agricultural Feas.studies Trois Rivieres TC9701451 Mar 6, 1997
    Haiti Employment & Professions Classification TC9702011 Mar 6, 1997
    Haiti Social Capital Development Program TC9701394 Mar 6, 1997
    Haiti Rural and Secondary Roads HA0075 Mar 5, 1997
    Haiti Water Policy Formulation TC9601247 Feb 4, 1997
    Haiti Action Plan C and D Countries TC9704497 Jan 1, 1997
    Haiti Basic Education TC9605314 Dec 20, 1996
    Haiti Inst. Strengthening Banque Republique D’haiti HA0091 Dec 11, 1996
    Haiti Investment Sector Loan HA0046 Dec 11, 1996
    Haiti Social Investment Help Fund HA0037 Nov 13, 1996
    Haiti Potable Water Prog.-Preinvestment Study TC9604423 Oct 24, 1996
    Haiti Potable Water Program TC9603178 Oct 24, 1996

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    pp.12

    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Potable Water System Les Cayes Master P. TC9608235 Sep 20, 1996
    Haiti Legal/Regulatory Reform Electric Sector TC9509136 Sep 11, 1996
    Haiti Support to Civil Registry TC9608178 Sep 6, 1996
    Haiti Foreign Trade and Investment TC9608144 Sep 4, 1996
    Haiti Tropical Storm Emergency TC9607302 Aug 15, 1996
    Haiti Potable Water Sector Reform TC9603087 Jul 3, 1996
    Haiti Maps Structure Production TC9605497 Jun 27, 1996
    Haiti Land Administration Reform Program TC9601239 Jun 17, 1996
    Haiti Inst. Strengh. Ministry of Environment TC9605223 Jun 3, 1996
    Haiti TC Loan for Decentralization HA0060 Feb 21, 1996
    Haiti Eerp-Training of Supervition Firms TC9601320 Jan 31, 1996
    Haiti Reform of Potable Water Sector TC9509269 Jan 3, 1996
    Haiti Preinvestment Studies – Potable Water TC9509277 Dec 28, 1995
    Haiti Private Sector Assessment TC9508493 Dec 22, 1995
    Haiti Information System On Employment TC9509144 Dec 21, 1995
    Haiti Inst. Strengthening for Customs Administration TC9509061 Dec 20, 1995
    Haiti Inst. Strengthening for Tax Administration TC9509045 Dec 20, 1995
    Haiti Emergency & Economic Recovery Program II HA0050 Nov 29, 1995
    Haiti Secured Transactions Reform TC9505449 Nov 29, 1995
    Haiti Support to Professional Bankers Associa. TC9508229 Nov 28, 1995

    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Urban Developmennt Master Plan TC9509011 Nov 28, 1995
    Haiti Streng.large Taxpayers Unit (dgi) TC9509037 Nov 27, 1995
    Haiti Preinvestment Studies Municipal Dev.prg. TC9509029 Nov 22, 1995
    Haiti Support Economic & Social Fund TC9509160 Nov 21, 1995
    Haiti Primary Education HA0028 Oct 25, 1995
    Haiti Support to National Education Plan TC9508138 Sep 29, 1995
    Haiti Economic Recovery Prog.-Bridge Rehab. TC9507289 Sep 11, 1995
    Haiti Inst. Strength. Agriculture Ministry TC9507445 Sep 7, 1995
    Haiti Technical & Professional Training Prog. TC9507114 Aug 8, 1995
    Haiti Support Direccion General de Impuestos TC9506455 Jul 27, 1995
    Haiti Expand Production of Crop Seeds & Plant SP9502370 Jul 25, 1995
    Haiti Support Fonds Haitien D’aide a la Femme SP9501249 Jul 25, 1995
    Haiti Support Societe D’epargne Et de Credit SP9501257 Jul 25, 1995
    Haiti Studies Highway Component TC9504376 May 24, 1995
    Haiti Study Drainage & Urban Routes Component TC9504368 May 24, 1995
    Haiti Study Rivers Protection Component TC9504350 May 24, 1995
    Haiti Support Faes in Design of Mgmt Ops Syst. TC9502388 May 22, 1995
    Haiti Dredging of Ports and Channels Studies TC9503120 Mar 20, 1995
    Haiti Road Maintenance & Rehab. National Program HA0041 Feb 8, 1995
    Haiti Emergency Program: Port Component TC9411109 Feb 2, 1995
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Economic Emergency Recuperation Program TC9304411 Jan 11, 1995
    Haiti Emergency and Economic Recuperation Program (EERP) HA0011 Jan 11, 1995
    Haiti Emergency Program – Electrical Component TC9411167 Jan 6, 1995
    Haiti Huracan Gordon Emergency TC9411026 Jan 6, 1995
    Haiti Emergency Program – Drainage Component TC9411117 Dec 23, 1994
    Haiti Emergency Program – Urban Component TC9411125 Dec 23, 1994
    Haiti Emergency Program – Highway Component TC9411133 Dec 22, 1994
    Haiti Emergency Program – Rural Component TC9411141 Dec 22, 1994
    Haiti Colloquium On Vocational Training TC9110032 Sep 17, 1991
    Haiti Inst.streng.of Stadistics Haitian Inst. TC9111197 Sep 10, 1991
    Haiti Professional Technical Education TC9111189 Aug 27, 1991
    Haiti Electric Energy Transmission TC9106114 Jul 8, 1991
    Haiti Industrial Cap-Haitien Park Study TC9104209 Jul 8, 1991
    Haiti Electric Transmission TC9106023 Jun 18, 1991
    Haiti Support to Miniplan for Gcdec TC9104027 May 3, 1991
    Haiti Management of Hidrographic Valleys TC9103102 Apr 15, 1991
    Haiti Economic and Social Fund HA0081 Mar 28, 1991
    Haiti National Conservation Road Program. TC9007479 Nov 21, 1990
    Haiti Additional Financing Artibonite II HA0078 Nov 7, 1990
    Haiti Ppf: Generation and Transmission Project TC9004277 Jul 24, 1990
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Prefeasibility Study of Artibonite Basin TC9004110 Jun 14, 1990
    Haiti Small Projects Financing Program: Instit SP8802078 Jun 8, 1990
    Haiti Ppf: Program for Professional Technical TC9002312 Apr 10, 1990
    Haiti Pont-Sonde-Mirebalais Highways and Access Roads HA0049 Mar 28, 1990
    Haiti Program, Rural Roads Project TC8803307 Dec 20, 1989
    Haiti Public Health Services (ha-0045) TC8803323 Dec 13, 1989
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening of Cmscs SP8803117 Nov 13, 1989
    Haiti Design and Preparation of Projects TC8905286 Oct 5, 1989
    Haiti Me-Cr Coop, Irrigation Districts Operat. TC8906151 Aug 29, 1989
    Haiti Inst.strengt. of Ateliers-Ecoles de Camp SP8602262 Apr 7, 1989
    Haiti Study, Irrigation & Drainage, Cul-De-Sac TC8904072 Apr 6, 1989
    Haiti Advisory Services to Coasmar TC8901359 Mar 27, 1989
    Haiti Advisory Services to Sce TC8903074 Mar 27, 1989
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening of Fhaf SP8802060 Dec 13, 1988
    Haiti Improvement of Teacher Training System TC8806260 Oct 27, 1988
    Haiti Technical Support to the Opds TC8806210 Oct 17, 1988
    Haiti Ch’s Coop, Electrical Energy TC8805436 Sep 1, 1988
    Haiti Actualization of An Organizative Outline TC8804066 May 25, 1988
    Haiti Prefeas. Study: Nutritional System TC8803068 Feb 18, 1988
    Haiti Preparation, Request for Technical Coop. TC8803042 Feb 11, 1988
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Advisory Services, Educational Sector TC8703193 May 20, 1987
    Haiti Advisory Services, Health Sector TC8703185 May 20, 1987
    Haiti Advisory for Investment Projects TC8702450 Apr 2, 1987
    Haiti Strength.of Public Sector, Planification TC8606321 Dec 9, 1986
    Haiti Drainage Port-Au-Prince II HA0057 Nov 5, 1986
    Haiti Support 3 Projects under Execution HA0077 Nov 5, 1986
    Haiti Revision of the National Develop. Plan TC8605224 Aug 15, 1986
    Haiti Rural Potable Water Pochep II HA0022 Dec 3, 1985
    Haiti Studies & Design, Rural Potable Water TC8507389 Dec 3, 1985
    Haiti Supervision of Public Works TC8402084 Oct 9, 1985
    Haiti Riviere Blanche Irrigation & Agriculture Development HA0068 Oct 3, 1985
    Haiti Primary & College Education Expansion & Improvement HA0031 Sep 26, 1985
    Haiti Streng.primary & Normal Education System TC8506026 Sep 26, 1985
    Haiti Dr’s Coop, Small Projects Development TC8506258 Aug 9, 1985
    Haiti Codeva Institutional Strenghthening SP8409246 Feb 21, 1985
    Haiti Study, Factory for Electrical Generation TC8205131 Dec 19, 1984
    Haiti Preparation of Project Inventory TC8404022 Dec 17, 1984
    Haiti Inst. Strengt., Oficina Minas y Energia TC8308076 Nov 28, 1984
    Haiti Feasibil.studies for Industrial Parks TC8106264 Sep 6, 1984
    Haiti Agricultural Development Project TC8407258 Aug 3, 1984
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Streng., Institut Haitien D’informatique TC8404105 Jul 3, 1984
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening of the Mag TC8302359 Dec 15, 1983
    Haiti Swine Repopulation HA0061 Dec 15, 1983
    Haiti Ec-Co-Cr’s Coop., Pre-Investment Matters TC8310063 Jul 12, 1983
    Haiti Organ., Information System of the Ihsi TC8210015 Nov 11, 1982
    Haiti Agriculture and Industry Development Program HA0042 Nov 10, 1982
    Haiti Bndai Institutional Strenghthening TC8211196 Nov 10, 1982
    Haiti Fund for Productivity Sector Studies TC8211302 Nov 10, 1982
    Haiti Improvement of the Idai & of the Sen TC8211097 Oct 15, 1982
    Haiti Artibonite Valley- Phase II HA0029 Sep 30, 1982
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening of the Odva TC8210148 Sep 30, 1982
    Haiti Agric. Development, Valle del Artibonite TC8207228 May 28, 1982
    Haiti Administrative Development of the Odva TC8207145 May 20, 1982
    Haiti Empresa Estatal Le Minoterie D’haiti SP8105068 Feb 11, 1982
    Haiti Evaluation of Idai’s Finance Systems TC8204159 Feb 4, 1982
    Haiti Advising in Project Evaluation TC8110059 Nov 25, 1981
    Haiti Expansion, Cement Industry in Haiti TC8109060 Oct 7, 1981
    Haiti National Artesan Program SP8105042 Sep 2, 1981
    Haiti Ja’s Coop. for Financial Training TC8108020 Aug 3, 1981
    Haiti Quality of Puzolana’s Deposits TC8002165 Mar 19, 1981

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    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Construction of Rural Centers of Health TC7901152 Mar 18, 1981
    Haiti Haiti Counterpart Funds Idb & Ibrd. HA0052 Mar 18, 1981
    Haiti Training in Credit Administration SP8008303 Dec 16, 1980
    Haiti Revolving Line of Credit:Exp Capital Goods HA0055 Nov 24, 1980
    Haiti Country Development Southern Peninsula L’as HA0023 Nov 20, 1980
    Haiti Reahab Road Project HA0053 Nov 20, 1980
    Haiti Feasibility Studies, Agricultural Roads TC7902077 Oct 30, 1980
    Haiti Rehabilitation of the Agricultural Sect. TC8009129 Oct 8, 1980
    Haiti Pe’s Coop., Hidroelectrical Centrals TC8008345 Aug 19, 1980
    Haiti Advising in Commercializ. & Organization TC8008270 Aug 1, 1980
    Haiti Cul-De-Sac Valley Development Project TC8008361 Aug 1, 1980
    Haiti Co’s Coop. for Administrative Training TC8006208 Jun 19, 1980
    Haiti Feasib., Hydroelec. Project la Chapelle TC8001159 May 29, 1980
    Haiti Potable Water Project, Port-Au-Prince TC8004111 May 15, 1980
    Haiti Br Coop.,alcohol Production for Vehicles TC8002264 Feb 26, 1980
    Haiti Community Stands Hygiene and Drinking Water HA0036 Dec 13, 1979
    Haiti Projects for Hygiene & Potable Water TC7804017 Dec 13, 1979
    Haiti Urban Development Project, Cap-Haitien TC7906194 Oct 30, 1979
    Haiti Training Program in Administration TC7707237 Oct 17, 1979
    Haiti Cr & Es Coop. for Rural Aqueducts Oper. TC7908158 Aug 14, 1979
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Strengten. of the Planification Systems TC7802087 May 23, 1979
    Haiti Pluvial Sewerage in Port-Au-Prince TC7808035 Dec 7, 1978
    Haiti Pluvial Sewerage of Port-Au-Prince TC7808100 Dec 7, 1978
    Haiti Sewer System Port-Au-Prince HA0019 Dec 7, 1978
    Haiti Country Irrigation Development Riviere Blanche HA0021 Oct 25, 1978
    Haiti Cul-De-Sac Valley Agricult. Development TC7704142 Oct 25, 1978
    Haiti Market Analysis of the Ak-1000 TC7804249 Oct 12, 1978
    Haiti Prep. of Hygiene & Potable Water Posts TC7801170 Sep 21, 1978
    Haiti Artesan Development TC7605168 Sep 7, 1978
    Haiti Co’s Coop. for Radio Program. & Product. TC7807285 Jul 28, 1978
    Haiti Bo & Ni’s Cooper. in Road Construction TC7806154 Jun 15, 1978
    Haiti Feasibility, Road Construction Project TC7605134 Jun 15, 1978
    Haiti Southern Roads Construction (Miragoane-Aquin) HA0043 Feb 23, 1978
    Haiti Idai: Institutional Strenghthening TC7612030 Sep 15, 1977
    Haiti Industrial/Farming Develop. Project HA0020 Sep 15, 1977
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening of the Dag TC7704209 Jul 7, 1977
    Haiti Integrated Project Education Rural Development HA0012 Jul 7, 1977
    Haiti Inst.strength.of Telecom. D’haiti S.a.m. TC7609011 Jun 30, 1977
    Haiti Fish Development Program TC7602213 Apr 7, 1977
    Haiti Mexico’s Cooperation for Administration TC7612246 Dec 22, 1976
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening of the Camep TC7503081 Oct 6, 1976
    Haiti Institutional Strengthening of Odva TC7610224 Aug 5, 1976
    Haiti Irrigation Rehabilitation System Agricultural Develop: Artibonite HA0018 Aug 5, 1976
    Haiti Rural Education Integrated Project TC7510036 Dec 11, 1975
    Haiti Rural Health Services HA0002 Nov 13, 1975
    Haiti Strength.,public Health & Coloniz. Dept. TC7509063 Nov 13, 1975
    Haiti Southern Roads Construction Leogane Cayes HA0010 Oct 16, 1975
    Haiti Enlargement Port Au Prince HA0009 Sep 11, 1975
    Haiti Drinking Water Port Au Prince II Stage HA0007 Feb 28, 1975
    Haiti Port-Au-Prince’s Potable Water Supply TC7412034 Dec 4, 1974
    Haiti 1st Stage, Pluvial Sewerage Project TC7407085 Jul 25, 1974
    Haiti Educational Sector Studies TC7402019 Feb 14, 1974
    Haiti Turistic Development Project TC7312028 Dec 6, 1973
    Haiti Project: Rural Services for Health TC7311062 Nov 13, 1973
    Haiti South Road Segment Leogane-Aquuin HA0001 Aug 2, 1973
    Haiti Weight Control Program for Vehicles TC7308019 Aug 2, 1973
    Haiti Identification of Agricultural Projects TC7212038 Dec 7, 1972
    Haiti Enlargement Port Au Prince II Stage HA0006 Sep 7, 1972
    Haiti Agricultural Credit Subprogram Global Loan HA0004 Oct 7, 1971
    Haiti Program of Agricul. & Industrial Credit TC7110034 Oct 7, 1971
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Subprogram Industry Credit Global Loan HA0005 Oct 7, 1971
    Haiti Expansion & Improvement Drinking Water Port Au Prince HA0003 Jun 18, 1970
    Haiti Strengt., Administrat. Capacity of Camep TC7006051 Jun 18, 1970
    Haiti Sewerage Studies in Puerto Principe TC7006019 Jun 11, 1970
    Haiti Rural Potable Water TC6811013 Nov 18, 1968
    Haiti Education Program TC6611083 Nov 17, 1966
    Haiti Improvement Teaching Agriculture – Medicine HA0026 Nov 17, 1966
    Haiti Develop. Institut. Officials’ Training TC6512033 Dec 6, 1965
    Haiti Improvement Expansion Drinking Water Port Au Prince HA0025 Mar 5, 1964
    Haiti Compania Sueriere Cubano Haitienne TC6310023 Oct 9, 1963
    Haiti Analyse of Improving the Elect. Service TC6309050 Sep 16, 1963
    Haiti General Coordination of Bid’s Missions TC6307046 Jul 8, 1963
    Haiti Low Income Housing TC6302020 Feb 4, 1963
    Haiti Peligre Project TC6207014 Jul 2, 1962
    Haiti Housing Program TC6201016 Jan 1, 1962
    Haiti Oea/Bid/Cepal Mission TC6110051 Oct 19, 1961
    Haiti Industry & Agriculture Global Loan HA0024 Apr 9, 1961
    Haiti Peligre Hydroelectric Project TC6103056 Mar 31, 1961
    Haiti Improving the competitiveness of the tourism enterprises in Jacmel HA-M1027 N/A
    Haiti Institutional strengthening of FHAPME HA-M1026 N/A
    COUNTRY NAME PROJECT NUMBER APPROVAL DATE
    Haiti Financial Reinforcement for Highway Rehabilitation Programs HA-L1046 N/A
    Haiti Modernization of the Civil Registry HA-L1045 N/A
    Haiti Rehabilitation of Road Infrastructure IV HA-L1027 N/A
    Haiti Rehabilitation of the Electricity Distribution System in Port-au-Prince¿ PhaseII HA-L1035 N/A
    Haiti Rural Water and Sanitation Program (II) HA-X1014 N/A
    Haiti Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management in Four Intermediate Towns HA-T1119 N/A
    Haiti Support to the competitiveness of quality cocoa value chain in the North HA-M1019 N/A
    Haiti Support to the creation of MSME in the Rice value chain in Artibonite Valley HA-M1018 N/A
    Haiti Water and Sanitation for Port Au Prince HA-L1044 N/A

    ***

    HA0024 : Industry & Agriculture Global Loan
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number HA0024
    Operation Number 4/SF-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Agriculture and Rural Development
    Subsector Agricultural Credit
    Project Type Loan Operation
    Project Subtype Export Financing Credit
    Status Completed
    Approval Date APR 9, 1961
    Signing Date AUG 17, 1961
    Financial Information
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Loan
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 3,500,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 622,787
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 2,877,213
    Repayments – Revalued USD 2,877,213
    Principal Debt Relief Amount – Revalued USD 0
    Amount Outstanding – Revalued USD 0
    Income Collected – Revalued USD 715,806
    Roles & Responsibilities
    Borrower Banque De La Republique D’haiti
    Guarantor Republique D’ Haiti

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=HA0024&lang=en

    ***

    http://www5.iadb.org/idbppi/aspx/ppProcurement.aspx

    Project procurement information for IDB Borrowing Countries – Projects Pipeline
    Project Procurement Division VPC / PDP

    ***

    Types of Financing

    The IDB Group uses loans, grants, guarantees and investments to fund development programs.

    ***

    HA-L1044 : Water and Sanitation for Port Au Prince
    Project Description: Investments in bulk water supply to the city of Port au Prince and extension of the coverage in water services.
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number HA-L1044
    Country Haiti
    Sector Sanitation
    Subsector Water Supply
    Project Type Loan Operation
    Project Subtype Specific Investment Operation
    Pipeyear and Category 2010A
    Status Preparation
    Financial Information
    Estimated Total Cost USD 15,000,000
    Estimated IDB Financing
    Financing Type IDB Grant Facility
    Fund GRF
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollars
    Amount USD 15,000,000
    Roles & Responsibilities
    IDB Team Leader Bouzerma, Dominique Malik
    IDB Team Leader Mellinger, Yvon
    Executing Agency Ministere De Travaux Publics, Transports

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=HA-L1044&lang=en

    Haiti Water and Sanitation for Port Au Prince HA-L1044 N/A

    ***

    HA-M1018 : Support to the creation of MSME in the Rice value chain in Artibonite Valley
    Project Description: General objective = to decrease the local bottlenecks that impeach the development of rice value chain in the Artibonite Valley.Specific objective = to support the development of services SMEs, upstream and downstream the rice value chains, following a “business plan competition” methodology.Activities = prepare and implement a business plan competition at the Valley level, focused on services to the rice value chain. The winners of the competition would have access to credit from SOCOLAVIM to concretize their project.
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number HA-M1018
    Country Haiti
    Sector Other
    Subsector Other
    Project Type Multilateral Investment Fund Operation
    Project Subtype MIF Country Office Delegation
    Pipeyear and Category 2010A
    Status Preparation
    Financial Information
    Estimated Total Cost USD 215,000
    Estimated IDB Financing
    Financing Type Nonreimbursable
    Fund MIF-Small Enterprise Dev. Facility
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollars
    Amount USD 150,000
    Roles & Responsibilities
    IDB Team Leader Le Pommellec, Marion
    Executing Agency Société Coopérative Lavi Miyò

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=HA-M1018&lang=en

    Haiti Support to the creation of MSME in the Rice value chain in Artibonite Valley HA-M1018 N/A

    ***

    HA-M1019 : Support to the competitiveness of quality cocoa value chain in the North
    Project Description: Goal : to improve the income of 2500 cocoa producers and their families.Purpose : to improve the competitiveness of the 6 cooperatives members of the “FECCANO”network (Federation of Cocoa Cooperatives in the North).Component 1. Institutional and entrepreneurship reinforcement- To train the cooperatives staff in management, accounting, finance¿ and entrepreneurship- To support the implementation of a management system- To design business plans for each cooperative and FECCANO- To support governance and democracy within cooperatives and FECCANO- To support FECCANO legal regognitionComponent 2. Production and quality improvement- To install a fermentation facility (infrastructures and equipment)- To design and implement (training) a quality control and monitoring system on organic production, drying and fermentationComponent 3. Marketing- To install a conditionning facility (infrastructures and equipment)- To design promotion tools (brochures, video¿) and implement promotion activities (participation in fairs¿)- To support the organization of export process- To train cooperatives and FECCANO managers on cocoa markets- To support negotiations with buyers
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number HA-M1019
    Country Haiti
    Sector Agriculture and Rural Development
    Subsector Agrobusiness
    Project Type Multilateral Investment Fund Operation
    Project Subtype MIF Country Office Delegation
    Pipeyear and Category 2010A
    Status Preparation
    Financial Information
    Estimated Total Cost USD 250,000
    Estimated IDB Financing
    Financing Type Nonreimbursable
    Fund MIF-Small Enterprise Dev. Facility
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollars
    Amount USD 150,000
    Roles & Responsibilities
    IDB Team Leader Le Pommellec, Marion
    Executing Agency Agronomes Et Vétérinaires Sans Frontière

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=HA-M1019&lang=en

    Haiti Support to the competitiveness of quality cocoa value chain in the North HA-M1019 N/A

    ***

    TC8002165 : Quality of Puzolana’s Deposits
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number TC8002165
    Operation Number ATN/SF-1955-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Energy
    Subsector Thermo-Electric Energy
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype Regular TC
    Status Completed
    Approval Date MAR 19, 1981
    Signing Date APR 17, 1981
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 41,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 36,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 36,000
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 0

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=TC8002165&lang=en

    Haiti Quality of Puzolana’s Deposits TC8002165 Mar 19, 1981

    ***

    TC8108020 : Ja’s Coop. for Financial Training
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number TC8108020
    Operation Number ATN/SF-1920-HA(17)
    Country Haiti
    Sector Trade
    Subsector Trade Financing
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype TC – CT/Intra
    Status Completed
    Approval Date AUG 3, 1981
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 4,700
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 4,700
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 2
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 4,698

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=TC8108020&lang=en

    ***

    TC8109060 : Expansion, Cement Industry in Haiti
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number TC8109060
    Operation Number ATN/SF-2025-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Industry
    Subsector Manufacturing Industries
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype Short Term Mission
    Status Completed
    Approval Date OCT 7, 1981
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 14,800
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 14,800
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 1,140
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 13,660

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=TC8109060&lang=en

    Haiti Expansion, Cement Industry in Haiti TC8109060 Oct 7, 1981

    ***
    TC8110059 : Advising in Project Evaluation
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number TC8110059
    Operation Number ATN/SF-2044-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Multisector Credit & Preinvestment
    Subsector Multisector Credit Programs
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype Regular TC
    Status Completed
    Approval Date NOV 25, 1981
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 14,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 14,500
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 1,500
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 13,000

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=TC8110059&lang=en

    Haiti Advising in Project Evaluation TC8110059 Nov 25, 1981

    ***

    SP/SF-82-04-HA : Empresa Estatal Le Minoterie D’haiti
    Status
    Financial Information
    Project Number SP8105068
    Status Completed
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Small Project
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Revalued USD 500,000
    Cancelled Amount – Revalued USD 0
    Undisbursed Amount – Revalued USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 333,899
    Repayments – Revalued USD 197,269
    Amount Outstanding – Revalued USD 136,630
    Income Collected – Revalued USD 53,598

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/loan.cfm?loan=SP/SF-82-04-HA

    SP/SF-82-04-HA Completed FEB 11, 1982 JUN 25, 1982 – Signing Date

    ATN/SF-2074-HA : Empresa Estatal Le Minoterie D’haiti
    Status
    Financial Information
    Project Number SP8105068
    Status Completed
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 153,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 41,343
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 111,657

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/loan.cfm?loan=ATN/SF-2074-HA

    ATN/SF-2074-HA Completed FEB 11, 1982 JUN 25, 1982 – Signing Date

    SP8105068 : Empresa Estatal Le Minoterie D’haiti
    Procurement Information
    Basic Information
    Project Number SP8105068

    Operation Number

    Status

    Approval Date

    Signing Date

    Closing Date
    SP/SF-82-04-HA Completed FEB 11, 1982 JUN 25, 1982 Not available
    ATN/SF-2074-HA Completed FEB 11, 1982 JUN 25, 1982 Not available
    Country Haiti
    Sector Agriculture and Rural Development
    Subsector Rural Community Development & Settlement
    Project Type SEP & Small Projects
    Project Subtype SEP & Small Project
    Financial Information Summary
    Total Cost – Historic USD 653,000
    IDB Financing
    Reporting currency(ies) USD – United States Dollar
    Approved Amount(s) USD 653,000

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=SP8105068&lang=en

    ***

    TC8606321 : Strength.of Public Sector, Planification
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number TC8606321
    Operation Number ATN/SF-2818-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Reform / Modernization of the State
    Subsector Planning and State Reform
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype Short Term Mission
    Status Completed
    Approval Date DEC 9, 1986
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 26,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 26,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 25,790
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 210

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=TC8606321&lang=en

    Haiti Strength.of Public Sector, Planification TC8606321 Dec 9, 1986

    &&&

    TC9702011 : Employment & Professions Classification
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number TC9702011
    Operation Number ATN/BF-5500-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Education
    Subsector Education
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype CT/Fondo Trust Funds
    Status Completed
    Approval Date MAR 6, 1997
    Signing Date MAR 6, 1997
    Project Completion Date OCT 1, 1999
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 150,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Fund for Belgian Consultants
    Reporting currency EUR – Euro
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic EUR 128,285
    Cancelled Amount – Historic EUR 128
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic EUR 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued EUR 128,157

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=TC9702011&lang=en

    Haiti Employment & Professions Classification TC9702011 Mar 6, 1997

    ***

    HA0091 : Inst. Strengthening Banque Republique D’haiti
    Project Description: The objective of the program is to stimulate private sector initiative and economic growth by lowering risk and transaction costs in the markets that allocate basic economic resources. The program will consist of fast-disbursing resources in support of the government’s fiscal/monetary program, backed by an Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as well as a reform program with technical assistance directed at controlling future fiscal costs related to the state-owned electricity company and financial sector and building the basic institutions and legal framework required for a efficient and stable open economy. The program consists of the following components: (a) legal and regulatory reform of the financial sector to establish a modern legal, regulatory and institutional framework, first addressing the most threatening weaknesses of the financial system; (b) secured transactions reform to address constraints to the extension of credit services to historically marginalized sectors for the few clients that can meet current requirements for collateral; (c) stabilization of state banks to bring the Banque National de Credit (BNC) into conformity with all prudential norms and regulatory measures required to establish the soundness of the bank; and (d) private sector participation in the management/ownership of the electricity sector (Electricite d’Haiti – EdH) to improve productivity and allocated efficiency, with appropriate legal and regulatory frameworks. The project includes a technical assistance component to modernize and strengthen those aspects of the Central Bank directly related to its essential role in managing monetary policy and the payments system. This component will finance the following activities: (a) development of a legal framework for the financial sector, with priority given to ensuring that the Central Bank has the appropriate level of authority and autonomy as the regulator and supervisor of a competitive and sound financial system; (b) modernization of the regulatory and supervision framework for the financial sector; (c) institutional strengthening of the Banque de la Republique d’Haiti (BRH), including modernization of its payments system, development of the Monetary and International Affairs Department, and consultant support for follow-up activities; and (d) a diagnostic assessment of the BNC.
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number HA0091
    Operation Number 990/SF-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Reform / Modernization of the State
    Subsector Financial Management Reform & Moder
    Project Type Loan Operation
    Project Subtype Technical Cooperation Loan
    Status Completed
    Approval Date DEC 11, 1996
    Signing Date JAN 23, 1997
    Project Completion Date DEC 22, 2002
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 2,750,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Loan
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 2,495,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 1,853,168
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 641,832
    Repayments – Revalued USD 10,697
    Principal Debt Relief Amount – Revalued USD 631,135
    Amount Outstanding – Revalued USD 0
    Income Collected – Revalued USD 122,649
    Debt Service Projection
    Roles & Responsibilities
    Borrower Banque De La Republique D’haiti

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=HA0091&lang=en

    Haiti Inst. Strengthening Banque Republique D’haiti HA0091 Dec 11, 1996

    ***

    TC9605314 : Basic Education
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number TC9605314
    Operation Number ATN/SF-5459-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Education
    Subsector Education
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype Regular TC
    Status Completed
    Approval Date DEC 20, 1996
    Signing Date FEB 7, 1997
    Project Completion Date APR 27, 2001
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 330,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 300,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 40,225
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 259,775

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=TC9605314&lang=en

    Haiti Basic Education TC9605314 Dec 20, 1996

    ***

    TC9701451 : Agricultural Feas.studies Trois Rivieres
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number TC9701451
    Operation Number ATN/BF-5499-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Agriculture and Rural Development
    Subsector Agriculture and Rural Development
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype CT/Fondo Trust Funds
    Status Completed
    Approval Date MAR 6, 1997
    Signing Date MAR 6, 1997
    Project Completion Date OCT 1, 1999
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 150,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Fund for Belgian Consultants
    Reporting currency EUR – Euro
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic EUR 128,285
    Cancelled Amount – Historic EUR 17
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic EUR 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued EUR 128,268

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=TC9701451&lang=en

    Haiti Agricultural Feas.studies Trois Rivieres TC9701451 Mar 6, 1997

    ***

    HA-T1007 : Emergency Floods in Response to Floods in Haiti
    Project Description: The objective of this operation is to assist the Government’s activities in providing relief to the victims of the recent floods and ladndslides in Haiti. The assistance will take the form of relief supplies including the following: i) reinforcement of response units, ii) purchase and delivery of first aid and medical supplies, iii) purchase and delivery of clothing, food, water, sleeping bags and cooking supplies, iv) transportantion and logistics and v) distribution of chlorine for the reduction of risk from water-borne illnesses.
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number HA-T1007
    Operation Number ATN/SF-8735-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Environment and Natural Disasters
    Subsector Natural Disasters Prevention Relief
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype Technical Cooperation Emergency
    Status Completed
    Approval Date MAY 28, 2004
    Signing Date JUN 25, 2004
    Project Completion Date JUL 16, 2004
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 50,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 50,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 0
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 50,000

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=HA-T1007&lang=en

    Haiti Emergency Floods in Response to Floods in Haiti HA-T1007 May 28, 2004

    ***

    HA-T1015 : Targetting the Urban Poor
    Project Description: The resources of this TC will finance: (i) the design and feasibility studies of urban and social investment projects; and (ii) capacity building.
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number HA-T1015
    Operation Number ATN/CT-8852-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Urban Development and Housing
    Subsector Integrated Urban Development
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype CT/Fondo Trust Funds
    Status Completed
    Approval Date SEP 20, 2004
    Signing Date OCT 1, 2004
    Project Completion Date MAR 9, 2006
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 152,000
    Country Counterpart Financing – Historic USD 2,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Cantap 3-Canadian Tech. Prog.
    Reporting currency CAD – Canadian Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic CAD 191,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic CAD 12,307
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic CAD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued CAD 178,693

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=HA-T1015&lang=en

    Haiti Targetting the Urban Poor HA-T1015 Sep 20, 2004

    ***

    HA-T1013 : Support for Urban Rehabilitation
    Project Description: The proposed technical cooperation would finance: (i) consulting services to support of the counterpart project team in the preparation of the Urban Rehabilitation Program (HA-L1002); (ii) technical assistance for the organization of the executing agency; and (iii) equipment.
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number HA-T1013
    Operation Number ATN/SF-8847-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Urban Development and Housing
    Subsector Integrated Urban Development
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype Regular TC
    Status Completed
    Approval Date SEP 13, 2004
    Signing Date FEB 17, 2005
    Project Completion Date SEP 15, 2006
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 155,000
    Country Counterpart Financing – Historic USD 5,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 150,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 0
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 150,000

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=HA-T1013&lang=en

    Haiti Support for Urban Rehabilitation HA-T1013 Sep 13, 2004

    ***

    HA-T1011 : Vocational Education and Training and its Linkages to the Labor Market
    Project Description: To achieve its objectives, this TC will focus on two mutually reinforcing components: i) an analysis and recommendations for strengthening the capacity of the vocational education sector to respond to the demands of the labor market; and ii) the design of measures to improve the training provided in the centers and better position them to respond to the needs of the market.
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number HA-T1011
    Operation Number ATN/CT-8790-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Education
    Subsector Education
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype CT/Fondo Trust Funds
    Status Completed
    Approval Date JUL 27, 2004
    Signing Date AUG 6, 2004
    Project Completion Date AUG 23, 2005
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 100,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund Cantap 3-Canadian Tech. Prog.
    Reporting currency CAD – Canadian Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic CAD 132,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic CAD 2,748
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic CAD 0
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued CAD 129,252

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=HA-T1011&lang=en

    Haiti Vocational Education and Training and its Linkages to the Labor Market HA-T1011 Jul 27, 2004

    ***

    HA-T1008 : Agriculture Sector and the Rural Economy in Haiti
    Project Description: La politique agricole du gouvernement intérimaire vise à concilier l’urgence du court terme ¿ sans pour autant tomber dans le piège du saupoudrage ¿ et la nécessaire structuration sur le long terme d’un secteur agricole capable d’offrir sur une base durable des revenus décents à la majorité des ruraux en consolidant les avantages comparatifs actuels de certains produits destinés à l’exportation ou au marché intérieur et en sécurisant des productions stratégiques, telles que le riz et la banane plantain. C’est dans ce cadre là que le MARNDR a demande a la Banque de préparer un analyse du secteur agroalimentaire et de l’économie rural pour commencer le dialogue de politique relative a la promotion du monde rural et a la préparation du prêt HA1003, Programme de Développement de l’Economie Rural.
    Procurement Information
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number HA-T1008
    Operation Number ATN/FC-9052-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Agriculture and Rural Development
    Subsector Agricultural Development
    Project Type Technical Cooperation
    Project Subtype CT/Fondo Trust Funds
    Status Implementation
    Approval Date JAN 3, 2005
    Signing Date MAR 2, 2005
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 149,000
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation
    Fund French Caribbean Contribution
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 149,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 0
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 2,053
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 146,947
    Roles & Responsibilities
    Executing Agency Ministere de l’agriculture des resources naturelles et du developpement rural
    Haiti
    Documents

    * (TIF) TC Profile
    Technical Cooperation Profile
    Dec 17, 2004

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=HA-T1008&lang=en

    Haiti Agriculture Sector and the Rural Economy in Haiti HA-T1008 Jan 3, 2005

    ***

    HA-L1002 : Urban Rehabilitation Program
    Project Description: The Program will tentatively comprise 2 components, as follows:Component 1. Neighborhood Upgrading. This component will finance: (i) a neighborhood development strategy (NDS) for Cite Soleil; (ii) a basic package of infrastructure and community facilities; and (iii) community development. The objective of the NDS is to develop a general vision of the economic, social and urban future of Cite Soleil. The purpose of the basic package is to guarantee an equitable minimum level of access to basic services such as: potable water; waste water disposal; storm drainage; street works; electrification; public lighting; and recreational facilities. The package could also finance complementary investments such as waste-water collectors, pumping and treatment stations, health facilities, and investments to reduce environmental risks. The community development activities would aim at increasing the capacity of individual and groups to make effective choices and influence and share control over priority setting, policy-making, resource allocations and access to public goods and services. The activities will focus on facilitating access to information and providing support for men and women to organize and work in partnership with demand-responsive support organizations and service providers. Component 2. Capacity building. This component will finance activities aimed at strengthening the capacity of the executing agency to implement the Program.
    Procurement Information
    News Release: Jul 8, 2005 – IDB approves $50 million soft loan to Haiti for urban rehabilitation
    Status
    Project Status
    Basic Information
    Project Number HA-L1002
    Operation Number 1639/SF-HA
    Country Haiti
    Sector Urban Development and Housing
    Subsector Integrated Urban Development
    Project Type Loan Operation
    Project Subtype Specific Investment Operation
    Status Implementation
    Approval Date JUL 6, 2005
    Signing Date JUL 21, 2005
    Financial Information
    Total Cost – Historic USD 50,345,000
    Country Counterpart Financing – Historic USD 345,000
    Cofinancing USD 8,000,000 – Canadian International Development Agency
    IDB Financing
    Financing Type Loan
    Fund Fund for Special Operations
    Reporting currency USD – United States Dollar
    Reporting Date DEC 31, 2009
    Approved Amount – Historic USD 50,000,000
    Cancelled Amount – Historic USD 0
    Undisbursed Amount – Historic USD 15,908,290
    Disbursed to Date – Revalued USD 34,767,898
    Repayments – Revalued USD 0
    Principal Debt Relief Amount – Revalued USD 0
    Amount Outstanding – Revalued USD 34,767,898
    Income Collected – Revalued USD 1,005,444
    Debt Service Projection
    Roles & Responsibilities
    Borrower Republique D’ Haiti
    Executing Agency Bureau du Premier Ministre
    Monsieur Jacques A. Antoine
    Documents

    * (DOC) Programme de Réhabilitation Urbaine
    Loan Contract
    Jul 28, 2005
    * (DOC) Programme de Réhabilitation Urbaine
    Loan Contract
    Jul 28, 2005
    * (DOC) Programme de Réhabilitation Urbaine
    Loan Contract
    Jul 28, 2005
    * (DOC) Programme de Réhabilitation Urbaine
    Loan Contract
    Jul 28, 2005
    * (PDF) Programa de Rehabilitación Urbana
    Loan Proposal
    Jul 6, 2005
    * (PDF) Urban Rehabilitation Program
    Loan Proposal
    Jul 6, 2005
    * (PDF) Programa de Rehabilitación Urbana
    Project Concept Document
    Apr 1, 2005
    * (PDF) Nouvelle Cité Soleil
    Project Outline
    Oct 23, 2003

    http://www.iadb.org/projects/project.cfm?id=HA-L1002&lang=en

    Haiti Urban Rehabilitation Program HA-L1002 Jul 6, 2005

    ***

    Posted by cricketdiane on

    the lambi (pronounced lahm-bee), which is the Haitian Creole word for conch shell. The conch shell, blown as a horn to herald impending danger and the need to assemble

    The Lambi Fund of Haiti was founded in 1994 by Haitians, Haitian-Americans, and North Americans. The Lambi Fund draws its name from the lambi (pronounced lahm-bee), which is the Haitian Creole word for conch shell. The conch shell, blown as a horn, has played a vital role in community organizing throughout Haiti's history. During the slave rebellion against the French colonialists in 1791, the lambi's call alerted the slaves to impending danger and the need to assemble. Today, the echo of the lambi alerts villagers in distant hamlets that a community meeting is about to commence. The symbol of the lambi was chosen to represent the Haitian people's hope, strength, resistance, and struggle for self-determination. http://www.lambifund.org/about_history.shtml

    Links of Interest

    If you have a website related to Haiti, and are interested in a link swap, please contact us.

    http://www.lambifund.org/links.shtml

    ***

    Board of Directors

    Marie Marthe Sain Cyr photoMarie Marthe Saint Cyr, Chair, is a social worker by profession. She holds a B.A. in International Relations and a Master’s degree in Social Work from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. She owns a non-profit consulting business and was previously the Executive Director of Iris House, the first and only comprehensive program for women living with HIV and AIDS and their families, and served as an appointee of Mayor Giuliani as Community Co-Chair of the HIV Planning Council of New York City. She was the chairperson of the Board of the National Minority AIDS Council in Washington, DC, and was the Director of the Haitian Coalition on AIDS in New York City. Ms. St. Cyr developed the first program for women, Women and AIDS Resource Network (WARN), in Brooklyn, NY. Responding to the needs of the constituency she serves, she became the first Haitian Deputy Commissioner in New York City under the Dinkins Administration. She was Deputy Commissioner for Human Rights, responsible for the Community Relations Department and the AIDS Discrimination Unit, and initiated the Commission’s Prison Project for Offenders with AIDS. She has been a Huntington resident since 1966.

    Max Blanchet photoMax Blanchet, Vice Chair, M.S. and B.S. in Chemical Engineering, MBA in Finance, has had a long experience evaluating, designing and implementing energy and environmental projects at Shell, Chevron and Pacific Gas and Electric Company. He was a founding member of the Bay Area Haitian American Council (BAHACO), and has served on the Boards of Global Exchange, the Northern Coalition for Immigrant Rights, and the Data Center. He is currently on the Boards of East Bay Sanctuary Covenant (EBSC), the Haiti Culture Association, the Berkeley-based KPFA of the Pacifica Network, and the National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR). Mr. Blanchet is a dedicated activist for the cause of democracy and justice in Haiti, combining thoughtful analysis with excellent organizational skills. Mr. Blanchet resides in Berkeley, California and is married with two daughters.

    Gyliane Morgan PhotoGyliane Morgan, Board Treasurer, holds a Masters degree in Public Finance and Financial Management and has over 20 years experience as an analyst and consultant in the private sector, including the securities, money management and banking industries. Most recently, she was a Vice President at JP Morgan Chase’s Investment Banking/Public Finance area where she was engaged in public sector financing for the Bank. Ms. Morgan has been an avid supporter of the Lambi Fund since its inception. She resides in Montclair, NJ with her husband and their two children.

    Wendy Emrich photoWendy Emrich, Board Secretary, a single mother of two adopted Haitian children. She is on the board of KGNU community radio station and is involved in starting two small sustainable businesses in the for profit world, which focus on energy efficiency, fair trade and environmentally sustainable products. She has a B.A. in Cultural Anthropology from the University of Colorado and a Certificate in French from Laval University in Quebec. She spent four years in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) working in public health and agriculture. She is a long term environmental and peace activist with an interest in sustainable development and social justice. She was a founder of the Chinook Fund and the Global Greengrants Fund, Colorado based foundations that support grassroots social justice and environmental projects on a statewide and international basis, respectively.

    Marie Racine photoMarie M. B. Racine, Ph.D., holds a doctorate in French, Theoretical Linguistics and Applied Linguistics from Georgetown University and is currently Professor of Foreign Languages at the University of District of Columbia. She has served as Acting Dean, Associate Dean and Chair of several University Departments. Her areas of expertise include Administration/Education, Language/Linguistics (including English as a Second Language and Creole Studies), Literature/Culture (particularly Haitian and Caribbean with an emphasis on the African Diaspora), Evaluation/ Research and Curriculum Development. Dr. Racine serves on the Board of the Washington Office for Haiti and has extensive Haitian advocacy organizing experience in the D.C. area. She has long been involved with community-based projects in the remote northern areas of Haiti.

    Julie Meyer photoJulie Meyer helped found the Lambi Fund and served on its staff for over nine years. She brings 25 years of activist and non-profit experience to the Fund including administrative, fundraising and leadership roles. She worked in the El Salvador solidarity movement for thirteen years, filling regional and national leadership roles for the leading grassroots solidarity movement, taking delegations to El Salvador, organizing national conferences and trainings, and so on. She has been a founder of numerous organizations including Grantmakers Without Borders, the New England Central American Network, and most recently Bilingual DC, and helped re-structure others such as La Clinica del Pueblo and Women’s Health Consultants in Washington, DC. She remains active in the Latino community and school issues in the DC area and serves on several nonprofit boards.

    Benjamine Saint-Dic photoBenjamin Saint-Dic is a Doctor of Law and holds degrees in Journalism, French studies, and Labor and Developing Countries. He has practiced journalism and served as a professor of French at the university and secondary school levels. He has been very active in the Canadian Haitian community and has served as a resource person in matters related to Haitians residing in Canada. A founding member of Ayiti Dwa Moun (ADM), a group formed to defend and protect the human rights of Haitians, he currently is responsible for ADM’s public relations work. He also volunteers his services in various schools tutoring Haitian students with learning problems. Ben is well known for his active commitment to the democratic movement in Haiti.

    William SmarthFather William Smarth is a Haitian-born diocesan priest who has lived and worked with the Spiritans for many years. His Creole translations of the liturgy and his catechetical texts are widely used in Haiti. As a member of the Spiritans “formation” (consciousness-raising and training) team, Father Smarth has coordinated, evaluated and worked with several indigenous training institutes. As a religious leader promoting social justice, Father Smarth has worked closely with dozens of peasant, youth and popular organizations in religious and civic training throughout Haiti, but especially in the North.

    Nadège Clitandre photoNadège T. Clitandre was born in Haiti and received a Ph.D. in African Diaspora Studies, with an emphasis in Women, Gender, and Sexuality, from the University of California. Clitandre received her Bachelors degree in English Literature at Hampton University and a Masters Degree in the Humanities at the University of Chicago.

    Clitandre is an activist for social change and youth empowerment in Haiti as well as an educator of Haitian studies. After spending a year teaching English in Port-au-Prince, Clitandre wanted to get involved in community-based projects that focus on youth education and free access to knowledge for social change. She founded HaitiSoleil because of her commitment and dedication to the intellectual growth of young Haitians in her native land. Clitandre is a board member of the Haitian Studies Association and a member of the Haitian Culture Association in Berkeley, California, where she currently resides. She is the daughter of famed Haitian author, Pierre Clitandre.

    Jay Schoenberger photoJay Schoenberger holds a B.S. from Vanderbilt University where he double majored in Human & Organizational Development and Spanish. He develops utility-scale wind energy farms throughout the Eastern United States for independent power producer, Invenergy LLC. Prior to Invenergy, he worked in business development for REC Solar, a California-based solar electricity integrator. Jay first became involved with the Lambi Fund when he and a classmate successfully founded and chaired a campus-wide fundraiser called “Fast for Hunger” aimed at raising both awareness and funds for Lambi Fund’s projects. At Vanderbilt, Jay served as president of Hillel, the Jewish student organization, and served on Hillel’s board the three previous years. While in college, he also studied in Santiago, Chile. Jay has a passion for the sustainable development that the Lambi Fund advances, development that is strategic, community driven, and continuously effective. Jay currently lives in Washington D.C.

    Anouk Shambook photoAnouk Shambrook has a PhD. in Astrophysics and is a Program Manager at the Insight Center for Community Economic Development. She manages a grants program and has created a network of experts across multiple fields working to close the racial wealth gap in the U.S. Anouk has researched and highlighted innovative asset programs to improve policies. While at ICCED, Anouk has been the primary author of a number of reports on saving and investment strategies to increase economic well-being and security. She currently serves on the Board of Building Diversity in Science and resides in Oakland, California.

    Lambi Fund of Haiti

    http://www.lambifund.org/about_USboard.shtml
    ***

    The Lambi Fund of Haiti  Rest in Peace MYRIAM MERLET, MAGALIE MARCELIN, ANNE MARIE CORIOLAN, FANM VANYAN, who have fought all their lives for the rights of women and girls in Haiti. They all perished in the collapse of the Ministry of the Condition of Women where they worked. The lives of Haitian Woman, Haitian Girls, Haitian Families have imp…roved thanks to your relentless fights for justice and gender equity!
    See More
    January 19 at 7:09pm

    The Lambi Fund of Haiti  New York-based Grammy nominated Jazz artists, Groove Collective are putting together an impromptu benefit concert for Haiti this Tuesday the 19th. Le Poisson Rouge has donated their venue for the event. DJ Logic, Bernie Worrell and Dr. Lonnie Smith Trio will perform and will feature various other special guests TBA. Al…l artists, production, promotion and venue are volunteering their services for the effort. Those wishing to donate to the concert fundraising effort who cannot attend or who wish to donate more than the suggested ticket price may do so.
    See More
    Haiti Benefit Concert
    Time:8:00PM Tuesday, January 19th
    Location:Le Poisson Rouge
    January 18 at 7:44pm
    Lambi Fund – supporting economic justice, democracy and sustainable development in Haiti.

    http://www.lambifund.org/

    ***

    History
    Sculpture

    The Lambi Fund of Haiti was founded in 1994 by Haitians, Haitian-Americans, and North Americans. The Lambi Fund draws its name from the lambi (pronounced lahm-bee), which is the Haitian Creole word for conch shell. The conch shell, blown as a horn, has played a vital role in community organizing throughout Haiti’s history.

    During the slave rebellion against the French colonialists in 1791, the lambi’s call alerted the slaves to impending danger and the need to assemble. Today, the echo of the lambi alerts villagers in distant hamlets that a community meeting is about to commence. The symbol of the lambi was chosen to represent the Haitian people’s hope, strength, resistance, and struggle for self-determination.

    http://www.lambifund.org/about_history.shtml

    ***

    ***

    As many as 1.5 million Haitians were left homeless by the earthquake and Interior Minister Paul Antoine Bien-Aime said some 400,000 of them would be moved to new villages to be built outside the ravaged capital.

    The first wave of 100,000 refugees were to be sent to transitional tent villages of 10,000 each near the town of Croix Des Bouquets north of the capital, he said.

    Brazilian U.N. peacekeepers there were already leveling land at a site where the Inter-American Development Bank planned to help build permanent houses for 30,000 people.

    (From link and story above)

    ****

    Services

    The American Association of Language Specialists (TAALS) provides you with a direct link to experienced, professional interpreters and translators. Please consult our on-line directory (left) to find qualified professionals to meet your translation and interpretation needs. If you would like a hard copy of our directory, contact us. Please include your name, title, and the company or organization you represent, along with the address where the directory should be sent.

    http://www.taals.net/services.php

    ****

    I was just wondering if any of your members or your organization generally are going to Haiti or currently involved in Haiti? It would be nice to hear about it on CNN, if that is the case.

    ***

    Haitians struggle . . .
    Thu, Jan 21 2010

    (Reuters)

    PORT-AU-PRINCE (Reuters) – Shops began to reopen in Haiti’s capital on Thursday and banking services were to resume at the weekend but the government and aid workers still struggled to assist masses of earthquake survivors camped out in rubble-strewn streets.

    World  |  Natural Disasters

    As rescuers wound down more than a week of searching for trapped survivors of last week’s devastating quake, the government and its aid partners increasingly directed attention toward looking after the living — the hundreds of thousands of injured and homeless people needing medical assistance, food and shelter.

    The seaport in the capital Port-au-Prince had been repaired enough to reopen for limited aid shipments, and a Dutch naval vessel unloaded pallets of water, juice and long-life milk.
    Aid was flowing in to Haiti but was still not being distributed quickly enough to feed and shelter all those left hungry and destitute by the 7.0 magnitude quake that rocked Port-au-Prince on January 12 and killed up to 200,000 people.

    It’s miserable here. It’s dirty and it’s boring,  said Judeline Pierre-Rose, 12, camped in a squalid park across from the collapsed national palace.  People go to the toilet everywhere here and I’m scared of getting sick.

    A Florida search-and-rescue team had left and it was reported teams from Belgium, Luxembourg and Britain did too.

    Teams from Brazil, the United States and Chile were still working with sniffer dogs at the collapsed Montana Hotel in Port-au-Prince, where a whiteboard listed the names of 10 people found dead and 20 more still missing inside.

    You have to be realistic and after nine days, reality says it is more difficult to find people alive but it’s not impossible,  said Chilean Army Major Rodrigo Vasquez.

    More than 13,000 U.S. military personnel are in Haiti and on 20 ships offshore. Troops landed helicopters on the lawn of the smashed presidential palace to pick up the seriously wounded and fly them to the U.S. Navy hospital ship Comfort, which has advanced surgical units.

    Small grocery shops and barber shops, as well as some pharmacies, were open again in Port-au-Prince, some extending credit to regular customers short of cash.

    Banks were to reopen on Friday in the provinces and on Saturday in Port-au-Prince, giving most Haitians their first access to cash since the quake hit, Commerce Minister Josseline Colimon Fethiere told Reuters.

    WORLD BANK WAIVES DEBT PAYMENTS

    While we are assessing the situation, we are making sure the basic services resume, starting with the banking system. The central bank has resumed operations and other banks are in the process of resuming operations as well,  said Haitian Finance Minister Ronald Baudin.

    The World Bank on Thursday announced it will waive payments on Haiti’s $38 million debt for the next five years, while the IMF said its proposed $100 million loan for Haiti would be interest free until late 2011 to help the country rebuild.

    Sensitive to appearances the United States was taking too forceful a role, President Barack Obama says the White House is being  very careful  to work with the Haitian government and the United Nations.

    But a large flotilla of U.S. ships and aircraft, accompanied by Marines and airborne troops, dominated the Haiti relief effort, flying in supplies, evacuating the seriously wounded and protecting aid distribution points.

    A U.S. military C-17 cargo plane carried out a second large airdrop this week of food and water supplies, this time inland at Mirebalais, northeast of Port-au-Prince. Supplies were also being flown in to Jacmel airstrip on the southern coast.

    As we continue to have more aid flowing through both the airport and the seaport, we will reach out to help more Haitians in more areas,  Elton said.

    Moving to speed donations for Haiti, the U.S. Congress approved legislation allowing U.S. taxpayers to make charitable contributions to Haiti relief programs before March 1, 2010, and claim those contributions on their 2009 income tax return.

    The United Nations is adding 2,000 troops and 1,500 police to its 9,000-member peacekeeping mission in Haiti.

    As many as 1.5 million Haitians were left homeless by the earthquake and Interior Minister Paul Antoine Bien-Aime said some 400,000 of them would be moved to new villages to be built outside the ravaged capital.

    The first wave of 100,000 refugees were to be sent to transitional tent villages of 10,000 each near the town of Croix Des Bouquets north of the capital, he said.

    Brazilian U.N. peacekeepers there were already leveling land at a site where the Inter-American Development Bank planned to help build permanent houses for 30,000 people.

    [ . . . ]

    The Brazilian government said on Thursday it would spend an additional 375 million reais ($208 million) on its security and reconstruction efforts in Haiti this year. Part of the funds, which include a donation of at least $15 million, would go to build 10 emergency health units in the Caribbean country.
    Brazil has been commanding the U.N. stabilization force in Haiti since 2004.

    The United Nations counted nearly 450 homeless encampments in Port-au-Prince alone and urged the government to begin consolidating them to streamline food distribution.

    The city’s water system was only partially functional but tanker trucks began to deliver water to makeshift camps where people lined up to fill their buckets.

    (Additional reporting by Catherine Bremer, Joseph Guyler Delva, Natuza Nery in Port-au-Prince, Lesley Wroughton, Adam Entous and Ana Nicolaci da Costa in Sao Paulo; Writing by Jane Sutton and Pascal Fletcher; Editing by Jackie Frank)
    World
    Natural Disasters

    http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60B5IZ20100122

    ***

    ****

    What is required for me to ship charity goods to Haiti?

    Posted by Global Reach on January 22, 2010 12:05:42 PM   0

    By Omari

    On Tuesday, January 12, 2010, a major earthquake struck southern Haiti. Many U.S. residents and organizations are generously donating food, water, medicines, and other supplies to aid in the relief efforts. In order to facilitate the movements of these goods, we offer the following guidance that applies to any goods not requiring a license, such as food, clothing, and medicines.

    Schedule B Numbers

    There are four Schedule B numbers that can be used when exporting humanitarian goods. Those numbers are found in Chapter 98 of the Schedule B book, under subheading 9802.

    * 9802.10.0000 Food products
    * 9802.20.0000 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products
    * 9802.30.0000 Wearing apparel (including footwear and headwear)
    * 9802.40.0000 Donated articles, not elsewhere specified

    Any shipment valued over $2,500 per Schedule B number or that requires a license must be filed in the AES. However, if the shipment is valued less than $2,500 per Schedule B number and does not require a license, then the low value exemption (NOEEI FTR 30.37(a)) can be used. In this case, food, clothing, and medicines do not require a license; however, medical equipment and tools may require an export license.

    The Export Information Code to be reported is “CH” for shipments of goods donated for relief or charity.

    04 – OW
    The value to be reported is the market value. If that value is not known, estimate how much you would receive if you sold the goods. The value should be consistent with the goods being exported, to avoid confusion and possible delays with U.S. Customs & Border Protection officers at the port of export.

    There are different ways to file your export information. The most common is to report through the Census Bureau’s free Internet based filing system called AESDirect. We have provided training videos to help you get started with AESDirect. Another option is to file with a forwarder or agent who may be more familiar with export licensing and regulations.

    Read more: What is required for me to ship charity goods to Haiti?

    http://blogs.census.gov/globalreach/2010/01/on-tuesday-january-12-2010-a-major-earthquake-struck-southern-haiti–many-us-residents-and-organizations-are-generous.html#more

    http://blogs.census.gov/globalreach/

    ***

    http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/reference/guides/tradestatsinfo.html#intro

    ***

    Trade with Haiti : 2009
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 2009     47.5     20.9     26.6
    February 2009     70.9     40.7     30.2
    March 2009     82.2     44.5     37.7
    April 2009     66.8     43.6     23.2
    May 2009     77.7     51.5     26.2
    June 2009     57.7     56.5     1.2
    July 2009     72.9     54.9     17.9
    August 2009     64.3     50.8     13.5
    September 2009     60.1     49.5     10.6
    October 2009     63.4     44.5     18.9
    November 2009     66.7     46.0     20.7
    TOTAL     730.2     503.4     226.8

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    Trade with Haiti : 1985
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1985     31.2     31.2     0.0
    February 1985     31.8     30.4     1.4
    March 1985     31.9     36.7     -4.8
    April 1985     32.9     33.2     -0.3
    May 1985     35.3     31.0     4.3
    June 1985     28.8     39.6     -10.8
    July 1985     33.3     30.2     3.1
    August 1985     34.4     30.6     3.8
    September 1985     29.7     27.2     2.5
    October 1985     45.1     32.4     12.7
    November 1985     34.7     32.0     2.7
    December 1985     26.8     35.1     -8.3
    TOTAL     395.9     389.6     6.3

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    (From – )

    Additional Information

    * Contact the Data Dissemination Branch of the Foreign Trade Division with any questions or for additional information.
    * For information on data sources and methodology, check out the Information on the Collection and Publication of Trade Statistics.
    * MORE DATA: Data for all countries are available online in a zipped Excel file. [Excel] or the letters [xls] indicate a document is in the Microsoft® Excel® Spreadsheet Format (XLS). To view the file, you will need the Microsoft® Excel® Viewer This link to a non-federal Web site does not imply endorsement of any particular product, company, or content. available for free from Microsoft®. This symbol Symbol indicating that file is external to this site. indicates a link to a non-government web site. Our linking to these sites does not constitute an endorsement of any products, services or the information found on them. Once you link to another site you are subject to the policies of the new site.

    Source: FTDWebMaster, Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. 20233
    Location: MAIN: STATISTICS:COUNTRY DATA: TRADE BALANCE
    Created: 12 January 2010
    Last modified: 12 January 2010 at 08:32:14 AM

    ****

    Related Party Database Application:
    Time series RELATED PARTY data for specific commodities and countries.

    http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c2450.html

    ***

    _____________________________________
    ___________                             |                                     |                               January 7, 2010
    |           |                            |        MAJOR SHIPPERS REPORT        |
    |  HAITI    |                            |              By Country             |
    |___________|                            | Data through 11/2009 in Million SME |
    |_____________________________________|

    Calendar Years       Year-to-Date                 Year-Endings                             YE 11/2009
    Ctrl, Cat, Product        2007      2008    11/2008   11/2009  % Change   11/2008    9/2009   10/2009   11/2009  % Change % Share

    Aggregations:
    0 Total           247.114   222.441   203.301   217.068      6.77   220.967   234.187   231.623   236.207     6.90    0.51
    1 Apparel         247.100   222.379   203.283   217.037      6.77   220.949   234.132   231.567   236.133     6.87    1.11
    2 Non-Apparel       0.014     0.062     0.018     0.031     71.10     0.018     0.055     0.055     0.074   315.47    0.00
    11 Yarns             0.000     0.001     0.001     0.000   -100.00     0.001     0.000     0.000     0.000  -100.00    0.00
    12 Fabrics           0.000     0.042     0.000     0.007       *       0.000     0.044     0.044     0.049      *      0.00
    14 Made Ups / Misc   0.014     0.019     0.017     0.024     37.29     0.017     0.012     0.012     0.025    44.86    0.00
    30 Cotton Products 151.307   181.438   164.632   182.478     10.84   177.002   200.460   196.341   199.284    12.59    1.02
    31 Cotton Apparel  151.294   181.437   164.631   182.476     10.84   177.001   200.457   196.337   199.282    12.59    1.59
    32 Cot Non-Apparel   0.013     0.001     0.001     0.003     81.89     0.001     0.003     0.003     0.003    81.89    0.00
    40 Wool Products     0.011     0.169     0.162     0.891    449.99     0.163     0.630     0.744     0.898   449.96    0.31
    41 Wool Apparel      0.011     0.169     0.162     0.891    450.21     0.163     0.630     0.744     0.898   450.18    0.39
    42 Wool Non-Appare   0.000     0.000     0.000     0.000   -100.00     0.000     0.000     0.000     0.000  -100.00    0.00
    60 MMF Products     95.794    40.831    38.504    33.690    -12.50    43.798    33.088    34.530    36.017   -17.77    0.14
    61 MMF Apparel      95.794    40.773    38.490    33.662    -12.54    43.784    33.036    34.478    35.945   -17.90    0.44
    62 MMF Non-Apparel   0.000     0.058     0.014     0.028     99.43     0.014     0.052     0.052     0.072   411.26    0.00
    80 S and V Product   0.001     0.003     0.003     0.009    168.24     0.003     0.009     0.009     0.009   168.24    0.00
    81 S and V Apparel   0.000     0.001     0.001     0.009    835.75     0.001     0.009     0.009     0.009   835.75    0.00
    82 S and V Non-App   0.001     0.002     0.002     0.000   -100.00     0.002     0.000     0.000     0.000  -100.00    0.00

    Cotton or Man-Made Fiber:
    237 Playsuit,Sunsui   0.007     0.163     0.163     0.000   -100.00     0.163     0.050     0.002     0.000  -100.00    0.00

    Cotton:
    338 Knit Shirts,MB   85.520    99.187    88.783    98.576     11.03    96.995   112.778   108.559   108.980    12.36   10.88
    339 W/G Knit Blouse   4.504     2.722     2.567     3.201     24.71     2.811     3.329     3.241     3.356    19.38    0.26
    347 Cot.M/B Trouser   5.173     6.651     6.333     7.162     13.10     6.853     7.054     7.124     7.481     9.16    0.72
    348 W/G Slacks, etc   0.125     1.025     0.897     3.505    290.77     0.897     2.481     3.063     3.633   305.11    0.23
    352 Cotton Underwea  54.879    71.052    65.303    68.908      5.52    68.649    73.672    73.246    74.657     8.75    4.26

    Wool:
    433 Suit-Typ Ct,MB    0.000     0.006     0.006     0.270   4689.30     0.006     0.173     0.215     0.270  4703.21    1.65
    434 Oth. Coats, M/B   0.000     0.146     0.142     0.295    106.97     0.142     0.207     0.239     0.299   109.59    1.52
    443 Wool Suits,M/B    0.000     0.000     0.000     0.124       *       0.000     0.115     0.119     0.124      *      0.68
    447 Wool Trousers,M   0.000     0.005     0.004     0.144   3773.68     0.004     0.100     0.120     0.145  3820.24    0.98

    Man-Made Fiber:
    634 Other Coats, MB   2.730     1.008     1.007     0.032    -96.81     1.227     0.050     0.031     0.033   -97.27    0.01
    635 Coats, W/G        0.791     1.421     1.415     0.099    -92.98     1.647     0.215     0.090     0.105   -93.62    0.02
    638 Knit Shirts, MB  81.619    27.928    26.502    14.405    -45.65    30.562    16.293    16.317    15.831   -48.20    2.94
    639 Knit Blouses,WG   0.009     0.001     0.001     0.671  46546.96     0.001     0.201     0.606     0.671 46546.96    0.11
    640 N-K Shirts, MB    2.272     2.456     2.262     2.818     24.56     2.456     2.743     2.800     3.012    22.63    2.51
    641 N-K Blouses, WG   0.013     0.210     0.177     1.016    474.63     0.177     0.911     0.976     1.049   493.40    0.63
    647 Trousers,etc MB   5.747     5.836     5.581     3.462    -37.96     6.059     3.543     3.438     3.718   -38.64    0.87
    648 Slacks,etc. WG    0.508     0.688     0.554     2.729    392.51     0.613     2.462     2.630     2.864   366.97    0.86
    651 Nightwear/PJs     0.783     0.287     0.204     0.821    303.16     0.221     0.875     0.889     0.904   309.33    0.15
    652 M-MF Underwear    0.258     0.365     0.330     2.336    608.14     0.340     1.697     2.065     2.371   597.16    0.45
    659 Oth. MMF App.     0.989     0.462     0.352     4.886   1287.81     0.372     3.655     4.240     4.996  1244.70    0.25

    Go Back To Major Shippers Country Page

    Go Back To Trade Data Page

    Go Back To OTEXA Home Page

    http://otexa.ita.doc.gov/msrcty/a2450.htm

    ***

    ***

    My Note – there are some obvious disparities in the numbers between raw materials shipped in and completed metric tons shipped out of Haiti. (That disparity is irreconcilable in its numbers among other things including the amount of money sent by the United States Departments of Commerce and Foreign Trade offices through economic development programs and funding grants along with those from the UN and international community for the same purpose. Obviously, the final target of improving the infrastructure, education, adult education, hospitals, roads, schools and general quality of and safety of life for Haitians was abrogated, diverted for private interests or something . . . I’m not sure what, but I do know there is precedent for clawbacks on that money through US treaties and International law. This includes going to the Grand Cayman and Swiss banks, the hedge funds and investment brokerage groups to relieve them of manipulating the previous windfalls of economic and charitable money for Haiti and to insure that it isn’t diverted or hijacked for profiteering and embezzlement this time.

    - cricketdiane, 01-23-10

    But there’s more -

    ***

    Earthquake Net Frequencies — 7045, 3720 kHz:
    from CQ / WorldRadio Online Newsroom on January 12, 2010
    View comments about this article

    Earthquake Net Frequencies — 7045, 3720 kHz:

    All radio amateurs are requested to keep 7045 kHz and 3720 kHz clear for possible emergency traffic related to today’s major earthquake in Haiti.

    International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) Region II Area C Emergency Coordinator Arnie Coro, CO2KK, reports that as of 0245 UTC on January 13, nothing had been heard from radio amateurs in Haiti, but that the above frequencies were being kept active in case any Haitian hams manage to get on the air, and in case of other related events in surrounding areas, including aftershocks and a possible tsunami.

    The following is from an e-mail from CO2KK:

    A few minutes after the earthquake was felt in eastern Cuba’s cities, the Cuban Federation of Radio Amateurs Emergency Net was activated, with net control stations CO8WM and CO8RP located in the city of Santiago de Cuba, and in permanent contact with the National Seismology Center of Cuba located in that city.

    Stations in the city of Baracoa, in Guantanamo province, were also activated immediately as the earth movements were felt even stronger there, due to its proximity to Haiti. CO8AZ and CO8AW went on the air immediately , with CM8WAL following. At the early phase of the emergency, the population of the city of Baracoa was evacuated far away from the coast, as there was a primary alert of a possible tsunami event or of a heavy wave trains sequence impacting the coast line at the city’s sea wall …

    Baracoa could not contact Santiago de Cuba stations on 40 meters due to long skip after 5 PM local time, so several stations in western Cuba and one in the US State of Florida provided relays. CO2KK, as IARU Region II Area C Emergency Coordinator, helped to organize the nets , on 7045 kHz and also on 3720 kHz, while local nets in Santiago de Cuba and Baracoa operated on 2 meters.

    As late as 9,45 PM local time 0245 UTC we have not been able to contact any amateur or emergency services stations in Haiti.

    Amateurs from the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela were monitoring the 40 meter band frequency, that I notified to the IARU Region II executive Ramon Santoyo XE1KK as in use for the emergency, requesting that 7045 kHz be kept as clear as possible …

    We are still keeping watch on 7045 kHz hoping that someone in Haiti may have access to a transceiver and at least a car battery to run it.

    All information that has so far come from the Cuban seismologists tell us of a very intense earthquake, and also of the possibility of other events following.

    Following the advice of the geophysicists, we are keeping the 7045 and 3720 kiloHertz frequencies active until further notice.

    Member Comments:

    Earthquake Net Frequencies — 7045, 3720 kHz:
    by WA2FDU on January 13, 2010
    SALVATION ARMY TEAM EMERGENCY RADIO NETWORK

    SATERN

    North American Command
    Chicago

    Radio Team Locked in on Haiti:
    http://www.eham.net/articles/23232

    ***

    QUAKELINE®

    QUAKELINE® is a bibliographic database developed and maintained by the Information Service. It covers earthquakes, earthquake engineering, natural hazard mitigation, and related topics. Additional features include records for various publication types, such as books, journal articles, conference papers, technical reports, CDs, slides, and videos.

    QUAKELINE® was launched in 1987 and is updated on a monthly basis. The database currently provides content for over 57,000 records; IS has access to all documents cited in the database.

    Meetings & Conferences

    Visit the Meetings & Conferences database for the latest information on domestic and international events.

    Hurricanes Katrina & Rita

    In an effort to serve a diverse audience including, but not limited to, academic researchers and professional organizations, the MCEER Information Service has compiled an extensive searchable Hurricane Database to assist in locating information regarding hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The data is accessible through four search configurations resulting in a comprehensive list of active URLs.

    (from – )

    http://mceer.buffalo.edu/infoService/databases.asp

    ***

    The USA Pavilion at the Shanghai 2010 World ExpoDate: 11/11/2009 Description: U.S. Pavilion 2010 © U.S. Pavilion 2010

    Nov. 10, 2009

    The 2010 Shanghai World Expo will be the largest Expo in history and the first ever hosted by China. During its 6 month operation, it is expected to attract 70 million visitors – more than any Expo in the 150 years of Expo history. The Special Representative for Global Partnerships gave a press briefing describing how over $45 million has been raised out of the $61 million required to build and operate the USA Pavilion.

    | Press Briefing

    | Secretary’ Clinton’s Letter

    Date: 11/19/2009 Description: Presidential Summit on Entrepreneurship Logo © White House Image

    America has entered a new era of engagement through partnerships with the private sector and civil society; and one of the most noteworthy opportunities for partnerships will be the Presidential Summit on Entrepreneurship to be held early in 2010. Click the image above if you are interested in learning more about partnering with the U.S. Government on Summit activities. -More

    http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/index.htm

    ***

    But to start off, we have Ambassador Elizabeth Bagley, who is our Special Representative for Global Partnerships. The Secretary, in many of her speeches, has talked about the concept of partnerships, the fact that in the 21st century, in solving the major challenges that we face in the world, not all of those solutions are going to come from governments. In many cases, they can, but in some cases, it’ll be a collaboration that might involve governments, nongovernmental organizations or a private initiative. And Elizabeth is at the forefront of those efforts. She’ll describe a little bit more broadly what her office is up to. But very specifically today, we thought it was important for her to outline what has been happening with the Shanghai Expo, obviously a manifestation of the importance of the relationship between China and the United States and the commitment that the United States has to that relationship and also to Asia as a whole.

    So Elizabeth, you want to start us off? Thank you very much.

    AMBASSADOR BAGLEY: Thanks, P.J. Thank you all, and welcome to Kentucky. I’ll – as P.J. said, I’ll talk a little bit about and answer, of course, any questions you have about our new office. But first, let me just run through the facts as we know them on the 2010 Shanghai Expo.

    It will run from – many of you know – in Shanghai from May 1st to October 31st, and it’s the largest expo in history, and the first ever hosted by China. During its six-month operation, it is expected to attract 70 million visitors, most of whom are Chinese, more than any expo in the 150 years of expo history.

    To date, 190 countries and 48 international organizations have accepted invitations to attend. The theme for the expo is “Better City, Better Life,” and it will present a vision of a sustainable, healthy, prosperous world in the 21st century. There will be, of course, an exposition of American values, culture, business. This is, of course, China’s most dynamic city, so it’s very important to be there and to bring our own American businesses in as partners. The Secretary is very committed to this. She has been since she went to China in February, right – soon after she was sworn in.

    The Chinese have been extremely supportive; in fact, urging us to be part of this expo, and we – and they have been our partners throughout. And it is, of course, a very important manifestation of our relationship with them, of our bilateral relationship and also of our commercial diplomacy, because it’s very important to have our American businesses support and participate in this in order to get into the Chinese economy and also to express the importance of American culture, our diversity, our freedom. And it’s a great opportunity for us to show public diplomacy and also commercial diplomacy and to show what our values, our core values, are to the Chinese people. That’s pretty much – I can answer questions on that.

    There’s a 501(c)(3), just so you know, that the funds are private funds. So we’re raising money from corporations, because there’s a piece of legislation in the early ‘90s that prohibited any public funds. So we are raising – $61 million is our goal. We’ve raised 45 million of that. So we’re still – any of you who want to contribute are most welcome. We’re – we have some major – wonderful major corporations, great participation. We’re in the middle of hopefully closing this off.

    The Secretary will be visiting. As P.J. said, she will be in Shanghai on Sunday and will visit the site on Monday and we’ll have our sponsors there, so we’ll encourage – thank them all, of course, and encourage those who haven’t decided to participate to join our efforts.

    That’s pretty much – just a final – just to let you know that the progression of events – there was a participation agreement that was signed in June, in the end of June. A visit – Commissioner General Jose Villarreal was also appointed in April, I believe it was. Shanghai Expo 2010 is the 501(c)(3) that is accepting the contributions. Groundbreaking in July by Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke, which was very successful, and also a topping-off ceremony, where they actually finished the construction of the frame, and apparently have a broom and a U.S. flag that they bring. And that was done – officiated by our new Ambassador Jon Huntsman, who also said if you’re not – if businesses are not here, they’re not players. So he has been very forthcoming, very excited about this, and has encouraged participation by the business community both in Beijing and Shanghai.

    To just go through a little bit about what we’re doing – in fact, this is probably one of the best examples of public-private partnerships. It’s – the public being the State Department, along with our 501(c)(3) and with our friends in business, have put together a really important partnership that will, I think, show the importance not only of our U.S. bilateral relationship with the U.S. – between the U.S. and China, but also the importance of our companies in a commercial diplomacy.

    Beyond what we’re doing at Shanghai Expo, we have a whole host of issues that we’re working on in terms of developing priorities, fulfilling the priorities that the Secretary and the President have already set forth such as food security, Muslim outreach, women empowerment, diaspora engagement – meaning those ethnic groups that are here in the country and that want to relate to their homeland – not only sending remittances, monies back home, but also we’re engaging in a diasporas corps that will actually help them invest or encourage direct investment, help them to help their relatives in their homelands, their respective homelands. So we’re working – that’s something the Secretary cares very much about. We’re actually working with the Filipino community now in anticipation of the Secretary’s trip to the Philippines.

    http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/131747.htm

    ***

    Contact the Global Partnership Initiative
    Email: Partnerships@State.gov
    Phone: (202) 647-2200
    Fax: (202) 647-7631

    Mail:
    Global Partnership Initiative
    Harry S Truman Building, US Department of State
    2201 C Street NW Suite 6817
    Washington, DC 20520

    Kris M. Balderston
    Deputy Special Representative for Global Partnerships
    BalderstonKM@state.gov

    Kris Balderston serves as the Managing Director of the Global Partnership Initiative and the Deputy Special Representative for Global Partnerships in the Office of the Secretary of State. Prior to his role at the U.S. Department of State, Kris was Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton’s first Legislative Director in January 2001 before serving as her Deputy Chief of Staff from 2002 to 2009.

    Kris began his career with the National Governors’ Association and then ran the Massachusetts State Office for Governor Michael Dukakis from 1987-1991. He became Senior Policy Advisor to Majority Leader George Mitchell at the US Senate Democratic Policy Committee from 1991 to 1993. From 1993 to 1995, he served as the Deputy Chief of Staff at the U.S. Department of Labor under Secretary of Labor Robert Reich. Kris served in the White House from 1995 to 2001, as Special Assistant for Cabinet Affairs to President William Jefferson Clinton and then later as the Deputy Assistant to the President and the Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet.

    Kris holds his BA in Political Science from LeMoyne College and his MA in Government from Georgetown University.

    Gloria Cabe
    Senior Advisor
    CabeGC@state.gov

    Gloria Cabe serves as Senior Advisor at the Global Partnership Initiative in the Office of the Secretary of State, focusing on democratic governance and human rights issues. Prior to this role, she worked at James Lee Witt Associates, a crisis and emergency management consulting firm, where she provided guidance and support for several of the firm’s clients as Managing Director of International affairs in numerous countries including the Maldives, Budapest, Albania, Greece, Trinidad, Tobago, and tsunami affected countries in south and southeast Asia. Under her management, the International Practice grew significantly, with the practice opening an office in Beijing, China, in 2008 and entering into many partnership agreements around the world, from Australia, to Norway to Greece.

    Prior to joining James Lee Witt Associates, Gloria’s previous private sector experience included serving as President of Emerging Market Strategies, Vice President and COO of the Corporate Council on Africa, and Vice President of The Ridley Group, all based in Washington, D.C. Gloria has over 20 years experience in public service as a senior advisor to the highest level executives at the state, federal and international levels of government, including as Counselor to the Chairman and Board of Directors of the Export-Import Bank of the United States. While serving 10 years as a member of the House of Representatives in the Arkansas State Legislature, Gloria provided leadership in many areas and served as Floor Whip for Governor Bill Clinton; and in 1991, Gloria became the Chief of Staff for Governor Clinton, where she shepherded the most successful legislative program in the Governor’s 13 year tenure.

    Andrea Görög
    Special Assistant to Ambassador Bagley
    GorogA@state.gov

    Robert R. Haynie
    Global Partnerships Liaison
    HaynieRR@state.gov

    Robert Haynie is a Senior Consultant with Booz Allen Hamilton’s Diplomacy and International Development practice. He is on a full-time assignment with the U.S. Department of State’s Global Partnership Initiative, focusing on global health issues and managing the Department’s database of public-private partnerships. Robert has experience with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) working within the Global Development Alliance office building public-private alliances and implementing economic growth projects in Serbia. He also lived in Jordan for a year under USAID’s Emerging Markets Development Advisors Program focused on small business promotion. Robert graduated from Georgetown University’s MBA program and obtained an honors certificate in International Business Diplomacy from the School of Foreign Service. Prior to graduate school, Robert lived in China for three years working with Microsoft Corporation focusing on regional support services and process integration.

    Robert Tice Lalka
    Global Partnerships Liaison
    Presidential Management Fellow
    LalkaRT@state.gov
    Robert Tice Lalka serves as Global Partnerships Liaison for the Global Partnership Initiative in the Office of the Secretary of State, focusing on partnership initiatives with faith-based communities, entrepreneurship and economic development, and promoting educational opportunity, as outlined in the President’s A New Beginning speech in Cairo. He previously worked at the United Nations’ Geneva office; the World Bank’s headquarters in Washington, D.C., and AmeriCorps in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. He is a cum laude graduate of Yale University, where he received honors in both English and history, and he holds his master’s degree with a concentration in global public policy from Duke University.

    G. Kevin Saba
    Regional Director
    SabaGK@state.gov

    Kevin Saba serves as Regional Director for Global Partnerships, focusing on economic recovery and growth issues. He has over 20 years of private sector experience serving in various leadership capacities as well as having gained experience in start-ups, and  turnarounds  of ongoing concerns. His most recent experience in the private sector included service as President of Managed Care USA and President of Nations’ Care, a subsidiary of the Orion Capital Companies. Kevin’s public private partnering experience includes being recruited by the State of Connecticut to create and implement a strategic plan to reduce a $7 billion unfunded liability that had accumulated over the period of 1945 through 1995. Approximately two years later, the liability had been reduced to less than $1 billion and a plan was in place to finance and administer the remaining unfunded liability. The initiative was recognized by a Connecticut think tank as the  most significant government success in 20 years.

    Kevin joined the Department of State in 2002 and was involved in the start-up of the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). He then joined the MCC as its first Managing Director of Threshold Country Programs and served for approximately two years in this capacity, successfully overseeing the start-up of a number of threshold programs. Kevin was accredited in June 2008 by the Overseas Development Institute (United Kingdom’s leading think tank on international development) and the International Business Leaders Forum (internationally recognized leader in cross-sector partnerships) as a professional broker of multi-sector partnerships. In addition to his public and private service he has enjoyed teaching college courses in business and has a Masters Degree in Business Administration from the University of Hartford.

    Jim Thompson
    Regional Director
    ThompsonJF2@state.gov
    Jim Thompson serves as Regional Director for Global Partnerships, focusing on food security and water security issues. Jim served as the Acting Director of the U.S. Department of State’s Global Partnership Center and is the former Acting Director of the U.S. Agency for International Development’s (USAID’s) Global Development Alliance, which is the Agency’s business model for the replicable use of public-private alliances. He was responsible for overall management and strategy of the activity and managed major corporate partner relationships for the Agency. Jim has over 17 years of Government experience, previously serving at USAID as a Food for Peace Officer and a Program Officer in the Europe and Eurasia bureau. He also was a Contracting Officer at USAID and at the U.S. Department of Energy and has used his acquisition and assistance experience to create new public-private partnership models.
    Jim has taught management courses throughout Africa, Latin America and Europe for the USAID, and he was also responsible for developing the alliance builder training program delivered by GDA both in Washington and at USAID missions globally. Jim is a frequent speaker on public-private partnerships and practitioner building numerous alliances. Jim was a Rotary Ambassadorial scholar to New Zealand in 1990 and completed his Master of Arts in Political Studies at the University of Auckland, New Zealand.

    http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/contact/index.htm

    ***

    “First,”  Mr. Root said,  “before there is any question of international law, you must be a lawyer.”

    - Elihu Root quote from a passage by Philip C. Jessup recounted on page 157 of the book,  Listen to Leaders in Law and on page 159 of the same text, it says,  Perhaps you don’t know that to make sure the United States would observe its international obligations, Congress in 1789 passed a law (still on the books) providing that the federal district courts should have original jurisdiction . . . of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States.

    Further, it states,  Did you know that the United States has pressed and defended claims for breaches of international law before some thirty different international tribunals? (etc.)

    1963, Tupper & Love, Inc.,  Listen to Leaders in Law

    ***

    USAID Development 2.0 Challenge
    USAID’s Global Development Commons – (by the way, I couldn’t figure out any contact point in order to participate on their website – but the site is glorious otherwise and offered welcome news about the Shanghai World Expo)

    Dear Secretary of State Hillary Clinton,
    I had an idea for Haiti that incorporates the use of structural reinforcing fabrics like the geotextiles and the carbon nanofiber technologies which could be manufactured through the existing woven textile and apparel manufacturing economic development funded industries’ facilities already made available to Haiti. Using the H.O.P.E. program tariff incentives and other international economic development programs, the existing development needs could be fulfilled by manufacturing and using these earthquake and hurricane resistant technology-based building systems to rebuild Haiti and to upgrade existing structures.

    There are a number of architectural engineers from around the world, who have developed systems for fabric-formed architectural forms using concrete reinforced with these novel fibers, carbon impregnated fabrics and geotextiles. Could you pave the way for them to partnership with the USAID and UNESCO / UN International Development groups to accomplish a safer Haiti and create the possibilities for it to provide economic development for the people of Haiti at the same time? I am not a lawyer, let alone an international lawyer, but I know that the income to be derived from licensing these structural fabrics for manufacture in and export from Haiti would provide a very real economic development plan far in excess of the apparel industry.

    The Global Partnerships Initiative looked like a good way to bring the patent holders together with the construction and architectural engineers, but I don’t know how to do it. Your office does it all the time. There must be a number of ways that it could be quickly facilitated. Today, I’ve sent several emails requesting those involved in the Society for Fabric Forming and Materials Science Engineering to become involved in the project in Haiti.

    The old economic development plan was not created with the new possibilities in mind. Please see to it that the range of options and fields of possibilities aren’t narrowed, but rather are increased in their thresholds and magnitudes. There is no excuse for Haiti to be treated as if it is a prison colony or enslaved and exploited by its governing class any longer. The days when that happened can become far removed from today by your actions to insure a strong new future for Haiti and all of her people hand in hand with the US.

    - cricketdiane

    ***

    Thematic Priorities of UN International Development Organization (UNIDO)

    http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=7847

    http://www.gpoaccess.gov/plumbook/2008/p109-119_state.pdf

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    Please feel free to connect to the Global Development Commons from your own sites and blogs. You can link to us here at usaid.gov or at the complementary USAID Global Development Commons site.

    Identifying and fostering innovations through open approaches can improve our ability to deliver on our core mission at the US Agency for International Development. The Global Development Commons seek to enable citizens of the world to innovate and empower citizen activists, development organizations, private sector companies, and many others to co-create solutions and make better informed collaborative decisions that address development challenges.

    Though the GlobalDevelopmentCommons.net site is a small activity of the larger GDC portfolio, it is critical for networking a diverse community of actors. In terms of the larger GDC vision, the goal of the Commons.net site was the initial investment for catalyzing a broad and diverse network of individuals and organizations to problem solve around development challenges. The site is a virtual space where anyone interested in international development and technology can participate in open dialogue, collaborate, and experiment to find innovative solutions to development challenges.

    http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/gdc/participate.html

    ***

    Through the Global Partnership Initiative, the Department of State

    * Is a convener, bringing together people from across regions and sectors to work together on issues of common interest.
    * Is a catalyst, launching new projects, actively seeking new solutions, providing vital training and technical assistance to facilitate additional projects.
    * Is a collaborator, working closely with our partners to plan and implement projects – avoiding duplication, learning from each other, maximizing our impact by looking for best practices.

    The Global Partnership Initiative located in the Office of the Secretary of State, is being led by the Special Representative for Global Partnerships, Ambassador Elizabeth Bagley, and the Deputy Special Representative for Global Partnerships, Kris Balderston. Follow the latest initiatives at TwitterTwitter and signup for email updates.

    http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/index.htm

    ***

    Obama noted that the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti “appears to have suffered its own losses,” and appointed USAID administrator Rajiv Shah unified disaster coordinator for government efforts as the United States takes the lead in bringing relief to the island.

    (From:)
    http://www.worldmag.com/webextra/16288
    ***

    HOLMES: The United States is taking a lead role in organizing and supplying relief to Haiti. CNN foreign affairs correspondent, Jill Dougherty, is following that angle for us live.

    I can’t imagine how huge of a process and challenge this is to coordinate all of this. You got a tour, though. I guess you could call it the nerve center there in Washington, USAID.

    JILL DOUGHERTY, CNN FOREIGN AFFAIRS CORRESPONDENT: Absolutely. You know, T.J., early this morning, we got an exclusive look at the epicenter of the U.S. government Haiti operation. It’s working 24/7 at the USAID, Agency for International Development, headquarters here in Washington.

    First, we sat in on a conference call for the Haiti Interagency Task Force, head up by the new head of the USAID, Rajiv Shah. And there’s a real sense of urgency there. Seventy people on that call. Representatives from a slew of government agencies, USAID, the State Department, Defense Department, FEMA.

    And then we had an exclusive tour, seeing the USAID response team in action. And they’re the people who send search-and-rescue teams to Haiti. They coordinate food supplies. And our guide was Susan Reichle. She’s the coordinator for the Haiti Interagency Task Force.

    (From:)
    http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1001/15/cnr.04.html

    ***

    January 16 – Secretary Clinton’s visit – ( looking for the priorities)

    RENE GARCIA PREVAL, PRESIDENT OF HAITI (through translator): His last initiative of putting the two last receiving Presidents, Bush and Clinton, together to form a fund, a special fund for Haiti is again a sign of great support. The USAID is already on the territory. I just visited a victim who has been, since five days, taken and he is, again, taken care of by the military and the medical support — American medical support in Haiti. Mrs. Clinton’s visit really warms our heart today but especially to reinsure the priorities and the needs and coordination that needs to be done with the effect of the earthquake.

    http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1001/16/cnr.07.html

    ***

    [PDF]
    Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement …
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – Quick View
    BACKGROUND: The United States Congress enacted the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through. Partnership Encouragement (HOPE) Act of 2006, …
    www.usaid.gov/ht/docs/ege/hope_2.pdf

    (From Google search – )
    http://www.google.com/search?ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sourceid=navclient&gfns=1&q=Haitian+Hemispheric+Opportunity+through+Partnership+Encouragement+%28HOPE%29+Act

    ***

    Ted Koppel on BBC World News America talking about the Haiti situation and possibility of rebuilding and a good note or two about how their natural resources have been mined, bootlegged, stolen and pillaged over centuries including in recent times.

    BBC America – 10:12pm ET 01-21-10

    ***

    ***

    General Douglas Frazer – US Southern Command Commander (in Miami) – on CSPAN today
    (chnnl 30)  – aired 10.55 pm ET – 01-21-10

    Defense Department Briefing – Haiti Earthquake Relief Efforts

    Haiti has to request the medical field hospitals? – cnn question
    USAID, international community – to determine if there is a greater medical need than being currently served – paraphrased answer – (my note – is he out of touch or what would cause him not to know?)

    Special Representative (UN) – find out who this is ****** ?????
    spoke to Gen. Frazer when he was in Haiti

    MINUSTAH has the mission to provide security in the region – for the entire region beyond Port au Prince

    ***

    department of health and human services US are responsible for the health, medicine, facilities, medical supplies, field hospitals – they are on the ground and where the hell are they and why haven’t they solved these problems by day nine? General Frazer says they are on the ground and responsible for the ground efforts in the medical and health efforts.

    ***

    http://www.commerce.gov/

    84 results for Haiti  out of at least 12,200 ( Details )     Web results by Bing Search
    These sources have been queried:

    * Web Results – Top 100 results retrieved out of 12,200 in 0.797s, 100 requested. (4 pages requested – 2 OK)

    1.
    Haiti Weather [new window][preview][close preview]
    [X]
    Government Internet Service Home page. The starting point for official governemnt weather forecasts, warning, and meteorological products for forecasting the weather.
    weather.noaa.gov/weather/HT_cc.html- Cached -More from NOAA
    2.
    The United States Contributes to Economic Prosperity in PDF
    [X]
    The United States Contributes to Economic Prosperity in Haiti The U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration (www.trade.gov) and the Association of American …
    trade.gov/promotingtrade/westhemprosperity/haiti.pdf- Cached -More from International Trade Administration
    3.
    NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [new window][preview][close preview]
    [X]
    NOAA Produces Images of Haiti for First Responders A specially equipped NOAA jet conducted aerial surveys of earthquake-stricken Haiti on Jan. 17 and 18 as part of NOAA’s effort …
    www.noaa.gov- Cached -More from NOAA
    4.
    Current Weather Conditions: [new window][preview][close preview]
    [X]
    Current Weather Conditions: Port-Au-Prince / Aeroport International, Haiti (MTPP) 18-34N 072-18W 34M
    weather.noaa.gov/weather/current/MTPP.html- Cached -More from NOAA
    5.
    Trade Compliance Center – Making America’s Trade Agreements Work for … [new window][preview][close preview]
    [X]
    PRESS RELEASE: PRESS/TPRB/222. 6 November 2003. TRADE POLICY REVIEW: HAITI. Socio-political stability would help Haiti to benefit from its liberalization efforts
    tcc.export.gov/…/All_Research_Reports/exp_005748.asp- Cached -More from U.S. Government Export Portal
    6.
    Welcome to the Department of Commerce [new window][preview][close preview]
    [X]
    Commerce Department Mobilizes to Assist Relief Efforts in Haiti. Washington (Jan. 15) —The U.S. Department of Commerce is mobilizing to assist in the earthquake relief efforts in …
    www.commerce.gov/?ifs=1- Cached -More from Department of Commerce
    7.
    FTD – Statistics – Country Data – U.S. Trade Balance with Haiti [new window][preview][close preview]
    [X]
    All trade with Haiti from, at most, 1985 to present
    www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c2450.html- Cached -More from Census Bureau
    8.
    TPC NHC GORDON 1994 PRELIMINARY REPORT [new window][preview][close preview]
    [X]
    Its torrential rains caused a catastrophic loss of life in Haiti and extensive agricultural damage in south Florida. a. Synoptic History
    www.nhc.noaa.gov/1994gordon.html- Cached -More from NOAA
    9.
    Tropical Cyclone Report PDF [new window][preview][close preview]
    [X]
    Heavy rainfall that occurred in Haiti as Hanna passed just north of the north coast of that island on 2-3 September was responsible for severe flooding and an estimated 500 …
    www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL082008_Hanna.pdf- Cached -More from NOAA
    10.
    Electric Current Information for Haiti [new window][preview][close preview]
    [X]
    Cities: Type of current: Frequency of current: Number of phases: Nominal voltage: Number of wires: Frequency stability: All : a.c. 60 : 1,3 : 110/220 : 2,3,4 : no
    ita.doc.gov/td/industry/otea/ecw/ha.html- Cached -More from International Trade Administration

    ***

    hope_2.pdf

    ?Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement (HOPE) II Legislation
    BACKGROUND: The United States Congress enacted the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement (HOPE) Act of 2006, which was implemented on March 19, 2007. HOPE provided duty-free entry to the United State garments manufactured in Haiti. This legislation was aimed at progress toward a market-based economy, increasing employment, enhancing the rule of law, eliminating barriers to U.S. trade, combating corruption, and protecting internationally recognized human and worker rights.
    In May, 2008, the U.S. Congress passed the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-246/ “Farm Bill”), which included an extended HOPE bill — HOPE II. HOPE II includes:
    ?    an extension of duty-free access to the U.S. market for the next 10 years, effective October 2008;
    ?    an extension of eligible woven products from three years to 10 years;
    ?    an increase in the Tariff Preference Level (TPL) for woven and knit products from 50,000,000 to 70,000,000 square meter equivalent;
    ?    co-production with and direct shipment from the Dominican Republic; and
    ?    the inclusion of luggage, headgear, and sleepwear.

    The new bill also requires social and administrative provisions for labor reform aligned with International Labor Organization (ILO) standards. After 16 months, Haiti must have established an Office of Labor Relations (Technical Assistance Improvement and Compliance Needs Assessment and Remediation program – TAICNAR), and must have appointed a Labor Ombudsman. TAICNAR will benefit from USD 10 million over five years to establish a labor program to ensure that Haiti meets the five core ILO standards.
    The HOPE legislation has created approximately 11,000 jobs to date. HOPE II is expected to create more employment and offer additional assurances to potential investors due to the 10-year extension. HOPE II offers additional assurances to potential investors due to the 10-year extension, and it is expected to create more employment.
    USAID assistance for implementation of HOPE II and the apparel sector:
    ?    Through its implementer CHF/KATA, USAID is providing a consultant to the sector to help it adapt to HOPE II opportunities by improving the industry’s sourcing, production and marketing.
    ?    The CHF/KATA program will also provide financial and technical assistance for an apparel industry training center in Port-au-Prince, in collaboration with the GoH and the textile industry.
    ?    CHF/KATA also provides technical assistance for seminars and workshops on international trends in the apparel sector.
    ?    CHF/KATA will rehabilitate sections of roads leading to two industrial park areas (Ounaminthe and Carrefour).
    ?    Funding an Executive Director for CTMO-HOPE;

    Additional USAID support to the export sector consists of:
    1
    ?    Providing technical assistance for the development of a garment sector strategic plan to enable firms to take advantage of trade preferences; and
    ?    Supporting to the Investment Facilitation Center (CFI);

    The HOPE Commission, which is made up of public sector, private sector and labor union representatives, will pursue in 2009:
    ?    Implementation of the electronic visa system (ELVIS) at the Ministry of Commerce and Industry to regulate and better track HOPE export visas.
    ?    Establishment of an industrial park for future garment sector facilities.
    ?    Implementation of the Enhancing Workers’ Access to Labor Rights and Decent Employment in Haiti project (or TAICNAR, a requirement of HOPE II legislation) in coordination with the International Labor Organization; and
    ?    Establishment of the rules and procedures for co-production with the Dominican Republic (an additional benefit of HOPE II).

    2

    http://www.usaid.gov/ht/docs/ege/hope_2.pdf

    ***

    Foreign Policy and International Relations Subcommittee (US Congress)

    Cspan – 01-21-10

    ***

    in their “situation room” – across the international community
    keep in mind the Haiti of five years from now and ten years from now
    (Black caucus members announcement about Haiti on CSPAN today)

    ***

    haiti.pdf

    http://trade.gov/promotingtrade/westhemprosperity/haiti.pdf

    The United States Contributes to
    Economic Prosperity in
    Haiti
    The U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration (www.trade.gov) and the Association of American Chambers of
    Commerce in Latin America (AACCLA, www.aaccla.org) compiled this fact sheet. Last update – January 2008.
    .. In 2006, U.S. direct investment in Haiti reached $154 million (BEA, Survey of Current
    Business, Sept. 2007). This is equivalent to 3.1 percent of Haiti’s GDP of almost $5 billion
    (World Bank, World Development Indicators).
    .. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided over $168.6
    million in aid to Haiti in 2006.
    .. The United States purchased nearly 80 percent of Haiti’s total merchandise exports in 2006
    (IMF Direction of Trade).
    .. U.S. merchandise exports to Haiti grew from $474.8 million in 1996 to $817.4 million in
    2006, an increase of 72 percent (U.S. Census Bureau).
    .. In 2006 over $1.65 billion in remittance money was sent by Haitians living abroad; this is
    equivalent to 33.2 percent of Haiti’s GDP (Inter-American Development Bank).
    United States Trade in Goods with Haiti
    0
    100
    200
    300
    400
    500
    600
    700
    1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
    Millions of Dollars
    US Imports US Exports
    Total Market Share the United States Represents for
    Haiti’s Merchandise Exports – 2006
    Rest of World
    6%
    Canada
    3%
    Mexico
    2%
    Belguim
    1%
    United States
    80%
    Dominican
    Republic
    8%
    Haiti
    U.S. Companies Contribute to
    Economic Prosperity and Social Development
    The snapshots of U.S. company contributions to economic prosperity were submitted by the companies themselves, and reprinted with
    their permission. Use of Department of Commerce logo does not imply DOC endorsement of the specific companies, products or
    services covered herein. For more information or to submit contributions to future publications, please contact us at
    uscep@aaccla.org. Snapshots last updated – April 2007.
    Citibank – Reaching out to Women and Children
    Citibank has been providing corporate banking services in Haiti for 35 years and employs 44
    people. For the last 10 years and with the help of the Citigroup Foundation, they have been
    directing approximately $45,000 each year to programs focusing mainly on low-income women and
    children. The Micro Credit Enterprise Program in Deschapelles gives women intensive hands-on
    training in business and in how to request formal credit. It has been able to train 2,000 women in
    the past 3 years. Similarly, the program From Business Skills to Financial Literacy: Reforming
    and Implementing Financial Education for Fonkoze Borrowers is designed to develop the core
    skills necessary for low-income women to plan and expand their businesses. Approximately 750
    women have benefited from this program. Moreover, as part of their commitment towards
    education, Citibank directed $30,000 for the rehabilitation of the 450-student Sainte Claire school
    of Bois-Neuf. Finally, partnering with the “Groupe Croissance” Citibank provided computers and
    internet services through the Alphabetization Project for children in low-income schools reaching
    5,000 kids in approximately 10 schools across the country.
    Comcel – Enriching the lives of Students
    Comcel, owned by U.S. based Trilogy International Partners, is a telecommunications company
    that has been operating in Haiti for 7 years. Its 557 employees benefit from a variety of programs
    such as a pension plan through which the company invests up to 10% of the employee’s monthly
    salary. In support of the community, Comcel partners with NGOs across the country to direct
    more than one million dollars to projects focusing mainly on education. In partnership with Yéle
    Haiti, Comcel has supported 6,800 scholarships for students from elementary school to university
    age, making Comcel among the largest corporate sponsors of scholarships in Haiti. Comcel also
    supports extra-curricular activities to supplement students’ education. For example, the company
    sponsors an after school soccer program for hundreds of students from poor communities and
    funds Yele Cinema, a customized truck that screens movies every night, rotating among 12
    different locations in Port-au-Prince. Comcel also funds Ecole Verte, an environmental education
    program that takes students from urban areas on excursions to Parc La Visite where they
    participate in reforestation projects and learn about the complexities of factors that lead to
    deforestation. This program also promotes dialogue between children from the local population
    and their counterparts from the city.

    ***

    PRESS RELEASE: PRESS/TPRB/222

    6 November 2003

    TRADE POLICY REVIEW: HAITI
    Socio-political stability would help Haiti to benefit from its liberalization efforts

    The WTO report, along with a policy statement by the Government of Haiti, will be the basis for the first Trade Policy Review (TPR) of Haiti by the Trade Policy Review Body of the WTO on 4 and 6 November 2003.

    Haiti, one of the poorest countries in the world, has implemented reforms that have greatly liberalized its economy and made it one of the most open in Latin America and the Caribbean; nevertheless, the implementation of the structural component of the reforms has not followed and this has had a negative impact on the economy’s performance, according to a report on the trade policies and practices of Haiti released November 6 by the WTO Secretariat.

    The report says that the priority would currently appear to be socio-political stability that would allow Haiti to proceed with its reforms and to fully exploit non-reciprocal preferential treatment provided by developed countries. Adapting domestic legislation to the reforms already implemented, some adjustments in taxation and other measures, including improving Haiti’s multilateral commitments on both goods and services, would improve the transparency and credibility of its trade regime.

    The report adds that it is important that the international community support the liberalization efforts made unilaterally by Haiti under difficult socio-political circumstances and give it all the assistance and support needed to increase its participation in the multilateral trading system.

    Note  – These links will take you to the site operated and maintained by the World Trade Organization (WTO). You may wish to review any wto.org privacy notices to determine their information collection practices.

    The following documents are available in MS Word format.

    Secretariat report

    > Contents and summary observations (12 pages, 90KB)

    > Economic environment (11 pages, 289KB)

    > Trade policy regime: framework and objectives (19 pages, 136KB)

    > Trade policies and practices by measure (22 pages, 273KB)

    > Trade policies by sector (26 pages, 195KB)

    > Appendix tables (10 pages, 133KB)

    Government report (21 pages, 184KB)
    Chairperson’s concluding remarks

    Minutes of the meeting are available approximately 6 weeks after the meeting.

    Note back to top

    Trade Policy Reviews are an exercise, mandated in the WTO agreements, in which member countries’ trade and related policies are examined and evaluated at regular intervals. Significant developments that may have an impact on the global trading system are also monitored. For each review, two documents are prepared: a policy statement by the government of the member under review, and a detailed report written independently by the WTO Secretariat. These two documents are then discussed by the WTO’s full membership in the Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB). These documents and the proceedings of the TPRB’s meetings are published shortly afterwards.

    Print copies of previous TPR publications are available for sale from the WTO Secretariat, Centre William Rappard, 154 rue de Lausanne, 1211 Genève 21 and through the on-line bookshop.

    The TPR publications are also available from our co-publisher Bernan Press, 4611-F Assembly Drive, Lanham, MD 20706-4391, United States.

    Schedule of forthcoming reviews back to top

    Thailand: 12, 14 November 2003

    Chile: 2, 4 December 2003

    Turkey: 17, 19 December 2003

    The TCC offers these agreements electronically as a public service for general reference. Every effort has been made to ensure that the text presented is complete and accurate. However, copies needed for legal purposes should be obtained from official archives maintained by the appropriate agency.

    http://tcc.export.gov/Country_Market_Research/All_Research_Reports/exp_005748.asp

    ***

    US Census Bureau
    People Business Geography Newsroom Subjects A to Z Search@Census

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    [ADVERT: USATrade Online - Trade data online]
    Trade in Goods (Imports, Exports and Trade Balance) with Haiti
    Available years:

    * 2009
    * 2008
    * 2007
    * 2006
    * 2005
    * 2004
    * 2003
    * 2002
    * 2001
    * 2000
    * 1999
    * 1998
    * 1997
    * 1996
    * 1995
    * 1994
    * 1993
    * 1992
    * 1991
    * 1990
    * 1989
    * 1988
    * 1987
    * 1986
    * 1985

    * Additional information

    Trade with Haiti : 2009
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 2009     47.5     20.9     26.6
    February 2009     70.9     40.7     30.2
    March 2009     82.2     44.5     37.7
    April 2009     66.8     43.6     23.2
    May 2009     77.7     51.5     26.2
    June 2009     57.7     56.5     1.2
    July 2009     72.9     54.9     17.9
    August 2009     64.3     50.8     13.5
    September 2009     60.1     49.5     10.6
    October 2009     63.4     44.5     18.9
    November 2009     66.7     46.0     20.7
    TOTAL     730.2     503.4     226.8

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 2008
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 2008     49.6     19.0     30.6
    February 2008     67.4     28.1     39.3
    March 2008     74.3     33.1     41.1
    April 2008     63.1     37.9     25.2
    May 2008     71.4     41.6     29.9
    June 2008     68.9     41.8     27.1
    July 2008     85.1     50.4     34.8
    August 2008     93.6     36.6     57.0
    September 2008     120.8     46.3     74.5
    October 2008     95.6     45.4     50.2
    November 2008     84.3     32.3     52.0
    December 2008     69.9     37.7     32.2
    TOTAL     944.0     450.1     493.9

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 2007
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 2007     54.1     26.2     28.0
    February 2007     53.1     43.3     9.8
    March 2007     67.3     46.2     21.0
    April 2007     56.0     43.2     12.8
    May 2007     54.6     41.4     13.1
    June 2007     54.8     43.0     11.9
    July 2007     53.6     38.3     15.3
    August 2007     50.6     42.8     7.7
    September 2007     55.0     40.7     14.3
    October 2007     73.3     45.4     27.9
    November 2007     54.6     39.7     14.9
    December 2007     53.2     37.5     15.7
    TOTAL     680.2     487.8     192.4

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 2006
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 2006     66.6     23.1     43.5
    February 2006     65.8     31.5     34.2
    March 2006     62.8     46.5     16.3
    April 2006     78.6     40.1     38.4
    May 2006     75.7     50.8     24.9
    June 2006     68.9     39.8     29.1
    July 2006     56.9     43.1     13.8
    August 2006     61.0     42.1     18.9
    September 2006     70.3     47.0     23.3
    October 2006     76.8     47.0     29.8
    November 2006     67.4     47.0     20.4
    December 2006     66.6     38.1     28.5
    TOTAL     817.4     496.1     321.3

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 2005
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 2005     45.5     21.0     24.5
    February 2005     57.7     30.6     27.1
    March 2005     49.1     46.1     3.0
    April 2005     71.3     40.2     31.1
    May 2005     60.7     39.7     21.0
    June 2005     51.7     43.2     8.4
    July 2005     53.8     42.4     11.4
    August 2005     63.5     35.0     28.5
    September 2005     52.6     34.7     17.9
    October 2005     60.0     38.2     21.8
    November 2005     70.9     41.0     29.9
    December 2005     72.9     35.0     37.8
    TOTAL     709.6     447.2     262.4

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 2004
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 2004     58.4     17.8     40.7
    February 2004     38.6     29.4     9.2
    March 2004     35.7     23.7     12.1
    April 2004     55.2     34.1     21.1
    May 2004     69.0     32.7     36.3
    June 2004     64.0     29.7     34.3
    July 2004     53.3     32.6     20.8
    August 2004     51.1     35.5     15.6
    September 2004     60.0     34.3     25.7
    October 2004     60.8     30.8     30.1
    November 2004     70.5     34.9     35.7
    December 2004     56.3     35.4     20.9
    TOTAL     673.0     370.7     302.3

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 2003
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 2003     56.5     16.2     40.3
    February 2003     53.2     25.1     28.2
    March 2003     60.2     27.0     33.1
    April 2003     51.5     28.1     23.4
    May 2003     45.6     31.4     14.2
    June 2003     51.5     27.7     23.9
    July 2003     51.5     31.4     20.1
    August 2003     56.9     27.9     29.0
    September 2003     54.5     28.4     26.2
    October 2003     56.6     34.1     22.5
    November 2003     53.8     27.5     26.3
    December 2003     47.6     27.6     20.0
    TOTAL     639.4     332.3     307.1

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 2002
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 2002     34.3     13.9     20.4
    February 2002     38.0     16.3     21.7
    March 2002     43.8     21.8     22.0
    April 2002     49.8     20.3     29.5
    May 2002     57.0     26.0     31.0
    June 2002     44.6     20.7     23.9
    July 2002     52.4     23.5     28.9
    August 2002     42.9     21.6     21.3
    September 2002     40.6     24.4     16.2
    October 2002     54.5     22.5     32.0
    November 2002     58.3     18.2     40.1
    December 2002     57.0     26.0     31.0
    TOTAL     573.2     255.2     318.0
    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 2001
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 2001     39.3     17.7     21.6
    February 2001     45.5     21.5     24.0
    March 2001     55.6     24.6     31.0
    April 2001     40.8     23.1     17.7
    May 2001     54.9     24.5     30.4
    June 2001     54.0     24.8     29.2
    July 2001     41.8     22.8     19.0
    August 2001     47.8     23.4     24.4
    September 2001     45.0     19.3     25.7
    October 2001     44.2     23.9     20.3
    November 2001     38.2     20.4     17.8
    December 2001     43.3     17.2     26.1
    TOTAL     550.4     263.2     287.2

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 2000
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 2000     44.1     16.2     27.9
    February 2000     49.6     23.1     26.5
    March 2000     53.8     24.9     28.9
    April 2000     50.2     22.7     27.5
    May 2000     50.0     28.5     21.5
    June 2000     48.0     27.7     20.3
    July 2000     41.4     26.7     14.7
    August 2000     47.0     27.3     19.7
    September 2000     49.5     25.7     23.8
    October 2000     46.2     24.2     22.0
    November 2000     48.7     24.2     24.5
    December 2000     48.2     25.7     22.5
    TOTAL     576.7     296.9     279.8

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1999
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1999     43.9     14.3     29.6
    February 1999     46.7     22.3     24.4
    March 1999     51.1     26.3     24.8
    April 1999     62.5     23.6     38.9
    May 1999     58.8     25.1     33.7
    June 1999     50.5     29.1     21.4
    July 1999     56.5     30.9     25.6
    August 1999     47.7     28.4     19.3
    September 1999     44.6     29.0     15.6
    October 1999     43.6     23.2     20.4
    November 1999     52.2     22.9     29.3
    December 1999     55.8     25.9     29.9
    TOTAL     613.9     301.0     312.9

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1998
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1998     38.4     14.3     24.1
    February 1998     36.6     19.9     16.7
    March 1998     46.1     21.8     24.3
    April 1998     45.9     21.2     24.7
    May 1998     47.8     21.3     26.5
    June 1998     44.6     24.6     20.0
    July 1998     44.8     27.6     17.2
    August 1998     48.5     23.1     25.4
    September 1998     35.4     25.2     10.2
    October 1998     60.6     26.2     34.4
    November 1998     44.8     21.5     23.3
    December 1998     55.1     25.0     30.1
    TOTAL     548.6     271.7     276.9

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1997
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1997     33.2     8.4     24.8
    February 1997     36.1     12.0     24.1
    March 1997     40.7     14.5     26.2
    April 1997     40.2     16.4     23.8
    May 1997     36.3     16.9     19.4
    June 1997     36.9     17.4     19.5
    July 1997     47.2     17.8     29.4
    August 1997     43.6     15.6     28.0
    September 1997     45.9     16.8     29.1
    October 1997     46.9     18.3     28.6
    November 1997     45.7     15.1     30.6
    December 1997     46.4     19.1     27.3
    TOTAL     499.1     188.3     310.8

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1996
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1996     34.2     7.1     27.1
    February 1996     47.2     8.5     38.7
    March 1996     36.1     10.6     25.5
    April 1996     44.1     11.0     33.1
    May 1996     50.7     12.0     38.7
    June 1996     32.8     11.8     21.0
    July 1996     34.5     14.2     20.3
    August 1996     37.4     14.7     22.7
    September 1996     33.7     13.7     20.0
    October 1996     46.6     13.7     32.9
    November 1996     42.9     12.2     30.7
    December 1996     34.6     13.9     20.7
    TOTAL     474.8     143.4     331.4

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1995
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1995     50.5     5.2     45.3
    February 1995     42.5     13.2     29.3
    March 1995     43.6     9.8     33.8
    April 1995     37.9     10.3     27.6
    May 1995     53.2     13.3     39.9
    June 1995     53.1     13.5     39.6
    July 1995     39.9     13.2     26.7
    August 1995     41.5     13.3     28.2
    September 1995     60.4     10.3     50.1
    October 1995     47.4     10.0     37.4
    November 1995     31.6     8.4     23.2
    December 1995     48.5     9.4     39.1
    TOTAL     550.1     129.9     420.2

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1994
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1994     14.9     7.0     7.9
    February 1994     13.5     8.2     5.3
    March 1994     18.1     10.8     7.3
    April 1994     14.3     8.2     6.1
    May 1994     8.4     12.6     -4.2
    June 1994     7.0     1.7     5.3
    July 1994     4.2     0.1     4.1
    August 1994     2.7     0.2     2.5
    September 1994     5.0     0.0     5.0
    October 1994     20.9     0.9     20.0
    November 1994     45.3     4.2     41.1
    December 1994     50.1     4.8     45.3
    TOTAL     204.4     58.7     145.7

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1993
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1993     15.2     7.0     8.2
    February 1993     17.4     11.1     6.3
    March 1993     17.8     13.3     4.5
    April 1993     25.2     13.7     11.5
    May 1993     22.0     13.2     8.8
    June 1993     21.2     17.4     3.8
    July 1993     14.7     14.0     0.7
    August 1993     19.3     14.2     5.1
    September 1993     31.0     14.8     16.2
    October 1993     24.2     10.8     13.4
    November 1993     7.6     12.1     -4.5
    December 1993     13.0     12.5     0.5
    TOTAL     228.6     154.1     74.5

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1992
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1992     11.7     0.5     11.2
    February 1992     13.9     1.5     12.4
    March 1992     13.9     7.5     6.4
    April 1992     13.5     10.3     3.2
    May 1992     19.2     10.5     8.7
    June 1992     17.2     11.0     6.2
    July 1992     17.5     11.5     6.0
    August 1992     20.0     9.8     10.2
    September 1992     19.5     11.6     7.9
    October 1992     23.6     10.8     12.8
    November 1992     19.5     10.3     9.2
    December 1992     19.8     11.7     8.1
    TOTAL     209.3     107.0     102.3

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1991
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1991     34.2     15.0     19.2
    February 1991     29.9     22.2     7.7
    March 1991     39.5     29.6     9.9
    April 1991     43.0     27.3     15.7
    May 1991     41.1     29.4     11.7
    June 1991     39.8     28.0     11.8
    July 1991     39.2     26.7     12.5
    August 1991     43.3     27.9     15.4
    September 1991     40.1     29.0     11.1
    October 1991     26.9     21.5     5.4
    November 1991     15.1     16.7     -1.6
    December 1991     3.1     10.9     -7.8
    TOTAL     395.2     284.2     111.0
    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1990
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1990     43.1     26.1     17.0
    February 1990     34.8     30.6     4.2
    March 1990     37.6     31.0     6.6
    April 1990     35.1     29.0     6.1
    May 1990     45.3     32.1     13.2
    June 1990     39.6     27.6     12.0
    July 1990     40.4     29.0     11.4
    August 1990     41.6     28.8     12.8
    September 1990     36.8     28.7     8.1
    October 1990     45.6     28.6     17.0
    November 1990     43.5     27.8     15.7
    December 1990     33.1     23.7     9.4
    TOTAL     476.5     343.0     133.5

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1989
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1989     39.0     19.6     19.4
    February 1989     34.4     30.3     4.1
    March 1989     42.4     37.0     5.4
    April 1989     38.6     26.3     12.3
    May 1989     44.6     34.6     10.0
    June 1989     39.2     33.3     5.9
    July 1989     34.8     33.0     1.8
    August 1989     45.1     32.8     12.3
    September 1989     44.9     33.8     11.1
    October 1989     41.7     34.0     7.7
    November 1989     31.1     28.4     2.7
    December 1989     35.7     31.2     4.5
    TOTAL     471.5     374.3     97.2

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1988
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1988     29.5     25.8     3.7
    February 1988     33.3     30.1     3.2
    March 1988     42.6     39.5     3.1
    April 1988     39.3     30.6     8.7
    May 1988     42.4     34.5     7.9
    June 1988     40.9     34.1     6.8
    July 1988     41.0     34.3     6.7
    August 1988     43.0     32.8     10.2
    September 1988     37.1     31.9     5.2
    October 1988     40.8     30.0     10.8
    November 1988     42.1     28.4     13.7
    December 1988     43.0     30.5     12.5
    TOTAL     475.0     382.5     92.5

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1987
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1987     28.8     23.4     5.4
    February 1987     34.5     36.7     -2.2
    March 1987     42.5     36.5     6.0
    April 1987     38.9     31.8     7.1
    May 1987     48.8     33.7     15.1
    June 1987     39.8     32.9     6.9
    July 1987     32.2     28.5     3.7
    August 1987     38.0     35.7     2.3
    September 1987     41.6     36.6     5.0
    October 1987     40.8     37.3     3.5
    November 1987     42.5     30.4     12.1
    December 1987     30.5     31.2     -0.7
    TOTAL     458.9     394.7     64.2

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1986
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1986     21.8     29.9     -8.1
    February 1986     25.9     24.6     1.3
    March 1986     32.6     33.3     -0.7
    April 1986     29.7     28.6     1.1
    May 1986     38.3     39.7     -1.4
    June 1986     31.3     33.5     -2.2
    July 1986     32.3     34.1     -1.8
    August 1986     38.3     33.7     4.6
    September 1986     34.6     29.2     5.4
    October 1986     36.9     27.2     9.7
    November 1986     36.1     34.6     1.5
    December 1986     29.5     26.9     2.6
    TOTAL     387.3     375.3     12.0

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Trade with Haiti : 1985
    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.
    Month     Exports     Imports     Balance
    January 1985     31.2     31.2     0.0
    February 1985     31.8     30.4     1.4
    March 1985     31.9     36.7     -4.8
    April 1985     32.9     33.2     -0.3
    May 1985     35.3     31.0     4.3
    June 1985     28.8     39.6     -10.8
    July 1985     33.3     30.2     3.1
    August 1985     34.4     30.6     3.8
    September 1985     29.7     27.2     2.5
    October 1985     45.1     32.4     12.7
    November 1985     34.7     32.0     2.7
    December 1985     26.8     35.1     -8.3
    TOTAL     395.9     389.6     6.3

    * ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    * Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    * CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    * SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    [To top of page]
    Additional Information

    * Contact the Data Dissemination Branch of the Foreign Trade Division with any questions or for additional information.
    * For information on data sources and methodology, check out the Information on the Collection and Publication of Trade Statistics.
    * MORE DATA: Data for all countries are available online in a zipped Excel file. [Excel] or the letters [xls] indicate a document is in the Microsoft® Excel® Spreadsheet Format (XLS). To view the file, you will need the Microsoft® Excel® Viewer This link to a non-federal Web site does not imply endorsement of any particular product, company, or content. available for free from Microsoft®. This symbol Symbol indicating that file is external to this site. indicates a link to a non-government web site. Our linking to these sites does not constitute an endorsement of any products, services or the information found on them. Once you link to another site you are subject to the policies of the new site.

    FTD Web News

    Foreign Trade has GLOBAL REACH
    Foreign Trade has just created and published its official blog,  Global Reach.  Visit it to discuss the Foreign Trade Regulations, Export Filing (AES), Trade Data, and other trade related topics. Posts are current and relevant to you as the filer, exporter, data user, or curious blog reader. (January 5, 2010)

    FTZ: Guidelines for Submtting Statistical Data (PDF) (1.8 MB)
    Guidelines and best practices for fulfilling FTZ’s statistical reporting requirements are now available.
    NEW EXPORT TRAINING VIDEOS
    - Training videos on topics such as the Foreign Trade Regulations, AESDirect, NAFTA, Taxes/Tariffs, Commodities, etc. now available

    2009 Constant Dollar Data
    - The Census Bureau identified a processing error that caused incorrect deflators to be applied to the revised data for 2009. The data have been corrected.

    2009 DATA PRODUCT CHANGES
    - U.S. Census Bureau will modify the structure of several data products to accommodate changing technology and user demand.

    EXPORT COMPLIANCE SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS
    - The export environment has dramatically changed. Come and understand what it takes to remain compliant, aware and out of trouble.

    2003 AES Option 4 Moratorium
    Option 4 Filing Review Process Suspended

    AES Compliance Best Practices:
    Best Practices for maintaining AES Compliance are now available.

    Related Party Database Application:
    Time series RELATED PARTY data for specific commodities and countries.

    ORDER AND DOWNLOAD FOREIGN TRADE DATA PRODUCTS:
    - Online Order Form
    - FTD DropBox
    - Merchandise Trade Downloads

    NEW Schedule B Search Engine:
    It’s new. It’s flexible. It has more options.

    NEWEST TRADE DATA
    - Get the basics
    - Learn more
    Get FTD Web News via e-mail

    Source: FTDWebMaster, Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. 20233
    Location: MAIN: STATISTICS:COUNTRY DATA: TRADE BALANCE
    Created: 12 January 2010
    Last modified: 12 January 2010 at 08:32:14 AM
    Skip this navigation
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    U.S. Census Bureau: Helping You Make Informed Decisions
    Page Last Modified: January 12, 2010

    http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c2450.html

    ***

    Foreign Trade has GLOBAL REACH
    Foreign Trade has just created and published its official blog,  Global Reach.  Visit it to discuss the Foreign Trade Regulations, Export Filing (AES), Trade Data, and other trade related topics. Posts are current and relevant to you as the filer, exporter, data user, or curious blog reader. (January 5, 2010)

    http://blogs.census.gov/globalreach/

    ***

    Foreign Trade Division Directory and User Contacts
    Name     Position     Phone     Notes:
    William G. Bostic

    Division Chief

    301-763-2255
    E-mail: william.g.bostic.jr@census.gov
    Richard M. Preuss

    Sr. Foreign Trade Advisor

    301-763-2210
    E-mail: richard.m.preuss@census.gov
    <Vacant>

    Ombudsman

    -
    E-mail:

    Trade Analysis and Dissemination

    Name     Position     Phone     Notes
    Nick Orsini

    Asst. Div. Chief

    301-763-6959
    E-mail: nick.orsini@census.gov
    Commodity Analysis Branch
    Paul Herrick

    Branch Chief

    800-549-0595
    (Menu Option 2)

    Classification Systems, Schedule B changes; Data analysis and review; Obtaining Harmonized Commodity Code for Imports and Exports: Non-Durable Goods (Food, animals, wood, chemicals,plastic articles, textiles and wearing apparel, linens and minerals) or Durable Goods: (Metals, machinery, vehicles, measuring and testing equipment, furniture and miscellaneous manufactured articles)

    E-mail: paul.e.herrick@census.gov

    ** PLEASE include your full telephone number (area code, country code, etc.) with your message ***

    Carol Aristone

    800-549-0595
    (Menu Option 2)

    Foods Chapters 1-24 & 44-49
    Textiles Chapters 41-43 & 50-67

    E-mail: carol.ann.aristone@census.gov
    Kristen Nespoli

    800-549-0595
    (Menu Option 2)

    Chemicals Chapters 28-40
    Minerals Chapters 25-27 & 68-71

    E-mail: kristen.nespoli@census.gov
    Katie Nelson

    800-549-0595
    (Menu Option 2)

    Metals Chapters 72-83
    Machinery Chapters 84-85

    E-mail: kathryn.l.nelson@census.gov

    Tracy Burns

    800-549-0595
    (Menu Option 2)

    Transportation Chapters 86-89
    Sundries Chapters 90-98

    E-mail:
    tracy.r.burns@census.gov
    Carol Aristone

    800-549-0595
    (Menu Option 2)

    Classification Systems

    E-mail:
    carol.ann.aristone@census.gov

    Earle Patrick

    800-549-0595
    (Menu Option 2)

    Technical Area

    E-mail: earle.patrick@census.gov
    Data Dissemination Branch
    E-mail: ftd.data.dissemination@census.gov
    Maria Iseman

    Branch Chief

    301-763-2311
    E-mail: maria.a.iseman@census.gov
    Joe Kafchinski

    301-763-2311

    Customized special reports and services

    E-mail: joseph.e.kafchinski@census.gov
    Reba Higbee

    301-763-2227

    Subscriptions for the FT900 Press Release and other monthly reports

    E-mail: reba.h.higbee@census.gov
    Barbara Sparks

    301-763-2239

    Selected commodity service subscriptions (a.k.a. DropBox subscriptions, IM145, IM146, EM545)

    E-mail: barbara.l.sparks@census.gov

    Data Systems

    Name     Position     Phone     Notes
    Diane Oberg

    Acting
    Asst. Div. Chief

    301-763-2223
    E-mail: diane.c.oberg@census.gov
    Current Systems Programming Branch
    Rachel Hall

    Branch Chief

    301-763-2214
    E-mail: rachel.jacqueline.hall@census.gov
    Cindy Kelton

    301-763-2214

    Data product orders

    E-mail: cindy.m.kelton@census.gov
    Customs Systems Programming Branch
    Don Koller

    Branch Chief

    301-763-3003
    E-mail: donald.koller@census.gov
    Security Liason Staff
    Clifford A. Jordan

    Branch Chief

    301-763-2318
    E-mail: clifford.a.jordan@census.gov
    System Design and Support Branch

    Blake Sanders

    Branch Chief

    301-763-2234

    E-mail: blake.r.sanders@census.gov
    Lori Dickerson

    301-763-2234

    Web site design and maintenance

    E-mail: ftdwebmaster@census.gov

    Data Collection

    Name     Position     Phone     Notes
    Dale Kelly

    Asst.
    Div.
    Chief

    301-763-6937
    E-mail: dale.c.kelly@census.gov
    Data Collection Coordination Branch
    Kelly Phou

    Branch
    Chief

    301-763-2775
    E-mail: kelly.s.phou@census.gov
    Customs Systems Requirements Branch

    Steve Bulman

    Branch
    Chief

    301-763-2207

    E-mail: steven.d.bulman@census.gov
    Regulations, Outreach and Education Branch
    Joe Cortez

    Branch
    Chief

    800-549-0595
    (Menu Option 3)
    E-mail: joe.a.cortez@census.gov
    AES Branch
    Wendy Peebles

    Branch
    Chief

    800-549-0595
    (Menu Option 1)

    E-mail: wendy.d.peebles@census.gov

    Methodology, Coordination and Special Studies

    Name     Position     Phone     Notes
    David Dickerson

    Asst.
    Div.
    Chief

    301-763-7037
    E-mail: david.m.dickerson@census.gov
    Special Projects Branch
    Glenn Barresse

    Branch
    Chief

    301-763-3629

    State data; Profile of U.S. exporters

    E-mail: glenn.a.barresse@census.gov
    Methodology Research & Quality AssuranceBranch
    Debra Coaxum

    Branch
    Chief

    301-763-7036
    E-mail: debra.l.coaxum@census.gov
    Process Coordination Staff
    Matthew Pryzbocki

    Branch
    Chief

    301-763-3148
    E-mail: Matthew.J.Przybocki@census.gov

    All staff members not listed:
    Any staff member not specifically listed above can be located using the U.S. Census Bureau’s staff search.

    E-mailing contacts: The link on each of the contact names is set up to open your browser’s e-mail program, open a new message and address that message. If you click on that link and nothing happens (i.e. no blank message opens), manually open your e-mail program and use the e-mail address listed under NOTES.

    http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/contacts/whowho.html#data_dissemination

    ***

    Introduction

    The goods data are compiled from the documents collected by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and reflect the movement of goods between foreign countries and the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones. They include government and non-government shipments of goods, and exclude shipments between the United States and its territories and possessions, transactions with U.S. military, diplomatic and consular installations abroad, U.S. goods returned to the United States by its Armed Forces, personal and household effects of travelers, and in-transit shipments. The General Imports value reflects the total arrival of merchandise from foreign countries that immediately enters consumption channels, warehouses, or Foreign Trade Zones. Imports for Consumption measure the total of merchandise that has physically cleared through Customs either entering consumption channels immediately or entering after withdrawal for consumption from bonded warehouses under Customs custody or from Foreign Trade Zones.

    For imports, the value reported is the U.S. Customs and Border Protection appraised value of merchandise; generally, the price paid for merchandise for export to the United States. Import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing merchandise to the United States are excluded.
    Exports are valued at the free alongside ship (f.a.s) value of merchandise at the U.S. port of export, based on the transaction price including inland freight, insurance and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the U.S. port of exportation.

    Monthly data include actual month’s transactions as well as a small number of transactions for previous months. SITC and country detail data are not revised monthly. These data are revised annually to eliminate  carry-over  (that portion of the monthly statistics that arrives too late for inclusion in the transaction month) and to include errata (corrections to the published monthly data).

    Methods of Classification

    *
    Schedule B

    The export statistics are initially collected and compiled in terms of commodity classifications in the Schedule B, Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Schedule B is a U.S. Bureau of the Census publication and is based on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonized System).
    *
    Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes (HTSUSA)

    The import statistics are initially collected and compiled in terms of commodity classifications in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes (HTSUSA) [Not a Census web site], an official publication of the U.S. International Trade Commission. The HTSUSA is the U.S. import version of the Harmonized System.

    *
    Standard International Trade Classification (SITC)

    The SITC is a statistical classification of commodities designed by the United Nations. It is designed to provide the commodity aggregations needed for purposes of economic analysis and to facilitate the international comparison of trade by commodity. The Harmonized System and SITC Revision 3 are interrelated. For more details, see  What is the SITC classification system?  at: www.census.gov/foreign-trade/www/sec2.html#sitc.
    *
    End-Use Classification

    The HTSUSA and Schedule B classifications are summarized into six principal  end-use  categories and further subdivided into about 140 broad commodity groupings. These categories are used in developing seasonally adjusted and constant dollar totals. The concept of end-use demand was developed for balance of payments purposes by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

    Steel 201 Remedy in Effect

    To facilitate positive adjustment to competition from imports of certain steel products, in March 2002 the President signed into law a relief program for the domestic steel industry. This program has come to be known as  Steel 201  named after Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974. For more information on Section 201 Steel Products, see the United States Trade Representative (USTR) steel section at: www.ustr.gov/sectors/industry/steel201/background.htm [Not a Census web site].
    U.S./Canada Data Exchange and Substitution

    The data for U.S. exports to Canada are derived from import data compiled by Canada. The use of Canada’s import data to produce U.S. export data requires several alignments in order to compare the two series.

    * Coverage — Canadian imports are based on country of origin. U.S. goods shipped from a third country are included. U.S. exports exclude these foreign shipments and excludes certain Canadian postal shipments.

    * Valuation — Canadian imports are valued at point of origin in the United States. However, U.S. exports are valued at the port of exit in the United States and include inland freight charges, making the U.S. export value slightly larger. Canada requires inland freight to be reported.

    * Reexports — U.S. exports include reexports of foreign goods. Again, the aggregate U. S. export figure is slightly larger.

    * Exchange Rate — Average monthly exchange rates are applied to convert the published data to U.S. currency.

    * Other — There are other minor differences which are statistically insignificant, such as rounding error.

    Canadian Estimates

    Effective with January 2001 statistics, the current month data for exports to Canada contain an estimate for late arrivals and corrections. The following month, this estimate will be replaced, in the press release tables only, with the actual value of late receipts and corrections. This estimate will improve the current month data for exports to Canada and treat late receipts for exports to Canada in a manner more consistent with the treatment of late receipts for exports to other countries.

    http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/reference/guides/tradestatsinfo.html#intro

    ***

    U.S. law helps mend Haiti’s torn economy.
    Chicago Tribune (Chicago, IL) | June 1, 2007 | COPYRIGHT 2007 Chicago Tribune. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan.  All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

    Byline: Gary Marx

    PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti _ Six months after closing his garment factory and laying off 800 workers, Georges Sassine is preparing to reopen the plant thanks to a recent U.S. law allowing more Haitian-made apparel into the American market duty-free.

    The law, the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity Through Partnership Encouragement Act, or HOPE, could create 50,000 jobs in Haiti in the next few years and provide a boost to the hemisphere’s most impoverished nation, diplomats and industry leaders say. The law went into effect in March.

    http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-164320966.html

    ***

    False H.O.P.E. for Haiti
    PostDateIcon Fri, 12/01/2006 – 6:25pm | PostAuthorIcon tomr

    Tom Ricker, Quixote Center

    Amidst a crowded lame duck calendar, a few members of Congress are marketing H.O.P.E. for Haiti â “ the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement Act. HOPE will bring desperately needed apparel jobs to Haiti, it is argued. Indeed, according to a Washington Post editorial on Monday, November 27, 2006: â œAfter 15 years of political turmoil, violent unrest and economic mismanagement, this looks like a rare opportunity to consolidate tentative progress in Haiti. Congress shouldn’t miss it.â

    I disagree. Right now Congress has many opportunities to make a sustainable contribution to progress in Haiti, but the HOPE act is not one of them. The bill may create a few low-paying and precarious sweatshop jobs, but it will also reinforce a flawed model of development that has been failing Haitians for two decades. If Congress really wants to provide hope to the majority of Haitians who are desperately poor, it will forego the quick fix of a rushed lame duck session, in favor of a thoughtful and holistic program that would respond sustainably to Haiti’s economic development needs.

    HOPE Background

    The HOPE act would provide tariff-free access to the United States market for apparel made in Haiti. This is not a completely new program. For years Haiti has been part of the Caribbean Basin Initiative, and under these rules has had tariff-free access to the U.S. market for apparel since 2000. The caveat is that the fabric has to be made in the United States. Prior to CBI expansion, the U.S. government provided tariff reductions for apparel made with U.S. fabrics under special provisions of the customs code. These rules facilitated the expansion of apparel assembly in Haiti, a sector that employed over 100,000 workers by the mid-1980s.

    The new, and more controversial part of HOPE is the extension of tariff free access to apparel made in Haiti, even if the fabric is not from the United States. There are limits – preferences are primarily extended to fabric from countries that have free trade agreements with the United States. Manufacturers in Haiti would be allowed to use fabric from other sources as well, but there are caps on the volume of this fabric, and the way the bill is written, these caps are reduced over the five-year life span of the bill.

    Apparel is an important export sector for Haiti, and over the recent past Haiti has become even more dependent on it. Since 1990 the share of Haiti’s exports to the United States represented by apparel has increased from 45% to 90%. In value terms, apparel exports have nearly double since 2001. However, employment has lagged in this sector as companies have shifted production contracts elsewhere and political conflict has scared some investors off. A recent increase in apparel exports has been driven by producers from the Dominican Republic shifting production to Haiti, especially Grupo M, to take advantage of the proximity of lower wages, and weaker unions. Yet, despite these recent trends employment in this sector is still below 20,000 today.

    The HOPE Act may come up for a vote during the final week of the lame duck session that begins on December 4. If this were the case, it would be bundled with other preference programs that are due to expire on December 31, such as market preference programs with the Andean region, countries in southern Africa and the General System of Preferences. The Congress Trade Daily from November 30, however, reports that HOPE may be dropped from this package and taken up in the next session of Congress. This would ease the way for the less contentious preference programs to get through.

    False HOPE

    As currently constructed the HOPE Act would have a marginal impact on employment in Haiti, and what â œsuccessâ   it would have is ultimately based on more effectively exploiting Haiti’s poverty. The apparel industry is in a global transformation amidst changes in international quota systems, and the explosion of assembly manufacturing in Asia. Keeping Haiti competitive in this environment means keeping wages low and workers un-organized, and even then there are no guarantees that the jobs will stay long. A temporary expansion of tariff-free access for third country fabric does not solve the underlying problem. Indeed, by placing so much emphasis on apparel HOPE actually deepens economic insecurity in Haiti, instead of alleviating it.

    Groups supporting Haitian workers and Haiti’s poor should welcome the likely delay in the HOPE Act. A new Congress will be able to take up the bill early in the session, and with new leadership craft a bill that provides sustainable economic opportunities for Haiti’s poor. A real HOPE bill would help create jobs beyond Haiti’s sweatshops, especially in the agricultural sector, and would strengthen the Haitian government’s ability to develop the economy and provide basic government services to its citizens.

    A Better HOPE

    The single greatest generator of unemployment in Haiti over the past twenty years has been the destruction of the rural economy. The loss of economic opportunity in the countryside has translated into a wholly unsustainable urban migration. Urban communities in Port-au-Prince, Gonaives, Port de Paix and elsewhere are straining unsuccessfully to absorb dislocated peasants and their families into the blossoming slums, that lack the housing, water, schools and jobs the migrants need.

    The current HOPE Act does nothing to address this fundamental problem, but other measures within Congress’ grasp would. A real HOPE Act would provide Haiti’s government the flexibility to adjust tariff levels to protect its agricultural producers, just as the U.S. does. Although support for Haitian agriculture would not reverse the destruction already wrought by years of lowest tariffs in the Caribbean, it could give families still trying to scrape out a living in the rural economy a fighting chance would help stabilize employment far more than creating sweatshops.

    Another approach a new HOPE could take would be to shift funds for development away from project based grants and loans, delivered primarily through the non-governmental sector, to direct support for government ministries in Haiti.

    Haiti has the lowest public sector employment in the region, less than 0.7 percent. Not coincidentally, it has the worst public education and health systems in the Americas.. Most education and health care is currently provided by non-governmental organizations, including networks of church based programs. These programs often fill in important gaps, but over time ultimately further undermine the public sector’s capacity. In the long run, rebuilding the existing public infrastructure in health and education has to happen if Haiti has any chance to break the cycle of underdevelopment it is currently trapped in.

    Encouraging private sector employment through tariff preferences, as in the current HOPE Act could also be pursued, but not in a vacuum. Worker rights need to be protected, and not with boilerplate labor clauses that go un-enforced. This should not take place through unilateral mandates issued by the U.S. Congress, essentially blackmailing the government to comply or loose benefits. Enforcement should evolve through dialogue, and direct support for the ministries that would be responsible. Further there must be an absolute insistence on protecting workers rights to organize and collectively bargain. The best guarantor of worker rights is an organized work force.

    Finally, an alternative HOPE could flourish if Congress will take what steps it can to insist that Haiti’s debts be cancelled immediately and unconditionally. The Inter-American Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank have already agreed to cancel a large portion of Haiti’s debt. But the current program requires that Haiti wait at least two years (more likely three) meet a host of invasive policy conditions, and then face continued indebtedness anyway because the debt â œreliefâ   targets will still leave Haiti with a debt burden. Canceling Haiti’s debt outright today would free up $50-70 million a year, and provide the government many opportunities to engage in the public investment mentioned above.

    http://quixote.org/false-hope-haiti

    ***

    COMMITTEE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TEXTILE AGREEMENTS

    Limitation of Duty-free Imports of Apparel Articles Assembled in Haiti under the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity Through Partnership for Encouragement Act (HOPE)
    December 14, 2009.

    AGENCY: Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements (CITA).

    ACTION: Notification of Annual Quantitative Limit on Certain Apparel under HOPE.

    EFFECTIVE DATE: December 17, 2009

    FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Maria Dybczak, International Trade Specialist, Office of Textiles and Apparel, U.S. Department of Commerce, (202) 482-3651.

    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
    Authority: The Caribbean Basin Recovery Act ( CBERA ), as amended by the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity Through Partnership for Encouragement Act of 2006 (collectively,  HOPE ), Title V of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 and the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 ( HOPE II ); and Presidential Proclamation No. 8114, 72 Fed. Reg. 13655, 13659 (March 22, 2007) ( Proclamation ).

    HOPE provides for duty-free treatment for certain apparel articles imported directly from Haiti. Section 213A (b)(1)(B) of HOPE outlines the requirements for certain apparel articles to qualify for duty-free treatment under a  value-added  program. In order to qualify for duty-free treatment, apparel articles must be wholly assembled, or knit-to-shape, in Haiti from any combination of fabrics, fabric components, components knit-to-shape, and yarns, as long as the sum of the cost or value of materials produced in Haiti or one or more countries, as described in HOPE, or any combination thereof, plus the direct costs of processing operations performed in Haiti or one or more countries, as described in HOPE, or any combination thereof, is not less than an applicable percentage of the declared customs value of such apparel articles. For the period December 20, 2009 through December 19, 2010, the applicable percentage is 55 percent.

    For every twelve month period following the effective date of HOPE, duty-free treatment under the value-added program is subject to a quantitative limitation. HOPE provides that the quantitative limitation will be recalculated for each subsequent 12-month period. Section 213A (b)(1)(C) of HOPE, as amended by HOPE II, requires that, for the twelve-month period beginning on December 20, 2009, the quantitative limitation for qualifying apparel imported from Haiti under the value-added program will be an amount equivalent to 1.25 percent of the aggregate square meter equivalent of all apparel articles imported into the United States in the most recent 12-month period for which data are available.

    For purposes of this notice, the most recent 12-month period for which data are available as of December 20, 2009 is the 12-month period ending on October 31, 2009. Therefore, for the one-year period beginning on December 20, 2009 and extending through December 19, 2010, the quantity of imports eligible for preferential treatment under the value-added program is 284,904,116 square meters equivalent. Apparel articles entered in excess of these quantities will be subject to otherwise applicable tariffs.

    These quantities are calculated using the aggregate square meters equivalent of all apparel articles imported into the United States, derived from the set of Harmonized System lines listed in the Annex to the World Trade Organization Agreement on Textiles and Clothing ( ATC ), and the conversion factors for units of measure into square meter equivalents used by the United States in implementing the ATC.

    Kimberly Glas,
    Chairman, Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements.

    [FR Doc.09-0000 Filed 0-00-09; 8:45 am]
    BILLING CODE 3510-DS

    http://otexa.ita.doc.gov/fr2008/haitihope1%2812-09%29.htm

    ***

    _____________________________________
    ___________                             |                                     |                               January 7, 2010
    |           |                            |        MAJOR SHIPPERS REPORT        |
    |  HAITI    |                            |              By Country             |
    |___________|                            | Data through 11/2009 in Million SME |
    |_____________________________________|

    Calendar Years       Year-to-Date                 Year-Endings                             YE 11/2009
    Ctrl, Cat, Product        2007      2008    11/2008   11/2009  % Change   11/2008    9/2009   10/2009   11/2009  % Change % Share

    Aggregations:
    0 Total           247.114   222.441   203.301   217.068      6.77   220.967   234.187   231.623   236.207     6.90    0.51
    1 Apparel         247.100   222.379   203.283   217.037      6.77   220.949   234.132   231.567   236.133     6.87    1.11
    2 Non-Apparel       0.014     0.062     0.018     0.031     71.10     0.018     0.055     0.055     0.074   315.47    0.00
    11 Yarns             0.000     0.001     0.001     0.000   -100.00     0.001     0.000     0.000     0.000  -100.00    0.00
    12 Fabrics           0.000     0.042     0.000     0.007       *       0.000     0.044     0.044     0.049      *      0.00
    14 Made Ups / Misc   0.014     0.019     0.017     0.024     37.29     0.017     0.012     0.012     0.025    44.86    0.00
    30 Cotton Products 151.307   181.438   164.632   182.478     10.84   177.002   200.460   196.341   199.284    12.59    1.02
    31 Cotton Apparel  151.294   181.437   164.631   182.476     10.84   177.001   200.457   196.337   199.282    12.59    1.59
    32 Cot Non-Apparel   0.013     0.001     0.001     0.003     81.89     0.001     0.003     0.003     0.003    81.89    0.00
    40 Wool Products     0.011     0.169     0.162     0.891    449.99     0.163     0.630     0.744     0.898   449.96    0.31
    41 Wool Apparel      0.011     0.169     0.162     0.891    450.21     0.163     0.630     0.744     0.898   450.18    0.39
    42 Wool Non-Appare   0.000     0.000     0.000     0.000   -100.00     0.000     0.000     0.000     0.000  -100.00    0.00
    60 MMF Products     95.794    40.831    38.504    33.690    -12.50    43.798    33.088    34.530    36.017   -17.77    0.14
    61 MMF Apparel      95.794    40.773    38.490    33.662    -12.54    43.784    33.036    34.478    35.945   -17.90    0.44
    62 MMF Non-Apparel   0.000     0.058     0.014     0.028     99.43     0.014     0.052     0.052     0.072   411.26    0.00
    80 S and V Product   0.001     0.003     0.003     0.009    168.24     0.003     0.009     0.009     0.009   168.24    0.00
    81 S and V Apparel   0.000     0.001     0.001     0.009    835.75     0.001     0.009     0.009     0.009   835.75    0.00
    82 S and V Non-App   0.001     0.002     0.002     0.000   -100.00     0.002     0.000     0.000     0.000  -100.00    0.00

    Cotton or Man-Made Fiber:
    237 Playsuit,Sunsui   0.007     0.163     0.163     0.000   -100.00     0.163     0.050     0.002     0.000  -100.00    0.00

    Cotton:
    338 Knit Shirts,MB   85.520    99.187    88.783    98.576     11.03    96.995   112.778   108.559   108.980    12.36   10.88
    339 W/G Knit Blouse   4.504     2.722     2.567     3.201     24.71     2.811     3.329     3.241     3.356    19.38    0.26
    347 Cot.M/B Trouser   5.173     6.651     6.333     7.162     13.10     6.853     7.054     7.124     7.481     9.16    0.72
    348 W/G Slacks, etc   0.125     1.025     0.897     3.505    290.77     0.897     2.481     3.063     3.633   305.11    0.23
    352 Cotton Underwea  54.879    71.052    65.303    68.908      5.52    68.649    73.672    73.246    74.657     8.75    4.26

    Wool:
    433 Suit-Typ Ct,MB    0.000     0.006     0.006     0.270   4689.30     0.006     0.173     0.215     0.270  4703.21    1.65
    434 Oth. Coats, M/B   0.000     0.146     0.142     0.295    106.97     0.142     0.207     0.239     0.299   109.59    1.52
    443 Wool Suits,M/B    0.000     0.000     0.000     0.124       *       0.000     0.115     0.119     0.124      *      0.68
    447 Wool Trousers,M   0.000     0.005     0.004     0.144   3773.68     0.004     0.100     0.120     0.145  3820.24    0.98

    Man-Made Fiber:
    634 Other Coats, MB   2.730     1.008     1.007     0.032    -96.81     1.227     0.050     0.031     0.033   -97.27    0.01
    635 Coats, W/G        0.791     1.421     1.415     0.099    -92.98     1.647     0.215     0.090     0.105   -93.62    0.02
    638 Knit Shirts, MB  81.619    27.928    26.502    14.405    -45.65    30.562    16.293    16.317    15.831   -48.20    2.94
    639 Knit Blouses,WG   0.009     0.001     0.001     0.671  46546.96     0.001     0.201     0.606     0.671 46546.96    0.11
    640 N-K Shirts, MB    2.272     2.456     2.262     2.818     24.56     2.456     2.743     2.800     3.012    22.63    2.51
    641 N-K Blouses, WG   0.013     0.210     0.177     1.016    474.63     0.177     0.911     0.976     1.049   493.40    0.63
    647 Trousers,etc MB   5.747     5.836     5.581     3.462    -37.96     6.059     3.543     3.438     3.718   -38.64    0.87
    648 Slacks,etc. WG    0.508     0.688     0.554     2.729    392.51     0.613     2.462     2.630     2.864   366.97    0.86
    651 Nightwear/PJs     0.783     0.287     0.204     0.821    303.16     0.221     0.875     0.889     0.904   309.33    0.15
    652 M-MF Underwear    0.258     0.365     0.330     2.336    608.14     0.340     1.697     2.065     2.371   597.16    0.45
    659 Oth. MMF App.     0.989     0.462     0.352     4.886   1287.81     0.372     3.655     4.240     4.996  1244.70    0.25

    Go Back To Major Shippers Country Page

    Go Back To Trade Data Page

    Go Back To OTEXA Home Page

    http://otexa.ita.doc.gov/msrcty/a2450.htm

    ***

    Earthquake in Haiti and Economic Development / Rebuilding and Creating a New Future for the Haitian Economy

    Posted by cricketdiane on

    What is required for me to ship charity goods to Haiti?

    Posted by Global Reach on January 22, 2010 12:05:42 PM   0

    By Omari

    On Tuesday, January 12, 2010, a major earthquake struck southern Haiti. Many U.S. residents and organizations are generously donating food, water, medicines, and other supplies to aid in the relief efforts. In order to facilitate the movements of these goods, we offer the following guidance that applies to any goods not requiring a license, such as food, clothing, and medicines.

    Schedule B Numbers

    There are four Schedule B numbers that can be used when exporting humanitarian goods. Those numbers are found in Chapter 98 of the Schedule B book, under subheading 9802.

    • 9802.10.0000 Food products
    • 9802.20.0000 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products
    • 9802.30.0000 Wearing apparel (including footwear and headwear)
    • 9802.40.0000 Donated articles, not elsewhere specified

    Any shipment valued over $2,500 per Schedule B number or that requires a license must be filed in the AES. However, if the shipment is valued less than $2,500 per Schedule B number and does not require a license, then the low value exemption (NOEEI FTR 30.37(a)) can be used. In this case, food, clothing, and medicines do not require a license; however, medical equipment and tools may require an export license.

    The Export Information Code to be reported is “CH” for shipments of goods donated for relief or charity.

    04 - OW
    The value to be reported is the market value. If that value is not known, estimate how much you would receive if you sold the goods. The value should be consistent with the goods being exported, to avoid confusion and possible delays with U.S. Customs & Border Protection officers at the port of export.

    There are different ways to file your export information. The most common is to report through the Census Bureau’s free Internet based filing system called AESDirect. We have provided training videos to help you get started with AESDirect. Another option is to file with a forwarder or agent who may be more familiar with export licensing and regulations.

    Read more: What is required for me to ship charity goods to Haiti?

    ***

    U.S. Exports to China
    November Trade Data Released

    Posted by Global Reach on January 12, 2010 06:02:16 AM   0
    By Fay

    Monthly Overview:

    The Nation’s international trade deficit in goods and services increased to $36.4 billion in November from $33.2 billion (revised) in October. The increase in the deficit occurred as exports rose less than imports. The rise in exports was the seventh consecutive monthly increase.

    Selected Highlight:

    U.S. exports to China in November ($7.3 billion) were a record high, beating the record set last month ($6.9 billion) by $469 million. While the last two months have been record highs the year-to-date exports to China ($61.2 billion) are still down from last year ($64.6 billion). Check back next month to see if December exports manage to climb high enough to make the 2009 figures beat 2008  Below are a few commodities driving the export figures:

    * Soybeans have more than accounted for the increase in exports to China for the last two months. Soybean exports to China totaled $2.0 billion this month, 27% of U.S. total exports to China. This increase is being caused in part by a shortage of soybeans in Argentina due to a drought.
    * Semiconductor exports to China are down by $1.5 billion so far this year, accounting for almost half of the year-to-date decrease in exports to China. Semiconductor exports to China are still considerable totaling $4.6 billion through November; they are the second largest commodity export to China, behind soybeans with $7.5 billion. Aircraft is the third largest export to China at $4.5 billion.

    * You can find more commodity by country detail our website.

    U.S. Exports to China

    Read more: November Trade Data Released
    Welcome to Electronic Export Filing

    Welcome to Export Regulations

    Posted by Global Reach on January 6, 2010 05:12:54 AM   9

    By Omari

    In the world of exporting, it’s important to be proactive, instead of reactive. Not knowing is not an excuse  Whether you are a small business, first time exporter, or a large multinational corporation, you are in control of your company’s compliance as it pertains to exporting laws and requirements.

    As the Trade Ombudsman for the U.S. Census Bureau, I travel the nation and work with all types of companies involved in the exporting process. I offer advice and clarifications on the Foreign Trade Regulations (FTR), solutions to problems regarding the Automated Export System (AES) and assist with a wide range of other topics. However, one of the most important messages I convey is that the Foreign Trade Division (FTD) of the U.S. Census Bureau is available to assist you with your exporting questions and concerns. Our goal is to provide you with tools and resources to maintain export compliance. We reach out to the trade community through various methods to provide a better understanding of your roles and responsibilities in the export transaction. Our outreach efforts include, but are not limited to:

    Read more: Welcome to Export Regulations

    « Global Reach Main Page

    * Foreign Trade Web Site
    * About Global Reach
    * Blogger Biographies
    * Comment Policy

    http://blogs.census.gov/globalreach/

    ***

    ***

    Foreign Trade Division Directory and User Contacts
    Name     Position     Phone     Notes:
    William G. Bostic

    Division Chief

    301-763-2255
    E-mail: william.g.bostic.jr@census.gov
    Richard M. Preuss

    Sr. Foreign Trade Advisor

    301-763-2210
    E-mail: richard.m.preuss@census.gov
    <Vacant>

    Ombudsman

    -
    E-mail:

    Trade Analysis and Dissemination

    Name     Position     Phone     Notes
    Nick Orsini

    Asst. Div. Chief

    301-763-6959
    E-mail: nick.orsini@census.gov
    Commodity Analysis Branch
    Paul Herrick

    Branch Chief

    800-549-0595
    (Menu Option 2)

    Classification Systems, Schedule B changes; Data analysis and review; Obtaining Harmonized Commodity Code for Imports and Exports: Non-Durable Goods (Food, animals, wood, chemicals,plastic articles, textiles and wearing apparel, linens and minerals) or Durable Goods: (Metals, machinery, vehicles, measuring and testing equipment, furniture and miscellaneous manufactured articles)

    E-mail: paul.e.herrick@census.gov

    ** PLEASE include your full telephone number (area code, country code, etc.) with your message ***

    Special Projects Branch
    Glenn Barresse

    Branch
    Chief

    301-763-3629

    State data; Profile of U.S. exporters

    E-mail: glenn.a.barresse@census.gov
    Methodology Research & Quality AssuranceBranch
    Debra Coaxum

    Branch
    Chief

    301-763-7036
    E-mail: debra.l.coaxum@census.gov
    Process Coordination Staff
    Matthew Pryzbocki

    Branch
    Chief

    301-763-3148
    E-mail: Matthew.J.Przybocki@census.gov

    All staff members not listed:
    Any staff member not specifically listed above can be located using the U.S. Census Bureau’s staff search.

    E-mailing contacts: The link on each of the contact names is set up to open your browser’s e-mail program, open a new message and address that message. If you click on that link and nothing happens (i.e. no blank message opens), manually open your e-mail program and use the e-mail address listed under NOTES.
    (from – )

    http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/contacts/whowho.html#data_dissemination

    ***

    Introduction

    The goods data are compiled from the documents collected by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and reflect the movement of goods between foreign countries and the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones. They include government and non-government shipments of goods, and exclude shipments between the United States and its territories and possessions, transactions with U.S. military, diplomatic and consular installations abroad, U.S. goods returned to the United States by its Armed Forces, personal and household effects of travelers, and in-transit shipments. The General Imports value reflects the total arrival of merchandise from foreign countries that immediately enters consumption channels, warehouses, or Foreign Trade Zones. Imports for Consumption measure the total of merchandise that has physically cleared through Customs either entering consumption channels immediately or entering after withdrawal for consumption from bonded warehouses under Customs custody or from Foreign Trade Zones.

    For imports, the value reported is the U.S. Customs and Border Protection appraised value of merchandise; generally, the price paid for merchandise for export to the United States. Import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing merchandise to the United States are excluded.

    Exports are valued at the free alongside ship (f.a.s) value of merchandise at the U.S. port of export, based on the transaction price including inland freight, insurance and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the U.S. port of exportation.

    Monthly data include actual month’s transactions as well as a small number of transactions for previous months. SITC and country detail data are not revised monthly. These data are revised annually to eliminate  carry-over  (that portion of the monthly statistics that arrives too late for inclusion in the transaction month) and to include errata (corrections to the published monthly data).

    Methods of Classification

    *
    Schedule B

    The export statistics are initially collected and compiled in terms of commodity classifications in the Schedule B, Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Schedule B is a U.S. Bureau of the Census publication and is based on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonized System).
    *
    Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes (HTSUSA)

    The import statistics are initially collected and compiled in terms of commodity classifications in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes (HTSUSA) [Not a Census web site], an official publication of the U.S. International Trade Commission. The HTSUSA is the U.S. import version of the Harmonized System.

    *
    Standard International Trade Classification (SITC)

    The SITC is a statistical classification of commodities designed by the United Nations. It is designed to provide the commodity aggregations needed for purposes of economic analysis and to facilitate the international comparison of trade by commodity. The Harmonized System and SITC Revision 3 are interrelated. For more details, see  What is the SITC classification system?  at: www.census.gov/foreign-trade/www/sec2.html#sitc.
    *
    End-Use Classification

    The HTSUSA and Schedule B classifications are summarized into six principal  end-use  categories and further subdivided into about 140 broad commodity groupings. These categories are used in developing seasonally adjusted and constant dollar totals. The concept of end-use demand was developed for balance of payments purposes by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

    Steel 201 Remedy in Effect

    To facilitate positive adjustment to competition from imports of certain steel products, in March 2002 the President signed into law a relief program for the domestic steel industry. This program has come to be known as  Steel 201  named after Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974. For more information on Section 201 Steel Products, see the United States Trade Representative (USTR) steel section at: www.ustr.gov/sectors/industry/steel201/background.htm [Not a Census web site].
    U.S./Canada Data Exchange and Substitution

    The data for U.S. exports to Canada are derived from import data compiled by Canada. The use of Canada’s import data to produce U.S. export data requires several alignments in order to compare the two series.

    * Coverage — Canadian imports are based on country of origin. U.S. goods shipped from a third country are included. U.S. exports exclude these foreign shipments and excludes certain Canadian postal shipments.

    * Valuation — Canadian imports are valued at point of origin in the United States. However, U.S. exports are valued at the port of exit in the United States and include inland freight charges, making the U.S. export value slightly larger. Canada requires inland freight to be reported.

    * Reexports — U.S. exports include reexports of foreign goods. Again, the aggregate U. S. export figure is slightly larger.

    * Exchange Rate — Average monthly exchange rates are applied to convert the published data to U.S. currency.

    * Other — There are other minor differences which are statistically insignificant, such as rounding error.

    Canadian Estimates

    Effective with January 2001 statistics, the current month data for exports to Canada contain an estimate for late arrivals and corrections. The following month, this estimate will be replaced, in the press release tables only, with the actual value of late receipts and corrections. This estimate will improve the current month data for exports to Canada and treat late receipts for exports to Canada in a manner more consistent with the treatment of late receipts for exports to other countries.

    http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/reference/guides/tradestatsinfo.html#intro

    ***

    Trade with Haiti : 2009

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 2009 47.5 20.9 26.6
    February 2009 70.9 40.7 30.2
    March 2009 82.2 44.5 37.7
    April 2009 66.8 43.6 23.2
    May 2009 77.7 51.5 26.2
    June 2009 57.7 56.5 1.2
    July 2009 72.9 54.9 17.9
    August 2009 64.3 50.8 13.5
    September 2009 60.1 49.5 10.6
    October 2009 63.4 44.5 18.9
    November 2009 66.7 46.0 20.7
    TOTAL 730.2 503.4 226.8
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    Trade with Haiti : 2008

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 2008 49.6 19.0 30.6
    February 2008 67.4 28.1 39.3
    March 2008 74.3 33.1 41.1
    April 2008 63.1 37.9 25.2
    May 2008 71.4 41.6 29.9
    June 2008 68.9 41.8 27.1
    July 2008 85.1 50.4 34.8
    August 2008 93.6 36.6 57.0
    September 2008 120.8 46.3 74.5
    October 2008 95.6 45.4 50.2
    November 2008 84.3 32.3 52.0
    December 2008 69.9 37.7 32.2
    TOTAL 944.0 450.1 493.9
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    Trade with Haiti : 2002

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 2002 34.3 13.9 20.4
    February 2002 38.0 16.3 21.7
    March 2002 43.8 21.8 22.0
    April 2002 49.8 20.3 29.5
    May 2002 57.0 26.0 31.0
    June 2002 44.6 20.7 23.9
    July 2002 52.4 23.5 28.9
    August 2002 42.9 21.6 21.3
    September 2002 40.6 24.4 16.2
    October 2002 54.5 22.5 32.0
    November 2002 58.3 18.2 40.1
    December 2002 57.0 26.0 31.0
    TOTAL 573.2 255.2 318.0
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    MY Note -

    See all of these tables for each year through 2009 from 1985  on the link below the charts. There is no real trade imbalance until the H.O.P.E. tariff incentives and a variety of economic development funds poured into Haiti from the United States and International communities.

    - cricketdiane

    **

    Trade with Haiti : 1994

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 1994 14.9 7.0 7.9
    February 1994 13.5 8.2 5.3
    March 1994 18.1 10.8 7.3
    April 1994 14.3 8.2 6.1
    May 1994 8.4 12.6 -4.2
    June 1994 7.0 1.7 5.3
    July 1994 4.2 0.1 4.1
    August 1994 2.7 0.2 2.5
    September 1994 5.0 0.0 5.0
    October 1994 20.9 0.9 20.0
    November 1994 45.3 4.2 41.1
    December 1994 50.1 4.8 45.3
    TOTAL 204.4 58.7 145.7
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233
    [To top of page]

    Trade with Haiti : 1993

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 1993 15.2 7.0 8.2
    February 1993 17.4 11.1 6.3
    March 1993 17.8 13.3 4.5
    April 1993 25.2 13.7 11.5
    May 1993 22.0 13.2 8.8
    June 1993 21.2 17.4 3.8
    July 1993 14.7 14.0 0.7
    August 1993 19.3 14.2 5.1
    September 1993 31.0 14.8 16.2
    October 1993 24.2 10.8 13.4
    November 1993 7.6 12.1 -4.5
    December 1993 13.0 12.5 0.5
    TOTAL 228.6 154.1 74.5
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233
    [To top of page]

    Trade with Haiti : 1992

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 1992 11.7 0.5 11.2
    February 1992 13.9 1.5 12.4
    March 1992 13.9 7.5 6.4
    April 1992 13.5 10.3 3.2
    May 1992 19.2 10.5 8.7
    June 1992 17.2 11.0 6.2
    July 1992 17.5 11.5 6.0
    August 1992 20.0 9.8 10.2
    September 1992 19.5 11.6 7.9
    October 1992 23.6 10.8 12.8
    November 1992 19.5 10.3 9.2
    December 1992 19.8 11.7 8.1
    TOTAL 209.3 107.0 102.3
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233
    [To top of page]

    Trade with Haiti : 1991

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 1991 34.2 15.0 19.2
    February 1991 29.9 22.2 7.7
    March 1991 39.5 29.6 9.9
    April 1991 43.0 27.3 15.7
    May 1991 41.1 29.4 11.7
    June 1991 39.8 28.0 11.8
    July 1991 39.2 26.7 12.5
    August 1991 43.3 27.9 15.4
    September 1991 40.1 29.0 11.1
    October 1991 26.9 21.5 5.4
    November 1991 15.1 16.7 -1.6
    December 1991 3.1 10.9 -7.8
    TOTAL 395.2 284.2 111.0
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233
    [To top of page]

    Trade with Haiti : 1990

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 1990 43.1 26.1 17.0
    February 1990 34.8 30.6 4.2
    March 1990 37.6 31.0 6.6
    April 1990 35.1 29.0 6.1
    May 1990 45.3 32.1 13.2
    June 1990 39.6 27.6 12.0
    July 1990 40.4 29.0 11.4
    August 1990 41.6 28.8 12.8
    September 1990 36.8 28.7 8.1
    October 1990 45.6 28.6 17.0
    November 1990 43.5 27.8 15.7
    December 1990 33.1 23.7 9.4
    TOTAL 476.5 343.0 133.5
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233
    [To top of page]

    Trade with Haiti : 1989

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 1989 39.0 19.6 19.4
    February 1989 34.4 30.3 4.1
    March 1989 42.4 37.0 5.4
    April 1989 38.6 26.3 12.3
    May 1989 44.6 34.6 10.0
    June 1989 39.2 33.3 5.9
    July 1989 34.8 33.0 1.8
    August 1989 45.1 32.8 12.3
    September 1989 44.9 33.8 11.1
    October 1989 41.7 34.0 7.7
    November 1989 31.1 28.4 2.7
    December 1989 35.7 31.2 4.5
    TOTAL 471.5 374.3 97.2
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233
    [To top of page]

    Trade with Haiti : 1988

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 1988 29.5 25.8 3.7
    February 1988 33.3 30.1 3.2
    March 1988 42.6 39.5 3.1
    April 1988 39.3 30.6 8.7
    May 1988 42.4 34.5 7.9
    June 1988 40.9 34.1 6.8
    July 1988 41.0 34.3 6.7
    August 1988 43.0 32.8 10.2
    September 1988 37.1 31.9 5.2
    October 1988 40.8 30.0 10.8
    November 1988 42.1 28.4 13.7
    December 1988 43.0 30.5 12.5
    TOTAL 475.0 382.5 92.5
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233
    [To top of page]

    Trade with Haiti : 1987

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 1987 28.8 23.4 5.4
    February 1987 34.5 36.7 -2.2
    March 1987 42.5 36.5 6.0
    April 1987 38.9 31.8 7.1
    May 1987 48.8 33.7 15.1
    June 1987 39.8 32.9 6.9
    July 1987 32.2 28.5 3.7
    August 1987 38.0 35.7 2.3
    September 1987 41.6 36.6 5.0
    October 1987 40.8 37.3 3.5
    November 1987 42.5 30.4 12.1
    December 1987 30.5 31.2 -0.7
    TOTAL 458.9 394.7 64.2
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233
    [To top of page]

    Trade with Haiti : 1986

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 1986 21.8 29.9 -8.1
    February 1986 25.9 24.6 1.3
    March 1986 32.6 33.3 -0.7
    April 1986 29.7 28.6 1.1
    May 1986 38.3 39.7 -1.4
    June 1986 31.3 33.5 -2.2
    July 1986 32.3 34.1 -1.8
    August 1986 38.3 33.7 4.6
    September 1986 34.6 29.2 5.4
    October 1986 36.9 27.2 9.7
    November 1986 36.1 34.6 1.5
    December 1986 29.5 26.9 2.6
    TOTAL 387.3 375.3 12.0
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233
    [To top of page]

    Trade with Haiti : 1985

    NOTE: All figures are in millions of U.S. dollars, and not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified.

    Month Exports Imports Balance
    January 1985 31.2 31.2 0.0
    February 1985 31.8 30.4 1.4
    March 1985 31.9 36.7 -4.8
    April 1985 32.9 33.2 -0.3
    May 1985 35.3 31.0 4.3
    June 1985 28.8 39.6 -10.8
    July 1985 33.3 30.2 3.1
    August 1985 34.4 30.6 3.8
    September 1985 29.7 27.2 2.5
    October 1985 45.1 32.4 12.7
    November 1985 34.7 32.0 2.7
    December 1985 26.8 35.1 -8.3
    TOTAL 395.9 389.6 6.3
    • ‘TOTAL’ may not add due to rounding.
    • Table reflects only those months for which there was trade.
    • CONTACT: Data Dissemination Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, (301) 763-2311
    • SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division, Data Dissemination Branch, Washington, D.C. 20233

    (From – )

    Additional Information

    • Contact the Data Dissemination Branch of the Foreign Trade Division with any questions or for additional information.
    • For information on data sources and methodology, check out the Information on the Collection and Publication of Trade Statistics.
    • MORE DATA: Data for all countries are available online in a zipped Excel file. [Excel] or the letters [xls] indicate a document is in the Microsoft® Excel® Spreadsheet Format (XLS). To view the file, you will need the Microsoft® Excel® Viewer This link to a non-federal Web site does not imply endorsement of any particular product, company, or content. available for free from Microsoft®. This symbol Symbol indicating that file is external to this site. indicates a link to a non-government web site. Our linking to these sites does not constitute an endorsement of any products, services or the information found on them. Once you link to another site you are subject to the policies of the new site.

    FTD Web News

    What is required for me to ship charity goods to Haiti?
    From GLOBAL REACH: “In order to facilitate the movements of these goods, we offer the following guidance that applies to any goods not requiring a license, such as food, clothing, and medicines.” (January 22, 2010)

    NEW EXPORT TRAINING VIDEOS!!!
    - Training videos on topics such as the Foreign Trade Regulations, AESDirect, NAFTA, Taxes/Tariffs, Commodities, etc. now available!

    ORDER AND DOWNLOAD FOREIGN TRADE DATA PRODUCTS:
    - Online Order Form
    - FTD DropBox
    - Merchandise Trade Downloads

    NEWEST TRADE DATA!
    - Get the basics!
    - Learn more! <!– See what’s been released! –>

    <!– AES Public Meetings: Learn when and where!

    –> <!– AES Compliance Seminars: See the full schedule!

    –>

    Source: FTDWebMaster, Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. 20233
    Location: MAIN: STATISTICS:COUNTRY DATA: TRADE BALANCE
    Created: 12 January 2010
    Last modified: 12 January 2010 at 08:32:14 AM

    Related Party Database Application:
    Time series RELATED PARTY data for specific commodities and countries.

    http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c2450.html

    ***

                                               _____________________________________
  ___________                             |                                     |                               January 7, 2010
 |           |                            |        MAJOR SHIPPERS REPORT        |
 |  HAITI    |                            |              By Country             |
 |___________|                            | Data through 11/2009 in Million SME |
                                          |_____________________________________|

                           Calendar Years       Year-to-Date                 Year-Endings                             YE 11/2009
 Ctrl, Cat, Product        2007      2008    11/2008   11/2009  % Change   11/2008    9/2009   10/2009   11/2009  % Change % Share

Aggregations:
       0 Total           247.114   222.441   203.301   217.068      6.77   220.967   234.187   231.623   236.207     6.90    0.51
       1 Apparel         247.100   222.379   203.283   217.037      6.77   220.949   234.132   231.567   236.133     6.87    1.11
       2 Non-Apparel       0.014     0.062     0.018     0.031     71.10     0.018     0.055     0.055     0.074   315.47    0.00
      11 Yarns             0.000     0.001     0.001     0.000   -100.00     0.001     0.000     0.000     0.000  -100.00    0.00
      12 Fabrics           0.000     0.042     0.000     0.007       *       0.000     0.044     0.044     0.049      *      0.00
      14 Made Ups / Misc   0.014     0.019     0.017     0.024     37.29     0.017     0.012     0.012     0.025    44.86    0.00
      30 Cotton Products 151.307   181.438   164.632   182.478     10.84   177.002   200.460   196.341   199.284    12.59    1.02
      31 Cotton Apparel  151.294   181.437   164.631   182.476     10.84   177.001   200.457   196.337   199.282    12.59    1.59
      32 Cot Non-Apparel   0.013     0.001     0.001     0.003     81.89     0.001     0.003     0.003     0.003    81.89    0.00
      40 Wool Products     0.011     0.169     0.162     0.891    449.99     0.163     0.630     0.744     0.898   449.96    0.31
      41 Wool Apparel      0.011     0.169     0.162     0.891    450.21     0.163     0.630     0.744     0.898   450.18    0.39
      42 Wool Non-Appare   0.000     0.000     0.000     0.000   -100.00     0.000     0.000     0.000     0.000  -100.00    0.00
      60 MMF Products     95.794    40.831    38.504    33.690    -12.50    43.798    33.088    34.530    36.017   -17.77    0.14
      61 MMF Apparel      95.794    40.773    38.490    33.662    -12.54    43.784    33.036    34.478    35.945   -17.90    0.44
      62 MMF Non-Apparel   0.000     0.058     0.014     0.028     99.43     0.014     0.052     0.052     0.072   411.26    0.00
      80 S and V Product   0.001     0.003     0.003     0.009    168.24     0.003     0.009     0.009     0.009   168.24    0.00
      81 S and V Apparel   0.000     0.001     0.001     0.009    835.75     0.001     0.009     0.009     0.009   835.75    0.00
      82 S and V Non-App   0.001     0.002     0.002     0.000   -100.00     0.002     0.000     0.000     0.000  -100.00    0.00

Cotton or Man-Made Fiber:
     237 Playsuit,Sunsui   0.007     0.163     0.163     0.000   -100.00     0.163     0.050     0.002     0.000  -100.00    0.00

Cotton:
     338 Knit Shirts,MB   85.520    99.187    88.783    98.576     11.03    96.995   112.778   108.559   108.980    12.36   10.88
     339 W/G Knit Blouse   4.504     2.722     2.567     3.201     24.71     2.811     3.329     3.241     3.356    19.38    0.26
     347 Cot.M/B Trouser   5.173     6.651     6.333     7.162     13.10     6.853     7.054     7.124     7.481     9.16    0.72
     348 W/G Slacks, etc   0.125     1.025     0.897     3.505    290.77     0.897     2.481     3.063     3.633   305.11    0.23
     352 Cotton Underwea  54.879    71.052    65.303    68.908      5.52    68.649    73.672    73.246    74.657     8.75    4.26

Wool:
     433 Suit-Typ Ct,MB    0.000     0.006     0.006     0.270   4689.30     0.006     0.173     0.215     0.270  4703.21    1.65
     434 Oth. Coats, M/B   0.000     0.146     0.142     0.295    106.97     0.142     0.207     0.239     0.299   109.59    1.52
     443 Wool Suits,M/B    0.000     0.000     0.000     0.124       *       0.000     0.115     0.119     0.124      *      0.68
     447 Wool Trousers,M   0.000     0.005     0.004     0.144   3773.68     0.004     0.100     0.120     0.145  3820.24    0.98

Man-Made Fiber:
     634 Other Coats, MB   2.730     1.008     1.007     0.032    -96.81     1.227     0.050     0.031     0.033   -97.27    0.01
     635 Coats, W/G        0.791     1.421     1.415     0.099    -92.98     1.647     0.215     0.090     0.105   -93.62    0.02
     638 Knit Shirts, MB  81.619    27.928    26.502    14.405    -45.65    30.562    16.293    16.317    15.831   -48.20    2.94
     639 Knit Blouses,WG   0.009     0.001     0.001     0.671  46546.96     0.001     0.201     0.606     0.671 46546.96    0.11
     640 N-K Shirts, MB    2.272     2.456     2.262     2.818     24.56     2.456     2.743     2.800     3.012    22.63    2.51
     641 N-K Blouses, WG   0.013     0.210     0.177     1.016    474.63     0.177     0.911     0.976     1.049   493.40    0.63
     647 Trousers,etc MB   5.747     5.836     5.581     3.462    -37.96     6.059     3.543     3.438     3.718   -38.64    0.87
     648 Slacks,etc. WG    0.508     0.688     0.554     2.729    392.51     0.613     2.462     2.630     2.864   366.97    0.86
     651 Nightwear/PJs     0.783     0.287     0.204     0.821    303.16     0.221     0.875     0.889     0.904   309.33    0.15
     652 M-MF Underwear    0.258     0.365     0.330     2.336    608.14     0.340     1.697     2.065     2.371   597.16    0.45
     659 Oth. MMF App.     0.989     0.462     0.352     4.886   1287.81     0.372     3.655     4.240     4.996  1244.70    0.25
    http://otexa.ita.doc.gov/msrcty/a2450.htm

    ***

    My Note – there are some obvious disparities in the numbers between raw materials shipped in and completed metric tons shipped out of Haiti. (That disparity is irreconcilable in its numbers among other things including the amount of money sent by the United States Departments of Commerce and Foreign Trade offices through economic development programs and funding grants along with those from the UN and international community for the same purpose. Obviously, the final target of improving the infrastructure, education, adult education, hospitals, roads, schools and general quality of and safety of life for Haitians was abrogated, diverted for private interests or something . . . I’m not sure what, but I do know there is precedent for clawbacks on that money through US treaties and International law. This includes going to the Grand Cayman and Swiss banks, the hedge funds and investment brokerage groups to relieve them of manipulating the previous windfalls of economic and charitable money for Haiti and to insure that it isn’t diverted or hijacked for profiteering and embezzlement this time.

    - cricketdiane, 01-23-10

    But there’s more -

    ***

    eHam.net – Amateur Radio (Ham Radio) Community

    Earthquake Net Frequencies — 7045, 3720 kHz:
    from CQ / WorldRadio Online Newsroom on January 12, 2010
    View comments about this article

    Earthquake Net Frequencies — 7045, 3720 kHz:

    All radio amateurs are requested to keep 7045 kHz and 3720 kHz clear for possible emergency traffic related to today’s major earthquake in Haiti.

    International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) Region II Area C Emergency Coordinator Arnie Coro, CO2KK, reports that as of 0245 UTC on January 13, nothing had been heard from radio amateurs in Haiti, but that the above frequencies were being kept active in case any Haitian hams manage to get on the air, and in case of other related events in surrounding areas, including aftershocks and a possible tsunami.

    The following is from an e-mail from CO2KK:

    A few minutes after the earthquake was felt in eastern Cuba’s cities, the Cuban Federation of Radio Amateurs Emergency Net was activated, with net control stations CO8WM and CO8RP located in the city of Santiago de Cuba, and in permanent contact with the National Seismology Center of Cuba located in that city.

    Stations in the city of Baracoa, in Guantanamo province, were also activated immediately as the earth movements were felt even stronger there, due to its proximity to Haiti. CO8AZ and CO8AW went on the air immediately , with CM8WAL following. At the early phase of the emergency, the population of the city of Baracoa was evacuated far away from the coast, as there was a primary alert of a possible tsunami event or of a heavy wave trains sequence impacting the coast line at the city’s sea wall …

    Baracoa could not contact Santiago de Cuba stations on 40 meters due to long skip after 5 PM local time, so several stations in western Cuba and one in the US State of Florida provided relays. CO2KK, as IARU Region II Area C Emergency Coordinator, helped to organize the nets , on 7045 kHz and also on 3720 kHz, while local nets in Santiago de Cuba and Baracoa operated on 2 meters.

    As late as 9,45 PM local time 0245 UTC we have not been able to contact any amateur or emergency services stations in Haiti.

    Amateurs from the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela were monitoring the 40 meter band frequency, that I notified to the IARU Region II executive Ramon Santoyo XE1KK as in use for the emergency, requesting that 7045 kHz be kept as clear as possible …

    We are still keeping watch on 7045 kHz hoping that someone in Haiti may have access to a transceiver and at least a car battery to run it.

    All information that has so far come from the Cuban seismologists tell us of a very intense earthquake, and also of the possibility of other events following.

    Following the advice of the geophysicists, we are keeping the 7045 and 3720 kiloHertz frequencies active until further notice.

    Member Comments:
    This article has expired. No more comments may be added.

    Earthquake Net Frequencies — 7045, 3720 kHz:
    by N2KI on January 13, 2010     Mail this to a friend
    Does anyone in the affected area know to be transmitting on the target frequencies?

    Earthquake Net Frequencies — 7045, 3720 kHz:
    by W8VZM on January 13, 2010     Mail this to a friend
    Any stateside organizations handling health and welfare inquiries into Hati? I have a friend who is unable to get through on phone of course. I have recently relocated and do not have HF up at this time.

    Earthquake Net Frequencies — 7045, 3720 kHz:
    by WA2FDU on January 13, 2010     Mail this to a friend
    SALVATION ARMY TEAM EMERGENCY RADIO NETWORK

    SATERN

    North American Command
    Chicago

    Full Alert Level DELTA III for Haiti Earthquake Emergency. All nets active. 14.265 MHz Primary Daytime. 7265 and 3977.7 KHz evening and night

    RE: Earthquake Net Frequencies — 7045, 3720 kHz:
    by KB3HOG on January 13, 2010     Mail this to a friend
    LETS GET OFF OUR CHAIRS, OPEN OUR POCKETS AND OUR HEARTS AND HELP THESE POOR PEOPLE IN HATI.

    http://www.eham.net/articles/23140

    Low-Tech Radios Connect Some Haitians:
    DX News — ARRL DX Bulletin #3:
    K4TWJ Update:
    This Week on the Radio:
    Dominican Hams Attempt to Install Repeaters in Haiti:

    Radio Team Locked in on Haiti:

    (from above site)

    ***

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    * Commission on Narcotic Drugs

    http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/commissions/CND/index.html

    * Commission on Population and Development

    http://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/aboutcom.htm

    * Commission on Science and Technology for Development

    http://stdev.unctad.org/unsystem/cstd/index.html

    * Commission for Social Development

    http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/csd/index.html

    * Commission on the Status of Women

    http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/

    * Commission on Sustainable Development
    http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/policy.htm

    * Statistical Commission
    http://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/commission.htm

    * United Nations Forum on Forests

    http://www.un.org/esa/forests/

    Regional Commissions

    * Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)

    http://www.uneca.org/

    * Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)

    http://www.unece.org/

    * Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
    http://www.eclac.org/default.asp?idioma=IN

    * Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)

    http://www.unescap.org/

    * Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

    http://www.escwa.org.lb/

    Standing Committees

    * Committee on Negotiations with Intergovernmental Agencies
    N/A

    * Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations

    http://esango.un.org/paperless/Web?page=static&content=committee

    * Committee for Programme and Coordination
    http://www.un.org/ga/cpc/

    Ad hoc bodies

    * Ad hoc Open-ended Working Group on Informatics

    Expert Bodies composed of governmental experts

    * Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

    http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/danger.htm

    * United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names

    http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/default.htm

    * Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting
    N/A
    Expert Bodies composed of members serving in their personal capacity

    * Committee for Development Policy
    http://www.un.org/esa/policy/devplan/index.html

    * Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
    http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/cescr.htm

    * Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters

    http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/

    * Committee of Experts on Public Administration

    http://www.unpan.org/cepa.asp

    * Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues

    http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/

    Other related Bodies

    * Executive Board of the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women

    http://www.un-instraw.org/en/instraw/exec-board/index.php

    * International Narcotics Control Board

    http://www.incb.org/

    * Committee for the United Nations Population Award
    N/A

    * Programme Coordinating Board of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
    N/A

    Trusteeship Council

    http://www.un.org/en/mainbodies/trusteeship/

    International Court of Justice

    http://www.icj-cij.org/

    Secretariat

    http://www.un.org/en/mainbodies/secretariat/

    Specialized Agencies, Related Organizations, Funds, and other UN Entities

    Specialized Agencies

    * Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
    http://www.fao.org/

    * International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

    http://www.icao.org/

    * International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
    http://www.ifad.org/

    * International Labour Organization (ILO)

    http://www.ilo.org/

    * International Maritime Organization (IMO)

    http://www.imo.org/

    * International Monetary Fund (IMF)

    http://www.imf.org/

    * International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

    http://www.itu.int/

    * United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

    http://www.unesco.org/

    * United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
    http://www.unido.org/

    * Universal Postal Union (UPU)

    http://www.upu.int/

    * World Bank Group

    http://www.worldbank.org/

    o International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
    http://www.worldbank.org/ibrd

    o International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

    http://www.worldbank.org/icsid

    o International Development Association (IDA)
    http://www.worldbank.org/ida

    o International Finance Corporation (IFC)

    http://www.ifc.org/

    o Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
    http://www.miga.org/

    * World Health Organization (WHO)

    http://www.who.int/

    * World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

    http://www.wipo.int/

    * World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

    http://www.wmo.int/

    * World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

    http://www.unwto.org/

    Related Organizations

    * International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (3)

    http://www.iaea.org/

    * Preparatory Commission for the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) (4)

    http://www.ctbto.org/

    * Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) (4)

    http://www.opcw.org/

    * World Trade Organization (WTO)

    http://www.wto.org/

    Secretariats of Conventions

    * Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

    http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=17

    * United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)

    http://www.unccd.int/secretariat/menu.php

    * United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

    http://unfccc.int/secretariat/items/1629.php

    UN Trust Funds

    * United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF) (5)
    http://www.un.org/democracyfund/
    * United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) (6)
    http://www.un.org/partnerships/

    To top
    NOTES:

    (1) The United Nations Peacebuilding Commission has a direct reporting relationship with the Security Council and the General Assembly, and non-subsidiary relationship with the Economic and Social Council and the Office of the Secretary-General.

    (2) The UN Drug Control Programme is part of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime.

    (3) The IAEA reports to the Security Council and the General Assembly (GA).

    (4) The CTBTO Preparatory Commission and OPCW report to the GA.

    (5) UNDEF’s Advisory Board recommends funding proposals for approval by the Secretary-General.

    (6) UNFIP is an autonomous trust fund operating under the leadership of the United Nations Deputy Secretary-General.

    * Site Index |
    http://www.un.org/en/siteindex/

    http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/

    ***

    NAA Partners

    * NAA Foundation
    * Newspaper National Network
    Newspaper Association of America   |   Privacy Policy  |   Terms of Service  |   Advertise with NAA

    NAA Community      |         Twitter      |         Facebook      |         RSS

    http://www.naa.org/

    http://www.naa.org/Public-Policy.aspx

    ***

    UNIDO´s Thematic Priorities

    UNIDO focuses its resources and expertise to support developing countries and economies in transition in their efforts to achieve sustainable industrial development.

    As a technical cooperation agency, we design and implement programmes focused on three thematic priorities, which directly respond to global development priorities. These priorities are:

    Poverty reduction through productive activities

    UNIDO seeks to enable the poor to earn a living through productive activities, thus to find a path out of poverty. The Organization provides a comprehensive range of services customized for developing countries and transition economies, ranging from industrial policy advice to entrepreneurship and SME development, and from technology diffusion to sustainable production and the provision of rural energy for productive uses. Through this thematic priority, UNIDO mainly addresses MDG1, MDG3 and MDG8.
    More…

    Trade capacity-building

    Developing countries are benefiting from increasingly participating in the global trading system. Thus, strengthening their capacity to participate in global trade is critical for their future economic growth. Especially after their accession to the WTO, their technical ability to enter into global production and value chains is key for their successful participation in international trade.
    UNIDO is one of the largest providers of trade-related development services, offering customer-focused advice and integrated technical assistance in the areas of competitiveness, trade policies, industrial modernization and upgrading, compliance with trade standards, testing methods and metrology.
    Through this thematic priority, UNIDO mainly addresses MDG1, MDG3 and MDG8.
    More…

    Environment and Energy

    Energy is a prerequisite for poverty reduction. Still, fundamental changes in the way societies produce and consume are indispensable for achieving global sustainable development. UNIDO therefore promotes sustainable patterns of industrial consumption and production.
    As a leading provider of services for improved industrial energy efficiency and sustainability, UNIDO assists developing countries and transition economies in implementing multilateral environmental agreements and in simultaneously reaching their economic and environmental goals. Through this thematic priority, UNIDO mainly addresses MDG1, MDG7 and MDG8.
    More…

    http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=7847

    ***

    http://www.taals.net/
    The American Association of Language Specialists TAALS

    ***

    Earthquake rebuilding – structural engineering for Haiti – possibilities and practices

    Posted by cricketdiane on

    Method of making fabric reinforced concrete columns to provide …
    by FP Isley Jr – 1997 – Cited by 5 – Related articles – All 2 versions
    Method of making fabric reinforced concrete columns to provide earthquake protection. United States Patent 5607527. Reinforced concrete columns wherein the …
    www.freepatentsonline.com/5607527.html

    Method of making fabric reinforced concrete columns to provide …
    US Patent 5607527 – Method of making fabric reinforced concrete columns to provide earthquake protection. US Patent Issued on March 4, 1997 …
    www.patentstorm.us/patents/5607527/description.html

    ***

    Fighting earthquake damage with fabric – Specialty Fabrics Review
    A group of 27 companies in 13 countries is on a mission to research, develop and manufacture sensor-embedded textiles for use in geotechnical and masonry …
    specialtyfabricsreview.com/articles/1009_sw6_earthquake.html

    Earthquake Drains – Nilex Construction
    Earthquake drains consist of a high flow capacity prefabricated vertical drain wrapped with a geotextile fabric. Typically the diameter is about 75 mm (3 …
    www.nilexconstruction.com/content/view/7/4/

    (From:)
    http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=earthquake+fabric&sourceid=navclient-ff&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS258US258&ie=UTF-8

    ***
    #
    Earthquake Science and Seismic Risk Reduction Foliated Random …
    Earthquake Science and Seismic Risk Reduction. 1. Foliated. Random fabric. Incohesive.
    Cohesive. Nature of matrix glass. Foliated gouge …
    w3.lcvn.univ-montp2.fr/~ciccotti/ARW/figure/FigCh2.pdf
    **

    Earthquake geotechnical engineering:

    4th International Conference on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering (4ICEGE) – 2007

    Google Books Result
    by Kyriazis D. Pitilakis – 2007 – Science – 486 pages
    Fabric, soil stiffness and laboratory geophysics The moving yield surface defines the current region of stress space which can be reached elastically as a …
    http://books.google.com/books?id=rzEn7HmQy1MC&pg=PT150&lpg=PT150&dq=Fabric,+soil+stiffness+and+laboratory+geophysics&source=bl&ots=D-9TQLexOC&sig=Kq2gGORDwsYGaGdk8KBCGMgx7_w&hl=en&ei=0DhbS4a8CMuztgfskJSnAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Fabric%2C%20soil%20stiffness%20and%20laboratory%20geophysics&f=false

    pp. 154, 155, 156++, and starting with pp. 150, Chapter 7, Field Seismic Testing in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Kenneth H. Stokoe, II  – Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, U.S.A.

    References Sections: Part A and Part B (pp. 210 – 215)
    Seismic Response of Foundation – Reference Section Part B
    Foundations on Fault – Reference Section Part A

    ***

    Book overview

    The book contains the invited keynote and theme lectures presented at the 4th International Conference on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering (4ICEGE). The conference was held in Thessaloniki, Greece, from 25 to 28 June, 2007, and was organized by the Technical Committee of Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (TC4) of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), the Hellenic Scientific Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering and the Laboratory of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
    It provides a comprehensive overview of the progress achieved to date in soil dynamics and geotechnical earthquake engineering, as well as in engineering seismology and seismic risk assessment and management. In situ and laboratory testing, theoretical issues and numerical modeling of soil dynamics, seismic hazard with emphasis on the long-period ground motion displacements, site effects and microzonation, liquefaction assessment and mitigation, soil-structure interaction, performance based design of geotechnical structures, earthquake resistant design and performance of shallow and deep foundations, retaining structures, embankments and dams, underground structures and lifelines, are all among the different topics covered in this book.

    Interdisciplinary subjects such as vulnerability assessment of, transportation networks and lifelines as well as of geotechnical structures are also discussed. Finally, the book provides a thorough presentation of the existing worldwide important large-scale testing facilities and geotechnical strong ground motion arrays.
    The book is organized in nineteen chapters written by distinguished experts and includes the 2nd Ishihara Lecture given by Prof. Izzat M. Idriss in honor of Prof. Kenji Ishihara. The aim is to present the current state of knowledge and engineering practice, addressing recent and ongoing developments while also projecting innovative ideas for future research and development.

    **

    Excerpt from text found in link and materials above -

    from pp. 210 – Δ
    “Particularly significant, although somewhat coincidental, is the very small residual rotation in both cases. This is due to the largely symmetric nature of the excitation, as a result of which the heavily loaded foundation develops “left” and “right” bearing-capacity failure mechanisms. The resulting two-sided inelastic deformations lead to a symmetric downward displacement (:  Δw) with only a minor residual rotation  Δθ.”
    (And from pps./ 201, 202, 203 – )
    The use of “overstrength” factors is necessitated by the so-called “capacity design” principle, under which plastic hinging is allowed only in the superstructural elements – not in the below-ground (and thus un-inspectable) foundation and soil. Therefore, structural yielding of the footing and mobilization of bearing capacity mechanisms is not allowed. Only a “limited” amount of sliding deformation and uplifting at the foundation-soil interface is allowed. However, there is a growing awareness in the profession of the need to consider soil-foundation inelasticity (and explanar elasticity, my note), in analysis and perhaps even in design (see Paolucci, 1997; Pecker, 1998; Martin and Lam, 2000; Allotey and Naggar, 2003). This need has emerged from:

    *   The large (often huge) acceleration (and velocity) (and shearing images of impact deformations in building structural materials indicating shearing velocities, my note) levels recorded in several earthquakes which are associated with even larger elastic spectral accelerations (of the order of 2 g). Enormous ductility demands would be imposed to structures by such accelerations if soil and foundation “yielding” did not effectively take place to limit the transmitted accelerations.

    * In seismically retrofitting a building or a bridge, allowing for soil and foundation yielding is the only rational alternative. (Etc.)

    Even with new structures, it has been recognized that with improved analysis methods we need to better evaluate performance in terms of levels of damage. For the superstructure, “performance-based” design or equivalently “displacement-based” design have been used for a number of years, with inelastic “pushover” analyses becoming almost routine in seismic design practice. It is logical to extend the inelastic analysis to the supporting foundation and soil.

    3.2.  NEW DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: “PLASTIC HINGING” IN SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

    Excluding structural yielding in the isolated footing or the foundation beam, three types of nonlinearity can take place and modify the overall structure-foundation response:

    (a)     Sliding at the soil-foundation interface: This would happen whenever the transmitted horizontal force exceed the frictional resistance. As pointed out by Newmark (1965), thanks to the oscillatory nature of earthquake shaking, only short periods of exceedance usually exist in each one direction; hence, sliding is not associated with failure, but with permanent irreversible deformations. The designer must only ensure that the magnitude of such deformations would not be structurally or operationally detrimental. Although this philosophy has been applied to the design of earth dams and gravity retaining walls, its practical significance for foundations might be somewhat limited in view of the large values of the coefficient of friction at soil-footing interface and the passive-type resistance often enjoyed by embedded foundations.

    (b)     Separation and uplifting of the foundation from the soil: This would happen when the seismic overturning moment tends to produce net tensile stresses at the edges of the foundation. The ensuing rocking oscillations in which uplifting takes place involve primarily geometric nonlinearities, if the soil is competent enough. There is no detriment to the vertical load carrying capacity and the consequences in terms of induced vertical settlements may be minor. Moreover, in many cases, footing uplifting is beneficial for the response of the superstructure, as it helps reduce the ductility demands on columns. Housner (1963), Pauley and Priestley (1992), and many others have reported that the satisfactory response of some slender structures in strong shaking can only be attributed to foundation rocking. Deliberately designing a bridge foundation to uplift in rocking has been proposed as an effective seismic isolation method by Kawashima and Hosoiri (2005). Moreover, even with very slender and relatively rigid structures, uplifting would not lead to overturning except in rather extreme cases of little concern to the engineer (Makris and Roussos, 2000; Gerolymos et al., 2005).

    In soft and moderately-soft soils much of what was said above is still valid, but inelastic action in the soil is now unavoidable under the supporting edge of the uplifting footing in rocking. At the extreme, inelastic deformations in the soil take the form of mobilization of failure mechanisms, as discussed below.

    ( c )   Mobilisation of bearing capacity failure mechanisms in supporting soil: Such inelastic action under seismic loading would always be accompanied with uplifting of the foundation. In static geotechnical analysis large factors of safety are introduced to ensure that bearing capacity modes of failure are not even approached. In conventional seismic analysis, such as in the EC*  -  Part 5 bearing capacity is avoided thanks to an “overstrength” factor of about 1.40. The oscillatory nature of seismic shaking, however, allows the mobilisation (for a short period of time!) of the maximum soil resistance along a continuous (“failure”) surface. No “collapse” or overturning failure occurs, as the applied (causative) moment “quickly” reverses, and a similar bearing-capacity “failure” mechanism may develop under the other edge of the foundation. The problem again reduces to computing the inelastic deformations, which in this case means permanent rotation. The designer must ensure that its consequences are not detrimental.

    The concept of allowing mobilization of bearing capacity mechanisms in foundation design may represent a major change in foundation design philosophy (FEMA, 1997; Pecker, 1998). However, for analysis of the ultimate response of a structure foundation system to extreme earthquake shaking, accounting for such a possibility is necessary. Martin and Lam (2000) illustrate with an example of a hypothetical structure containing a shear wall connected with a frame how dramatically different are the results of analyses in which inelastic action in the soil is considered or is ignored. With inelastic action (including uplifting) the shear wall “sheds” some of its load onto the columns of the frame, which must then be properly reinforced; the opposite is true when linear soil-foundation behaviour is assumed. Thus, computing the consequences of “plastic hinging” in shallow foundation analysis may be a necessity.

    The interplay between uplifting and mobilization of bearing capacity mechanisms is governed primarily by the following factors:

    *   the vertical foundation load N in comparison with the ultimate vertical capacity Nult expressed through the ratio X   =   N/Nu

    *   the height, h, of the mass centre of gravity from the based compared with the foundation dimensions (width B, length L) and

    *   the intensity, frequency content and sequence of (dynamic) pulses of the seismic excitation.

    Pp. 201 – 203

    ***

    4th International Conference on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering (4ICEGE) – 2007

    Google Books Result
    by Kyriazis D. Pitilakis – 2007 – Science – 486 pages
    Fabric, soil stiffness and laboratory geophysics The moving yield surface defines the current region of stress space which can be reached elastically as a …
    http://books.google.com/books?id=rzEn7HmQy1MC&pg=PT150&lpg=PT150&dq=Fabric,+soil+stiffness+and+laboratory+geophysics&source=bl&ots=D-9TQLexOC&sig=Kq2gGORDwsYGaGdk8KBCGMgx7_w&hl=en&ei=0DhbS4a8CMuztgfskJSnAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Fabric%2C%20soil%20stiffness%20and%20laboratory%20geophysics&f=false

    ***

    [PDF]
    A NEW APPLICATION OF CFRP FABRICS IN EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT RC …
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
    A NEW APPLICATION OF CFRP FABRICS IN EARTHQUAKE-. RESISTANT RC BRIDGE PIERS. M. Saiidi1, F. Gordaninejad2, B. Gopalakrishnan3, and E. Reinhardt4 …
    www.quakewrap.com/…/A-New-Application-Of-CFRP-Fabrics-In-Earthquake-resistant-RC%20Bridge-Piers.pdf

    A-New-Application-Of-CFRP-Fabrics-In-Earthquake-resistant-RC Bridge-Piers.pdf
    http://www.quakewrap.com/frp%20papers/A-New-Application-Of-CFRP-Fabrics-In-Earthquake-resistant-RC%20Bridge-Piers.pdf

    (MY NOTE – This one above is absolutely the best to describe how the geotextiles and structural fabric reinforcements are used to create earthquake resistant flexible, yet strong concrete structures.)

    ***

    Earthquake Resistant Technologiesexternal image GreatQuakeHouse.gif

    Earthquakes pose a problem to
    the people who live near where they occur.
    There are many ways to protect yourself
    from an earthquake ane one of these is to
    design buildings to ‘resist’ the earthquake.
    This is what I am researching and I will
    show my results below.

    Resistant Design

    racking_house.JPG
    (above) When an earthquake hits a building the lateral forces make it move from side to side or ‘rack’.
    This can be fatal for a building and can also make it overturn or slip off its foundations.
    However, there are ways that a building can be made so that it can avoid racking. These include making a house from wooden frames, flexible materials and rubber foundations. These are all explained below:

    (including – )

    o Rubber Foundations-These also work in a similar way to wood and flexible materials. Rubber foundations hold the above building in place securely when not subject to vibration. But when vibrations hit the rubber it, still holding the building in place, allows the ground to move beneath thus stopping the building move from side to side violently.

    (and – )

    o Dampers-These can be used to dampen the vibrations if a building is stuck well to the ground. They convert to kinetic energy into heat energy.

    (from – )

    https://istgeography.wikispaces.com/alex_research

    ***

    ***

    * September 2008
    * Fabric-formed structures

    Conference presenters share experiences with fabric-formed architectural structures
    A conference on the use of fabric formwork for architectural structures drew interest from around the world.
    Fabric Architecture | September 2008
    By Sharon Roe
    The C.A.S.T. building on the University of Manitoba campus, where the Fabric Formwork conference was held. Photo: Daniel J. Green, AIA

    * Models of various cast formwork in the lab. Photo: Daniel J. Green, AIA
    * Model created by Kenzo Unno in response to the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Photo: Daniel J. Green, AIA

    Tags

    * conference
    * geosynthetics

    Whether you are drawn to the sinewy, sensuous concrete forms shaped by spandex or to the simplicity, efficiency, and flexibility of the geotextile-formwork, this conference was a feast for the eyes and food for the brain. Presenters came from around the world and shared — for the first time as a collective — their experiences with fabric-formed architectural structures.

    Fabric-formed concrete uses flexible, permeable textile membranes (geotextile, cotton, spandex) in place of rigid formwork for concrete construction. Excess water and trapped air are allowed to escape through the membrane while the cement paste is retained. This technology eliminates most of the problems encountered in a traditional pour. Also, with the fabric and the minimal supports required to hold the fabric in place, the fluid concrete is free to find balance with the form as the form conforms to the slurry.
    Responding to dreamlike landscapes of his automatic drawings and the availability of an old T-shirt, architect Mark West produced his first fabric-formed concrete. This experience revealed a fuzzy concrete surface — one that you just had to touch. Beginning from this poetic act, he continued his experiments. Whereas Louis Kahn asked the brick what it wanted to be, West asked this of concrete. From cotton to spandex, these experiments produced sensual, skin-like, textures on the surface of concrete forms that had the anthropomorphic qualities of bound bodices and bulging bellies.

    Although the elements are beautiful and seductive, most of the builders who are using fabric forms began with a need for practicality. With an eye to the construction site, attention turned to geotextiles. Not only are these durable fabrics already a part of the contractor’s supplies, they function similarly to all other fabrics that have been studied in forming concrete.

    Tokyo architect Kenzo Unno developed his construction system in response to the 1995 Kobe earthquake. His requirements were that it had to be earthquake resistant, inexpensive, and easier to build than wood construction. David South, co-founder of Monolithic Constructors Inc. and the Monolithic Domes Institute, uses inflatable fabric forms that are sprayed with concrete to form thin-shelled domes. His system allows for both very large and very small construction, including hand-built housing in developing countries. Sandy Lawton, of Arro-Design, Waitsfield, Vermont, was commissioned to build on a delicate and difficult site. Using fabric Fast-Forms developed by Fab-Form Industries, they were able to drop in the fabric tubes and form five, 9m columns—each column completed in a single pour. Those five columns created a minimal footprint for the remaining construction.

    Yet, in spite of all the positives, the construction market has been slow to adopt this new (no matter how simple) technology. Although it seems almost intuitive that these are excellent systems, there are still many questions and uncertainties. Because the forms have complex curves, the engineering calculations for structural loads are atypical. Researchers such as Arno Pronk, Eindhoven University of Technology, Holland, have begun to understand the structural capabilities and improved strengths possible with the fabric form. Pronk recognized the complicated curving structures draped by fabric were similar to clothing so he borrowed analytical software from the fashion industry and successfully modeled and analyzed these form-active structures.
    In the end, it all came back to the T-shirt. Although people had worked independently, the integrity of the construction method had made its way around the world, through artist studios, architecture classrooms, developing countries, post-earthquake zones, research labs, and ended up at this conference — the best one I’ve attended in a decade.

    The First International Conference: Fabric Formwork Conference for Architectural Structures, held May 16–18, 2008, was organized by Mark West and the group from C.A.S.T. (The Centre for Architectural Structures and Technology), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

    For more information on the conference and the speakers: www.fabricforming.org/news_ff_conference.html
    http://www.fabricforming.org/news_ff_conference.html
    Sharon Roe is a senior lecturer in the School of Architecture, University of Minnesota College of Design.

    http://fabricarchitecturemag.com/articles/0908_rp_conference.html

    ***

    ***

    Researchers such as Arno Pronk, Eindhoven University of Technology, Holland, have begun to understand the structural capabilities and improved strengths possible with the fabric form. Pronk recognized the complicated curving structures draped by fabric were similar to clothing so he borrowed analytical software from the fashion industry and successfully modeled and analyzed these form-active structures.

    The First International Conference: Fabric Formwork Conference for Architectural Structures, held May 16–18, 2008, was organized by Mark West and the group from C.A.S.T. (The Centre for Architectural Structures and Technology), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. For more information on the conference and the speakers: www.fabricforming.org/news_ff_conference.html.

    Mark West is the Founder and Director of CAST, a fabric formwork researcher and inventor.

    He demonstrated how fabric formwork allows the construction of a new architectural ‘language’ of sensual fluid forms. He showed how fabric provides simple ways of shaping efficiently curved structural members.

    Mark explained how the search for economical construction techniques that simultaneously achieve both ends is the central focus of research at the Centre for Architectural Structures and Technology (CAST).

    His presentation further described and illustrated techniques for constructing fabric-formed columns, walls, beams, trusses, panels, and thin-shell vaults using plain flat sheets of fabric and standard construction tools.

    http://www.fabricforming.org/news_ff_conference.html

    Remo Pedreschi, an Engineer and Professor of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland has done research into flexible formwork and how it allows the construction of a new architectural ‘language’ of sensual fluid forms.

    He also demonstrated how fabric provides simple ways of shaping efficiently curved structural members. His presentation described and illustrated techniques for constructing fabric-formed columns, walls, beams, trusses, panels, and thin-shell vaults using plain flat sheets of fabric and standard construction tools, and it explored some of the architectural possibilities opened up by fabric-formed concrete.

    ***********

    http://webdb.ucs.ed.ac.uk/ddm/ACEstaff/entry/onemessage.cfm?txt=16

    Professor Remo Pedreschi

    BSc PhD, MICE CEng
    Professor of Archtectural Technology

    Architecture: School of Arts, Culture and Environment (ACE)
    The University of Edinburgh
    20 Chambers Street
    EH1 1JZ
    Scotland
    United Kingdom

    ***

    Woven and Nonwoven Geotextiles, Geogrid, Filter Fabric, Erosion …
    US Fabrics is a full-line geosynthetics company specializing in geotextiles, geogrids and geomembranes. Whether you’re a distributor, contractor, …
    www.usfabricsinc.com/

    ***

    Earthquake geotechnical engineering: 4th International Conference … – Google Books Result
    by Kyriazis D. Pitilakis – 2007 – Science – 486 pages
    Fabric, soil stiffness and laboratory geophysics The moving yield surface defines the current region of stress space which can be reached elastically as a …
    http://books.google.com/books?id=rzEn7HmQy1MC&pg=PT150&lpg=PT150&dq=Fabric,+soil+stiffness+and+laboratory+geophysics&source=bl&ots=D-9TQLexOC&sig=Kq2gGORDwsYGaGdk8KBCGMgx7_w&hl=en&ei=0DhbS4a8CMuztgfskJSnAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Fabric%2C%20soil%20stiffness%20and%20laboratory%20geophysics&f=false

    pp. 154, 155, 156++, and starting with pp. 150, Chapter 7, Field Seismic Testing in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Kenneth H. Stokoe, II  – Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, U.S.A.

    pp. 200 – graphics of the deformed mesh along the fault rupture (soil and structural stresses)

    from pp. 152 -
    . . . Developments are also occurring in two other aspects of field seismic testing. The first is profiling to deeper depths in all types of geologic settings. The second is performing parametric studies in situ. The effects of parameters such as stress state, strain amplitude, and cyclic loading leading to liquefaction are being evaluated in situ. Developments in both aspects are briefly discussed below and are covered in more detail in the presentation.

    ***
    IVAN WATSON, CNN CORRESPONDENT: Can I point something out? Last night I was at a rescue operation. And there’s some medics, British medics who had to get to a clinic about 250 yards away with about a two-minute walk that I would do with a flashlight by myself. They had to be escorted in pickup trucks by U.N. security to make that drive, which really did seem ridiculous.

    COOPER: And that’s — that causes time, that causes delays, it doesn’t let supplies leave the airport because they’ve got to round up some security people and there’s clearly not enough to go around.

    GUPTA: I saw this firsthand, obviously, doctors leaving — being escorted.

    COOPER: Right on Friday night.

    GUPTA: By U.N. because of security concerns as well.

    At some point someone made a decision that we’re going to emphasize security and that’s going to cost some of this medical and humanitarian relief. Here’s the thing as you and I talked about this. If you give medical and humanitarian relief, you much dramatically decrease the need for security. You decrease desperation and desperation obviously could possibly lead to problems.

    But they’re not getting medical aid there. And that’s going to cause a security problem.

    COOPER: Frankly, I’m amazed at how receptive and after eight days patient and tolerant the Haitian people are in Port-au-Prince. I mean, desperate people, yes, but by and large getting along with one another; incredibly happy to see anybody trying to help them. And it’s not as if we’re in a bunker here and need constant around the clock, an army of people around us.

    WATSON: I had the same experience the entire time here. This is my first assignment in Haiti. I knew it was a tough place. I have not felt physically threatened a single time. And let’s face it, I don’t blend here.

    http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1001/20/acd.02.html

    AMERICAN MORNING

    Aid Continues to Pour into Haiti; Republican Takes Senate Seat in Massachusetts; Wall Street Reacts to GOP Win

    Aired January 20, 2010 – 07:00   ET

    ROBERTS: The relief effort in Haiti, we’ve been hearing about bottlenecks over the last week in getting aid out there. One of the questions some people are asking is who is in charge? We’ll put that question to two very important people on the ground there in Haiti coming up.

    Meanwhile, in the wake of all this, there are still huge problems when it comes to getting aid to the streets in Haiti. More and more survivors are becoming victims every day. In fact, the group Doctors without Borders is claiming it’s had planes filled with desperately- need supplies cannot get permission to land at the airport.

    So who gives that order, who is in charge, and what are the some of biggest challenges when it comes to the aftermath of this quake in Haiti? Joining us now from the United Nations is U.N. emergency relief coordinator undersecretary John Holmes, thanks for being with us, and also live in Port-au-Prince, we have General Ken Keen, the commander of joint task force Haiti, thanks for being with us as well.

    Let me start with you, General Keen. You’re at the helm of this enormous U.S. military effort. And even as the U.S. is sending more troops, dropping more aid, many survivors are still not getting life saving medical treatment, food and water. What are the biggest limitations you’re facing right now?

    LT. GEN. P.K. KEEN, COMMANDER, JOINT TASK FORCE HAITI: Well, transportation on the ground is certainly a limitation, but I would say that we’re moving forward very quickly in that effort.

    Yesterday was a very good day. We delivered over 200,000 bottles of water to the people, and over 600,000 rations. And that’s just what the joint task force delivered, not including what, of course, the U.N. forces and all the organizations that are here from the international community.

    So every day we reach out farther, we touch these different pockets of where the injured and the suffering are at. I was at the general hospital yesterday, which is a hospital near the presidential palace, and spent some time with a doctor looking at the situation there.

    We have troops there that are helping provide food and water to the hospital, and we will be evacuating casualties out of that hospital today, moving them to hospitals in the north part of the country that have the excess bed capacity, as well as looking and working with the minister of health who I spent about an hour and a half with last night in discussing all these challenges that they face.

    [ . . . ]

    KEEN: Yes, well, the priorities are set by the government of Haiti, and obviously they’re working that in conjunction with the United States, the United Nations, and all the organizations here. We take those priorities and we work with the incoming flight that we have, and we put them on the ground as quickly as possible.

    There are issues involved if flights come in and are delayed on the ground, then obviously that delays those coming in. Yesterday, we had over 160 flights come in. That included both fixed-wing and rotor wing. About 115 of those were fixed-wing.

    But, as you noted, this is a tragedy of epic proportions, and we have a long way to go to meet the needs of the people. But we are moving in the right direction.

    CHETRY: And Secretary Holmes, let me ask you about this aid group Partners in Help released an urgent statement yesterday basically saying that tens of thousands of earthquake victims need emergency surgical care now. They claim that 20,000 people are dying each day who could be saved by surgery.

    And we also have these anecdotal stories of doctors needing to buy saws in, you know, in marketplaces because they don’t have the personnel and equipment. Why is it not getting there fast enough?

    JOHN HOLMES, UNDERSECRETARY GENERAL FOR HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS AND EMERGENCY RELIEF COORDINATOR: Well, I think we’re beginning, as the general said, to turn the corner. We’re beginning to get more supplies out, food, water, tents. But there is a major priority, which is medical supplies, doctors, field hospitals. There are already four or five field hospitals operating and coming since the emergency. Another four or five are on the way.

    It’s very frustrating that it takes so long to get as many supplies, as many doctors, as many hospitals are needed. But again, I think we are making progress. But I think there is a major issue here of people with those injuries who got infected wounds, who need operations, who are not getting as many as they can. That’s the major priority for the next few days.

    CHETRY: And you talk about prioritizing. And General Keen, I want to ask you about this. The U.S. military has come under some criticism about the prioritization of flights in Haiti, and we know that you have increased capacity. Doctors Without Borders though has been highly critical saying that urgently needed surgical equipment, drugs on these planes have been turned away, they say in one case five times. How are these priorities for flights being made and what are they?

    LT. GEN. P.K. KEEN, COMMANDER, JOINT TASK FORCE HAITI: Is that to me, Kiran?

    CHETRY: Yes, general.

    KEEN: Yes, well, the priorities are set by the government of Haiti, and obviously they’re working that in conjunction with the United States, the United Nations, and all the organizations here. We take those priorities and we work with the incoming flight that we have, and we put them on the ground as quickly as possible.

    [ . . . ]
    CHETRY: Right. And Undersecretary Holmes, let me ask you about that coordination effort. Is this being led by the United Nations? I mean, we seem to have a lot of aid and we seem to have a lot of need, but connecting those two together is proving to be the biggest challenge.

    HOLMES: Yes, the United Nations has the central coordinating role for all the humanitarian organizations, whether from the U.N. or NGO, who work very closely with the Red Cross as well. And then we try to coordinate as closely as we can with all the bilateral donors, particularly, of course, in this case the United States, which is making such a massive effort. And I think that coordination, the systems we have in place, tried and tested systems, is beginning to work reasonably well.

    The problems don’t come from coordination. The problems come from logistic challenges that the general has been talking about. Getting the aid into the airport fast enough but even more crucially, getting it from there, having the right trucks, the right fuel and the right escorts because security is an issue here. And the peacekeeping mission is doing that and will be helped increasingly by the U.S. as the Marines arrive. That’s a challenge too. Getting all that in place, the right distribution points, getting that aid out — those are the challenges.

    (from – )

    http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1001/20/ltm.02.html

    ***

    BLITZER: Hurricane Katrina is the closest the U.S. has come in modern times to a disaster like the one in Haiti. That’s not lost on New Orleans’ Mayor Ray Nagin. The mayor is here in Washington for some meetings with the U.S. Conference of Mayors. Listen to what he said over at the White House earlier today.

    (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

    MAYOR RAY NAGIN, NEW ORLEANS: But it strikes me as being eerily similar, the phases that the Haitian people are going through and what I experienced after Hurricane Katrina. And I’m still very concerned that not only is our nation not prepared for a catastrophe, but the whole world seems to be struggling with dealing with this catastrophe. If another catastrophe like Katrina happened in our country, I’m not sure we’re ready for it because we haven’t made the fundamental changes that we need to make.

    (END VIDEO CLIP)

    BLITZER: Let’s bring in our White House correspondent, Suzanne Malveaux. You got a chance, Suzanne, to catch up the mayor and ask him what specifically he was referring to. What did he say?

    SUZANNE MALVEAUX, CNN WHITE HOUSE CORRESPONDENT: Well, Wolf, he made a distinction between the Bush administration and the Obama administration saying he has a much better relationship with this president when it comes to working with him for support and aid, but he also says he has a very unique perspective going through Hurricane Katrina to see the failures, the failures on the local level, at the state level and the federal level when it comes to government.

    He still believes that there are some things that FEMA and other government agencies need to improve and he is quite concerned that the United States is not prepared if another catastrophe hits. And here’s how he explained it.

    UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Mayor, what do you think the Obama administration needs to do more? Because you said you didn’t think that the country was prepared; the administration was prepared to deal with another possible natural disaster.

    NAGIN: Well, I think the Obama administration has done a really good job with coming in after the fact and dealing with FEMA to do better and dealing with you know some other things that we were struggling with in the previous Bush administration. What I’m talking about is the need to get ready for right after a disaster happens.

    And the need to make sure that host cities will be taken care of as well as the affected city from the standpoint of the laws in place. For example, (INAUDIBLE) today still limits the amount of community disaster loans to $5 million maximum. Anything else you have to go get congressional — a congressional action on, which I had to do twice. I had to get it raised to 25 percent and then 50 percent of my annual revenues. Another catastrophe, another city could be in the same position I was in five years ago.

    (END VIDEO CLIP)

    MALVEAUX: So, Wolf, he’s really talking about cutting through some of that red tape on the front end. That’s just one of the many things that he sees that needs to be improved, and he, as well as some of the other mayors, are going to be making some formal recommendations to FEMA, to the Department of Homeland Security, things that they see as mayors of major cities that can be done for something — the next possible Hurricane Katrina.

    BLITZER: What’s the Obama administration’s reaction to this, Suzanne?

    MALVEAUX: Well White House officials, as well as Nagin’s office officials afterwards, after he made those comments, they have both taken painstaking efforts to say that the relationship is a good one between Nagin, as well as the White House, but FEMA officials say look, they’re doing everything they can and they point to something very recently, as recent as last week. You had Vice President Joe Biden, as well as the secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano both in New Orleans talking about loan forgiveness and changing some of those limitations to that. So, they are working with New Orleans, they are working with other states and cities to make sure that the next go-round works out a lot more smoothly — Wolf.

    BLITZER: Suzanne Malveaux over at the White House working that story, thank you. In the new issue of “Time Magazine,” our sister publication, President Obama speaking rather frankly about his tough first year in office, in times that Joe Klein draws some fascinating conclusions about the president’s personality behind that charismatic image.

    http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1001/21/sitroom.03.html

    ***
    Our Jason Carroll is live in Port-au-Prince. And we know that as engineers go through and start to examine things, they have to figure out whether there’s anything that can be salvaged or if they have to start over from scratch.

    JASON CARROLL, CNN NATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: Exactly. We spent part of our day with engineers yesterday. This effort is going to take time. It’s going to take money, and it’s going to take discipline. Discipline to adopt uniform building codes when they decide to rebuild.

    (BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

    CARROLL (voice-over): Port-au-Prince is about to face many questions about its future. How does the city rebuild when there’s still so much destruction? Should damaged structures still standing be torn down?

    Eva Michelle isn’t waiting for answers. Her house destroyed, she salvaged what she could and watched as workers started demolishing it. It’s being torn down the same way it was built, by unlicensed workers. No codes to follow on tearing down. Or Michelle says, to build.

    EVA MICHELLE, HOME DESTROYED IN EARTHQUAKE: No.

    CARROLL: None?

    MICHELLE: No.

    CARROLL: No code?

    MUCHELLE: No.

    CARROLL: No regulation?

    MICHELLE: No.

    CARROLL: Haitians say that’s the way it’s done. License is not required. Codes, where they even exist, not enforced. It’s part of the reason so much was destroyed in the earthquake and why structural engineers like Kit Miyamoto from California are here now.

    KIT MIYAMOTO, EARTHQUAKE AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: Remove those things out, that can go right into.

    CARROLL: This is Miyamoto’s first full day on the ground with a nonprofit called The Pan American Development Foundation. The goal? Rapid assessment, meaning quickly investigate the structural integrity of 10 buildings a day.

    This was the Ministry of Finance. It’s symbolic of what went wrong with many buildings, including their presidential palace.

    MIYAMOTO: The reinforced ministry wall, right? Because that’s the brick and without no rebar. That’s dangerous.

    CARROLL: Miyamoto says rebar can make a building more flexible when it shakes, but much of the city’s businesses and homes use brick without the reinforced steel bar.

    (on camera): What do you do? Do you just demolish these buildings and then cart out all the debris and then start fresh?

    MIYAMOTO: It depends. For example, this one. Probably it’s not solid. But many buildings can be repaired.

    CARROLL: Engineers tell us when Port-au-Prince does rebuild, they have to use new building codes and make sure those codes are enforced.

    (voice-over): And engineers like Keith Martin with the Los Angeles County Fire Department say rebuilding, or retrofitting, is not something that can or should be rushed.

    KEITH MARTIN, LA COUNTY FIRE SEARCH AND RESCUE: You’re talking to be done correctly something that’s going to take years to do.

    CARROLL (on camera): Years?

    MARTIN: Years, to do it correctly.

    CARROLL (on camera): Years?

    MARTIN: Years, to do it correctly.

    CARROLL (voice-over): Even Michelle (ph) says she doesn’t have the money right now to rebuild, but if she does, she hopes there are guidelines to show her and the other people of Port-au-Prince a better way.

    (END VIDEOTAPE)

    CARROLL: And you know, Kiran, the reality is it may be very difficult to change old ways here. But the engineers say at least what Haiti has to do is have these building codes for key buildings, such as schools, hospitals, government buildings. They say that, at least, will be a start — Kiran?

    CHETRY: Certainly, a major, major challenge ahead, no doubt. Jason Carroll for us this morning in Port-au-Prince. Thanks.

    88**88

    CARROLL: Haitians say that’s the way it’s done. License is not required. Codes, where they even exist, not enforced. It’s part of the reason so much was destroyed in the earthquake and why structural engineers like Kit Miyamoto from California are here now.

    KIT MIYAMOTO, EARTHQUAKE AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: Remove those things out, that can go right into.

    CARROLL: This is Miyamoto’s first full day on the ground with a nonprofit called The Pan American Development Foundation. The goal? Rapid assessment, meaning quickly investigate the structural integrity of 10 buildings a day.

    http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1001/21/ltm.01.html

    ***
    Kit_Miyamoto.pdf
    Phi Kappa Phi

    http://www.miyamotointernational.com/pdf_files/Kit_Miyamoto.pdf

    PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
    A licensed structural engineer in ten states, Kit Miyamoto is CEO of Miyamoto International.
    Under his leadership, over 3,000 structures have been successfully completed nationally and
    internationally. He has performed numerous expert consultations and earthquake reconnaissance
    analyses for countries and private sector organizations worldwide. He is a past Director of
    the Structural Engineers Association of California. He serves on the Seismic Task Committee
    of ASCE 7 which produces a source document for the International Building Code. He was a
    member of the Technical Subcommittee in Base Isolation and Energy Dissipation for the National
    Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program. He is an adjunct professor at California State University,
    Sacramento. He has published over 70 technical papers on advanced structural and earthquake
    engineering topics, and he has lectured at numerous international conferences. Miyamoto is a
    frequent industry commentator to the media.

    PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS
    Structural Engineers Association of California
    President (SEAOCC) 2000 – 2001
    Vice President (SEAOCC) 1999 – 2000
    Director (SEAOC) 2000 – 2002
    State Member, Executive Committee 2000 – 2001
    State Member, Passive Energy Dissipation Committee 1996 – 2002
    Chairman, Student Relations Committee 1994 – 1995
    Chairman, Continuing Education Committee (SEAOCC) 2001 – 2004
    Member, Existing Building Committee (SEAOCC) 1996 – 1997
    Member, Seismology Committee (SEAOCC) 1995 – present
    Delegate, Structural Engineers World Congress in Yokohama, Japan 2002
    State Member, Media Relationship Committee (SEAOC) 2002 – 2006
    State Member, Protective Devices Committee 2007 – present
    City of Sacramento
    Design Commissioner 2007 – present
    California State Board of Registration for Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors
    Subject Matter Expert, Occupational Analysis Committee 2003
    S.E. Examination Standards Setting Committee 2001
    Structural Engineering Technical Advisory Committee 1998 – 2005
    California State University, Sacramento
    Adjunct Professor for Earthquake Engineering 2002 – present
    Campus Consulting Structural Engineer 1998 – present
    Member, Board of Community Advisors 2007 – present
    Applied Technology Council
    Chairman, Steering Committee, ATC 15-11 USA/Japan Workshop 2007
    Member, Steering Committee, ATC 17-2 on Base Isolation and Passive Energy Dissipation
    Member, Steering Committee, USA/Japan Workshop on Structural Engineering
    Building Seismic Safety Council, Provisions Update Committee
    Technical Subcommittee on Base Isolation and Energy Dissipation 2003
    Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
    Chairman – Commercial Building Committee, EQ’06 2002
    Member, Steering Committee EQ’06 2002
    American Concrete Institute
    American Institute of Steel Construction
    American Society of Civil Engineers
    Associate Member, ASCE 7, Main Committee 2007 – present
    Member, ASCE 7, Seismic Task Committee 2003 – present
    Geo Hazard International
    Post-Tensioning Institute
    American Institute of Architects
    Allied Member
    Lecturer, Architectural License Seminars – Structures I and II Review Courses

    *****
    ATC-17-2brWEB.pdf
    http://www.atcouncil.org/pdfs/ATC-17-2brWEB.pdf

    Sponsoring Organizations -

    Applied Technology Council
    Redwood City, Calif

    Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research
    State University New York
    Buffalo, NY

    Financial Sponsor -
    National Science Foundation

    2002

    ***

    http://geosynthetica.net/tech_docs/KoernerSympFrankKo.pdf

    KoernerSympFrankKo.pdf

    Seminar in Honor of Professor Robert Koerner
    September 13,2004
    1
    From Textile to Geotextiles
    Frank K. Ko
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering
    Drexel University
    ABSTRACT
    A wealth of textile structures is available for a broad range of geotechnical applications.
    An understanding of the dynamic interaction between the textile structure and the
    geotechnical environment is essential in the design and selection of textile materials for
    geotextile applications. Multiaxial warp knit structures and braided structures are
    introduced as examples of this understanding while demonstrating their potential as
    multifunctional structural geotextiles. This paper concludes by reviewing a new way of
    joining geotextiles by robotic one-side stitching technology and by examining the
    implication of emerging nanofiber technologies for the next generation of geotextiles.
    INTRODUCTION
    The name of Professor Robert Koerner is synonymous with geotextiles and
    geosynthetics. His name is associated with pioneering development in the 1970’s, fueled
    by his tireless offering of a series of courses in geotextiles in the Philadelphia Engineers
    Club, around the US and the world. These lectures cumulated in the first book on
    geotextiles in 1980. At Drexel, he played a leadership role in stimulating the formation of
    various centers of excellence in 1986, thus officially kicking off the steady growth of the
    Geotextile Research Institute (GRI) into a leading R&D center for geosynthetics.
    Professor. Koerner’s tireless efforts in educating generations of civil engineers and
    textile/polymer material engineers (as well as the creative design and characterization
    methodologies that he developed) have played a major role in the explosive growth of
    geotextiles in the past three decades (Figure 1). It would not be exaggerating to honor
    Professor Koerner by calling this the Koerner Growth Curve.

    FABRIC PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
    Fabric performance characteristics are a result of the interaction between fiber (material
    properties), yarn and fabric geometry, and finishing treatment. Textile structures in fabric
    form (produced by yarn-to-fabric such as woven and knitted fabrics or fiber-to-fabric
    processes such as nonwoven fabrics) can be characterized in terms of geometric and
    performance properties. Performance maps provide an overview of the range of behavior
    of various fabrics as a function of four geometric parameters and four performance
    parameters.
    Geometric parameters include:
    1) Porosity: the amount of open space in a unit volume of the fabric. As the fiber
    diameter and yarn diameter increases, the structure tends to be porous. The
    porosity of a fabric is inversely proportional to the areal coverage or cover factor
    of a fabric. A porous fabric tends to be lighter and more permeable.
    2) Surface Texture: The surface geometry of a fabric is characterized by the
    smoothness of the surface, which in turn is governed by fiber and yarn diameter.
    Modular fiber or yarn length are the geometric repeating units of the fabric.
    3) Voluminosity: A reflection of the bulkiness of a fabric for a given areal density
    (mass per unit area). A fabric tends to be more voluminous if the fiber/yarn
    diameter is larger and the freedom of fiber mobility in the geometric repeating
    unit is high. Voluminosity is directly related to fiber thickness in that a
    voluminous fabric tends to be thick.
    4) Thickness of the fabric: Similar to voluminosity, fabric thickness is related to
    fiber and yarn diameter. The larger the fiber and yarn diameter, the thicker and
    bulkier the fabric.
    Preform parameters include:
    1) Permeability: The ease of air or liquid flow through a fabric. The permeability
    of a fabric is higher when the fabric porosity is high. Porosity and fiber volume
    fraction (1-porosity) are related to packing efficiency, which is influenced by fiber
    diameter and fiber cross-sectional geometry. Permeability is a strong function of
    fiber or yarn diameter for a given fiber architecture (fiber orientation).
    2) Compressibility: The ability of a fabric to resist transverse (through the
    thickness ) compression. A voluminous fabric tends to be more compressible.
    On the other hand, compressibility decreases as fiber and yarn stiffness, which is
    significantly influenced by fiber diameter, increases. As fiber diameter increases,
    the bending stiffness and longitudinal compressive stiffness of the fiber increases
    geometrically.
    3) Extensibility of a fabric: A measure of the ability of a fabric to stretch and
    conform. Fabric extensibility is affected by fabric geometry and inherent fiber
    bending elongation. A yarn that consists of finer fibers tends to have a higher
    potential for fabric extensibility.
    4) Toughness of a fabric: A measure of the durability of the fabric. As reflected
    in the areas under the stress-strain curve of a fabric, a high strength fabric with
    high elongation at break usually produces high toughness. Fabrics having high
    compliance and extensibility are usually tougher.
    A summary of the geometric and performance properties of the yarn-to-fabric structures
    and the fiber-to-fabric structures in the form of performance maps are shown in Figures
    3-6. These performance maps show that geometric parameters play an important role in
    the structural and physical properties of fabrics. The fineness of the component fiber is a
    key geometric factor.
    THE DYNAMICS OF SOIL-TEXTILE INTERACTION
    Although there are numerous textile structures suitable for geotechnical applications, a
    textile structure is not a geotextile until the interaction of the fabric with soil or the
    geotechnical environment is considered as a total system. This was clearly elucidated by
    Professor Koerner in the 1982 Las Vegas conference [1]. Observing the lack of
    understanding at the time on the importance of soil/fabric interaction, Professor Koerner
    pointed out that almost every geotextile application is multifunctional, involving
    separation, reinforcement and drainage; and that fabric forming deals with water and its
    proper dissipation [6,7].

    [ . . . ]

    Braided Structures
    Braiding, as detailed by Ko [17,18], is a well established technology which intertwines
    two or more systems of yarns to form a tubular structure. Longitudinal yarns can be laidin
    between the braiding yarns to form a triaxial braid and/or placed in the core of the
    braided tubular structure. Depending on the yarn diameter and the braiding angle, a
    continuous length of micron diameter to meter diameter structure can be produced.
    Taking advantage of the design flexibility and the wide availability of manufacturing
    capacity in the industry, braided structures can be employed as the foundation fiber
    architecture for the construction of ductile composite rebar systems as well as for
    seamless soil containment columns.
    By judicious selection of fiber materials and fiber architecture for the braid sleeve and the
    core structure, the load-deformation behavior of the braided fibrous assembly can be
    tailored. For example, the sleeve structure may be a tough aramid (e.g. Kevlar)
    filamentous structure, whereas the core structure would be high modulus carbon fibers to
    provide initial resistance to deformation. The rib effect, as commonly incorporated in
    steel rebars to increase bond strength between the rebar and concrete, can also be
    introduced to the sleeve structure during the braiding process. By proper combination of
    the braided fibrous assembly with a protective resin matrix system to form a composite
    material system, the stress transfer from the rebar structure to the fibers can be
    controlled. The end product of this hybridization of material systems and fiber
    architecture is a composite rebar which has high initial resistance to tensile deformation
    followed by a graceful failure process manifested by a gradual reduction in the slope of
    the stress strain curve before reaching a high level of ultimate strain. This hybrid
    geometric and hybrid material effects can be realized by combining the braiding and the
    productive pultrusion process or the “Braidtrusion” process developed at Drexel with the
    participation of several civil engineering and materials engineering students, including
    Frank Hampton, a Koerner Fellow [19,20,21]. This unique manufacturing process can be
    used to develop a wide spectrum of products with various mechanical properties
    depending on the application. Also, the flexibility of the process allows for tailorability
    of specific mechanical properties including strength, stiffness, ductility, and surface
    geometry.
    As illustrated in Figure 10, the design methodology developed for Braidtrusion considers
    five tailorable levels of translation efficiency: fiber, yarn, twist, woven, and braid levels.
    Careful consideration of each material level results in an optimized structure. The
    process is especially attractive for hybrid composites using two or more yarn materials.
    A core of one material can be used as a mandrel while yarns of another material can be
    braided around the core. Depending on material selection and application, a wide variety
    of properties can be developed. The Braidtrusion process includes five zones of
    manufacturing as shown in Figure 11, including core formation, sleeve formation,
    consolidation, curing, and finished product.
    Various processing parameters including the braid angle, the fiber volume fraction,
    curing process, and the core and sleeve materials influence the mechanical properties of
    the finished composite. Four areas of tailorability were investigated using the
    Braidtrusion process: 1) tailoring of the composite modulus along the length using inline
    change of fiber orientation; (2) traction tailoring by introduction of ribs for surface
    geometry; (3) co-braiding of hybrid materials and geometry for stress-strain property
    tailoring; and (4) combination of braiding and pultrusion to facilitate continuous and
    scalable manufacturing.
    The ductile rebar concept is illustrated with a case studies using the Braidtrusion process
    include the manufacturing and development of a ductile hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer
    bar (DHFRP) for reinforced concrete structures. [21,22]. The DHFRP bar, manufactured
    in sizes up to 10 mm, demonstrates three of the four tailoring parameters. The bars are a
    material hybrid of aramid fiber (Kevlar 49) and carbon fiber (Thornel P-55S). First, the
    tailoring of traction was done by integrating rib yarns into the bar surface geometry, thus
    producing a pultruded bar with non-uniform cross-section. Second, using the theory of
    similitude, the bars were manufactured in 3-mm, 5-mm and 10-mm diameter sizes. The
    scaling effects were studied from model to prototype sizes. Third, the DHFRP bars are
    designed to have a tri-linear stress-strain behavior with a yield point and an ultimate
    strength greater than yield. This pseudo-ductile behavior is caused by using both material
    and architecture hybrids. This stress-strain tailoring enables the development of a family
    of tri-linear stress-strain curves depending on processing parameters and material
    selection. Experimental verification of the properties of DHFRP are shown in Figure 12.
    With the demonstration of the ductile composite rebars having metal-like behavior, steel
    rebar design code may be used for this new class of non-corrosive composite rebars thus
    opening up opportunities for a wide range of geotechnical reinforcement applications
    including walls, bulkheads, embankment and various concrete structures.

    Joining of geotextiles in the field is a well
    established practice using traditional
    sewing machines. A new one-sided sewing
    technology is now available from
    Germany. The ALTIN system, shown in
    Figure 13, consists of an industrial scale
    robot arm, a sewing head, and a
    programmable control module. Unlike a
    traditional sewing machine, which requires
    access to the fabric from both top and
    bottom (thus limiting the size and shape of
    the fabrics to be sewn), stitch formation
    utilizing Robotic One-side Stitching
    (ROSS) Technology can be accomplished
    from the top side of the fabric alone.
    Various stitch geometries (including the
    chain stitch, lock stitch and tuft stitch) may
    be employed.
    Figure 14 illustrates the formation of a chain stitch using two needles coming from the
    same (top) side of the fabric. ROSS is recognized as an important emerging technology in
    the advanced composite performing and protective textile industry; because of the
    programmable robot arm and single-side access to the fabric, the ROSS can join very
    complex shapeed structures over a large surface area. It can also provide a means to place
    local, through- the-thickness reinforcement for composite structures.

    It can also provide a means to place
    local, through- the-thickness reinforcement for composite structures. Considering the
    unique capability of one sided stitching, Boeing has purchased a similar ROSS unit for
    their composite wing manufacturing program (wherein stiffeners are stitched to the wing
    skin for a 737 wing structure). The ROSS at Drexel is one of only two systems in the US.
    Considering the versatility of the stitching head, it is quite conceivable that a field robot
    could be equipped with an OSS unit to perform automatic field sewing of geotextiles.

    Nanofiber Technology
    When looking to future generations of geotextiles, an examination of the role of
    nanotechnology in the functional enhancement of geotextiles is in order. By reducing
    fiber diameter down to the nanoscale, an enormous increase in specific surface area to the
    level of 1000 m2/g is possible. This reduction in dimension and increase in surface area
    greatly affects the chemical/biological reactivity and electroactivity of polymeric fibers.
    Because of the extreme fineness of the fibers (as illustrated qualitatively in Figures 15-
    17) there is an overall impact on the geometric and thus the performance properties of the
    fabric. There is an explosive growth in worldwide research efforts recognizing the
    potential nanoeffect that will be created when fibers are reduced to nanoscale [23].

    Briefly, nanofiber technology is the synthesis, processing, manufacturing and application
    of fibers in the nanoscale. By definition, nanofibers are fibers with diameter equal to or
    less than 100 nm. Due to product requirements and manufacturing capability limitations,
    some industries tend to consider any fibers of submicron diameter to be “nanofibers”.
    The rapid growth of nanofiber technology in recent years can be attributed to the
    rediscovery of electrostatic spinning (or electrospinning) technology originally developed
    in the 1930s [24]. This technique has been used to produce high-performance filters
    [25,26], wearable electronics [27] and scaffolds for tissue engineering [28] that utilize the
    high surface area unique to these fibers. A schematic drawing of the electrospinning
    process is shown in Figure 15a, where a high electric field is generated in a polymer fluid
    contained in a glass syringe with a capillary tip and a metallic collection screen. When
    the voltage reaches a critical value, the electric field overcomes the surface tension of the
    deformed drop of the suspended polymer solution formed on the tip of the syringe and a
    jet of ultra-fine fibers is produced. The electrically-charged jet undergoes a series of
    electrically-induced bending instabilities during its passage to the collection screen that
    results in the hyper-stretching of the jet. This stretching process is accompanied by the
    rapid evaporation of the solvent molecules, which reduces the diameter of the jet in a
    cone-shaped radius. The dry fibers are accumulated on the surface of the collection
    screen, resulting in a non-woven mesh of nanometer to micron-diameter fibers. The
    process can be adjusted to control fiber diameter by varying the electric field strength
    and polymer solution concentration, while the duration of electrospinning controls the
    thickness of the fiber deposition. Nanofibers in linear yarn or planar nonwoven mat form
    can be produced by proper control of the electrodes.

    Although there is a
    large family of textile structures available for geotechnical applications, a fundamental
    understanding of the dynamic interaction between textile structure and the geotechnical
    environment is essential for proper design and selection of geotextiles for a specific
    application. To provide a basis for assessment of the various fiber architectures for
    geotextiles, the geometric and performance properties of various textile structures have
    been shown in terms of performance maps. Specific examples of textile technologies
    suitable for linear and planar multiaxial reinforcement have been presented along with
    the introduction of a new robotic based sewing technology. This paper is concluded by
    connecting geotextiles with the emerging nanofiber technology which may play a useful
    role in nanocomposite reinforcement, hydraulic, geoenvironmental and energy mining
    applications (as outlined by Professor Koerner in his thought provoking Thirty-second Terzaghi Lecture almost eight years ago) [30].

    http://geosynthetica.net/tech_docs/KoernerSympFrankKo.pdf

    ***

    ***

    http://www.bnl.gov/CFN/docs/Secretarial_Policy_Statement_rev2.pdf

    Secretarial_Policy_Statement_rev2.pdf

    implementation of the BNL Interim Procedure “Approach to Nanomaterial ESH”

    o BNL is in receipt of the recently issued (December, 2007) ASTM International’s standard ASTM E2535-07, Standard Guide for Handling Unbound Engineered Nanoscale Particles in Occupational Settings. Review of that standard and discussions between the participants in the NSRC Directors’ ES&H Nanomaterial ES&H working group and BNL nanotechnology SMEs, indicate that BNL has achieved compliance with all the recommendations of this consensus standard except for the training section. Plans for completion of the recommended training are in progress.

    [ . . . ]

    2 Identification and Management of EH&S Hazards
    2 In conformance the general principle in the National Research Council’s Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, Laboratory personnel should treat “all new compounds, or those of unknown toxicity, as though they could be acutely toxic in the short run and chronically toxic in the long run”
    DOE Policy: “DOE and its contractors will identify and manage potential health and safety hazards and potential environmental impacts at sites through the use of the existing Integrated Safety Management System, including Environmental Management Systems”.
    January 7, 2008 2

    ISM at BNL is implemented through the Environmental Management System (ISO 14001 registered), the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSAS 18001 registered), and the Work Planning program which drives the following;

    .. Establishing goals that drive continual improvement of ESH programs,

    .. Measuring progress towards achieving these goals,

    .. Establishing operational controls to reduce risk,

    .. Review of all work activities for risk analysis and control,

    .. Periodically reviewing performance with management,

    .. Communicating with stakeholders and neighbors to address concerns.

    o All proposed experimental work performed on nanoscale materials at BNL is reviewed using the BNL Experimental Safety Review (ESR) process (a subset of the Work Planning program), to identify the hazards associated with the proposed work and to establish the necessary set of ESH controls to allow the experimental work to be performed safely.

    .. The ESR process is managed by a Departmental Experimental Review Coordinator

    .. Information required for a comprehensive ESH review is collected when a proposal is made for work at BNL using a screening process. This includes:

    o Identification of materials and precursors to be brought on site

    o Identification of equipment needed for handling and analysis of the nanoscale materials.

    o A description of the tasks involved.

    o A risk analysis

    o A contingency plan (if appropriate).

    o A waste disposal plan.

    .. The SBMS interim procedure “Approach to Nanomaterial ESH” is used to identify specific controls appropriate for the type of nanomaterials used in the experiment.

    http://www.bnl.gov/CFN/docs/Secretarial_Policy_Statement_rev2.pdf

    ***

    ***
    Research Plane:
    f) Nanomateial Based portable NSET Probe for detection of Explosive and Chemical … Environmental pollution has been a major concern of today’s society. …
    chem.jsums.edu/ray/research.htm – Cached

    d) Explosive Nano-porous Silicon: Understanding the High Energetic Behavior

    Scientists and engineers have increasingly become involved in developing new tools for counterterrorism measures. With the discovery of silicon wafers, the raw starting material for computer chips, can be easily made into tiny explosives that might be used one day to chemically analyze samples in the field or serve as power sources for tiny electronic sensors the size of a speck of dust, there have been several efforts  on how porous silicon can be used in various possible applications for department of defense (DOD) e.g. nanoscale solid state explosive onto silicon chips, very fast airbag ignite. The explosive properties of nano-porous-silicon, impregnated with an oxidant, have been reported. Explosions belong to the most impressive chemical reactions. The efficiency of these chemical reactions depends on the energy yield and the rate of the chemical reaction as well as the spatial configuration of the interacting species. A variety of mechanisms are possible for the ignition and explosive reactions. The main goal of this project is the understanding of high energetic explosive behavior of nano-crystalline porous silicon.

    e)  Nanoparticle Based Detection Of Biomolecules Using Hyper-Rayleigh Spectroscopy

    Conjugates of gold nanoparticles with ologonucleotides and IgG protein are of great current interest because it has important applications in clinical diagnosis, food and drug industry, genetics and environmental monitoring. The long-term goal of this proposal is to develop biosensor based on DNA, protein coated gold nanoparticles and laser based two-photon scattering technique to detect specific DNA hybridization assays and to quantify antibody levels in clinical samples. The specific hypothesis is that a highly sensitive detection method can be developed for DNA and protein using nanoparticle surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and hyper-Rayleigh Scattering (HRS) technique. The HRS technique will be used to measure hyperpolarizabilities of proteins and oligonucleotides. Appropriate theoretical modeling will complement experimental studies. This research  will enable technological advancements to develop new biosensor based on HRS technique  which could be used for fast, high-throughput screening of DNA sequences and antibodies in clinical diagnostic applications.

    f) Nanomateial Based portable NSET Probe for detection of Explosive and Chemical Warfare Agents

    Aviation and military installation security, biological agent detection, and counter-terrorist activities are leading national priorities. The goals of this proposal are 1) to devolop gold nanoparticle based NSET sensor for ultrasensitive detection of toxic organophosphorus agents  and 2) design a state-of-the-art, cost-effective and portable gold nanoparticle based sensor for detection of TNT and nerve agents simultaneously . This sensor will be developed in such a way that any US citizen will be bale to use this to protect them self from explosive and chemical warfare agents. The proposed research applies an integrated approach combining surface chemistry, biophysics and theory to engineer interfaces that give quantitative information about biological activities on nano interface.

    g) Size and Distance Dependent NSET for environmental protection

    By 2025, when world population is projected to be 8 billion, improving living standards without destroying the environment is a global challenge. Environmental pollution has been a major concern of today’s society.  Emerging contaminants can be broadly defined as any synthetic or naturally occurring chemical or any microorganism which have the potential to enter the environment and cause known or suspected adverse ecological and human health effects. In some cases, release of emerging chemical or microbial contaminants to the environment has likely occurred for a long time. Development of sensors for detection of emerging contaminants in water supplies is a high priority with applications in domestic preparedness and for ensuring the safety of municipal and recreational water supplies. The benefits of nanotechnology make it ideal for sensor development, for environmental monitoring. This proposal aims to devolop gold nanoparticle based NSET probe for ultrasensitive detection of toxic metal like mercury and organophosphorus pesticides (OP) selectively and simultaneously in water and to gain fundamental understanding of the  mechanism of NSET at nanoparticle surface.

    h) Understanding the cyto, geno and photo toxicity of nanomaterials of different sizes and shapes using HaCaT keratinocytes

    As we move towards making sensor-using nanotechnology, potential nanoparticle toxicity must be investigated before any real applications of our probe. Studies on the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles, with respect to their size and shape, are required in order to advance nanotechnology for environmental applications. Ensuring that nanoparticles are safe for use in humans and others life in environment will be a key factor in determining how big of an impact nanotechnology has on the detection. Nanotechnology is emerging in a wide variety of applications, yet unfortunately very little is known about the environmental implications of engineered nanomaterials or how nanomaterials behave in the environment when used for remediation. Therefore, our studies will increase awareness of potential problems. Though nanoparticle production has been estimated to increase from 2,300 tons produced today to 58,000 tons by 2020, but it is surprising that knowledge on the toxicity effect of nanoparticle exposure is in infancy. Recently we have demonstrated  that spherical gold nanoparticles with different sizes are not inherently toxic to human skin cells, but gold nanorods are highly toxic due to the presence of CTAB as coating material. We have shown that poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) coated gold nanorod is not toxic. So replacing CTAB with biocompatible and functionalization friendly stabilizing agents is essential for using of gold nanorods in living cells. Driven by the need, in this proposal, we propose the systematic study of cytotoxicity of gold nanomaterials of different sizes and shapes using HaCaT keratinocytes, a transformed human epidermal cell line.

    Research Plan

    The development of new scientific concepts and technologies, especially in emerging interdisciplinary fields, is the career goal of Dr. Paresh Ray. As a new faculty Dr. Ray’s vision is to continue research at the interface of chemistry and biology that include exploring new chemical strategies for the control of DNA hybridization, creating new nanobased biosensor, designing exquisite nanostructured biomolecular assemblies, and enhancing our understanding of biomolecular interaction with nanosurface. Dr. Ray thinks that new developments in nano technology and laser spectroscopy can substantially improve the ability to carry out the mission of USA’s Health, Energy and Environmental Research. We are working on several nanomaterial and nanotechnology projects including:

    http://chem.jsums.edu/ray/research.htm

    ***

    Contact information
    Anatoli V. Melechko
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    Phone: 919-515-8636

    Email: avmelech@unity.ncsu.edu

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    Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers and related structures: Controlled synthesis and directed assembly
    Melechko, A. V., V. I. Merkulov, T. E. McKnight, M. A. Guillorn, K. L. Klein, D. H. Lowndes, and M. L. Simpson
    Abstract

    The controlled synthesis of materials by methods that permit their assembly into functional nanoscale structures lies at the crux of the emerging field of nanotechnology. Although only one of several materials families is of interest, carbon-based nanostructured materials continue to attract a disproportionate share of research effort, in part because of their wide-ranging properties. Additionally, developments of the past decade in the controlled synthesis of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers have opened additional possibilities for their use as functional elements in numerous applications. Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) are a subclass of carbon nanostructured materials that can be produced with a high degree of control using catalytic plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (C-PECVD). Using C-PECVD the location, diameter, length, shape, chemical composition, and orientation can be controlled during VACNF synthesis. Here we review the CVD and PECVD systems, growth control mechanisms, catalyst preparation, resultant carbon nanostructures, and VACNF properties. This is followed by a review of many of the application areas for carbon nanotubes and nanofibers including electron field-emission sources, electrochemical probes, functionalized sensor elements, scanning probe microscopy tips, nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), hydrogen and charge storage, and catalyst support. We end by noting gaps in the understanding of VACNF growth mechanisms and the challenges remaining in the development of methods for an even more comprehensive control of the carbon nanofiber synthesis process. ©2005 American Institute of Physics
    References

    1. T.V. Hughes and C.R. Chambers, Manufacture of Carbon Filaments, US Patent No. 405, 480, (1889).
    L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 26, 88 (1952).

    http://tolik.sciencedom.com/publications/papers/paper40.htm

    This article appeared in J. Appl. Phys. 97, 041301 (2005) and may be found at (URL/link for published article abstract).

    Copyright (2005) American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics.

    doi:10.1063/1.1857591
    PACS: 81.05.Uw, 81.07.De, 81.16.Hc, 81.15.Gh, 79.70.+q, 61.46.+w, 68.65.-k, 52.77.-j, 85.85.+j, 85.35.Kt        Additional Information
    View ISI’s Web of Science data for this article: [ Source Abstract  | Related Articles  ]

    VACNF_review.pdf

    M. L. Simpsona!
    Molecular-Scale Engineering and Nanoscale Technologies Research Group, Oak Ridge National
    Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, MS 6006, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6006, Materials Science
    and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2200, and Center
    for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6056

    M. A. Guillorn
    Cornell Nanoscale Science and Technology Facility, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2000

    http://tolik.sciencedom.com/publications/papers/pdf_papers/VACNF_review.pdf

    A. V. Melechko
    Molecular-Scale Engineering and Nanoscale Technologies Research Group, Oak Ridge National
    Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, MS 6006, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6006 and Materials Science
    and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2200

    A. Methods of synthesis of carbon materials
    The methods for synthesizing carbon nanostructures include
    laser vaporization,5 arc discharge,6,37 catalytic
    chemical-vapor deposition sC-CVDd, and catalytic plasmaenhanced
    chemical-vapor deposition sC-PECVDd. While arc
    discharge and laser ablation are very efficient methods for
    producing high-quality nanotube material in large quantities,
    they do not offer control over the spatial arrangement of the
    produced nanostructures. Complex purification procedures
    are also required to remove amorphous carbon particles and
    entangled catalyst in order to obtain a useful material. At this
    time, only C-CVD allows controlled synthesis of carbon
    nanotubes and nanofibers and only C-PECVD allows deterministic
    synthesis in which the location, alignment, size,
    shape, and structure of each individual nanofiber are controlled
    during synthesis. The material obtained by this
    method can be considered phase pure, that is, no purification
    process is necessary. Furthermore, the defined and accessible
    position of the catalyst particle, especially at the tip, makes
    its optional extraction simplified.38,39 Here we review only
    CVD and PECVD synthesis methods in detail

    B. Catalytic thermal chemical-vapor deposition
    1. Thermal CVD and catalytic thermal CVD
    Chemical-vapor deposition involves the adsorption, desorption,
    evolution, and incorporation of vapor species at the
    surface of a growing film. Since heat is the main energy
    source for reactions to occur, the CVD process is also often
    referred to as thermal CVD sTCVDd. Process temperatures
    for TCVD production of carbon nanostructures typically lie
    in the range from 400 to 1000 ̊C. Catalytic CVD sor
    C-CVDd differs from CVD by involvement of a catalyst in
    the decomposition of vapor species on the catalyst surface
    and requires process temperatures similar to TCVD. Accordingly,
    the catalytically controlled thermal CVD will be abbreviated
    as C-TCVD. In addition to thermal excitation,
    methods include photoexcitation and electrical glow discharge
    sor plasmad.
    In a catalytic growth the deposition of carbon usually
    occurs on one side of the surface of a catalyst particle. Thus,
    two of the dimensions of the growing “film” are limited by
    the size of the particle, while the third dimension is not
    bound, leading to quasi-one-dimensional growth. In many
    synthesis processes, the diameter of the resultant carbon filament
    is approximately equal to that of the nanoparticle in the
    range from 5 to 500 nm. However, there is evidence that, for
    example, single-walled carbon nanotubes originate on catalyst
    particles that are significantly larger in size than the
    nanotubes themselves s1 nmd.
    The apparatus for C-TCVD usually consists of a quartz
    tube inside a furnace with a controllable source gas flow
    sFig. 6d. There are two common methods of introducing the
    catalyst into the system: supported catalyst and floating catalyst.
    In the supported catalyst method, the catalyst is deposited
    onto a substrate which is then placed inside the tube
    furnace se.g., Ref. 40d. In the floating catalyst method, the
    catalyst particles form from a source gas and are not attached
    to a substrate. For example, the high-pressure carbon monoxide
    sHiPcod process, which allows a high volume production
    of carbon nanotubes, is one such floating catalyst
    method.41
    C-TCVD has been successfully used to synthesize a
    whole range of carbon nanostructures. Carbon nanofiber synthesis
    using C-TCVD has been observed since the late
    1950s.2,3 Recently, C-TCVD has been optimized for the
    growth of multiwalled carbon nanotubes sMWCNTsd,42 and
    even single-walled carbon nanotubes sSWCNTsd.40,43 It is
    believed that SWCNTs are favored in CVD if the catalyst
    particles are small and the carbon supply is low, with sufficient
    energy in the system sT.900 ̊Cd.44 The catalyst particle
    preparation was found to be crucial in control of the
    structure of nanotubes.
    By combining an efficient trilayer catalyst thin film ssupported
    catalystd, developed by Delzeit et al.,45 with introduction
    of ferrocene sfloating catalystd in addition to acetylene,
    Eres et al. produced dense arrays of vertically aligned multiwalled
    nanotubes by C-TCVD that are 3.5 mm tall.46 Recently
    Eres et al. reported that after optimization, the maximum
    length of the nanotube achieved by this method was
    9.25 mm.47
    2. C-TCVD growth mechanisms
    The catalytic nature of the carbon filament growth process
    was established by Tesner and co-workers48,49 who
    showed that carbon filaments had metal particles associated
    with them. The growth mechanism leading to the formation
    of carbon nanofibers has been studied by many different
    groups. Baker et al. used in situ electron microscopy techniques
    to directly observe the manner by which small metal
    particles generated carbon nanofibers during the decomposition
    of acetylene.50 From an analysis of recorded image sequences
    they measured the rates of growth of the material
    and determined some of the kinetic parameters involved in
    the process. On the basis of these experiments, a growth
    mechanism was proposed that was later refined to include the
    following steps: sid adsorption and decomposition of the reactant
    hydrocarbon molecule on a surface of catalyst, siid
    dissolution and diffusion of carbon species through the metal
    particle, and siiid precipitation of carbon on the opposite surface
    of the catalyst particle to form the nanofiber structure.
    Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram that illustrates the key
    features of this growth model for a tip-type carbon nanofiber
    structure, where precipitation occurs on the bottom surface
    of the catalyst particle, thus elevating the particle, which remains
    at the tip throughout the growth. The chemical nature
    of the metal catalyst, the reaction temperature, and the composition
    of the reactant gas dictate the morphology and degree
    of crystalline perfection exhibited by the carbon nanofibers.
    The kinetics of the three steps listed above determines
    the growth rate. The supply-limited process depends on the
    rates of arrival of different gas species to the catalyst surface,
    their adsorption rates, and their respective decomposition
    rates. It has been argued that diffusion of carbon through the
    metal catalyst particle is the rate-determining step, as supported
    by the close agreement between the measured activation
    energy for nanofiber growth and that for carbon diffusion
    through the respective metals used as catalysts. Initially,
    the driving force for the bulk diffusion of carbon through the
    metal particle was ascribed to a temperature gradient,50,51
    which was believed to develop due to exothermic reactions
    of decomposition on the surface of the catalyst. Later, it was
    proposed that concentration gradients drove the carbon diffusion
    through the catalyst particle, and there are several
    hypotheses about the processes involved in the formation of
    such concentration gradient. Nielsen and Trimm proposed
    that the carbon solubility at the gas/metal interface differs
    from that at the metal/carbon interface, since the activity of
    carbon in the gas phase may be much higher than one.52
    Sacco et al. suggested that the mass flux originates from the
    solubility difference between carbon at the alpha-iron/Fe3C
    interface and that between alpha-iron and carbon itself.53
    Kock et al. proposed that the driving force for bulk carbon
    diffusion is the gradient of the carbon content of substoichiometric
    carbides, whereby the carbon content decreases in the
    direction of the metal/carbon interface.54 Central to the
    model of Alstrup is the assumption that the carbon atoms
    entering the selvedge, which consists of subsurface layers
    that differ from the ideal structure of bulk crystal, create a
    “surface carbide” that forms the source of carbon atoms diffusing
    through the bulk of the metal particle.55

    (Etc.)
    Downloaded 04 Feb 2005 to 128.219.65.64.

    http://tolik.sciencedom.com/publications/papers/pdf_papers/VACNF_review.pdf

    ***

    Electron carrier concentration dependent magnetization in ZnO:Co …
    by Z Yang – Related articles
    Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1035 © 2008 Materials Research Society. 1035-L06-06 ….. This work was supported by DOD/DMEA through the Center of Nanomateials and …
    www.mrs.org/s_mrs/bin.asp?CID=11345&DID=207059&DOC..

    ***

    ***

    Pronk-de%20Haas%20TUE%20070707%20MZ.pdf

    http://www.arnopronk.com/

    Researchers such as Arno Pronk, Eindhoven University of Technology, Holland, have begun to understand the structural capabilities and improved strengths possible with the fabric form. Pronk recognized the complicated curving structures draped by fabric were similar to clothing so he borrowed analytical software from the fashion industry and successfully modeled and analyzed these form-active structures.

    ***

    International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures
    STRUCTURAL MEMBARNES 2007
    E. Oñate, and B. Kröplin, (Eds)
    Ó CIMNE, Barcelona, 2007
    HEAT-TRANSMITTING MEMBRANE
    VOLUME 1
    ARNO PRONK*, TIM DE HAAS†,MARK COX†
    Eindhoven University of Technology
    (TU/e)
    P.O. Box 513 5600 MB The Netherlands
    e-mail: a.d.c.Pronk@tue.nl , info@timdehaas.com or m.g.d.m.cox@tue.nl
    Key words: Distance fabric, Climate control, Vacuum injection.
    Summary: Multilayer membranes filled with a heat-transmitting substance/material make it
    possible to heat up or cool down a space by radiation. When a fluid is used, the principle of
    vacuum-injection can be used to make a heat-transmitting membrane with the capacity of
    500W/m2.K The working of the heat-transmitting membrane can be improved by a proper use
    of the fluid dynamics. Extra membranes could increase the effects, because they filter the
    radiation of the sun and insulate the construction. Applications of this heat-transmitting
    membrane can be found in the climate control of inflatables, tents and buildings

    [ . . . ]

    3 HEAT ADAPTING MEMBRANE
    To make a heat-adapting membrane the resin is
    replaced by water. The volume between the two
    layers is put into under-pressure. To keep space
    between the layers drainage (fiber) material is used.
    Through this space it is possible to transport water.
    When glycol is added to the water, the water can be
    cooled below 0C. In this way it is possible to make
    ice on the surface of the membrane. Also warm Figure 4 – Laminar-turbulent
    Figure 3 – Ice membrane
    Figure 2 – With vacuum
    Figure 1 –With over pressure
    ARNO PRONK*, TIM DE HAAS†, MARK COX†
    4
    water can be used to use the membrane as a
    radiator.
    Also important for cooling down and heating up
    fluids are the hydrodynamics, when a fluid is
    pumped through a surface there is an amount of
    flow. The Reynolds figure2 is the most important
    figure in hydrodynamics. It determines if the flow is
    turbulent (Red > 3500) or laminar (Red < 2300).
    When the flow is turbulent, the fluid can give more
    energy to the surface it is flowing through. This is
    due to the effective mixing of the fluid. For laminar
    flow the coefficient of transition is of the order of
    500 W/m2K and for turbulent flow approximately
    1500-2000 W/m2K. The membrane in fig 2 turned
    out to be laminar.
    The system works as long as the membranes are 100% fluid closed. If there comes air in the
    system the fluid pumps will turn down. The amount of seams increases if the form of the
    object becomes more complex. It is hard to make a 100% fluid closed envelope out of a
    polyester reinforced membrane in a complex form with a lot of seams. The problem of the
    leakage and the other problem of turbulent flow were solved by an improved design. In this
    design the heating/cooling fluid is pumped through a tube; this tube lays within the fiber. The
    fiber is filled with water and has underpressure compared to the atmosphere. Therefore only
    water can leak from the membranes and the flow of the heating/cooling liquid is turbulent.
    Important parameters for the design are the tube diameter, distance between the tubes, fluid
    speed and temperature, glycol/water ratio, layer thickness, coefficients of transition and the
    surrounding temperatures.
    Ir. A.D.C. Pronk
    Den Dolech 2
    Postbus 513
    5600 MB Eindhoven
    Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
    Fac. Bouwkunde, Vertigo 7.14
    Tel: 040-2472585
    Fax: 040-2475887
    email: a.d.c.pronk@bwk.tue.nl

    site: www.arnopronk.com

    ****
    I sent this email to your Society for Fabric Forming and to one of your colleagues asking that you would be inspired to participate in the rebuilding and rebuilding / retrofitting / architectural upgrading plans that will be a part of Haiti’s recovery from the recent earthquake.

    This is what I sent to them -

    Looking at the structural forms created by Professor Remo Pedreschi and others on your site – could your team of fabric based architectural specialists tackle and solve the problems of rebuilding and retrofitting existing structures in Haiti (immediately – some members from Calif. architectural engineering academics already arriving to study the sheer volume of structures and the possibilities for going forward).

    Would you consider having architectural fabrics of earthquake resistant technologies manufactured in Haiti using their apparel / fabric mfg plants to use on site at Port au Prince in the rebuilding, using the specialties of your group in the reconstruction?

    Thankyou for your consideration – there are H.O.P.E. tariff free programs, economic development funds from US Dept. of Commerce and the Clinton Foundation among others – please join with other teams in the area and utilize what you know to help the people in Haiti.

    Thanks so much -
    cricketdiane
    Diane C Phillips

    sent on 01-22-10
    2.26 pmET

    at the International Society of Fabric Forming

    ***

    After reading through your paper and information about the heat transfer membranes, along with some information that I found about earthquake resistant geotextile applications, some of which I found here -

    http://www.quakewrap.com/frp%20papers/A-New-Application-Of-CFRP-Fabrics-In-Earthquake-resistant-RC%20Bridge-Piers.pdf

    it looks like the application of these technologies in the reconstruction of Port au Prince and bringing Haiti’s building up to a safer, more humanitarian standard would be a perfect place for their use.

    I do not have a commercial interest in this project. I am not affiliated with any agency or anyone. I’m just asking you to help because I believe your specialized knowledge of these applications, your structural understanding of these novel applications concerning their tensile and load bearing capacities, and your inspiring willingness to bring yourself to challenge them are uniquely suited to the task. So, I’m asking you to participate and to connect with your colleagues around the world, in California, in Europe, in your architectural engineering societies in order to accomplish something extraordinary.

    One other note, I found that the US Department of Commerce and its Economic Development branch had put in place some tariff free incentives and funds which are still active through December 2011 intended to promote a textile industry in Haiti. It was part of a program called H.O.P.E. and allows the manufacture of fabrics in Haiti as of the changes made in 2006. I didn’t find any restriction that the fabric had to be manufactured specifically for apparel and consequently, realized it could be used for the manufacture of structural, geotextile, earthquake-resistant and for nano-carbon impregnated woven polymer and non-polymer fabrics. There have already been funds made available for this textile industry to be realized in Haiti, both through the UN and United States economic development grants to Haiti.

    As much as I don’t know exactly how to organize a changeover in mindset for those in the position to translate the current uses of the Haitian fabric making capacity to this use, I do believe that you and your colleagues could inspire it and possibly help to underwrite your own research by being involved with it. I’m going to try to suggest it to the Clinton Foundation and the US Commerce Department Economic Development teams.

    The changeover of the economic development plans for Haiti, from one based on apparel to one based on the structural integrity specialty and geotextile fabrics could serve the population of Haiti with something more valuable than sweatshops and incrementally minimum pay as the apparel trade is prone to do. In the meantime, the people of Haiti would be participating in the rebuilding of their communities to a level and standard much safer than what had been there before the earthquake and before the ravages of previous hurricanes.

    Please do interact with your colleagues about this and please do participate, whether today or as soon as you can.

    I can see the application of your materials science research and structural engineering inventiveness could make worlds of difference in the aftermath of these disasters, including this one in Haiti.

    Thankyou so much for the work you do,
    cricketdiane

    To:

    http://sz0168.wc.mail.comcast.net/zimbra/mail#3

    ***

    USAID Development 2.0 Challenge
    USAID’s Global Development Commons – (by the way, I couldn’t figure out any contact point in order to participate on their website – but the site is glorious otherwise and offered welcome news about the Shanghai World Expo)

    Dear Secretary of State Hillary Clinton,

    I had an idea for Haiti that incorporates the use of structural reinforcing fabrics like the geotextiles and the carbon nanofiber technologies which could be manufactured through the existing woven textile and apparel manufacturing economic development funded industries’ facilities already made available to Haiti. Using the H.O.P.E. program tariff incentives and other international economic development programs, the existing development needs could be fulfilled by manufacturing and using these earthquake and hurricane resistant technology-based building systems to rebuild Haiti and to upgrade existing structures.

    There are a number of architectural engineers from around the world, who have developed systems for fabric-formed architectural forms using concrete reinforced with these novel fibers, carbon impregnated fabrics and geotextiles. Could you pave the way for them to partnership with the USAID and UNESCO / UN International Development groups to accomplish a safer Haiti and create the possibilities for it to provide economic development for the people of Haiti at the same time? I am not a lawyer, let alone an international lawyer, but I know that the income to be derived from licensing these structural fabrics for manufacture in and export from Haiti would provide a very real economic development plan far in excess of the apparel industry.

    The Global Partnerships Initiative looked like a good way to bring the patent holders together with the construction and architectural engineers, but I don’t know how to do it. Your office does it all the time. There must be a number of ways that it could be quickly facilitated. Today, I’ve sent several emails requesting those involved in the Society for Fabric Forming and Materials Science Engineering to become involved in the project in Haiti.

    The old economic development plan was not created with the new possibilities in mind. Please see to it that the range of options and fields of possibilities aren’t narrowed, but rather are increased in their thresholds and magnitudes. There is no excuse for Haiti to be treated as if it is a prison colony or enslaved and exploited by its governing class any longer. The days when that happened can become far removed from today by your actions to insure a strong new future for Haiti and all of her people hand in hand with the US.

    A note from a book I’m reading -

    First,  Mr. Root said,  before there is any question of international law, you must be a lawyer.

    - Elihu Root quote from a passage by Philip C. Jessup recounted on page 157 of the book,  Listen to Leaders in Law  and on page 159 of the same text, it says,  Perhaps you don’t know that to make sure the United States would observe its international obligations, Congress in 1789 passed a law (still on the books) providing that the federal district courts should have original jurisdiction . . . of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States.

    Further, it states,  Did you know that the United States has pressed and defended claims for breaches of international law before some thirty different international tribunals? . . . (etc.)

    1963, Tupper & Love, Inc.,  Listen to Leaders in Law

    (The diverted money given to economic development could be restored from ministers who have previously hijacked it. – my note)

    **
    Thankyou for consideration and for all of your efforts,
    cricketdiane

    Diane C. Phillips
    1525 Terrell Mill Place, Apt. H
    Marietta, GA  30067

    (770) 933-9467

    http://cricketdiane.wordpress.com/

    dianecphillips@comcast.net

    ***

    BalderstonKM@state.gov

    avmelech@unity.ncsu.edu
    Anatoli Melechko
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering
    North Carolina State University
    Campus Box 7919
    Raleigh, NC 27695
    USA

    Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers and related structures: Controlled synthesis and directed assembly, co-author
    1. T.V. Hughes and C.R. Chambers, Manufacture of Carbon Filaments, US Patent No. 405, 480, (1889).

    **

    Method of making fabric reinforced concrete columns to provide …
    by FP Isley Jr – 1997 – Cited by 5 – Related articles – All 2 versions
    Method of making fabric reinforced concrete columns to provide earthquake protection. United States Patent 5607527. Reinforced concrete columns wherein the …
    www.freepatentsonline.com/5607527.html

    [PDF]
    A NEW APPLICATION OF CFRP FABRICS IN EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT RC …
    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – View as HTML
    A NEW APPLICATION OF CFRP FABRICS IN EARTHQUAKE-. RESISTANT RC BRIDGE PIERS. M. Saiidi1, F. Gordaninejad2, B. Gopalakrishnan3, and E. Reinhardt4 …
    www.quakewrap.com/…/A-New-Application-Of-CFRP-Fabrics-In-Earthquake-resistant-RC%20Bridge-Piers.pdf

    A-New-Application-Of-CFRP-Fabrics-In-Earthquake-resistant-RC Bridge-Piers.pdf

    http://www.quakewrap.com/frp%20papers/A-New-Application-Of-CFRP-Fabrics-In-Earthquake-resistant-RC%20Bridge-Piers.pdf

    **
    Conference presenters share experiences with fabric-formed architectural structures
    A conference on the use of fabric formwork for architectural structures drew interest from around the world.
    Fabric Architecture | September 2008
    By Sharon Roe
    The C.A.S.T. building on the University of Manitoba campus, where the Fabric Formwork conference was held. Photo: Daniel J. Green, AIA

    * Models of various cast formwork in the lab. Photo: Daniel J. Green, AIA
    * Model created by Kenzo Unno in response to the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Photo: Daniel J. Green, AIA

    * geosynthetics

    Whether you are drawn to the sinewy, sensuous concrete forms shaped by spandex or to the simplicity, efficiency, and flexibility of the geotextile-formwork, this conference was a feast for the eyes and food for the brain. Presenters came from around the world and shared — for the first time as a collective — their experiences with fabric-formed architectural structures.

    Fabric-formed concrete uses flexible, permeable textile membranes (geotextile, cotton, spandex) in place of rigid formwork for concrete construction. Excess water and trapped air are allowed to escape through the membrane while the cement paste is retained. This technology eliminates most of the problems encountered in a traditional pour. Also, with the fabric and the minimal supports required to hold the fabric in place, the fluid concrete is free to find balance with the form as the form conforms to the slurry.

    Although the elements are beautiful and seductive, most of the builders who are using fabric forms began with a need for practicality. With an eye to the construction site, attention turned to geotextiles. Not only are these durable fabrics already a part of the contractor’s supplies, they function similarly to all other fabrics that have been studied in forming concrete.

    Tokyo architect Kenzo Unno developed his construction system in response to the 1995 Kobe earthquake. His requirements were that it had to be earthquake resistant, inexpensive, and easier to build than wood construction. David South, co-founder of Monolithic Constructors Inc. and the Monolithic Domes Institute, uses inflatable fabric forms that are sprayed with concrete to form thin-shelled domes. His system allows for both very large and very small construction, including hand-built housing in developing countries. Sandy Lawton, of Arro-Design, Waitsfield, Vermont, was commissioned to build on a delicate and difficult site. Using fabric Fast-Forms developed by Fab-Form Industries, they were able to drop in the fabric tubes and form five, 9m columns—each column completed in a single pour. Those five columns created a minimal footprint for the remaining construction.

    Yet, in spite of all the positives, the construction market has been slow to adopt this new (no matter how simple) technology. Although it seems almost intuitive that these are excellent systems, there are still many questions and uncertainties. Because the forms have complex curves, the engineering calculations for structural loads are atypical. Researchers such as Arno Pronk, Eindhoven University of Technology, Holland, have begun to understand the structural capabilities and improved strengths possible with the fabric form. Pronk recognized the complicated curving structures draped by fabric were similar to clothing so he borrowed analytical software from the fashion industry and successfully modeled and analyzed these form-active structures.
    In the end, it all came back to the T-shirt. Although people had worked independently, the integrity of the construction method had made its way around the world, through artist studios, architecture classrooms, developing countries, post-earthquake zones, research labs, and ended up at this conference — the best one I’ve attended in a decade.

    The First International Conference: Fabric Formwork Conference for Architectural Structures, held May 16–18, 2008, was organized by Mark West and the group from C.A.S.T. (The Centre for Architectural Structures and Technology), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

    For more information on the conference and the speakers: www.fabricforming.org/news_ff_conference.html.

    http://www.fabricforming.org/news_ff_conference.html

    Sharon Roe is a senior lecturer in the School of Architecture, University of Minnesota College of Design.

    http://fabricarchitecturemag.com/articles/0908_rp_conference.html

    Remo Pedreschi, an Engineer and Professor of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland has done research into flexible formwork and how it allows the construction of a new architectural ‘language’ of sensual fluid forms.

    He also demonstrated how fabric provides simple ways of shaping efficiently curved structural members. His presentation described and illustrated techniques for constructing fabric-formed columns, walls, beams, trusses, panels, and thin-shell vaults using plain flat sheets of fabric and standard construction tools, and it explored some of the architectural possibilities opened up by fabric-formed concrete.

    ***********

    http://webdb.ucs.ed.ac.uk/ddm/ACEstaff/entry/onemessage.cfm?txt=16

    Professor Remo Pedreschi

    BSc PhD, MICE CEng
    Professor of Archtectural Technology

    Architecture: School of Arts, Culture and Environment (ACE)
    The University of Edinburgh
    20 Chambers Street
    EH1 1JZ
    Scotland
    United Kingdom

    Tel: +44 (0) 131 650 2301
    Fax: +44 (0) 131 650 8019
    r.pedreschi@ed.ac.uk

    http://homepages.ed.ac.uk/rpedresc/

    **
    My Note – I contacted this man by email and also, Mr. Pronk along with the Intnl Society of Fabric Forming to ask them if they would consider using their specialized knowledge to help in the rebuilding of Haiti. Please make it possible along with the teams from the US, especially those from Southern California who have already been on site examining and analyzing the damage and structural failures. Most of those buildings were never up to a code or building standard of safety suitable for human habitation, let alone as a place of safety during rigorous natural events. We could fix this now in ways that are sustainable and appropriate. Please give your agency teams the realm to facilitate this.

    The International Society of Fabric Forming (ISOFF) was created to fill a multiplicity of needs in the concrete forming industry:

    * To communicate the work of researchers in fabric forming to manufacturers, distributors and concrete contractors;
    * To provide feedback to researchers from forming contractors and distributors on new technology and needs for further research;
    * To communicate to the world at large of the dramatic environmental benefits of replacing rigid forms with fabric.

    http://fabricforming.org/society.html

    ***

    Pronk-de%20Haas%20TUE%20070707%20MZ.pdf

    http://www.arnopronk.com/

    Researchers such as Arno Pronk, Eindhoven University of Technology, Holland, have begun to understand the structural capabilities and improved strengths possible with the fabric form. Pronk recognized the complicated curving structures draped by fabric were similar to clothing so he borrowed analytical software from the fashion industry and successfully modeled and analyzed these form-active structures.

    ***

    International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures
    STRUCTURAL MEMBARNES 2007
    E. Oñate, and B. Kröplin, (Eds)
    Ó CIMNE, Barcelona, 2007
    HEAT-TRANSMITTING MEMBRANE
    VOLUME 1
    ARNO PRONK*, TIM DE HAAS†,MARK COX†
    Eindhoven University of Technology
    (TU/e)
    P.O. Box 513 5600 MB The Netherlands
    e-mail: a.d.c.Pronk@tue.nl , info@timdehaas.com or m.g.d.m.cox@tue.nl

    Last note – I will continue to ask those who can bring their uniquely suited skills to the task, to do so. Thankyou so much for all that you do (for all of us,) and for the monumental tasks that you and your teams are challenging.
    - cricketdiane
    ***
    ***
    FGeneralInquiries@state.gov

    Haiti has economic development funds that could provide a real economy if used to create structural reinforcing fabrics to export and use for rebuilding Haiti – cricketdiane

    ***

    Sent By:

    dianecphillips@comcast.net      On:    Jan 01/22/10 10:32 PM
    To:    CNN Story Idea
    Cc:    FGeneralInquiries@state.gov; Partnerships@State.gov

    ***

    Win $250,000 for Innovative Solar Power and Customer Financing Systems

    Solar energy provides a clean, sustainable, and reliable electrical source. Yet solar power is expensive and in the developing world, buyers often do not have the ability to purchase these systems. So they buy dirty, unreliable, but cheap petrol and diesel generators instead.
    Looking for a new solar power

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    http://www.ictworks.org/news/2009/12/18/win-250000-innovative-solar-power-and-buyer-financing-systems

    DETAILS – Solar for All Contest

    The Challenge
    Presently 1.6 billion people worldwide, mostly in developing countries, live without access to energy. Modern energy fulfils basic needs, but is also a necessary motor for socio-economic development. Electricity advances developmental factors such as small business development, access to appliances (e.g., refrigeration), extended operation and working hours, access to communications, more security, enhanced education levels and rural development. Energy can improve the life of millions.

    In many developing countries with limited access to energy, decentralized solar energy provides a sustainable and reliable energy source. Yet access to energy remains constrained by factors like limited access to well-adapted affordable technology, fragmented small markets, prohibitive taxes, and limited financial resources. The ‘Solar for All’ initiative wants to meet these technical and financial challenges with a global design contest.

    KeyCriteria
    The “Solar for All” contest focuses on end-user needs. Applications shall demonstrate improvements to the modularity, scalability and replicability of PV systems and advance innovative payment and financing schemes:

    1. We are looking for innovative PV off-grid power supply solutions for low-income end-users in developing countries. These may be solar home systems, mini-grids, hybrid solutions or PV systems with special applications. We are open to a broad variety of solutions as long as they produce AC or DC power and are focused on end-users. The technical innovation might be a modular system, that is highly adaptable to local conditions with an intelligent payment system (e.g. RFID) or an anti-theft measure.
    2. We are looking for contributors who in addition to their technical innovation, have already developed a market approach. This can be a business plan, a market penetration strategy, installation and maintenance (like after sales services), end-user financing, geographic scalability or other positive socio-economic impacts like the involvement of women. Applicants may focus on one or on several of these aspects.

    The  Solar for All  Contest focuses on technical solutions and encourages applications that can also address all other challenges.

    Who can apply for the “Solar for All” Contest?
    We are looking forward to applications amongst others by manufacturers (e.g. PV modules, battery), system integrators, social entrepreneurs, NGOs or universities. Important is the will and capability of realizing a technical production facility in a challenging environment as the off-grid market in developing countries.

    Timeline
    1 December 2009 – Contest Announcement
    28 February 2010 – Expression of Interest (optional)
    30 April 2010 – End of Submission
    12 July 2010 – Award Ceremony

    Click here to download the Solar for All contest guidlines.adobe
    Click here to download the Solar for All contest application form.word

    Click here to download contest information in Spanish.pdf
    Click here to download contest information in Chinese.pdf

    Contact
    Canopus Foundation
    E-Mail contest@canopusfund.org
    Phone +49 761 2020 172

    contact: info@canopusfund.org           © Canopus Foundation

    http://www.canopusfund.org/solar_for_all_contest_details.html

    ***

    Guidelines_SfA_Contest_091203.pdf

    “Solar For All”
    Changing The Energy Landscape
    In Developing Countries
    Contest For Innovative Photovoltaic Off-Grid
    Power Supply Systems
    Guidelines
    Presented by
    2
    Content
    1. ABSTRACT 3
    THE CHALLENGE 3
    THE SOLUTION 3
    EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION PROCESS 4
    AWARD 4
    WHO CAN APPLY FOR THE “SOLAR FOR ALL” CONTEST? 4
    TIMELINE 5
    THE JURY 5
    CONTACT 5
    2. REQUIREMENTS 5
    3. DETAILED SPECIFICATION ON TECHNICAL DESIGN OF THE PV SYSTEM AND MARKET APPROACH 7
    3.1 TECHNICAL DESIGN OF THE PV SYSTEM 7
    3.1.1 Technical design of innovative PV off-grid power supply systems 7
    3.1.2 Technical specifications 7
    3.1.3 Metering, control and monitoring 8
    3.1.4 Other indicators for large-scale production 9
    3.1.5 Quality assurance 9
    3.2 MARKET APPROACH 9
    3.2.1 Market penetration strategy 10
    3.2.2 Installation / Maintenance 11
    3.2.3 End-user financing 11
    3.2.4 Business plan 11
    3.2.5 Geographic scalability 12
    3.2.6 Other socio-economic impacts 12
    4. EVALUATION CRITERIA 13
    4.1 PARTICIPANT QUALIFICATIONS 13
    4.2 PARTICIPANTS ELIGIBILITY 13
    4.3 PROOF OF CAPACITY AND EXPERIENCE 13
    4.4 CONFORMANCE OF SYSTEM DESIGN AND MARKET APPROACH 13
    6. ANNEX I: RECOMMENDATIONS ON TECHNICAL COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS 15
    6.1 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES 15
    6.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC CHARGE / SYSTEM CONTROLLER 15
    6.3 RECHARGEABLE DEEP CYCLE BATTERY 15
    6.4 INVERTERS 15
    3
    Guidelines for the “Solar for All” contest for
    innovative PV off-grid power supply system solutions
    together with strategies for market implementation
    The “Solar for All” Initiative invites contestants to submit proposals to participate
    in a contest to find the most innovative PV power supply system solutions for low
    income off-grid customers together with strategies for their market
    implementation.
    1. Abstract
    Ashoka and the Canopus Foundation, initiators of the ‘Solar for All’ initiative, are
    launching the “Solar for All” contest to find the most innovative solutions for
    providing affordable solar photovoltaic systems to low income off-grid
    households. The competition is open to all participants from across the PV
    supply chain including manufacturers, PV system integrators, and social
    entrepreneurs working to provide sustainable and reliable energy to low income
    end-users without access to the electricity grid.
    The Challenge
    Presently 1.6 billion people worldwide, mostly in developing countries, live
    without access to energy. Modern energy fulfils basic needs, but is also a
    necessary engine for socio-economic development. Electricity advances
    developmental factors such as small business development, access to
    appliances (e.g., refrigeration), extended operation and working hours, access to
    communications, more security, enhanced education levels and rural
    development. Energy can improve the life of millions.
    In many developing countries with limited access to energy, decentralized solar
    energy provides a sustainable and reliable energy source. Yet, access to energy
    remains constrained by factors such as limited access to well-adapted affordable
    technology, fragmented small markets, prohibitive taxes, and limited financial
    resources. The ‘Solar for All’ initiative wants to meet these technical and financial
    challenges with a global design contest.
    The Solution
    The “Solar for All” contest focuses on end-user needs. Applications should
    demonstrate improvements to the modularity, scalability and replicability of PV
    systems and advance innovative payment and financing schemes:
    1. We are looking for innovative PV off-grid power supply solutions which would
    be optimal for low-income end-users in developing countries. These may be
    solar home systems, mini-grids, hybrid solutions or PV systems with special
    applications. We are open to a broad variety of solutions as long as they
    produce AC or DC power and are focused on the needs of the end-users.
    The technical innovation might be a modular system, that is highly adaptable
    4
    to local conditions, delivered with an intelligent payment system (e.g. RFID)
    or an anti-theft measure.
    2. We are looking for contributors who in addition to their technical innovation
    have already developed, or are developing, a strategy for market
    implementation. This could be a business plan, covering for example: a
    market penetration strategy, installation and maintenance (e.g. after sales
    support), end-user financing, as well as the product’s potential for geographic
    scalability or other positive socio-economic impacts such as the involvement
    of women. Applicants may choose to focus on one or on several of these
    aspects.
    The  Solar for All  Contest focuses on technical solutions but also encourages
    applications which also address the additional challenges of effective delivery to
    the end-user as well.
    Evaluation criteria for the selection process
    In order to carry out the evaluation of the proposals evaluation criteria have been
    given for each category. The qualification of each item may have three different
    marks according to general requirements, category and added value.
    If you want to discuss whether your work is relevant to the “Solar for All” contest,
    or have questions about how to fill in the form, then you are welcome to contact
    us at contest@canopusfund.org, and one of our team will get in touch with you.
    Award
    The winner of the ‘Solar for All’ contest will be awarded a $250,000 investment
    by Deutsche Bank Americas Foundation. Three of the finalists will also be
    recognized for innovations in technology, finance and marketing. Participants in
    the contest could also be supported by a projected $100 million solar investment
    fund. This new fund, to be established by the ‘Solar for All’ initiative, will invest
    across the PV solar value chain, including microfinance or other end-user
    financing schemes that help making the product affordable to the end-user.
    Who can apply for the “Solar for All” Contest?
    We are looking forward to applications by manufacturers (e.g. PV modules,
    battery), system integrators, social entrepreneurs, NGOs or universities amongst
    others. The winning applicants will demonstrate the drive and capability needed
    to overcome the challenges of bringing their product to the off-grid market in
    developing countries.
    5
    Timeline
    1 December 2009 Announcement of the contest
    31 February 2010 Expression of interest (optional)
    30 April 2010 End of submission
    12 July 2010 Award ceremony
    The Jury
     Prof. Eicke Weber, Director Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
    (ISE), Chairman of the jury, Germany
     Dipal C. Barua, Director Grameen Shakti, Bangladesh
     Patricio Boyd, Director Emprenda, Argentina
     David Green, Vice President Ashoka International, USA
     Gary Hattem, Managing Director Deutsche Bank and President Deutsche
    Bank Americas Foundation, USA
     Peter Heller, Director Canopus Foundation, Germany
     Andreas Kirchschläger, Director elea Foundation, Switzerland
     Richenda Van Leeuwen, Board member Good Energies Foundation,
    Switzerland
     Ms. Hélène Pelosse, Director General IRENA, France
    All the information sent will be seen by the judges and technical assessors. If you
    become a finalist it may also be shown to Awards funders and to our publicity
    team, and used in publicity materials. Please make it clear if any information
    should be restricted to judges only.
    Contact
    Canopus Foundation
    E-Mail contest@canopusfund.org
    Phone +49 761 2020 172
    Website www.sfa-pv.org
    2. Requirements
     Proposals for innovative PV off-grid power supply systems should cover the
    technical design of the PV off-grid power supply system and set out a market
    approach (i.e. which off-grid market the product is designed for and a
    business plan setting out how that product might be rolled out in that target
    market)
    6
     Each part comprises compulsory and optional categories (which provide
    additional value). Each category will be evaluated based on the suggested
    and expected items.
     The proposal should follow the “application form” and has to cover all the
    required criteria.
     Applications should be submitted in English. Please contact us if submitting a
    proposal in English presents difficulties for you.
     The contest proposals must include already-commercialised and established
    products or at least a promising prototype which has been proven under
    laboratory conditions. Applications with already-commercialized products
    should confirm the performance capabilities of the system by providing
    operational data as well as details of technical applications and
    demonstration of customer acceptance. If necessary, a technical assessor
    will contact the applicant to carry out system inspections.
    7
    3. Detailed specification on technical design of the PV
    system and market approach
    Please note that general requirements are compulsory, whereas others add
    value to your application and can rather be seen as suggestions.
    3.1 Technical Design of the PV System
    Description of the main categories and items for the technical design for
    innovative PV off-grid power supply systems:
    3.1.1 Technical design of innovative PV off-grid power supply systems
    General requirements
     For each proposal only one system design will be accepted;
     All systems have to be designed to generate and provide electricity. If extra
    heat/power generation or other by-products are also produced in addition to
    electricity this is also eligible;
     The system design proposed has to be based on Photovoltaic solar energy.
    Categorisation
    The PV system design:
     May be combined with other different renewable energy technologies (Wind,
    Hydro, Biomass, etc.) as hybrid PV system solutions;
     is able to provide DC and/or AC power;
     May have a storage system;
     May have one of the following configurations:
     Stand-alone (i.e. solar home systems)
     Hybrid PV systems powering stand-alone applications
     Hybrid PV systems powering mini-grids
     PV systems for special applications, e.g. solar water pumps or others
    applications
    Exclusions
    Systems based on renewable energy solutions which do not include solar PV or
    proposals not including the compulsory items will not be considered.
    Technical specifications
    The description of the system and the technical design have to include the
    following technical specifications:
    8
    General requirements
     Size, dimension and capacity of the system design;
     Layout and blueprints;
     Installation, construction and commissioning (e.g. Installation manuals).
    Added value
     Product safeties such as anti-theft measures;
     Special or innovative features of the design;
     The extent to which the product is adapted for local conditions: e.g.
    modularity, use of local content for materials or components, installation and
    operation advantages, etc.;
     Main performance indicators of the components and the system. They may
    highlight the advantages of the system design;
     Training and user information (e.g. User manuals).
    3.1.2 Metering, control and monitoring
    The PV Off-Grid Power Supply System design should include a measurement
    system that provides values of the relevant input and output variables during the
    operation of the system. Relevant input/output variables include for example the
    generation of kWh of the solar module, the battery throughput and the energy
    consumed by the end users.
    The Innovative PV Off-Grid Power Supply System has to include:
    General requirements
     Methods/instruments or other concepts that make it possible to generate
    information about the operation of the system;
     The scope of the metering, control and monitoring system has to be specified
    for each system design and may include the following components:
    Added value
     Methods and instruments to guarantee the expected electricity service for the
    end-user (quality assurance);
     Methods/instruments/system-interfaces that provide information about the
    electricity supply for the operator (quality assurance);
     Identification of electricity demand growth;
     Identification of failures, O&M abnormalities, maintenance & replacement
    needs and intervals;
     Communication possibilities/capabilities for cross-border information and data
    transfer;
     Innovative concepts for metering and payment (e.g. RFID)
     A technology platform to facilitate end-user finance.
    9
    3.1.3 Other indicators for large-scale production
    Added value
     Delivery, construction and commissioning time, specified numbers;
     After sales services, delivery time and effort for replacement and
    maintenance;
     Transportation weight, needed space, special requirements for
    transportation;
     Maximization of the potential for local sourcing (materials and work force)
    3.1.4 Quality assurance
    Quality assurance comprises not only the quality of the system design, but also
    of the installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance, as well as long
    term after-sales support. Warranties and certified components enable
    standardisation across the off-grid industry and ensure that the customer is both
    protected and aware of the service levels that can be expected.
    The Proposal should include:
    General requirement
     Description of components (technical specifications) of the system design;
     Minimum warranties for products have to be included. Detailed technical
    system specifications for main components (PV module or other generators,
    charge controllers, inverters, storage) and others may be submitted with
    annexes;
    The Innovative PV Off-Grid Power Supply System may also include:
    Added value
     Detailed technical system specifications/certifications for main components
    (PV module or other generators, charge controllers, inverters, storage);
     Operation and maintenance services, and after-sales services may be
    specified;
     Modularity and flexibility of the systems and their components to meet
    unpredictable demand;
     The possibility of upgrading already existing systems with new products;
     Recommendations for quality conformance.
    3.2 Market approach
    The proposal should set out the contestant’s proposed market approach i.e.
    setting out a strategy of how the PV system will be produced, installed,
    maintained and made affordable for low income customers in the target off-grid
    market.
    10
    The market approach section of the Proposal should include discussion of:
    1. Market penetration strategy: e.g. which geography? How many systems are
    expected to be installed? In what time frame?; Description of the marketing
    approach;
    2. Installation and maintenance: e.g. which product packages will be offered,
    and description of after sales services; discussion of installation
    capacity/skills needed/staff required;
    3. End-user financing: e.g. which consumer financing models will be adopted,
    the partnerships needed to offer these, and description of any innovative
    payment collection methods;
    4. Business plan: e.g. description of financing requirements and potential
    sources of finance; provision of cash flow forecasts with underlying
    assumptions. The information should demonstrate the economic feasibility of
    the business plan;
    5. Geographic scalability: e.g. is the product region-specific or can it easily be
    adapted and rolled out in other geographies? Is the product adapted for local
    cultural preferences in any way?
    6. Other socio-economic impacts: e.g. how does the product improve living
    conditions, what quantifiable measurements demonstrate this? Are there any
    other societal benefits? (e.g. economic empowerment of women, local job
    creation).
    The main categories and items to guide applicants in setting out their market
    approach for delivering their innovative PV off-grid power supply system are as
    follows:
    3.2.1 Market penetration strategy
    The Proposal should set out a market penetration strategy describing overall
    marketing and sales projections. The recommended information could cover the
    following:
     Sales forecast, e.g. number of systems, time frame, number of people
    served;
     Marketing campaign, e.g. which channels will be used to market the product?
    Examples might be education, communication media, through strategic
    partners such as NGOs etc;
     Promoters, e.g. number of promoters and the incentives offered to them;
     Sales network;
     Branches/regional offices;
     Staffing requirements, recruiting strategy, incentives offered to staff;
     Use of any existing distribution channels, such as micro-finance networks.
    11
    3.2.2 Installation / Maintenance
    The Proposal should set out the contestant’s strategy for installing and providing
    ongoing maintenance for the solar PV system, including:
     Description of the installation and support package offered to consumers;
     Organization and Logistics for installation and maintenance;
     Technical staff needed (including describing recruiting strategy, training
    compensation);
     Description of how equipment performance will be monitored.
    3.2.3 End-user financing
    The Proposal should set out the Contestant’s ideas on how to make the solar PV
    system affordable to the end-user, for example whether through leasing or
    through partnership with a micro-finance institution to offer a hire-purchase loan.
    This section of the Proposal should discuss:
     What would be the basic consumer finance offer (if any) to the end-user? e.g.
    Cash payment only, rent, or some form of micro-loan? On what terms?
     Will this financing be delivered in partnership with an MFI or bank, or inhouse?
    How much capital will be needed to support the end-user financing?
     What are the technical solutions for collecting payment? e.g. RFID
     What is the depth of poverty outreach, e.g. can multi-tier pricing be employed
    in order to reach the lowest income households?
     What would the applicant’s policy be in event of Non Repayment of the
    micro-loan (if applicable)?
    3.2.4 Business plan
    The Proposal should set out an indicative business plan, covering the following:
     Cash flow forecasts for next 5 years, setting out the underlying cost and
    revenue assumptions (e.g. based on price and sales forecasts)
     For projects that are already operating, financial statements for the previous
    2 years should also be provided (to extent available)
     Expected working capital requirements of the business and how working
    capital will be financed
     Amount of funding needed to implement the business plan
     Sources and uses of funds, i.e:
     Where will the capital be sourced? (e.g. Bank debt, equity, grants)
     What will the capital be used for?
     How will the capital be repaid? In what time-frame, and with what
    potential return?
    12
     End-user finance plan – what are the financing requirements of the consumer
    finance proposal (if applicable) set out in the Proposal?
     Risk Assessment of the business plan, highlighting the key risks to
    implementation and factors to mitigate those risks.
    3.2.5 Geographic scalability
    The Proposal should address the extent to which the PV system and market
    implementation strategy are adaptable to other geographies and markets, for
    example by discussing:
     Suitability of the product under different solar radiation variances;
     Environmental adaptivity of the PV system ; e.g. performance in different
    climates;
     Cultural preferences – is the product design tailored for a specific market?
     Regional expansion strategy;
     Availability of local financial institutions who may be needed as key partners
    for marketing, distribution, maintenance or end-user finance;
     Local human resource capabilities – to what extent will module
    construction/installation/maintenance depend on skilled local staff? Will these
    be readily available?
    3.2.6 Other socio-economic impacts
    The Proposal may wish to highlight any other particular socio-economic impacts
    that the Contestant believes to be important arising from his or her market
    solution, such as:
     Improving livelihood and health conditions;
     Creation of new green jobs;
     Economic empowerment of women;
     Encouraging small-business entrepreneurs;
     Reduction of CO2 emissions;
     Any other social impacts e.g. contribution to social development.
    13
    4. Evaluation Criteria
    The contest proposals must include already-commercialised and established
    products or at least a promising prototype which has been proven under
    laboratory conditions. Applications with already-commercialized products should
    confirm the performance capabilities of the system by providing operational data
    as well as details of technical applications and demonstration of customer
    acceptance. If necessary, a technical assessor will contact the applicant to carry
    out system inspections.
    4.1 Participant Qualifications
    An assessment will be made of the candidate’s practical experience in PV
    systems and applications.
    4.2 Participants Eligibility
    Any organisation or individual that provides solutions for off-grid power supply
    based on PV can apply, e.g. suppliers, installers, producers, distributors, system
    integrators, and others.
    4.3 Proof of Capacity and Experience
    Proof of adequate capacity (financial and human resources) as well as
    experience in order to meet the minimum requirements must be provided. An
    assessment will be undertaken to evaluate all proposals.
     Previous experience in similar projects (off grid electrification);
     Quality technical staff;
     Quality of management team;
     Quality of project management plan;
     Financial stability.
    4.4 Conformance of system design and market approach
    The categories for Technical Design of the PV System are:
    1. Technical design of innovative PV off-grid power supply systems;
    2. Technical specifications;
    3. Metering, control and monitoring;
    4. Other indicators for large-scale production;
    5. Quality assurance.
    14
    The categories for assessing the Market Approach are:
    1. Market penetration strategy;
    2. Installation and maintenance;
    3. End user financing;
    4. Business plan;
    5. Geographic scalability;
    6. Other socio-economic impacts.
    15
    5. Annex I: Recommendations on Technical Component
    Specifications
    5.1 Solar Photovoltaic Modules
    The Solar Panels shall meet the requirements set in IEC 61215:2005.
    If thin film silicon modules are used, they shall meet the requirements set in IEC
    61646: Thin Film Silicon Terrestrial PV Modules Design Qualification and Type
    Approval.
    Each module must be labelled with Manufacturer, Model, Peak Watt Rating, etc.
    Manufacturer of solar panels along with date of manufacture must be stated in
    current production.
    Performance guarantee has to cover at least 20 years of operation.
    5.2 Photovoltaic Charge / System Controller
    The charge controller shall meet the recommended specifications PVRS 6/6A of
    the Photovoltaic Global Approval Program-PVGAP.
    The regulator or charge controller must protect the battery against overcharging
    and excessive discharge, as well as provide user-information on the general
    state of the system.
    The regulator must protect the loads against damaging related to operation
    without a battery.
    The regulator must include, as a minimum, the following signs:
     Charging mode;
     State of battery: charged, half full and empty;
     The performance guarantee shall cover at least 3 years of operation.
    5.3 Rechargeable Deep Cycle Battery
    The battery should be a maintenance free deep-cycle battery. The battery can be
    either vented or VRLA gel type lead-acid.
    Alternative battery types (e.g. lithium batteries) are allowed as well, if they meet
    given requirements as it is described in (3).
    The battery shall meet the requirements and recommendations given in IEC
    61427: 2005.
    5.4 Inverters
    The inverters shall meet at least the recommended specifications
    PVRS 8/8A of the Photovoltaic Global Approval Program-PVGAP

    http://www.canopusfund.org/docs/Guidelines_SfA_Contest_091203.pdf

    ***

    http://www.canopusfund.org/solar_for_all_contest_details.html

    http://www.canopusfund.org/docs/Application%20Form.doc

    Click here to download the Solar for All contest application form.word

    ***

    commons@usaid.com

    Email:
    Website:

    http://www.usaid.gov/commons

    http://and

    http://www.GlobalDevelopmentCommons.net

    Office:
    USAID – Global Development Commons
    Location:
    1300 Pennsylvania Ave
    Washington, DC

    Basic Info

    Name:
    Global Development Commons (GDC)
    Category:
    Organizations – Advocacy Organizations
    Description:
    The Global Development Commons promotes innovation in international development through knowledge sharing, partnerships, and collaborative problem solving.

    This initiative has been introduced and catalyzed by the US Agency for International Development (USAID).

    Connect. Collaborate. Innovate.
    Privacy Type:
    Open: All content is public

    News:
    Check out our newly launched website at www.GlobalDevelopmentCommons.net.

    Category:
    Organizations – Advocacy Organizations
    Description:
    The Global Development Commons promotes innovation in international development through knowledge sharing, partnerships, and collaborative problem solving.

    This initiative has been introduced and catalyzed by the US Agency for International Development (USAID).

    Connect. Collaborate. Innovate.
    Privacy Type:
    Open: All content is public.

    Administrators
    * Hanna Jung (Princeton)
    * Will Schmitt (Georgetown)
    * Victoria Wilson (Georgetown)
    * Elizabeth Kountze (creator)

    Seema Patel (Development Alternatives)
    Administrator
    Rebecca Askin (St. Mary MD)
    Administrator
    ***

    The economic development plan for Haiti including the HOPE tariff incentives, USAID funds, previous econ development funds, UN international econ develop. funds, and others could convert the textile based industries into architectural structural reinforcing fabrics and geotextiles. These could be used in the rebuilding and upgrading of existing structures damaged by the earthquake and provide for a real economic export for Haiti in the future. It would create a product that is needed all over the world, could incorporate the people of Haiti in the rebuilding of their communities and provide a source of pride and esteem for the nation of Haiti. Please ask Uncle Bill to consider it.

    Thanks,
    cricketdiane, 01-22-10

    ***

    Materials Research Societ (MRS)  <enews@mrs.org>;

    But, you know, there are so many people in these dire straits because as the main wage earner, if he is not found, if in fact he has died, then what does she do? She has five small children. What becomes of her?

    There are charities. There are orphanages in the area that can reach out and help, but this story is repeated and repeated and repeated all around this country.

    The very issue here is incredible poverty and people who really before didn’t have a home bunch, you know, then, now really have significantly less. And the real issue is this lack of infrastructure that the country has always had. How do you get things to people?

    One of the women who runs the Life House orphanage told me today, she said, you know, I went to one of these big center to get resources, to get supplies. And they said, listen, if you’re not caring for 40,000 people, we can’t help you.

    Well, there are probably 5,000, maybe 7,000 people she could help and she could be a distribution center. She has a wonderfully well-run orphanage but just kind of stuck. So, you know, she needs security to manage that and then she’d be able to hand out relief, and the relief has to get to her.

    I mean, it’s amazing the number of times we’ve seen people just show up with a 100-pound bags of flour or rice or canned goods and just sort of, you know, OK, now, you can make it another couple of days. It’s really, really bizarre. And that’s kind of the situation that we have seen over and over and over again in this country — Campbell.

    BROWN: And, Soledad, I know you also witnessed a U.N. team that was breaking into a bank today to try and secure the money. Describe what you saw there?

    O’BRIEN: It was so bizarre because we saw not one but two U.N. tanks that were in the street. And we thought what is going on here. And it turned out, probably about 30 to 35 armed U.N. soldiers were getting into the capital bank. And we talked to one of the soldiers who said they, you know, they weren’t told exactly what they were retrieving but they went in and grabbed something and then took it out and then secured the building again.

    We were told by the U.N. who say they are peacekeeping forces. Their troops are securing money and property. And this is a priority, they say, you know, in a country with a zillion priorities. But they say their aim is to salvage the banking system so money can flow. And you know, we’ve seen so many destroyed banks, the goal is to set up, they say, 20 to 40 places that can sort of act as the de facto backs so people will be able to access their money.

    But I got to tell you, with the destruction in this country, where are the records? Do the people have records? Do the banks have records? How that will work, I don’t see it happening any time soon — Campbell.

    BROWN: All right, Soledad O’Brien for us tonight. Soledad, thank you very much. Today, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that she is not satisfied with the pace at which help is getting into Haiti, but she made it clear she’s aware of the difficulties involved here.

    Tonight, our Dr. Sanjay Gupta follows two doctors, two brothers who don’t have time to wait for that help and they are hurrying to save one victim after another. Take a look.

    http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1001/20/ec.01.html

    CAMPBELL BROWN

    Aftershocks Rock Haiti; Stunning Republican Victory in Massachusetts

    Aired January 20, 2010 – 20:00   ET

    GUPTA (voice-over): But today, they have far more pressing matters than worrying about when international aid will come. Hardly any food, minimal water, and not enough pain medications. Patients are literally screaming for help.

    (on camera): The sounds that you never hear are sound that you never want to hear again. There are children screaming, knowing that they are going to have so much pain as they try and dress these wounds. There’s not much they can do for them. There’s not much in the way of pain medications that can give for them. And then all the patients waiting, knowing that they’re next, knowing that they’re going to endure that sort of pain, it’s nearly impossible to watch.

    GUPTA: Yes, there’s no question, I mean, we do hear these extraordinary stories of survival. And just to give you a little bit of medical frame of reference, typically around three to four days without water, someone will lapse in unconsciousness. Five to seven, five to eight days perhaps, someone can live but very, very difficult. The longest known survivor without water was this marathon runner, this Italian guy who got lost in the Sahara. By the time they found him, he lost 33 pounds, he needed 16 liters of fluid to rehydrate him. So that just gives you a little bit of sense of what these people are going through.

    And then you’re absolutely right, Campbell. Typically you’re worried about renal failure, kidney failure. You worry about heart problems. You put these patients though in intensive care unit, give them all kinds of medications to make sure their heart is stabilized. And instead as you saw on those images, Campbell, they’re outside, oftentimes under the blazing hot sun. It is remarkable that they stay alive as long as they have, but we’re starting to see that sort of second wave of preventable deaths occurring as a result of that.

    BROWN: Sanjay Gupta for us tonight with that. Sanjay, appreciate it as always.

    Today, the Navy’s floating hospital, the USNS Comfort, arrived off Port-au-Prince with a thousand beds and a medical staff of 550. We are going to have a report from that ship that is making a difference between life and death for many, many of these survivors.

    LAWRENCE: The military says the Haitian government is making the recommendations for which patients should come here. Doctors tell us they don’t know if they’ll see 3,000 patients or 30,000.

    (on camera): The Comfort has about a thousand beds nearly as many as Johns Hopkins. But at some point soon, they’ll all be filled.

    CMDR. TIM DONAHUE, U.S. NAVY: You know at one point soon, we’re going to be filled to capacity.

    LAWRENCE (voice-over): Which raises the question, what happens when these doctors don’t have any free beds and needy patients are still waiting to be airlifted on board?

    DONAHUE: We’re talking with folks that recognize completely what you just said. You know, we have to be able to treat as many patients as we can. We’ve got to be able to move these folks on. You’re not going to be able to live on the ship indefinitely.

    LAWRENCE: Commander Tim Donahue says there are roughly 20 facilities in the U.S. that are willing to accept patients. And officials are talking with countries like the Dominican Republic, Venezuela and Peru about opening their hospitals as well.

    From Campbell Brown show link above

    ***

    SOLEDAD O’BRIEN, CNN SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT: All right. Ali, you know, a lot of the story out of Jacmel has been a lack of supplies, and we’re seeing a big change in that.

    You can see behind me, there have been dozens — probably up to 100 is what I counted earlier — people who showed up literally in the minutes after the French team came and set up this white tent back there and sort of did this mobile medical facility. Two doctors from France, two nurses, and then 10 other of their team members set up right here in the street, center of town, the downtown, where there was a lot of damage.

    And you can see — if you would pan this way a little bit, you can see the same damage that we have seen in Port-au-Prince, that same collapsing and pancaking. The story the same, people trapped inside of their buildings. So, true devastation in Jacmel.

    And as we mentioned, as you mentioned, this is the cultural capital of Haiti. And so what has been lost here, lives. We’ve heard estimates of 3,000 people dying here. Of course, there’s a fair amount of chaos in any record keeping at this point, so it’s unclear how accurate that number is. But that would be, though, approximately 10 percent of the population here.

    And so, the good news is that we have seen a lot of relief. Earlier, we saw the Canadian navy bringing some supplies in. The U.N. team led by the Sri Lankans are here at the hospital, which has moved outdoors because of the damage they suffered inside of the hospital.

    They have 70 patients and doctors from Cuba, from Argentina, from Chile, a Canadian team as well, an American team also. All there.

    CNN NEWSROOM

    Desperate Need for Medical Supplies in Haiti; Haitian Cultural Capital Shattered by Quake; Worst Not Over for Those Rescued From Rubble; Special Election in Massachusetts as Dems try to Hold on to Senate Seat

    Aired January 19, 2010 – 14:00   ET

    LAWRENCE: Well, we got so lucky, Ali, in that we were traveling with Arthur Brice. He reports for CNN Wire, speaks fluent Spanish. So our driving is speaking a little English, a little bit of Creole. The victim’s family is speaking Creole. The doctors are speaking French, paramedics are speaking Spanish. And Arthur’s able to kind of communicate with them in Spanish. So, it was a series of deciphering exactly what was going on and really trying to communicate commands through about three different languages.

    [ . . . ]

    GARY TUCHMAN, CNN CORRESPONDENT: Hello to you, Ali. In the weeks since this catastrophe, a lot of people have been wondering, where is the Haitian government? Well, we found the government.

    For 90 years, the president of this very proud country lived in a beautiful, ornate presidential palace. That palace has been destroyed, this is the new presidential palace. It’s a Haitian police station near the Port-au-Prince airport. Inside, the president and prime minister and members of the cabinet are operating this government but, the president, Rene Preval, tells us at a reduced capacity, that’s to be expected.
    Nevertheless, he says that all 18 of his cabinet members are alive, however some cabinet members have lost family members. He tells us that the minister of justice was wounded but is alive, the minister of finance lost a child, and the president says his wife, his wife’s parents, were killed in the earthquake. But he says at this point, he is trying to communicate to the people on radio, he’s planning to make an address on the radio today, and he says that the government is in power.

    He speaks French, the prime minister, Jean-Max Bellerive, speaks English so we had a little more thorough interview with him. He tells us that as of this point that — and this is important — that 70,000 bodies have been recovered. That’s a confirmed number, and there are a lot more still to recover. So those are some of the first solid numbers we have heard of this terrible magnitude of this tragedy…

    What’s really interesting here, Ali, is that the president and the prime minister are inside this building right now, they have no visible security, they don’t have people walking around with rifles or anything. We just had a bunch of bureaucrats come here, and when the bureaucrats come, there is all of these guns and rifles to protect the bureaucrats, but the leaders of this nation don’t have that kind of security inside of the building.

    But we did see the cabinet members inside, they are working inside. We saw economic advisers, it’s very simple, very sparse inside, very run down, but this government is operating here in this facility — Ali.

    VELSHI: But, although, fair to say, Gary, the relief operation whether it is the stuff that is happening at the airport or the distribution of aid supplies, that is not being run by the Haitian government. So they are doing everything they can, it seems to me, behind you to try and regain control of the civil situation, but they are still not really leading the relief effort.

    TUCHMAN: What they are telling us at the Port-au-Prince airport, which is very close to us, the Haitian government is still in charge of that relief effort, but with the great assistance of the U.S. government, the U.S. Air Force. There are a lot of problems getting the supplies in here, we know that. But the Haitian government is telling us, and it’s being backed up by the U.S. State Department, every aid flight that needs to get in will get in.

    However, there is tremendous — there’s only one runway at this airport. This airport only had a few flights a day before this, now they have hundreds of flights coming in. There’s a lot of traffic. So the deal is, when people have aid and they want to come in, they are given a slot in which to land. They may be approaching, they ask to land, they say, your slot is in two hours. They have a choice, they could circle for two hours or they can land somewhere else. But generally, they are saying everyone will be allowed in, it’s just that everyone can’t land at once. And that’s what they’re saying. So, it was worse a few days ago, but much better today.

    TUCHMAN: Yes, they are saying that the aid is coming in. They need a lot more aid and it needs to get to a lot more neighborhoods. We have been through neighborhoods in Port-au-Prince, Ali, where nothing has come in.

    But the main message from the prime minister that he had to the people here in Haiti that he didn’t say but he thought was important to say, is stay calm if you can. Your government is still in control, listen to the radio, the president will be making an address. We are still in control, please try to stay calm. And he says, they are marveling at how relatively — and we use the word relatively, specifically — but how relatively calm things have been here in Haiti.

    http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1001/19/cnr.06.html

    CNN NEWSROOM

    Nanotechnology applications and studies could be used to help Haiti rebuild – bring these people into the solutions for the people of Haiti

    Posted by cricketdiane on

    News from the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

    MEDIA CONTACT: Anna Davison, Center for Nanotechnology in Society, University of California, Santa Barbara, +1 (805) 893-5929, adavison@cns.ucsb.edu
    Obama Advisor Aneesh Chopra—New US Tech Czar—on Innovative Solutions to Global Crises
    Chopra will address conference Nov. 4 on using technology to solve environmental, energy, water, food security, and health problems in developing nations

    (Santa Barbara, CA, and Washington, DC) — As the world’s population swells, environmental problems, energy limitations, shortages of clean water and food, and health threats are becoming crises, particularly in less developed countries.

    Innovations in nanotechnology, biotechnology and information technology could help, but only if they reach the places where they can offer the greatest benefits. Making the most of these emerging technologies demands unprecedented international collaboration, and committed leadership from the United States.

    Next month, leaders from government, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, academia, and science and technology from around the world will come together in Washington, DC to look for ways to put new and existing technologies to work for the global good. The “Emerging Technologies/Emerging Economies: (Nano)technology for Equitable Development” conference, to be held November 4 to 6, will involve more than 60 participants from the United States, Europe, three of the largest emerging economies—China, India, and Brazil—and other developing nations.

    Aneesh Chopra, who was named the nation’s first Chief Technology Officer by President Barack Obama in April, will give the conference’s keynote address at 1 p.m. Wednesday, November 4 at the National Press Club in Washington, DC.

    The Emerging Technologies/Emerging Economies conference will connect researchers focused on new technologies with people working on the ground in places where those technologies could make a real difference, and with policymakers who can help make that happen.

    “If the world doesn’t solve its problems of energy, water, food security, and health, we’ll all pay the price,” says conference co-organizer Richard Appelbaum, a professor of Sociology and Global & International Studies, and co-principal investigator at the National Science Foundation-funded Center for Nanotechnology in Society at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The conference is being hosted by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.

    Emerging Technologies/Emerging Economies will include discussions on how clean water can be produced cheaply using nanotechnology, how energy from sugarcane has powered development in Brazil, and how strategic partnerships are being used to provide solid state lighting in developing countries—as well as other wide-ranging discussions on a range of promising technologies and how they can be applied around the globe.

    Much of the work at the conference will be done in facilitated sessions that encourage dialogue, information sharing, and collaboration across borders. “Rather than coming to a conference, listening, and leaving, participants will be challenged to take part in real discussions, brainstorm, build networks, and think about new solutions to the world’s problems,” Appelbaum says.

    For more information on the Emerging Technologies/Emerging Economies conference, go to http://nanoequity2009.cns.ucsb.edu

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    http://www.cns.ucsb.edu/news/obama-advisor-at-cns-conference-tech-solutions-to-global-crises/